/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/1/file_34.html NN ----------------------------------------- : recommended VVN resources NNS . SENT post VV a DT comment NN . SENT read VV commentsdisaster JJR response NN section NN entry NN . SENT main JJ directory NN TERRORISM NN IN IN SHANKSVILLE NP . SENT A DT Study NN in IN Preparedness NN Responseby NP Nancy NP K NP . SENT Grant NP David NP H NP . SENT Hoover NP , , co NP principle NN investigators NNS . SENT Annemarie NP Scarisbrick NP Hauser NP Stacy NP L NP . SENT Muffet NP , , research NN associates NNS . SENT The DT Center NP for IN Emergency NP Management NP and CC Homeland NN Security NP Policy NP Research NP , , The DT University NP of IN Akron NP . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS Research NP and CC Applications NP Information NP Center NP 8 CD . SENT 00 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT January NP 15 CD , , 2003 CD PDT NP This DT material NN is VBZ based VVN upon IN work NN supported VVN by IN the DT National NP Science NP Foundation NP under IN Grant NP No NP . SENT CMS NP 0080977 CD . SENT Any DT opinions NNS , , findings NNS , , conclusions NNS or CC recommendations NNS expressed VVN in IN this DT material NN are VBP those DT of IN the DT author NN s PP and CC do VVP not RB necessarily RB reflect VV the DT views NNS of IN the DT National NP Science NP Foundation NP or CC the DT e NN 11 CD th NN hour NN editorial NN staff NN . SENT NTRODUCTIONImmediately RB following VVG the DT terrorist JJ attacks NNS of IN September NP 11 CD , , 2001 CD , , a DT team NN of IN researchers NNS from IN The DT University NP of IN Akron NP was VBD awarded VVN funding NN from IN the DT Natural NP Hazards NNS Center NP in IN Boulder NP , , Colorado NP to TO participate VV in IN a DT Quick NP Response NP Grant NP . SENT The DT initial JJ research NN proposed VVN emerged VVD from IN similar JJ case NN studies NNS that WDT had VHD been VBN performed VVN on IN the DT Lonz NP Winery NN balcony NN collapse NN and CC the DT Medina NP Steam NN Engine NN explosion NN . SENT Both CC of IN these DT incidents NNS , , like IN the DT response NN to TO the DT crash NN of IN United NP Flight NP 93 CD in IN Somerset NP County NP Pennsylvania NP , , involved VVD a DT multiple JJ jurisdiction NN local JJ response NN as IN well RB as IN intergovernmental JJ response NN . SENT Initial JJ exploratory JJ research NN from IN the DT first JJ two CD case NN studies NNS led VVN to TO the DT development NN of IN the DT research NN questions NNS to TO be VB examined VVN in IN the DT response NN to TO the DT United NP 93 CD crash NN . SENT INITIAL JJ RESEARCH NN QUESTIONSThe NP initial JJ research NN questions NNS were VBD to TO what WP extent NN is VBZ the DT response NN to TO a DT disaster NN in IN a DT small JJ town NN rural JJ area NN involving VVG responders NNS from IN multiple JJ emergency NN response NN jurisdictional JJ entities NNS such JJ as IN that DT of IN the DT downed VVD United NP Flight NP 93 CD enhanced VVN by IN . SENT 1 CD serious JJ exercising VVG of IN existing VVG emergency NN response NN plans NNS and CC 2 CD personal JJ knowledge NN of IN and CC trust NN in IN fellow JJ emergency NN responders NNS , , especially RB those DT in IN charge NN . SENT These DT were VBD two CD items NNS that WDT had VHD emerged VVN from IN each DT of IN the DT previous JJ case NN studies NNS and CC the DT research NN team NN wanted VVD to TO continue VV investigation NN to TO see VV if IN there EX is VBZ enough RB evidence NN for IN theory NN development NN . SENT Given VVN the DT fact NN that IN this DT was VBD a DT terrorist JJ incident NN while IN the DT others NNS , , also RB classified VVN as IN technological JJ disasters NNS , , were VBD accidents NNS , , there EX is VBZ an DT added JJ element NN to TO the DT Shanksville NP disaster NN site NN control NN . SENT Since IN the DT cause NN was VBD terrorism NN , , the DT crash NN site NN was VBD a DT crime NN scene NN and CC the DT final JJ jurisdiction NN of IN the DT scene NN rests VVZ with IN the DT Federal NP Bureau NP of IN Investigation NP FBI NP . SENT Thus RB , , this DT led VVN to TO the DT corollary JJ question NN designed VVN to TO determine VV if IN the DT impact NN of IN the DT exercises NNS and CC trust NN of IN fellow JJ responders NNS is VBZ mitigated VVN by IN control NN of IN the DT site NN by IN external JJ i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT federal JJ FBI NP authorities NNS . SENT A DT third JJ component NN of IN the DT initial JJ research NN was VBD to TO examine VV the DT degree NN to TO which WDT behavior NN conformed VVD to TO the DT theory NN of IN convergence NN during IN a DT consensus NN crisis NN . SENT RESEARCH NN PLAN NN AND CC TECHNIQUESThis NP research NN project NN is VBZ a DT case NN study NN involving VVG initial JJ observation NN of IN the DT disaster NN site NN immediately RB following VVG the DT incident NN in IN order NN to TO document VV activities NNS and CC interactions NNS among IN agencies NNS followed VVN by IN in IN depth NN focused VVD interviews NNS of IN key JJ local JJ responders NNS , , including VVG County NP Emergency NP Management NP Director NP , , State NP EMA NP representative NN of IN the DT Western NP Pennsylvania NP Region NN , , the DT County NP Coroner NN , , the DT Salvation NP Army NP , , the DT American NP Red NP Cross NP , , the DT Pennsylvania NP State NP Police NP , , and CC local JJ emergency NN medical JJ response NN personnel NNS and CC local JJ fire NN department NN responders NNS . SENT Additionally RB , , local JJ information NN pertaining VVG to TO the DT response NN to TO the DT site NN and CC the DT community's NNS reaction NN and CC activities NNS following VVG the DT incident NN were VBD observed VVN and CC documented VVN . SENT RESOURCES NNS USED VVD DATA NN COLLECTIONThe NP initial JJ research NN protocol NN called VVN for IN focused VVN interviews NNS of IN emergency NN response NN personnel NNS at IN the DT scene NN as IN son NN as IN possible JJ following VVG the DT crash NN . SENT Arriving VVG on IN scene NN in IN the DT early JJ morning NN hours NNS of IN Friday NP September NP 14 CD th NN , , the DT investigators NNS found VVD that IN initially RB the DT site NN was VBD too RB busy JJ for IN responders NNS to TO take VV time NN for IN formal JJ interviews NNS . SENT Several JJ agreed VVD to TO talk VV briefly RB informally RB and CC to TO be VB available JJ at IN a DT later JJR time NN . SENT The DT D NP MORT NN team NN was VBD arriving VVG that IN day NN and CC there EX was VBD a DT lot NN of IN focus NN on IN finalizing VVG the DT morgue NN set VVN up RP and CC securing VVG and CC providing VVG identification NN for IN those DT personnel NNS . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT researchers NNS decided VVD to TO rely VV primarily RB on IN observation NN and CC field NN notes NNS for IN the DT first JJ 24 CD hours NNS , , documenting VVG interactions NNS as RB well RB as IN conversations NNS and CC activities NNS . SENT These DT field NN notes NNS were VBD written VVN in IN more JJR detail NN that IN evening NN and CC compared VVN among IN the DT research NN team NN for IN enhanced JJ validity NN and CC t NN build VVP additional JJ questions NNS for IN the DT focused VVN interviews NNS that WDT followed VVD . SENT The DT research NN team NN returned VVD to TO the DT site NN after IN the DT recovery NN process NN was VBD finished VVN and CC interviewed VVN several JJ of IN the DT key JJ responders NNS to TO the DT scene NN . SENT During IN both DT visits NNS , , local JJ documents NNS such JJ as IN newspapers NNS , , flyers NNS , , and CC signs NNS were VBD collected VVN and CC photographed VVN as RB well RB . SENT The DT research NN team NN also RB observed VVD local JJ memorial NN services NNS and CC commemoration NN activities NNS and CC recorded VVN field NN notes NNS which WDT were VBD later RBR used VVN in IN documenting VVG findings NNS and CC answering VVG the DT research NN questions NNS As IN well RB as IN building VVG more JJR questions NNS for IN future JJ research NN . SENT FINDINGS NNS TO TO DATEThe NP existence NN and CC exercise NN of IN local JJ comprehensive JJ response NN plans NNS enhanced VVN not RB only RB the DT initial JJ response NN to TO Flight NP 93 CD , , but CC also RB the DT longer JJR term NN recovery NN of IN the DT site NN . SENT Additionally RB , , the DT fact NN that IN many JJ of IN the DT local JJ responders NNS as RB well RB as IN several JJ state NN responders NNS work VVP together RB on IN emergencies NNS on IN a DT regular JJ basis NN enhanced VVD the DT cooperative JJ nature NN of IN the DT recovery NN interactions NNS . SENT Response NN experiences NNS included VVD multi NNS jurisdictional JJ responses NNS to TO major JJ fires NNS or CC motor NN vehicle NN accidents NNS and CC the DT fact NN that IN the DT Pennsylvania NP State NP Police NP PSP NP are VBP the DT primary JJ law NN enforcement NN agency NN in IN the DT area NN and CC routinely RB respond VV to TO emergencies NNS with IN local JJ EMS NP and CC fire NN department NN personnel NNS . SENT Thus RB , , there EX is VBZ familiarity NN with IN operations NNS and CC an DT understanding NN of IN responsibilities NNS , , resources NNS , , and CC capabilities NNS . SENT Because IN the DT area NN is VBZ sparsely RB populated VVN , , the DT emergency NN response NN resources NNS in IN terms NNS of IN personnel NNS as RB well RB as IN equipment NN are VBP limited VVN . SENT Therefore RB , , whenever WRB there EX is VBZ a DT large JJ scale NN emergency NN event NN , , the DT various JJ departments NNS must MD work VV cooperatively RB in IN order NN to TO handle VV the DT situation NN effectively RB . SENT Mutual JJ aid NN is VBZ a DT way NN of IN life NN in IN Somerset NP County NP . SENT Additionally RB , , the DT Somerset NP County NP Emergency NP Management NP agency NN regularly RB schedules NNS and CC conducts VVZ mass JJ casualty NN exercises NNS which WDT involve VVP all DT emergency NN responders NNS in IN the DT county NN as RB well RB as IN PSP NN and CC state NN emergency NN management NN personnel NNS . SENT These DT exercises NNS were VBD generally RB designed VVN to TO address VV mass JJ casualty NN incidents NNS on IN the DT Pennsylvania NP Turnpike NP and CC small JJ commuter NN plane NN crashes NNS . SENT The DT fact NN that IN the DT Pennsylvania NP Turnpike NP traverses VVZ the DT county NN from IN east JJ to TO west NN makes VVZ mass JJ casualty NN a DT realistic JJ possibility NN . SENT The DT presence NN of IN small JJ regional JJ airports NNS in IN the DT county NN as RB well RB as IN contiguous JJ counties NNS poses VVZ the DT risk NN of IN small JJ private JJ aircraft NN and CC commuter NN aircraft NN accidents NNS . SENT Over IN the DT years NNS , , several JJ small JJ aircraft NN accidents NNS had VHD occurred VVN in IN the DT county NN , , requiring VVG the DT implementation NN of IN the DT plans NNS . SENT However RB , , a DT more RBR significant JJ event NN was VBD the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Air NP Flight NP 427 CD crash NN on IN September NP 8 CD , , 1994 CD just RB north RB of IN the DT Greater NP Pittsburgh NP International NP Airport NP . SENT The DT Western NP Pennsylvania NP Emergency NP Management NP liaison NN had VHD worked VVN that IN scene NN and CC therefore RB brought VVN experience NN in IN working VVG with IN the DT NTSB NP as IN well RB as RB with IN mass JJ fatality NN challenges NNS . SENT In IN fact NN , , a DT number NN of IN local JJ , , state NN and CC federal JJ responders NNS to TO United NP Flight NP 93 CD had VHD worked VVN at IN the DT Pittsburgh NP crash NN scene NN as IN well RB . SENT Thus RB , , they PP had VHD experience NN with IN this DT type NN of IN incident NN as IN well RB as RB with IN working VVG with IN the DT need NN for IN intergovernmental JJ cooperation NN . SENT The DT personal JJ knowledge NN and CC trust NN of IN fellow JJ responders NNS did VVD impact NN the DT ease NN with IN which WDT the DT local JJ responders NNS coordinated VVN and CC operated VVN at IN the DT site NN . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT standard JJ operating NN procedure NN for IN an DT EMS NP response NN is VBZ that IN the DT PSP NP will MD respond VV to TO the DT scene NN to TO handle VV security NN and CC safety NN issues NNS as RB well RB as IN investigative JJ matters NNS . SENT The DT local JJ paramedics NN and CC fire NN personnel NNS have VHP extensive JJ experience NN working VVG with IN PSP JJ Troopers NNS and CC have VHP respect NN for IN their PP$ capabilities NNS . SENT Likewise RB , , the DT PSP NP personnel NNS understand VVP the DT roles NNS and CC responsibilities NNS of IN the DT local JJ emergency NN responders NNS . SENT This DT enhanced VVD the DT smooth JJ initial JJ response NN at IN the DT site NN . SENT Once RB it PP was VBD determined VVD there EX were VBD no DT survivors NNS , , the DT PSP NP immediately RB established VVD perimeter NN security NN and CC began VVD to TO move VV unnecessary JJ personnel NNS out IN of IN the DT immediate JJ area NN . SENT They PP worked VVD cooperative JJ with IN the DT local JJ fire NN departments NNS who WP extinguished VVD small JJ brush NN fires NNS in IN areas NNS adjacent JJ to TO the DT immediate JJ impact NN zone NN . SENT As IN one CD paramedic JJ put NN it PP . SENT We PP might MD have VH some DT differences NNS , , but CC when WRB we PP get VVP to TO a DT scene NN we PP put VVD all PDT those DT differences NNS aside RP and CC everyone NN works NNS together RB . SENT The DT essential JJ element NN of IN this DT and CC other JJ conversations NNS was VBD that IN the DT local JJ and CC state NN responders NNS were VBD familiar JJ with IN one CD another DT and CC respected VVN the DT professional JJ capabilities NNS of IN their PP$ fellow JJ responders NNS . SENT They PP trusted VVD that DT others NNS would MD do VV their PP$ jobs NNS in IN a DT competent JJ and CC professional JJ manner NN . SENT Another DT element NN of IN trust NN emerged VVD with IN the DT immediate JJ confidence NN on IN the DT part NN of IN Somerset NP County NP Emergency NP Management NP Agency NP that IN the DT Salvation NP Army NP and CC the DT Red NP Cross NP would MD take VV care NN of IN all DT of IN the DT required JJ mass NN feeding NN . SENT They PP never RB doubted VVD that IN this DT would MD be VB handled VVN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ side NN , , a DT representative NN from IN the DT Salvation NP Army NP expressed VVD that IN he PP knew VVD if IN they PP needed VVD anything NN they PP couldn't NN get VV themselves PP , , they PP could MD Rely VV on IN Rick NP Lohr NP to TO get VV it PP for IN us PP . SENT Everyone NN relied VVD on IN the DT Pennsylvania NP State NP Police NP to TO provide VV security NN and CC never RB worried VVN about IN that DT component NN of IN the DT operation NN . SENT They PP had VHD worked VVN with IN these DT individuals NNS in IN the DT past NN and CC knew VVD they PP would MD handle VV their PP$ responsibilities NNS professionally RB . SENT The DT designation NN of IN the DT crash NN site NN as IN a DT federal JJ crime NN scene NN made VVD the DT response NN event NN somewhat RB unique JJ for IN the DT local JJ and CC state NN responders NNS . SENT The DT coordinated VVN response NN and CC recovery NN activities NNS among IN the DT various JJ local JJ and CC state NN agencies NNS proceeded VVD smoothly RB , , according VVG to TO the DT plans NNS that WDT were VBD in IN place NN . SENT The DT initial JJ perception NN of IN the DT FBI NP by IN several JJ of IN the DT local JJ responders NNS was VBD that IN the DT local JJ coordination NN was VBD working VVG well RB and CC the DT FBI NP were VBD just RB doing VVG their PP$ thing NN without IN really RB working VVG with IN the DT locals NNS . SENT Federal JJ interagency NN cooperation NN appeared VVD to TO be VB coordinated VVN . SENT however RB , , there EX were VBD initial JJ rough JJ spots NNS between IN the DT federal JJ and CC local JJ responders NNS . SENT An DT example NN of IN how WRB trust NN had VHD to TO be VB better RBR learned VVN on IN the DT scene NN when WRB there EX was VBD no DT prior JJ experience NN with IN it PP is VBZ that IN while IN the DT FBI NP was VBD very RB receptive JJ and CC supportive JJ of IN the DT services NNS of IN the DT Salvation NP Army NP , , they PP did VVD not RB initially RB recognize VV the DT need VVP to TO have VH a DT canteen NN deliver VV to TO the DT personnel NNS working VVG at IN the DT recovery NN point NN of IN the DT crash NN site NN . SENT Their PP$ concern NN was VBD especially RB strong JJ prior RB to TO the DT discovery NN of IN the DT flight NN recorder NN that WDT has VHZ high JJ evidentiary JJ value NN . SENT Once RB the DT need NN and CC the DT benefit NN of IN hot JJ food NN and CC a DT smile NN was VBD explained VVN in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ performance NN and CC reduction NN of IN errors NNS at IN the DT scene NN , , and CC they PP had VHD the DT opportunity NN to TO observe VV and CC obtain VV feedback NN about IN the DT truth NN of IN this DT position NN , , the DT FBI NP became VVD even RB more RBR supportive JJ of IN the DT modes NNS of IN providing VVG service NN as IN well RB as RB of IN the DT service NN in IN itself PP . SENT While IN local JJ responders NNS had VHD worked VVN with IN federal JJ agencies NNS such JJ as IN FEMA NP , , the DT NTSB NP , , and CC even RB the DT SBA NP in IN the DT past NN , , they PP had VHD not RB worked VVN with IN Federal NP Law NP Enforcement NP agencies NNS such JJ as IN the DT FBI NP and CC BATF NP . SENT Likewise RB , , while IN the DT FBI NP has VHZ worked VVN with IN local JJ and CC state NN law NN enforcement NN agencies NNS , , they PP were VBD not RB accustomed VVN to TO working VVG with IN fire NN , , EMS NP , , emergency NN management NN , , and CC non JJ profit NN organizations NNS under IN these DT conditions NNS . SENT Thus RB , , this DT became VVD a DT learning VVG situation NN . SENT The DT federal JJ presence NN did VVD impact NN the DT overall JJ operation NN , , but CC there EX was VBD a DT level NN of IN interaction NN and CC ongoing JJ cooperation NN among IN the DT local JJ responders NNS that WDT remained VVD independent JJ of IN the DT federal JJ oversight NN entity NN . SENT The DT local JJ responders NNS seemed VVD to TO understand VV the DT role NN and CC responsibility NN of IN the DT federal JJ responders NNS better RBR than IN the DT federal JJ FBI NP responders NNS understood VVD the DT local JJ roles NNS and CC responsibilities NNS . SENT This DT failure NN to TO understand VV how WRB their PP$ actions NNS during IN the DT response NN and CC immediate JJ recovery NN prior RB would MD impact VV local JJ responsibilities NNS in IN the DT longer JJR term NN seems VVZ to TO have VH extended VVN to TO other JJ national JJ responders NNS such JJ as IN the DT American NP Red NP Cross NP . SENT For IN example NN , , Then RB Aviation NP Disaster NN Family NP Assistance NP Act NP of IN 1996 CD establishes VVZ a DT Family NP Care NP and CC Mental JJ Health NP Victim NN Support NN Team NN and CC designates VVZ the DT American NP Red NP Cross NP as IN the DT responsible JJ entity NN . SENT Thus RB , , when WRB the DT families NNS of IN the DT passengers NNS on IN United NP Flight NP 93 CD arrived VVD on IN the DT scene NN in IN the DT first JJ week NN following VVG the DT incident NN , , the DT Red NP Cross NP cared VVD for IN the DT needs NNS of IN the DT families NNS and CC was VBD the DT go NN between IN for IN all DT agencies NNS and CC family NN members NNS , , trying VVG hard RB to TO shield VV them PP from IN unwarranted JJ contact NN with IN other JJ agencies NNS , , especially RB the DT news NN media NNS . SENT Recognizing VVG the DT appropriate JJ nature NN of IN these DT actions NNS , , the DT County NP Coroner NN , , who WP is VBZ designated VVN as IN the DT Medical NP Examiner NP under IN the DT same JJ act NN , , did VVD not RB attempt VV to TO contact VV the DT families NNS directly RB , , but CC asked VVD the DT Red NP Cross NP personnel NNS to TO let VV the DT families NNS know VVP he PP was VBD available JJ to TO meet VV with IN them PP at IN any DT time NN . SENT The DT coroner NN also RB asked VVD Red NP Cross NP to TO share VV give VV the DT families NNS his PP$ contact NN information NN so RB that IN they PP could MD contact VV him PP directly RB as IN they PP wished VVD since IN once RB the DT federal JJ recovery NN operation NN was VBD over RP , , he PP would MD be VB in IN charge NN of IN final JJ disposition NN of IN the DT remains NNS . SENT However RB , , this DT information NN was VBD never RB communicated VVN to TO the DT families NNS , , resulting VVG in IN aggravation NN and CC extra JJ effort NN expended VVN on IN the DT part NN of IN both DT family NN members NNS and CC the DT local JJ coroner NN . SENT Perceptions NNS presented VVN during IN the DT first JJ 36 CD hours NNS changed VVN significantly RB during IN follow VV up RP interviews NNS held VVN with IN local JJ responders NNS six CD weeks NNS later RBR . SENT Basically RB , , as IN the DT FBI NP began VVD to TO understand VV the DT various JJ roles NNS of IN the DT other JJ response NN agencies NNS and CC why WRB they PP did VVD things NNS the DT way NN they PP did VVD , , their PP$ attitudes NNS and CC positions NNS shifted VVD . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT new JJ role NN for IN the DT FBI NP and CC one CD that WDT may MD reoccur VV with IN more JJR frequency NN in IN the DT future NN . SENT The DT FBI NP demonstrated VVD the DT ability NN to TO learn VV new JJ methods NNS of IN intergovernmental JJ operation NN and CC cooperation NN . SENT it PP is VBZ hoped VVN that IN they PP will MD be VB proactive JJ and CC share VV this DT understanding NN among IN their PP$ personnel NNS prior RB to TO more JJR field NN experiences NNS such JJ as IN that DT in IN Somerset NP County NP . SENT Likewise RB , , the DT local JJ agencies NNS and CC response NN and CC recovery NN personnel NNS gained VVD an DT understanding NN of IN some DT of IN the DT reasons NNS why WRB the DT FBI NP approached VVD recovery NN matters NNS as IN they PP did VVD . SENT They PP understood VVD the DT principle NN that IN this DT was VBD a DT crime NN scene NN and CC that IN the DT major JJ focus NN of IN the DT FBI NP was VBD to TO recover VV evidence NN , , but CC it PP was VBD only RB as IN the DT operation NN proceeded VVD that IN they PP began VVD to TO understand VV more RBR fully RB what WP that IN meant VVN in IN terms NNS of IN specific JJ operation NN protocol NN and CC preferences NNS . SENT Thus RB , , this DT was VBD a DT learning VVG situation NN in IN both DT directions NNS . SENT Supervisors NNS of IN the DT local JJ operations NNS recognize VVP the DT benefits NNS and CC contributions NNS made VVN by IN the DT FBI NP , , which WDT enhanced VVD the DT local JJ response NN and CC recovery NN efforts NNS . SENT Examples NNS of IN these DT include VVP the DT completion NN of IN the DT memorandum NN of IN understanding NN with IN HHS NP , , which WDT enabled VVD the DT deployment NN of IN the DT DMORG NP team NN and CC the DT assumption NN of IN many JJ of IN the DT expenditures NNS associated VVN with IN the DT recovery NN operation NN . SENT This DT latter NN was VBD extremely RB important JJ since IN no DT federal JJ disaster NN relief NN monies NN were VBD available JJ since IN this DT site NN never RB received VVD a DT presidential JJ declaration NN of IN disaster NN . SENT In IN this DT instance NN , , the DT FBI NP demonstrated VVD an DT understanding NN of IN the DT situation NN of IN the DT local JJ jurisdictions NNS and CC offered VVN support NN that IN they PP otherwise RB would MD not RB have VH received VVN . SENT In IN terms NNS of IN intergovernmental JJ cooperation NN in IN non JJ metropolitan JJ local JJ areas NNS , , the DT response NN to TO the DT United NP flight NN 93 CD crash NN in IN Shanksville NP on IN September NP 11 CD , , 2001 CD , , demonstrated VVN that IN it PP can MD and CC does VVZ work VV well RB in IN times NNS of IN crisis NN . SENT However RB , , it PP worked VVD because IN the DT foundation NN was VBD in IN place NN ahead RB of IN time NN . SENT Small JJ town NN , , borough NN , , and CC small JJ city NN emergency NN response NN agencies NNS , , both CC paid VVN and CC volunteer NN , , have VHP worked VVN together RB to TO enhance VV the DT services NNS they PP provide VVP to TO the DT citizens NNS of IN Pennsylvania NP . SENT Thus RB , , cooperation NN and CC coordination NN in IN advance NN is VBZ the DT key NN to TO effectiveness NN in IN emergencies NNS . SENT This DT indicates VVZ the DT ongoing JJ cooperation NN among IN intergovernmental JJ agencies NNS in IN order NN to TO maximize VV resources NNS and CC support VV existing JJ expertise NN is VBZ a DT logical JJ and CC viable JJ practice NN in IN all DT aspects NNS of IN emergency NN response NN . SENT Yes UH , , the DT exercise NN and CC training NN among IN the DT emergency NN responders NNS prior RB to TO the DT disaster NN on IN September NP 11 CD , , 2001 CD , , did VVD make VV a DT difference NN in IN the DT response NN in IN Shanksville NP , , Pennsylvania NP . SENT Preparing VVG disaster NN does VVZ impact NN the DT operation NN of IN the DT response NN to TO and CC recovery NN of IN a DT disaster NN scene NN . SENT In IN answer NN to TO the DT second JJ research NN question NN , , yes UH , , working VVG together RB and CC exercising VVG response NN plans NNS builds VVZ trust NN . SENT There EX were VBD stronger JJR bonds NNS of IN trust NN forged VVN between IN and CC among IN responders NNS who WP had VHD worked VVN together RB before RB than IN among IN those DT who WP had VHD not RB had VHN the DT opportunity NN to TO work VV together RB . SENT Thus RB , , given VVN that IN the DT presence NN of IN the DT some DT of IN the DT federal JJ agencies NNS on IN scene NN in IN this DT instance NN are VBP not RB standard JJ for IN natural JJ hazard NN disasters NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT FBI NP , , NTSB NP , , and CC BATF NP , , there EX was VBD unfamiliarity NN and CC , , therefore RB , , discomfort NN associated VVN with IN the DT initial JJ cooperative JJ working NN with IN these DT agencies NNS . SENT However RB , , trust NN built VVN during IN the DT longer JJR term NN of IN the DT response NN and CC recovery NN operations NNS and CC trust NN was VBD solidified VVD among IN those DT who WP held VVD it PP at IN the DT onset NN . SENT A DT third JJ component NN of IN the DT initial JJ research NN was VBD to TO examine VV the DT degree NN to TO which WDT behavior NN conformed VVD to TO the DT theory NN of IN convergence NN during IN a DT consensus NN crisis NN . SENT The DT concept NN of IN convergence NN has VHZ been VBN discussed VVN in IN both DT collective JJ behavior NN and CC disaster NN texts NNS since IN the DT mid JJ fifties NNS Fritz NP Mathewson NP , , 1957 CD . SENT Convergence NN refers VVZ to TO a DT mass JJ movement NN of IN personal JJ , , informational JJ and CC material JJ resources NNS into IN a DT disaster NN site NN in IN the DT hours NNS and CC days NNS following VVG the DT event NN . SENT The DT intent NN of IN the DT final JJ analysis NN of IN this DT component NN is VBZ to TO detail NN the DT degree NN to TO which WDT the DT events NNS at IN the DT response NN site NN in IN Shanksville NP conform VVP with IN the DT characteristics NNS of IN volunteer NN behavior NN in IN consensus NN crisis NN as IN outlined VVN by IN Quarantelli NP and CC Dynes NP 1976 CD . SENT Who WP were VBD the DT volunteers NNS in IN Shanksville NP . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO remember VV that IN the DT role NN of IN a DT volunteer NN does VVZ not RB necessarily RB imply VV a DT haphazard JJ or CC unannounced JJ arrival NN at IN a DT disaster NN site NN . SENT Many JJ , , if IN not RB most JJS of IN the DT volunteers NNS present JJ at IN the DT Shanksville NP site NN were VBD activated VVN using VVG emergency NN response NN procedures NNS . SENT To TO date NN , , up RB to TO seventy CD four CD different JJ agencies NNS have VHP been VBN involved VVN in IN some DT way NN in IN the DT recovery NN efforts NNS Daily NP American NP , , 9 CD 21 CD 01 CD . SENT Up RB to TO 1 CD , , 118 CD people NNS were VBD working VVG on IN the DT site NN during IN the DT first JJ 13 CD days NNS of IN the DT recovery NN crime NN scene NN investigation NN . SENT This DT number NN included VVD federal JJ , , state NN and CC local JJ paid VVN employees NNS . SENT This DT number NN also RB included VVD paid VVN volunteers NNS , , activated VVN private JJ citizens NNS who WP become VVP paid VVN volunteers NNS , , unpaid JJ volunteers NNS and CC volunteers NNS involved VVN in IN support NN functions NNS who WP converge VV on IN a DT scene NN . SENT Other JJ volunteers NNS may MD converge VV on IN a DT scene NN through IN their PP$ proximity NN to TO the DT event NN . SENT these DT people NNS might MD live VV next JJ door NN to TO the DT site NN , , might MD have VH been VBN driving VVG by IN at IN time NN of IN impact NN or CC may MD possess VV local JJ information NN that WDT is VBZ required VVN in IN the DT first JJ few JJ post NN impact NN hours NNS of IN response NN . SENT For IN example NN , , Shanksville NP community NN members NNS traveled VVD the DT crash NN perimeter NN from IN the DT time NN of IN impact NN through IN nightfall NN to TO dawn NN bringing VVG food NN to TO the DT state NN troopers NNS guarding VVG the DT site NN . SENT Community NN volunteer NN members NNS began VVD the DT process NN of IN establishing VVG a DT number NN of IN memorial NN tribute NN areas NNS gestures NNS noted VVD by IN grateful JJ bereaved VVN family NN members NNS Daily NP American NP , , September NP 13 CD , , 29 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT Initial JJ review NN of IN the DT presence NN of IN key JJ characteristics NNS reveals VVZ the DT following VVG characteristics NNS of IN the DT volunteers NNS in IN Shanksville NP and CC how WRB they PP match VVP the DT convergence NN characteristics NNS . SENT Further JJR detail NN will MD be VB examined VVN in IN subsequent JJ reports NNS . SENT As RB mentioned VVN elsewhere RB , , personal JJ , , material NN and CC information NN converged VVD on IN the DT scene NN as IN expected VVN on IN September NP 11 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT However RB , , once RB the DT lack NN of IN survivors NNS was VBD confirmed VVN the DT goals NNS and CC objectives NNS for IN site NN management NN changed VVN from IN one CD of IN rescue NN to TO recovery NN . SENT Additionally RB , , when WRB it PP was VBD obvious JJ that IN the DT Shanksville NP site NN had VHD the DT potential NN to TO yield VV the DT most JJS evidence NN regarding VVG the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT day's JJ activities NNS , , the DT entire JJ area NN was VBD quickly RB designated VVN a DT crime NN scene NN with IN federal JJ and CC state NN oversight NN . SENT This DT is VBZ in IN keeping VVG with IN characteristic JJ broad JJ agreement NN on IN goals NNS and CC objectives NNS shared VVN by IN volunteers NNS in IN consensus NN crisis NN behavior NN . SENT The DT perceived VVN social JJ impact NN of IN the DT event NN combined VVN with IN an DT increased JJ propensity NN towards IN altruistic JJ activities NNS is VBZ likely JJ to TO result VV in IN a DT leveling NN of IN social JJ distinctions NNS during IN the DT emergency NN period NN are VBP likely JJ to TO facilitate VV participation NN by IN broader JJR segments NNS of IN the DT community NN . SENT Community NN volunteers NNS in IN collaboration NN with IN the DT United NP disaster NN support NN group NN and CC the DT American NP Red NP Cross NP worked VVD quickly RB with IN every DT level NN of IN the DT community NN to TO produce VV a DT community NN memorial NN service NN in IN Somerset NP on IN September NP 14 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT It PP became VVD very RB clear JJ to TO the DT researchers NNS who WP observed VVD this DT ceremony NN that IN the DT entire JJ community NN was VBD united VVN in IN an DT expression NN of IN grief NN for IN the DT family NN survivors NNS and CC that IN there EX was VBD also RB a DT need NN to TO express VV gratitude NN for IN saving VVG their PP$ community NN from IN further JJR loss NN of IN life NN . SENT Community NN volunteers NNS , , irrespective RB of IN occupation NN or CC status NN donated VVD their PP$ time NN and CC resources NNS to TO respond VV to TO multiple JJ requests NNS during IN this DT period NN . SENT As IN the DT School NP Superintendent NN Gary NP Singel NP said VVD , , We PP thought VVD we PP lived VVD in IN a DT place NN that WDT was VBD almost RB untouchable JJ Gibb NP , , Pittsburgh NP Post NP Gazette NN , , 9 CD 13 CD 01 CD . SENT Altruistic JJ norms NNS on IN the DT part NN of IN volunteers NNS and CC the DT community NN were VBD evidenced VVN early RB on IN . SENT From IN the DT time NN that IN volunteers NNS and CC paid VVN personnel NNS arrived VVN on IN the DT disaster NN site NN , , a DT message NN was VBD quickly RB communicated VVN that IN the DT site NN was VBD to TO be VB secured VVN and CC preserved VVN in IN memory NN of IN the DT forty NN four CD lives NNS that WDT had VHD been VBN lost VVN in IN this DT tragedy NN . SENT A DT number NN of IN civilians NNS reached VVD the DT site NN prior RB to TO the DT arrival NN of IN the DT emergency NN response NN groups NNS . SENT Once RB the DT state NN police NN crews NNS and CC FBI NP arrived VVD , , the DT area NN was VBD secured VVN as IN a DT crime NN scene NN and CC all DT media NNS and CC non JJ essential JJ personnel NNS were VBD ordered VVN to TO leave VV the DT scene NN Daily NP American NP , , September NP 13 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT Response NN to TO the DT initial JJ crash NN was VBD a DT disappointment NN for IN many JJ of IN the DT volunteer NN emergency NN response NN personnel NNS . SENT Keith NP Custer NP , , a DT member NN of IN the DT Shanksville NP Volunteer NN Fire NP Company NP , , said VVD , , I PP thought VVD we'd NN get VV there RB and CC there EX would MD be VB a DT big JJ plane NN on IN fire NN and CC victims NNS but CC you PP get VVP there RB and CC there EX are VBP just RB little JJ pieces NNS . SENT Now RB , , I PP don't VVD want VV to TO see VV anything NN like IN that IN again RB , , seeing VVG that DT massive JJ loss NN of IN life NN Gibb NP , , Pittsburgh NP Post NP Gazette NN , , 9 CD 13 CD 01 CD . SENT Increased JJ identification NN with IN the DT community NN is VBZ demonstrated VVN by IN cooperative JJ community NN action NN in IN effort NN to TO solve VV problems NNS created VVN by IN the DT crises NNS and CC alteration NN of IN community NN priorities NNS and CC values NNS . SENT The DT residents NNS of IN the DT small JJ town NN of IN Shanksville NP , , an DT estimated JJ population NN of IN around IN two CD hundred CD and CC forty NN five CD , , report NN that WDT , , two CD weeks NNS after IN the DT event NN , , they PP feel VVP more JJR close NN knit VVN as IN a DT community NN with IN a DT greater JJR sense NN of IN pride NN than IN before RB . SENT O'Brien NP , , The DT Daily NP American NP . SENT September NP 27 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT Shanksville NP Fire NP Chief NP Terry NP Shaffer NP expressed VVD his PP$ gratitude NN to TO the DT community NN and CC indicated VVD that IN his PP$ group NN had VHD received VVN nothing NN but CC praise NN from IN the DT FBI NP and CC the DT Pennsylvania NP State NP Police NP on IN how WRB the DT volunteers NNS had VHD handled VVN themselves PP , , not RB only RB as IN a DT fire NN company NN , , but CC as IN a DT community NN . SENT This DT community NN identification NN also RB led VVD to TO an DT enhanced JJ concept NN of IN the DT role NN of IN citizen NN as IN Shanksville NP residents NNS expressed VVD their PP$ patriotism NN and CC collective JJ grief NN in IN the DT days NNS following VVG the DT disaster NN . SENT Judi NP Baeckel NP led VVD a DT drive NN to TO erect VV a DT memorial NN to TO the DT victims NNS in IN their PP$ front JJ yard NN on IN Bridge NP Street NP because IN the DT residents NNS wanted VVD to TO make VV sure JJ that IN Flight NP 93 CD was VBD not RB forgotten VVN . SENT Memorials NNS , , displays NNS of IN American JJ flags NNS and CC yellow JJ roses NNS were VBD erected VVN in IN and CC around IN the DT crash NN site NN and CC Somerset NP county NN . SENT Community NN members NNS traveled VVD the DT crash NN perimeter NN from IN nightfall NN to TO dawn NN bringing VVG food NN to TO the DT state NN troopers NNS guarding VVG the DT site NN . SENT Community NN members NNS began VVD the DT process NN of IN establishing VVG a DT number NN of IN memorial NN tribute NN areas NNS gestures NNS noted VVD by IN grateful JJ bereaved VVN family NN members NNS . SENT The DT Somerset NP community NN prepared VVD an DT early JJ public JJ memorial NN service NN for IN the DT family NN members NNS of IN the DT victims NNS who WP arrived VVD in IN the DT area NN hours NNS after IN the DT crash NN . SENT The DT memorial NN was VBD conducted VVN on IN the DT Somerset NP Courthouse NN steps VVZ Friday NP September NP 14 CD th NN . SENT Initial JJ review NN of IN the DT information NN collected VVD supports VVZ the DT expectation NN that IN the DT Shanksville NP event NN would MD fulfill VV the DT criteria NNS necessary JJ to TO confirm VV the DT convergence NN crisis NN process NN as IN outlined VVN by IN Quarantelli NP and CC Dynes NP . SENT Further JJR analysis NN is VBZ expected VVN to TO reveal VV additional JJ evidence NN supporting VVG this DT finding NN . SENT CONTINUING VVG RESEARCH NN QUESTIONSThere NN are VBP a DT number NN of IN continuing VVG research NN questions NNS that WDT are VBP emerging VVG as IN this DT research NN project NN continues VVZ . SENT These DT are VBP presented VVN below IN with IN a DT brief JJ explanation NN of IN how WRB they PP relate VVP to TO the DT United NP Flight NP 93 CD crash NN . SENT What WP aspects NNS of IN planning NN and CC exercise VV prove VV most RBS beneficial JJ in IN disaster NN response NN . SENT Evidence NN supports VVZ the DT positive JJ impact NN of IN comprehensive JJ , , intergovernmental JJ and CC interagency NN emergency NN response NN preparedness NN . SENT However RB , , we PP still RB do VVP not RB know VV if IN there EX are VBP specific JJ components NNS of IN the DT preparedness NN process NN that WDT are VBP more RBR beneficial JJ than IN others NNS or CC if IN there EX is VBZ an DT integrative JJ aspect NN that WDT is VBZ key JJ . SENT 1 CD What WP local JJ resources NNS tend VVP to TO become VV overwhelmed JJ at IN what WP time NN points NNS in IN a DT disaster NN response NN and CC recovery NN situation NN . SENT For IN examples NNS . SENT Water NN and CC sanitation NN systems NNS were VBD a DT challenge NN . SENT as IN time NN passed VVN and CC the DT chill NN of IN fall NN weather NN began VVD to TO set VV in IN , , hot JJ meals NNS became VVD important JJ . SENT 2 CD How WRB and CC to TO what WP extent NN do VVP local JJ characteristics NNS influence VVP the DT point NN at IN which WDT local JJ resources NNS are VBP overwhelmed VVN . SENT Especially RB in IN recovery NN situations NNS , , demands NNS on IN emergency NN response NN operations NNS can MD exceed VV local JJ resources NNS available JJ . SENT If IN it PP were VBD possible JJ to TO anticipate VV such JJ overload NN points NNS in IN the DT cycle NN of IN disaster NN response NN and CC recovery NN , , they PP could MD be VB anticipated VVN and CC addressed VVN . SENT Additionally RB , , local JJ characteristics NNS of IN the DT disaster NN site NN influence NN response NN demands NNS . SENT The DT sparse JJ population NN and CC remoteness NN of IN this DT site NN made VVD the DT response NN in IN Shanksville NP especially RB challenging VVG as IN even RB lodging VVG for IN the DT responders NNS was VBD 25 CD to TO 30 CD miles NNS from IN the DT scene NN and CC resources NNS for IN providing VVG food NN had VHD to TO be VB rotated VVD so RB that IN local JJ suppliers NNS were VBD not RB overwhelmed JJ and CC unable JJ to TO continue VV to TO serve VV their PP$ regular JJ clientele NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ expected VVN that IN characteristics NNS of IN other JJ site NN provide VV unique JJ challenges NNS as IN well RB , , but CC there EX is VBZ no DT systematic JJ examination NN of IN these DT . SENT How WRB might MD existing JJ resources NNS be VB adapted VVN in IN times NNS of IN disaster NN or CC crisis NN . SENT Such JJ as IN using VVG the DT National NP Guard NP armory NN as IN the DT site NN for IN the DT morgue NN and CC the DT use NN of IN Camp NP Allegheny NP . SENT Is VBZ it PP possible JJ to TO identify VV such JJ alternative NN uses VVZ in IN advance NN and CC to TO prepare VV for IN such JJ . SENT Traditional JJ resources NNS are VBP usually RB including VVG in IN the DT response NN capability NN analysis NN for IN a DT community NN . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN the DT crash NN of IN United NP Flight NP 93 CD , , ho NP 9 CD wever NP , , the DT traditional JJ resources NNS were VBD not RB adequate JJ or CC appropriate JJ to TO the DT task NN at IN hand NN . SENT Changes NNS were VBD made VVN both CC in IN the DT resource NN used VVN and CC in IN how WRB the DT resources NNS were VBD used VVN . SENT CONCLUSIONSIn NN conclusion NN , , the DT crash NN of IN United NP Airlines NPS Flight NP 93 CD in IN Shanksville NP , , Pennsylvania NP on IN September NP 11 CD , , 2001 CD tested VVD the DT emergency NN response NN plans VVZ of IN numerous JJ local JJ , , state NN and CC federal JJ agencies NNS . SENT The DT larger JJR research NN question NN really RB is VBZ , , did VVD they PP work VVP . SENT Observations NNS and CC interviews NNS , , as RB well RB as IN the DT results NNS that WDT were VBD reported VVN , , indicate VVP that IN yes RB , , preparedness NN is VBZ a DT key JJ element NN in IN the DT success NN or CC failure NN of IN multi NNS agency NN and CC multijurisdicaitional JJ response NN to TO a DT disaster NN . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN Somerset NP County NP , , the DT challenges NNS or CC drawbacks NNS to TO enhance VV response NN were VBD overcome VVN by IN the DT interpersonal JJ trust NN that WDT was VBD developed VVN over IN time NN precisely RB because IN of IN those DT challenging JJ characteristics NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT isolated JJ nature NN and CC sparse JJ population NN of IN the DT area NN mean VV that DT everyone NN had VHD to TO work VV together RB in IN small JJ emergencies NNS and CC therefore RB developed VVD a DT history NN of IN cooperation NN and CC trust NN . SENT The DT rural JJ nature NN of IN the DT area NN was VBD a DT challenge NN to TO the DT professionals NNS who WP arrived VVD to TO participate VV in IN the DT recovery NN efforts NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT cooperative JJ , , supportive JJ and CC trusting VVG nature NN of IN the DT local JJ residents NNS compensated VVN for IN this DT difficulty NN and CC made VVD the DT operation NN better RBR . SENT ReferencesDynes NP , , R NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , and CC E NP . SENT L NP . SENT Quarantelli NP . SENT 1980 CD . SENT Helping VVG Behavior NN in IN Large JJ Scale NP Disasters NNS . SENT In IN Participation NN in IN Social NP and CC Political JJ Activities NNS . SENT Ed NP . SENT D SYM . SENT H NP . SENT Smith NP , , J NP . SENT Macauley NP , , and CC Associates NPS . SENT San NP Francisco NP . SENT Jossey NP Bass NP . SENT Fritz NP , , C NP . SENT E NP and CC J NP . SENT A DT . SENT Mathewson NP . SENT 1957 CD . SENT Convergence NN Behavior NN in IN Disasters NNS . SENT National NP Research NP Council NP Disaster NN Study NN Number NP 9 CD . SENT Washington NP . SENT DC NP . SENT National NP Academy NP of IN Sciences NPS . SENT Gibb NP , , Bob NP . SENT Pittsburgh NP Post NP Gazette NN . SENT September NP 13 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT O'Brien NP , , The DT Daily NP American NP . SENT September NP 27 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT 1 LS . SENT 139 CD Emergencies NNS . SENT Mass NN disasters NNS . SENT Community NP 1976 CD . SENT Dynes NP . SENT R SYM . SENT L NP . SENT E SYM . SENT For IN additional JJ information NN , , please VV contact NN . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS Research NP and CC Applications NP Information NP CenterUniversity NP of IN Colorado NP 482 CD UCBBoulder NP , , CO NP 80309 CD 0482 CD hazctr NN spot NN . SENT colorado NP . SENT eduwww JJ . SENT colorado NP . SENT edu NN hazards NNS Nancy NP K NP . SENT Grant NP David NP H NP . SENT Hoover NP served VVD as IN co NP principle NN investigators NNS for IN this DT study NN . SENT Annemarie NP Scarisbrick NP Hauser NP Stacy NP L NP . SENT Muffet NP served VVD as IN research NN associates NNS . SENT All DT are VBP staff NN members NNS at IN The DT Center NP for IN Emergency NP Management NP and CC Homeland NN Security NP Policy NP Research NP , , The DT University NP of IN Akron NP . SENT Article NN copyright NN Nancy NP K NP . SENT Grant NP , , David NP H NP . SENT Hoover NP , , Annemarie NP Scarisbrick NP Hauser NP , , Stacy NP L NP . SENT Muffet NP . SENT The DT Center NP for IN Emergency NP Management NP and CC Homeland NN Security NP Policy NP Research NP , , The DT University NP of IN Akron NP . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS Research NP and CC Applications NP Information NP Center NP . SENT all DT rights NNS reserved JJ r NN e SYM a DT d NN i NP n NN g NN Facing VVG the DT Unexpected JJ . SENT Disaster NN Preparedness NN and CC Response NP in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Kathleen NP J NP . SENT Tierney NP , , Michael NP K NP . SENT Lindell NP , , Ronald NP W NP . SENT Perry NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0309069998 CD Disaster NN Response NP . SENT GIS NP for IN Public NP Safety NP . SENT Gary NP Amdahl NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 1879102889 CD A DT Framework NN for IN Survival NN . SENT Health NP , , Human NP Rights NP and CC Humanitarian JJ Assistance NP in IN Conflicts NNS and CC Disasters NNS . SENT Kevin NP M NP . SENT Cahill NP , , Kofi NP A NP . SENT Annan NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0415922356 CD Response NP to TO Disaster NN . SENT Henry NP W NP . SENT Fischer NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0761811834 CD Response NP to TO Disaster NN . SENT Psychosocial JJ , , Community NP , , and CC Ecological JJ Approaches NNS Series NN in IN Clinical JJ and CC Community NP Psychology NP . SENT Richard NP Gist NP , , Bernard NP Lubin NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0876309996 CD Psychological JJ Assessment NP of IN Adult JJ Posttraumatic NP States NPS Psychotherapy NN Practitioner NN Resource NP Book NP . SENT John NP Briere NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 1557984034 CD Environmental JJ Disaster NN and CC the DT Archaeology NN of IN Human NP Response NP Anthropological JJ Papers NP Maxwell NP Museum NP of IN Anthropology NN , , No UH . SENT 7 CD , , . SENT Garth NP Bawden NP , , Richard NP Reycraft NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0912535148 CD Preparing VVG for IN Terrorism NN . SENT An DT Emergency NP Services NPS Guide NP . SENT George NP Buck NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0827383975 CD The NP EMS NP Incident NN Management NP System NP . SENT Operations NNS for IN Mass NP Casualty NP and CC High NP Impact NP Incidents NNS . SENT Hank NN T NN . SENT Christen NP , , Paul NP M NP . SENT Maniscalco NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0893039721 CD Weapons NNS of IN Mass NP Destruction NN . SENT Emergency NP Care NP . SENT Robert NP A NP . SENT De NP Lorenzo NP , , Robert NP S NP . SENT Porter NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0130139238 CD Understanding NN Terrorism NN and CC Managing VVG the DT Consequences NNS . SENT Paul NP M NP . SENT Maniscalco NP , , Hank NP T NN . SENT Christen NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0130212296 CD Business NN Handbook NN on IN Terrorism NN , , Security NP and CC Survival NN . SENT A DT Proactive JJ Guide NP for IN Personal NP Security NP in IN Today's NP Business NP Environment NP . SENT Gerry NP S NP . SENT Thomas NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0964057018 CD Disasters NNS by IN Design NP . SENT A DT Reassessment NN of IN Natural JJ Hazards NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS Natural NP Hazards NNS and CC Disasters NNS . SENT Dennis NP S NP . SENT Mileti NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0309063604 CD Disasters NNS and CC Democracy NN . SENT The DT Politics NNS of IN Extreme JJ Natural JJ Events NNS . SENT Rutherford NP H NP . SENT Platt NP , , Miriam NP Gradie NP Anderson NP , , Alexandra NP D NP . SENT Dawson NP , , Beth NP O'Donnell NP , , David NP Scherf NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 1559636963 CD Normal JJ Accidents NNS . SENT Charles NP Perrow NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0691004129 CD Hazardous JJ Waste NP Operations NP Emergency NP Response NP Compliance NP Manual NP 38 CD M NP . SENT Dolly NP Miller NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0934674868 CD Transportation NP Disaster NN Response NP Handbook NN . SENT Jay NP Levinson NP , , Hayim NP Granot NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0124454860 CD Chemical NP and CC Biological JJ Terrorism NN . SENT Research NP and CC Development NP to TO Improve VV Civilian JJ Medical NP Response NP . SENT National NP Research NP Council NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 030906195421 CD st NP Century NP Bioterrorism NP and CC Germ NP Weapons NNS U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Army NP Field NP Manual NP for IN the DT Treatment NP of IN Biological NP Warfare NN Agent NP Casualties NNS Anthrax NN , , Smallpox NN , , Plague VV , , Viral JJ Fevers NNS , , Toxins NNS , , Delivery NN Methods NNS , , Detection NN , , Symptoms NNS , , Treatment NP , , Equipment NP . SENT Department NP of IN Defense NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 1931828105 CD Jane's NP Chem NP Bio NP Handbook NN . SENT Frederick NP R NP . SENT Sidell NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0710619235 CD First NP Responder NN Chem NP Bio NP Handbook NN . SENT Ben NP N NP . SENT Venzke NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 096654370 CD XHumanitarian NP Charter NP and CC Minimum NP Standards NPS in IN Disaster NN Response NP . SENT The DT Sphere NN Project NN . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0855984627 CD Shared JJ Risk NN . SENT Complex JJ Systems NPS in IN Seismic JJ Response NP . SENT Louise NP K NP . SENT Comfort NN . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0080432115 CD Hard NP Choices NNS . SENT Jonathan NP Moore NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0847690318 CD Humanitarian JJ Crises NNS . SENT The DT Medical NP and CC Public NP Health NP Response NP . SENT Jennifer NP Leaning VVG , , Susan NP M NP . SENT Briggs NP , , Lincoln NP C NP . SENT Chen NP . SENT ISBN NP . SENT 0674155157 CD u NN s NN e SYM n NN e NN tg NN r SYM o NN u NN p NN s PP alt JJ . SENT disastersalt NN . SENT disasters NNS . SENT aviationalt NN . SENT disasters NNS . SENT earthquakealt NN . SENT disasters NNS . SENT planningalt NN . SENT emergency NN . SENT services NNS . SENT dispatcheralt NN . SENT security NN . SENT terrorismalt NN . SENT usa NP . SENT disastergov NP . SENT us PP . SENT topic NN . SENT emergency NN . SENT alertsmisc NN . SENT emerg NP servicessci NP . SENT geo NP . SENT earthquakessci NNS . SENT engr NP . SENT safety NN w NN e NN b SYM s PP i NP t NN e SYM s PP Federal NP Emergency NP Management NP AgencyRapid NP Response NP Information NP System NP FEMA NP Mobile NP Emergency NP Response NP Support NN FEMA NP American NP Red NP Cross NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Association NN of IN Contingency NN PlannersDisaster NP Recovery NP Information NP ExchangeNatural NP Hazards NNS Center NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT EM NN DAT NP . SENT OFDA NP CRED NP International NP Disaster NN Database NN Centre NP for IN Research NP on IN the DT Epidemiology NN of IN Disasters NNS The DT World NP Disasters NNS Report NP International NP Federation NP of IN Red NP Cross NP and CC Red NP Crescent JJ Societies NNS Billion CD Dollar NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Weather NN Disasters NNS , , 1980 CD 2001 CD National NP Oceanic JJ and CC Atmospheric JJ Administration NP Extreme NN Weather NP Sourcebook NP 2001 CD . SENT Economic JJ and CC Other JJ Societal JJ Impacts NNS Related VVN to TO Hurricanes NNS , , Floods NNS , , Tornadoes NNS , , Lightning NP , , and CC Other JJ U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Weather NN Phenomena NNS University NP of IN Colorado NP Boulder NP . SENT NCAR NP , , NOAA NP , , USWRP NP , , NSF NP , , AMF NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Contingency NN Planning NP Management NP MagazineDisaster NP Recovery NP JournalRothstein NP Associates NPS see VVP our PP$ resource NN directory NN for IN add'l NN resources NNS privacy NN policy NN editorial NN policy NN disclaimer NN terms NNS conditionscopyright JJ 2002 CD e SYM 11 CD th NN hour NN . SENT org NP . SENT all DT rights NNS reserved VVD . SENT questions NNS . SENT webmaster JJR design NN development NN . SENT creative JJ license NN , , ltd NP