/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/20/file4.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Bryn NP Mawr NP Classical JJ Review NP 94 CD . SENT 04 CD . SENT 18 CD Averil NP Cameron NP , , The DT Later RBR Roman JJ Empire NN , , AD NN 284 CD 430 CD . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Harvard NP University NP Press NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Pp NP . SENT xvi NP 238 CD . SENT 35 CD . SENT 00 CD hb NN . SENT ISBN NNS 0 CD 674 CD 51193 CD X NN hb NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 95 CD pb NN . SENT ISBN NNS 0 CD 674 CD 51194 CD 8 CD pb NN . SENT . SENT Averil NP Cameron NP , , The DT Mediterranean NP World NP in IN Late JJ Antiquity NN , , AD NN 395 CD 600 CD . SENT London NP and CC New NP York NP . SENT Routledge NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Pp NP . SENT xvii NP , , 251 CD . SENT 49 CD . SENT 95 CD . SENT ISBN NNS 0 CD 415 CD 01420 CD 4 CD . SENT Reviewed VVN by IN William NP Klingshirn NP , , Catholic NP University NP of IN America NP . 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SENT The DT Later RBR Roman JJ Empire NN is VBZ the DT final JJ volume NN in IN the DT Fontana NN History NN of IN the DT Ancient JJ World NN , , edited VVN by IN Oswyn NP Murray NP . SENT To TO a DT large JJ extent NN its PP$ scope NN and CC format NN are VBP determined VVN by IN the DT demands NNS of IN series NN , , which WDT is VBZ aimed VVN squarely RB at IN an DT undergraduate JJ audience NN . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT welcome JJ emphasis NN on IN documents NNS and CC literary JJ sources NNS , , which WDT are VBP abundantly RB quoted VVN and CC cited VVN in IN the DT text NN . SENT the DT most RBS important JJ of IN these DT are VBP listed VVN alphabetically RB with IN English JJ translations NNS and CC relevant JJ modern JJ discussions NNS at IN the DT back NN of IN the DT book NN . SENT References NNS to TO secondary JJ literature NN in IN most JJS cases NNS just RB sufficient JJ to TO justify VV controversial JJ positions NNS and CC point VVP the DT reader NN to TO further JJR discussion NN are VBP not RB given VVN in IN notes NNS but CC in IN a DT bibliographic JJ essay NN organized VVN by IN chapter NN . SENT The DT author's JJ eastern JJ focus NN is VBZ evident JJ from IN the DT choice NN of IN maps NNS , , which WDT include VVP an DT outline NN of IN the DT Diocletianic JJ dioceses NNS and CC provinces NNS , , plans NNS of IN Rome NP and CC Constantinople NP , , and CC a DT map NN of IN the DT cities NNS of IN the DT eastern JJ empire NN , , but CC no DT map NN of IN the DT cities NNS of IN the DT west NN . SENT The DT book NN also RB contains VVZ thirteen CD illustrations NNS , , mostly RB familiar JJ e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , colossal JJ head NN of IN Constantine NP , , arch NN of IN Constantine NP , , interior NN of IN S NP . SENT Maria NP Maggiore NP , , diptych NN of IN the DT Symmachi NP . SENT a DT fairly RB abbreviated VVN date NN chart NN . SENT and CC a DT list NN of IN emperors NNS and CC some DT usurpers NNS from IN Gordian JJ I NN to TO Theodosius NP II NP . SENT Like IN other JJ volumes NNS in IN the DT series NN , , LRE NP does VVZ not RB offer VV a DT continuous JJ political JJ and CC military JJ narrative NN for IN this DT C NP . SENT suggests VVZ Roger NP Collins NP , , Early RB Medieval JJ Europe NP 300 CD 1000 CD New NP York NP , , 1991 CD , , 1 CD 57 CD but CC rather RB discusses VVZ topics NNS in IN social JJ , , cultural JJ , , political JJ , , and CC military JJ history NN . SENT Its PP$ organization NN is VBZ roughly RB chronological JJ , , with IN episodes NNS of IN political JJ narrative NN linking VVG largely RB thematic JJ chapters NNS . 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SENT s PP secondary JJ sources NNS not RB always RB easy JJ , , and CC accord VV her PP$ narrative NN a DT provisional JJ status NN it PP does VVZ not RB always RB explicitly RB claim VVP for IN itself PP will MD find VV much RB to TO reward VV them PP . SENT Not RB surprisingly RB , , in IN view NN of IN her PP$ earlier JJR remarks NNS on IN Timothy NP Barnes NP totally RB Christian NP Constantine NP , , 3 CD C NP . SENT interprets VVZ Constantine NP in IN the DT light NN of IN his PP$ military JJ , , financial JJ , , and CC administrative JJ as RB well RB as IN religious JJ policies NNS . SENT And CC even RB in IN his PP$ embrace VV of IN the DT Christian JJ god NN C NP . SENT s PP Constantine NP operates VVZ according VVG to TO earlier JJR precedent NN by IN adhering VVG to TO a DT powerful JJ source NN of IN divine JJ protection NN and CC success NN pp NNS . SENT 55 CD 56 CD . SENT C SYM . 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SENT As IN elsewhere RB , , C NP . SENT strongly RB emphasizes VVZ continuity NN with IN the DT past NN , , without IN necessarily RB underestimating VVG the DT amount NN of IN cultural JJ change NN or CC the DT degree NN of IN tension NN among IN Christians NNS and CC between IN Christians NNS and CC non JJ Christians NNS over IN such JJ problems NNS as IN the DT pagan NN content NN and CC elite JJ character NN of IN classical JJ education NN pp NNS . SENT 152 CD 54 CD and CC the DT worldly JJ nature NN of IN popular JJ entertainment NN p NN . SENT 155 CD . SENT The DT reader's NNS assent NN to TO the DT argument NN for IN continuity NN , , however RB , , is VBZ virtually RB guaranteed VVN by IN a DT focus NN in IN the DT middle JJ pages NNS of IN the DT chapter NN on IN the DT literary JJ and CC artistic JJ tastes NNS of IN the DT senatorial JJ class NN in IN late JJ fourth JJ century NN Rome NP , , where WRB we PP should MD expect VV veneration NN for IN the DT past NN and CC the DT maintenance NN of IN tradition NN to TO be VB at IN its PP$ highest JJS , , even RB among IN Christians NNS . SENT But CC C NP . SENT does VVZ not RB focus VV exclusively RB on IN elite JJ culture NN . SENT She PP also RB reminds VVZ readers NNS of IN the DT importance NN of IN local JJ cultures NNS and CC languages NNS in IN the DT east JJ , , especially RB Syriac NP pp NP . SENT 167 CD 68 CD . SENT see VV also RB pp JJR . SENT 183 CD 84 CD , , and CC hints NNS at IN changes NNS occurring VVG below IN the DT surface NN in IN the DT west NN which WDT were VBD disguised VVN by IN the DT apparent JJ continuity NN of IN Latin JJ culture NN pp NNS . SENT 168 CD 69 CD . SENT Chapter NP 11 CD on IN Constantinople NP and CC the DT east JJ begins VVZ to TO make VV a DT case NN for IN the DT continued JJ economic JJ vigor NN , , cultural JJ vibrancy NN , , and CC political JJ strength NN of IN the DT eastern JJ in IN contrast NN to TO the DT western JJ empire NN , , a DT theme NN that IN returns NNS in IN MWLA NP . SENT The DT emphasis NN is VBZ mostly RB on IN urban JJ life NN and CC specifically RB the DT urban JJ plebs NN , , with IN discussion NN of IN public JJ spaces NNS , , festivals NNS , , riots NNS , , food NN distributions NNS , , chariot NN racing NN , , and CC other JJ topics NNS that WDT have VHP dominated VVN the DT study NN of IN late JJ antique JJ civic JJ culture NN in IN the DT past JJ two CD decades NNS . SENT What WP is VBZ most RBS welcome JJ in IN this DT chapter NN , , however RB , , because IN it PP will MD be VB difficult JJ for IN students NNS to TO find VV elsewhere RB , , is VBZ a DT brief JJ survey NN of IN recent JJ work NN on IN rural JJ life NN in IN the DT east JJ , , including VVG economic JJ organization NN , , settlement NN history NN , , relations NNS between IN center NN and CC periphery NN , , and CC the DT impact NN of IN Christianity NN , , especially RB monasticism NN , , on IN the DT countryside NN , , themes NNS discussed VVD more RBR fully RB in IN MWLA NP . SENT The DT final JJ chapter NN begins VVZ by IN minimizing VVG the DT importance NN of IN the DT year NN 476 CD in IN explaining VVG the DT downfall NN of IN the DT western JJ empire NN . SENT C LS . SENT points NNS out IN earlier JJR signs NNS of IN political JJ weakness NN in IN the DT west NN and CC stresses VVZ the DT continuity NN of IN Roman NP culture NN in IN the DT barbarian JJ success NN or CC kingdoms NNS . SENT But CC she PP hints VVZ here RB at IN a DT point NN of IN view NN that WDT becomes VVZ much RB more RBR prominent JJ in IN MWLA NP , , namely RB that IN differences NNS in IN economy NN , , politics NNS , , and CC culture NN between IN east JJ and CC west NN had VHD already RB become VVN so RB marked JJ by IN the DT fifth JJ century NN that IN the DT two CD halves NNS of IN the DT empire NN were VBD already RB headed VVN in IN separate JJ directions NNS the DT east RB more JJR , , the DT west NN less RBR successfully RB no RB matter VV what WP the DT barbarians NNS did VVD . SENT In IN this DT chapter NN , , the DT fate NN of IN the DT east JJ is VBZ illustrated VVN by IN the DT obstinate JJ survival NN of IN Byzantium NP to TO 1453 CD p NN . SENT 192 CD , , that IN of IN the DT west NN by IN the DT Vandal NN conquest NN of IN Africa NP and CC by IN Augustine's NP City NP of IN God NP , , with IN its PP$ vision NN of IN a DT polity NN never RB to TO be VB realized VVN on IN earth NN pp NNS . SENT 188 CD 90 CD . SENT Yet RB at IN the DT same JJ time NN as IN C NP . SENT concedes VVZ the DT fact NN of IN political JJ fragmentation NN for IN the DT west NN in IN the DT fifth JJ century NN , , for IN the DT east JJ in IN the DT seventh JJ century NN p NN . SENT 193 CD she PP also RB suggests VVZ that IN it PP did VVD not RB matter VV as RB much RB in IN the DT long JJ run NN as IN the DT many JJ underlying JJ continuities NNS that WDT still RB tied VVD the DT Mediterranean NP world NN together RB into IN the DT next JJ millennium NN . SENT For IN a DT book NN as IN densely RB packed VVN with IN citation NN , , information NN , , and CC argument NN as IN this DT , , there EX are VBP surprisingly RB few JJ slips VVZ . SENT The DT only JJ incorrect JJ references NNS I PP found VVD were VBD at IN p NN . SENT 17 CD , , where WRB Eusebius NP , , Life NP of IN Constantine NP II NP . SENT 10 CD should MD read VV III NP . SENT 10 CD , , and CC p NN . SENT 36 CD , , where WRB Lewis NP and CC Reinhold NP II NP . SENT 118 CD should MD read VV II NP . SENT 128 CD . SENT Also RB , , Valentinian NP II NP seems VVZ to TO have VH dropped VVN off RP the DT emperor NN list NN on IN p NN . SENT 198 CD . SENT A DT few JJ abbreviations NNS will MD be VB unclear JJ to TO undergraduates NNS who WP are VBP not RB classicists NNS , , including VVG ILS NP p NN . SENT 54 CD and CC NTh JJ p NN . SENT 144 CD , , as RB well RB as IN technical JJ terms NNS such JJ as IN largitiones NNS and CC res NN privata NNS p NN . SENT 40 CD , , but CC diligent JJ readers NNS can MD quickly RB find VV these DT in IN Jones NP Later RBR Roman JJ Empire NN . SENT The DT lists NNS of IN primary JJ sources NNS and CC secondary JJ literature NN are VBP very RB useful JJ and CC up RB to TO date NN . SENT Because IN the DT sourcebook NP of IN Lewis NP and CC Reinhold NP is VBZ so RB widely RB cited VVN , , I PP would MD have VH referred VVN to TO the DT third JJ edition NN of IN 1990 CD rather RB than IN the DT revised VVN edition NN of IN 1966 CD p NN . SENT 210 CD . SENT MWLA NP , , p NN . SENT 237 CD . SENT But CC these DT are VBP minor JJ lapses NNS in IN a DT book NN that WDT tries VVZ to TO do VV so RB much RB . SENT LRE NP is VBZ an DT excellent JJ book NN which WDT I PP would MD wholeheartedly RB recommend VV for IN undergraduate JJ courses NNS in IN later RBR Roman JJ history NN . SENT Because IN it PP was VBD written VVN as IN a DT starting VVG point NN for IN students NNS p NN . SENT v NN , , it PP will MD do VV the DT most RBS good JJ when WRB it PP can MD be VB read VVN with IN large JJ amounts NNS of IN evidence NN and CC when WRB its PP$ opinions NNS can MD be VB discussed VVN side NN by IN side NN with IN the DT views NNS of IN other JJ scholars NNS . SENT Not RB everyone NN will MD agree VV with IN its PP$ organization NN , , its PP$ tone NN , , or CC its PP$ interpretations NNS , , but CC this DT is VBZ precisely RB why WRB it PP is VBZ a DT valuable JJ contribution NN to TO the DT field NN . SENT In IN general NN I PP would MD say VV the DT same JJ of IN its PP$ companion NN volume NN , , which WDT treats VVZ many JJ of IN the DT same JJ themes NNS , , although IN its PP$ time NN period NN is VBZ later RBR and CC its PP$ intended VVN audience NN more RBR advanced JJ . SENT The DT Mediterranean NP World NP in IN Late JJ Antiquity NN is VBZ the DT last JJ volume NN in IN the DT Routledge NP formerly RB the DT Methuen NP History NN of IN the DT Ancient JJ World NN , , edited VVN by IN Fergus NP Millar NP . SENT Only RB one CD other JJ volume NN in IN the DT series NN has VHZ so RB far RB been VBN published VVN , , Simon NP Hornblower's NP The DT Greek JJ World NP 479 CD 323 CD BC NP London NP and CC New NP York NP , , 1983 CD . SENT To TO judge VV from IN that DT work NN and CC from IN MWLA NP , , the DT series NN is VBZ aimed VVN at IN a DT level NN above IN that DT of IN the DT Fontana NN series NN , , with IN a DT looser JJR chronological JJ structure NN , , fewer JJR aids NNS for IN the DT novice NN , , and CC greater JJR emphasis NN on IN secondary JJ literature NN and CC the DT specifics NNS of IN scholarly JJ controversy NN . SENT Like IN Hornblower's NP history NN , , MWLA NP features VVZ endnotes NNS with IN extensive JJ references NNS as RB well RB as IN chapter NN by IN chapter NN bibliographies NNS . SENT It PP also RB contains VVZ five CD maps NNS , , twelve NN illustrations NNS , , and CC lists NNS of IN dates NNS and CC abbreviations NNS but CC not RB of IN primary JJ sources NNS or CC emperors NNS . SENT In IN her PP$ preface NN C NP . SENT informs VVZ the DT reader NN that IN the DT focus NN of IN MWLA NP is VBZ on IN the DT Roman NP empire NN of IN the DT fifth JJ and CC sixth JJ centuries NNS rather RB than IN the DT periphery NN or CC the DT emergent JJ kingdoms NNS of IN the DT west JJ p NN . SENT x SYM . SENT This DT state NN centered VVD framework NN is VBZ initially RB surprising JJ in IN view NN of IN the DT book's NNS title NN and CC heavy JJ use NN of IN settlement NN archaeology NN , , which WDT together RB suggest VVP an DT emphasis NN on IN the DT Mediterranean NP world NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , C NP . SENT believes VVZ that IN the DT west NN belongs VVZ in IN a DT study NN of IN late JJ Roman NP society NN and CC culture NN pp NNS . SENT 7 CD 8 CD , , 43 CD 44 CD , , and CC introduces VVZ much JJ western JJ material NN into IN the DT text NN and CC especially RB the DT notes NNS . SENT But CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN her PP$ preoccupations NNS become VVP , , by IN design NN , , more RBR eastern JJ , , that WDT is VBZ to TO say VV more RBR Byzantine JJ , , as IN the DT book NN progresses VVZ , , especially RB after IN Chapter NP 2 CD , , which WDT analyzes VVZ the DT fall NN of IN the DT west NN and CC briefly RB surveys VVZ the DT barbarian JJ successor NN kingdoms NNS . SENT This DT happens VVZ not RB only RB because IN C NP . SENT respects VVZ the DT political JJ if IN not RB the DT social JJ , , cultural JJ , , or CC economic JJ importance NN of IN the DT events NNS leading VVG up RP to TO the DT year NN 476 CD pp NNS . SENT 8 CD , , 33 CD 34 CD , , but CC more RBR importantly RB because IN she PP believes VVZ that IN the DT continuities NNS with IN the DT classical JJ past NN that WDT justify VV the DT use NN of IN the DT term NN late RB antique JJ in IN the DT east JJ were VBD less JJR in IN evidence NN in IN the DT west NN after IN the DT fifth JJ century NN pp NNS . SENT 7 CD 8 CD . SENT From IN the DT fifth JJ century NN on IN , , the DT west NN is VBZ repeatedly RB described VVN as IN fragmented JJ in IN government NN pp NNS . SENT 4 LS , , 28 CD , , 41 CD , , 79 CD , , 85 CD , , territory NN p NN . SENT 95 CD , , economy NN p NN . SENT 84 CD , , society NN p NN . SENT 151 CD , , and CC culture NN p NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT At IN times NNS this DT characterization NN allows VVZ the DT west NN to TO serve VV as IN a DT standard NN of IN failure NN and CC discontinuity NN against IN which WDT to TO measure VV success NN and CC continuity NN in IN the DT east JJ pp NN . SENT 2 LS , , 28 CD , , 83 CD 85 CD , , 95 CD 96 CD , , although IN C NP . SENT points NNS to TO examples NNS of IN continuity NN in IN the DT west NN as IN well RB pp JJR . SENT 41 CD , , 43 CD , , 129 CD 30 CD . SENT The DT point NN of IN such JJ comparisons NNS seems VVZ to TO be VB not RB to TO devalue VV the DT west NN , , but CC to TO point VV the DT way NN to TO similar JJ failures NNS and CC discontinuities NNS about RB to TO occur VV in IN the DT east JJ pp NN . SENT 2 LS , , 85 CD , , 176 CD , , a DT subject NN toward IN which WDT the DT last JJ part NN of IN the DT book NN is VBZ directed VVN . SENT The DT theme NN of IN a DT steadily RB growing VVG gap NN between IN east JJ and CC west NN , , which WDT runs VVZ throughout IN the DT book NN , , serves VVZ in IN part NN to TO justify VV the DT exclusively RB eastern JJ focus NN of IN these DT last JJ chapters NNS , , since IN C NP . SENT implies VVZ that IN the DT west NN had VHD largely RB ceased VVN by IN the DT end NN of IN the DT sixth JJ century NN to TO belong VV to TO the DT same JJ late JJ antique NN Mediterranean NP as IN the DT east JJ p NN . SENT 85 CD and CC can MD therefore RB no RB longer RBR be VB treated VVN in IN the DT same JJ framework NN of IN interpretation NN . SENT Whatever WDT one PP thinks VVZ of IN this DT view NN , , or CC of IN C NP . SENT s PP decision NN to TO end VV her PP$ work NN just RB before IN the DT Arab JJ conquests NNS of IN the DT 630 CD s PP , , it PP is VBZ clear JJ that IN inclusion NN of IN the DT west NN on IN equal JJ terms NNS with IN the DT east JJ would MD have VH meant VVN a DT very RB different JJ and CC certainly RB less RBR focused VVN book NN . SENT As IN it PP is VBZ , , C NP . SENT s PP argument NN has VHZ a DT momentum NN that IN gains NNS in IN interest NN as IN it PP tries VVZ to TO explain VV the DT end NN of IN antiquity NN in IN the DT east JJ . SENT Despite IN an DT uneven JJ treatment NN of IN east JJ and CC west RB , , it PP is VBZ fair JJ to TO say VV that IN C NP . SENT s PP overall JJ emphasis NN is VBZ still RB on IN continuity NN , , as RB in IN LRE NP p NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT She PP rejects VVZ all DT approaches NNS tied VVN to TO theories NNS of IN decline NN Gibbon NP , , Marx NP , , and CC Rostovtzeff NP are VBP explicitly RB named VVN , , endorses VVZ the DT work NN of IN Peter NP Brown NP in IN religious JJ and CC cultural JJ history NN , , and CC calls VVZ for IN its PP$ extension NN into IN administrative JJ and CC social JJ history NN , , with IN archaeological JJ evidence NN and CC approaches NNS not RB found VVD in IN Jones NP p NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT She PP also RB briefly RB discusses VVZ fifth JJ and CC sixth JJ century NN sources NNS , , but CC reserves NNS more RBR detailed JJ comments NNS for IN chapter NN bibliographies NNS . SENT The DT first JJ two CD chapters NNS survey VVP the DT political JJ and CC military JJ history NN of IN the DT fifth JJ century NN , , up RB to TO the DT reign NN of IN Anastasius NP 491 CD 518 CD . SENT Chapter NN 1 CD covers VVZ secular JJ and CC ecclesiastical JJ politics NNS in IN the DT east JJ , , primarily RB Constantinople NP , , while IN Chapter NN 2 CD focuses VVZ on IN barbarians NNS , , the DT army NN , , and CC the DT fall NN of IN the DT west NN . SENT Although IN C NP . SENT discusses VVZ a DT variety NN of IN topics NNS , , including VVG church NN councils NNS , , barbarian JJ successor NN kingdoms NNS , , and CC imperial JJ ceremonial JJ in IN Constantinople NP , , the DT central JJ question NN of IN both DT chapters NNS is VBZ why WRB the DT west NN fell VVD and CC the DT east JJ did VVD not RB . SENT C LS . SENT answers VVZ the DT question NN in IN much RB the DT same JJ terms NNS as IN in IN LRE NP , , albeit IN at IN greater JJR length NN . SENT She PP again RB cites VVZ the DT massacre NN of IN Gainas NP Goths NNS and CC its PP$ attendant JJ political JJ consequences NNS along IN with IN greater JJR political JJ stability NN and CC economic JJ prosperity NN pp NNS . SENT 17 CD , , 34 CD 35 CD , , 56 CD to TO explain VV the DT eastern JJ government's NN success NN in IN avoiding VVG the DT settlement NN of IN barbarian JJ groups NNS on IN imperial JJ soil NN , , and CC attributes VVZ the DT fall NN of IN the DT western JJ government NN to TO its PP$ own JJ internal JJ weaknesses NNS pp NP . SENT 34 CD , , a DT wealthy JJ and CC powerful JJ aristocracy NN pp NNS . SENT 53 CD . SENT see VV also RB pp JJR . SENT 84 CD , , 89 CD , , and CC widespread JJ official NN and CC unofficial JJ barbarian JJ settlement NN in IN the DT west JJ pp NP . SENT 44 CD 47 CD , , indeed RB , , to TO a DT seepage NN of IN barbarian JJ peoples NNS into IN imperial JJ territory NN pp NNS . SENT 55 CD 56 CD . SENT After IN this DT chapter NN the DT political JJ history NN of IN the DT west NN receives VVZ no DT further RBR systematic JJ attention NN . SENT Chapter NP 3 CD is VBZ devoted VVN to TO illustrating VVG the DT impact NN of IN Christianity NN on IN fifth JJ and CC sixth JJ century NN society NN . SENT C LS . SENT limits VVZ herself PP here RB to TO a DT few JJ well RB chosen VVN topics NNS . SENT church NN building NN , , the DT role NN of IN bishops NNS in IN church NN and CC society NN , , church NN councils NNS , , imperial JJ involvement NN in IN the DT church NN , , private JJ and CC public JJ religion NN , , ascetics NNS and CC holy JJ men NNS , , Christian JJ art NN and CC pilgrimage NN , , and CC almsgiving NN and CC church NN wealth NN . SENT Her PP$ main JJ concerns NNS are VBP first JJ , , to TO demonstrate VV the DT steadily RB growing VVG wealth NN , , power NN , , and CC public JJ influence NN of IN the DT institutional JJ church NN , , and CC second JJ , , to TO measure VV the DT more RBR limited JJ and CC less RBR obvious JJ effects NNS of IN Christian JJ beliefs NNS on IN private JJ life NN . SENT That IN these DT are VBP also RB the DT concerns NNS of IN much JJ recent JJ scholarship NN is VBZ not RB coincidental JJ , , and CC C NP . SENT largely RB succeeds VVZ in IN articulating VVG a DT consensus NN in IN current JJ opinion NN . SENT There EX has VHZ never RB been VBN much JJ doubt NN among IN scholars NNS , , whether IN hostile JJ , , neutral JJ , , or CC friendly JJ to TO Christianity NN , , of IN the DT enormous JJ growth NN in IN the DT church's JJ political JJ power NN and CC material NN prosperity NN over IN the DT fifth JJ and CC sixth JJ centuries NNS , , and CC further JJR research NN has VHZ tended VVN to TO confirm VV this DT view NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , however RB , , the DT assumption NN by IN some DT , , especially RB but CC not RB exclusively RB church NN historians NNS , , of IN a DT parallel JJ increase NN in IN the DT church's JJ spiritual JJ influence NN has VHZ come VVN into IN question NN . SENT While IN C NP . SENT is VBZ willing JJ to TO concede VV that IN the DT church NN had VHD an DT important JJ influence NN on IN the DT lives NNS of IN its PP$ members NNS pp NN . SENT 70 CD , , 80 CD . SENT see VV also RB p NN . SENT 148 CD and CC that IN some DT Christian JJ practices NNS , , including VVG pilgrimage NN and CC almsgiving NN pp NNS . SENT 77 CD 79 CD . SENT see VV also RB pp JJR . SENT 145 CD 46 CD , , were VBD widely RB popular JJ , , she PP cautions VVZ against IN assuming VVG that DT Christians NNS always RB practiced VVN or CC , , one PP might MD add VV , , always RB held VVD the DT Christian JJ ideals NNS their PP$ bishops NNS taught VVD them PP p NN . SENT 69 CD . SENT see VV also RB pp JJR . SENT 147 CD . SENT She PP also RB points VVZ out RP that IN despite IN claims NNS to TO the DT contrary JJ pagan NN cult NN continued VVD to TO survive VV and CC in IN some DT places NNS thrive VVP throughout IN the DT period NN p NN . SENT 70 CD . SENT see VV also RB pp JJR . SENT 141 CD 44 CD . SENT These DT are VBP conclusions NNS well RB worth IN emphasizing VVG in IN a DT book NN of IN this DT kind NN , , and CC they PP fit VVP in IN well RB with IN C NP . SENT s PP general JJ effort NN in IN matters NNS of IN religion NN to TO emphasize VV traditional JJ and CC ordinary JJ patterns NNS as RB opposed VVN to TO the DT new JJ and CC exotic JJ , , especially RB in IN ascetic JJ behavior NN pp NNS . SENT 6 CD , , 71 CD 75 CD . SENT Chapter NP 4 CD on IN social JJ structures NNS and CC the DT economy NN touches NNS on IN many JJ of IN the DT themes NNS found VVN in IN corresponding JJ sections NNS of IN LRE NP . SENT But CC it PP also RB seeks VVZ to TO advance VV an DT argument NN for IN increasing VVG prosperity NN in IN the DT east JJ and CC economic JJ decline NN in IN the DT west NN , , which WDT prepares VVZ the DT way NN for IN later JJR chapters NNS on IN urban JJ change NN and CC settlement NN history NN p NN . SENT 85 CD . SENT Using VVG a DT model NN developed VVN by IN Keith NP Hopkins NP , , C NP . SENT argues VVZ that IN the DT west NN failed VVD to TO meet VV several JJ important JJ conditions NNS for IN economic JJ growth NN . SENT Supplies NNS of IN raw JJ materials NNS , , and CC land NN and CC labor NN available JJ for IN cultivation NN and CC hence RB taxation NN decreased VVN through IN war NN , , population NN decline NN , , and CC barbarian JJ settlement NN , , which WDT caused VVD a DT reduction NN in IN government NN exactions NNS and CC in IN the DT stimulus NN of IN government NN spending NN pp NP . SENT 95 CD 96 CD . SENT Markets NNS were VBD diminished VVN by IN a DT reduction NN in IN government NN spending NN on IN the DT frontiers NNS p NN . SENT 96 CD , , by IN the DT ending NN of IN grain NN distributions NNS in IN Rome NP p NN . SENT 102 CD , , and CC by IN an DT increase NN in IN non JJ commercial JJ exchange NN on IN the DT part NN of IN western JJ landowners NNS pp NP . SENT 89 CD 90 CD . SENT Because IN the DT east JJ did VVD not RB suffer VV from IN the DT same JJ problems NNS , , C NP . SENT asserts VVZ , , it PP experienced VVD a DT degree NN of IN prosperity NN unknown NN in IN the DT west NN , , at IN least JJS until IN the DT disruptions NNS of IN the DT early JJ seventh JJ century NN p NN . SENT 85 CD , , an DT argument NN based VVN in IN part NN on IN the DT evidence NN of IN African JJ pottery NN as IN interpreted VVN by IN Andrea NP Carandini NP and CC others NNS pp NNS . SENT 101 CD 2 CD . SENT Much RB of IN this DT is VBZ provisional JJ and CC controversial JJ , , as IN C NP . SENT admits NNS , , and CC by IN its PP$ very JJ brevity NN will MD send VV many JJ readers NNS to TO the DT bibliography NN for IN further JJR explanation NN . SENT The DT analysis NN is VBZ nonetheless RB valuable JJ , , if IN only RB to TO certify VV the DT liveliness NN of IN current JJ debate NN . SENT Chapter NN 5 CD concentrates VVZ on IN Justinian's NP reign NN and CC particularly RB his PP$ reconquests NNS . SENT C LS . SENT justifies VVZ an DT uncharacteristically RB military JJ and CC political JJ account NN of IN this DT period NN by IN Justinian's NP extraordinary JJ importance NN as IN an DT emperor NN p NN . SENT 123 CD . SENT see VV also RB p NN . SENT 151 CD , , by IN the DT significance NN of IN Procopius NP as IN a DT source NN p NN . SENT 104 CD , , and CC by IN the DT absence NN of IN a DT detailed JJ modern JJ history NN p NN . SENT x SYM . SENT Justinian's NP efforts NNS to TO reconquer VV the DT west NN take VV center NN stage NN more JJR for IN their PP$ effects NNS than IN their PP$ intentions NNS . SENT in IN addition NN to TO devastating JJ Italy NP pp NP . SENT 109 CD , , 122 CD and CC failing VVG to TO ensure VV a DT permanent JJ hold NN over IN reconquered JJ territory NN p NN . SENT 121 CD , , C NP . SENT argues VVZ that IN the DT wars NNS weakened VVD the DT eastern JJ government NN and CC its PP$ defenses NNS and CC precipitated VVD the DT decline NN of IN the DT seventh JJ century NN pp NNS . SENT 106 CD , , 108 CD , , 115 CD . SENT This DT was VBD not RB so RB much RB the DT fault NN of IN the DT emperor NN as IN the DT result NN of IN changes NNS already RB occurring VVG in IN the DT Mediterranean NP world NN , , of IN which WDT contemporaries NNS were VBD unaware JJ pp NP . SENT 121 CD , , 127 CD . SENT Like IN many JJ scholars NNS , , C NP . SENT sees VVZ Justinian's NP reign NN as IN pivotal JJ in IN the DT history NN of IN the DT eastern JJ Mediterranean NP , , marking VVG the DT end NN of IN classical JJ antiquity NN and CC the DT beginning NN of IN Byzantine JJ civilization NN , , with IN elements NNS of IN both DT . SENT It PP is VBZ no DT accident NN that IN the DT Greeks NPS of IN the DT eastern JJ Roman NP empire NN are VBP suddenly RB transformed VVN in IN this DT chapter NN into IN Byzantines NP pp NP . SENT 110 CD ff NNS . SENT . SENT as IN C NP . SENT noted VVD earlier RBR , , this DT change NN of IN terminology NN fits VVZ one CD definition NN of IN the DT end NN of IN late JJ antiquity NN p NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT In IN Chapter NP 6 CD C NP . SENT surveys NNS fifth JJ and CC sixth JJ century NN culture NN and CC mentality NN with IN a DT view NN toward IN the DT role NN of IN Christianization NN in IN continuity NN and CC change NN . SENT She PP rejects VVZ any DT facile JJ connection NN of IN Christianity NN with IN cultural JJ change NN , , and CC points VVZ out RP that IN the DT survival NN of IN classical JJ education NN , , literature NN , , philosophy NN , , and CC culture NN depended VVD more JJR on IN continuities NNS in IN traditional JJ urban JJ life NN than IN on IN religious JJ preferences NNS , , whether IN pagan NN or CC Christian JJ . SENT When WRB changes NNS in IN population NN and CC settlement NN led VVN to TO the DT decline NN of IN cities NNS and CC their PP$ cultural JJ structures NNS , , in IN east RB as RB well RB as IN west NN , , classical JJ civilization NN gradually RB gave VVD way NN to TO new JJ mentalities NNS and CC cultural JJ forms NNS , , not RB all DT of IN which WDT were VBD necessarily RB of IN Christian JJ origin NN p NN . SENT 141 CD . SENT C SYM . SENT counts NNS among IN these DT changes NNS a DT greater JJR role NN for IN religion NN and CC the DT miraculous JJ in IN historical JJ explanation NN p NN . SENT 139 CD , , a DT more RBR popular JJ culture NN based VVN on IN hearing VVG and CC seeing VVG rather RB than IN writing VVG p NN . SENT 138 CD , , a DT growing VVG interest NN in IN personal JJ biography NN p NN . SENT 145 CD and CC the DT literary JJ emergence NN of IN local JJ languages NNS such JJ as IN Syriac NP , , Coptic JJ , , Armenian JJ , , and CC Georgian JJ p NN . SENT 140 CD . SENT Among IN specifically RB Christian JJ changes NNS , , C NP . SENT discusses VVZ the DT repression NN of IN pagans NNS , , Jews NPS , , Samaritans NNS , , and CC other JJ minority NN groups NNS by IN the DT state NN p NN . SENT 143 CD , , the DT renunciation NN of IN wealth NN by IN Christian JJ ascetics NNS pp NP . SENT 145 CD 46 CD , , a DT greater JJR attention NN to TO the DT poor JJ pp NP . SENT 138 CD , , 146 CD , , and CC the DT entry NN of IN women NNS into IN the DT public JJ sphere NN as IN travelers NNS , , monastic JJ founders NNS , , and CC exemplars NNS of IN holiness NN pp NNS . SENT 148 CD 50 CD . SENT As IN elsewhere RB , , however RB , , C NP . SENT cautions VVZ against IN putting VVG too RB much JJ faith NN in IN Christian JJ representations NNS of IN success NN , , pointing VVG to TO the DT continuation NN of IN pagan NN practices NNS and CC the DT reluctance NN of IN Christians NNS to TO yield VV control NN over IN their PP$ private JJ and CC family NN lives NNS to TO the DT church NN . SENT The DT final JJ two CD chapters NNS make VVP use NN of IN archaeological JJ evidence NN to TO define VV and CC explain VV the DT end NN of IN classical JJ antiquity NN in IN the DT east JJ . SENT Chapter NN 7 CD concentrates VVZ on IN changes NNS in IN the DT classical JJ city NN , , while IN Chapter NN 8 CD discusses VVZ the DT eastern JJ provinces NNS just RB prior RB to TO the DT Muslim JJ conquests NNS . SENT The DT urban JJ changes NNS in IN which WDT C NP . SENT is VBZ primarily RB interested JJ are VBP those DT which WDT occurred VVD all RB over IN the DT Mediterranean NP littoral NN from IN the DT sixth JJ century NN on IN although IN examples NNS in IN this DT chapter NN are VBP largely RB drawn VVN from IN Byzantine JJ territory NN . SENT They PP include VVP the DT contraction NN of IN cities NNS into IN well RB fortified VVN urban JJ cores NNS , , the DT retreat NN of IN populations NNS to TO more JJR defensible JJ sites NNS , , private JJ encroachment NN into IN public JJ spaces NNS amphitheaters NNS , , circuses NNS , , theaters NNS , , streets NNS , , fora NP , , and CC the DT subdivision NN of IN great JJ houses NNS into IN smaller JJR , , poorer JJR dwellings NNS . SENT C LS . SENT points NNS out RB that IN the DT pace NN of IN change NN was VBD not RB uniform JJ from IN one CD region NN to TO another DT and CC acknowledges VVZ that IN many JJ local JJ factors NNS might MD have VH been VBN responsible JJ , , including VVG the DT threat NN of IN invasion NN , , economic JJ changes NNS , , the DT plague VV of IN 542 CD , , or CC the DT withdrawal NN of IN military JJ resources NNS pp NP . SENT 161 CD 62 CD , , 164 CD . SENT But CC she PP is VBZ also RB impelled VVN to TO search VV for IN underlying VVG structural JJ factors NNS that WDT could MD explain VV such JJ widespread JJ and CC similar JJ changes NNS . SENT Although IN C NP . SENT does VVZ not RB hold VV Christianity NN directly RB responsible JJ for IN the DT decline NN of IN the DT classical JJ city NN p NN . SENT 165 CD , , she PP cites VVZ as IN an DT important JJ factor NN the DT shift NN of IN resources NNS and CC responsibilities NNS away RB from IN civil JJ authorities NNS , , primarily RB a DT curial JJ order NN already RB in IN decline NN , , and CC toward IN the DT church NN , , whose WP$ leaders NNS were VBD motivated VVN by IN different JJ priorities NNS pp NP . SENT 165 CD 70 CD . SENT C SYM . SENT argues VVZ that IN it PP was VBD not RB so RB much JJ that IN bishops NNS and CC other JJ churchmen NNS lacked VVD the DT resources NNS to TO keep VV up RP the DT public JJ places NNS and CC cultural JJ activities NNS of IN the DT classical JJ city NN although IN they PP sometimes RB did VVD , , p NN . SENT 170 CD , , as IN that WDT they PP chose VVD to TO allocate VV their PP$ resources NNS toward IN other JJ enterprises NNS , , such JJ as IN building VVG churches NNS and CC distributing VVG alms NN p NN . SENT 165 CD . SENT Whatever WDT the DT actual JJ causes NNS of IN urban JJ change NN , , which WDT are VBP still RB under IN debate NN and CC must MD have VH varied VVN widely RB by IN region NN and CC period NN , , C NP . SENT is VBZ clearly RB correct JJ in IN suggesting VVG that DT Christianity NN contributed VVD to TO changing VVG definitions NNS of IN the DT late JJ antique JJ city NN and CC of IN civic JJ life NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ worth JJ stressing VVG that IN this DT contribution NN was VBD not RB entirely RB or CC even RB predominantly RB economic JJ , , although IN it PP had VHD economic JJ consequences NNS . SENT Underlying VVG the DT deterioration NN of IN the DT classical JJ fabric NN of IN ancient JJ cities NNS and CC the DT creation NN of IN a DT Christian JJ topography NN in IN its PP$ place NN was VBD a DT new JJ set NN of IN attitudes NNS not RB just RB toward IN space NN but CC toward IN time NN as IN well RB . SENT By IN introducing VVG new JJ urban JJ holy JJ places NNS and CC festivals NNS , , Christian JJ leaders NNS and CC congregations NNS redefined VVD their PP$ cities NNS according VVG to TO views NNS of IN their PP$ own JJ past JJ and CC eschatological JJ future NN , , in IN the DT process NN calling VVG into IN question NN classical JJ ideals NNS of IN the DT city NN , , civic JJ life NN , , and CC the DT public JJ good NN . SENT 10 CD Although IN they PP certainly RB helped VVD to TO change VV their PP$ cities NNS directly RB , , Christian JJ leaders NNS may MD have VH been VBN more RBR successful JJ at IN taking VVG advantage NN of IN changes NNS already RB in IN motion NN to TO implement VV their PP$ own JJ ideals NNS of IN Christian JJ living NN and CC civic JJ identity NN . SENT C LS . SENT devotes VVZ the DT last JJ chapter NN to TO the DT factors NNS that WDT led VVD to TO the DT seemingly RB effortless JJ conquest NN of IN Palestine NP , , Syria NP , , and CC Egypt NP by IN the DT Muslims NPS in IN the DT mid JJ seventh JJ century NN . SENT Rightly RB rejecting VVG as RB simplistic JJ the DT explanation NN that IN the DT Monophysite JJ populations NNS of IN these DT areas NNS welcomed VVD the DT Arab JJ conquerors NNS out IN of IN hostility NN to TO the DT Chalcedonian NP government NN pp NP . SENT 176 CD 77 CD , , 189 CD 91 CD , , C NP . SENT suggests VVZ that DT political JJ , , military JJ , , economic JJ , , and CC demographic JJ factors NNS were VBD more RBR significant JJ . SENT Weak JJ frontier NN defences NNS , , difficulties NNS in IN recruitment NN , , the DT inability NN to TO pay VV regular JJ troops NNS , , and CC the DT withdrawal NN of IN subsidies NNS to TO Arab JJ allies NNS had VHD already RB led VVN to TO Persian JJ invasions NNS in IN the DT 610 CD s PP and CC 620 CD s PP . SENT Although IN the DT emperor NN Heraclius NP retook VVD the DT conquered VVN territories NNS by IN 630 CD , , many RB previously RB prosperous JJ areas NNS , , especially RB in IN Palestine NP , , had VHD suffered VVN destruction NN and CC population NN dispersement NN pp NP . SENT 187 CD , , 194 CD . SENT When WRB Arab JJ armies NNS drove VVD north RB into IN Palestine NP in IN the DT early JJ 630 CD s PP there RB was VBD little JJ to TO stop VV them PP pp JJR . SENT 188 CD 89 CD , , 196 CD . SENT Even RB with IN the DT Muslim JJ conquests NNS , , C NP . SENT would MD discount VV any DT sharp JJ break NN in IN continuity NN . SENT towns NNS such JJ as IN Scythopolis NP appear VVP to TO have VH retained VVN their PP$ Greek JJ culture NN and CC their PP$ prosperity NN , , and CC the DT framework NN of IN Byzantine JJ administration NN was VBD left VVN in IN place NN pp NNS . SENT 180 CD , , 188 CD . SENT C SYM . SENT places VVZ this DT continuity NN and CC the DT conquest NN itself PP in IN the DT context NN of IN the DT region's JJ complex NN linguistic JJ , , cultural JJ , , and CC religious JJ geography NN . SENT In IN particular JJ , , Arab JJ peoples NNS had VHD long RB been VBN a DT feature NN of IN the DT landscape NN , , and CC were VBD increasingly RB employed VVN as RB federates VVZ by IN the DT Byzantine JJ government NN from IN the DT fourth JJ century NN pp NNS . SENT 177 CD , , 1 CD 85 CD . SENT This DT makes VVZ the DT Muslim JJ victories NNS less RBR surprising JJ p NN . SENT 186 CD , , and CC may MD also RB help VV to TO explain VV the DT continuities NNS that IN followed VVN , , since IN the DT territories NNS the DT Muslims NPS invaded VVD remained VVN just RB as IN culturally RB complex JJ as IN they PP had VHD been VBN under IN Byzantine JJ rule NN . SENT It PP is VBZ on IN a DT theme NN of IN change NN rather RB than IN decline NN and CC continuity NN rather RB than IN disruption NN that IN the DT book NN draws VVZ to TO a DT close NN , , with IN a DT set NN of IN conclusions NNS that WDT closely RB echo VVP those DT of IN LRE NP . SENT Like IN its PP$ companion NN , , MWLA NP has VHZ a DT remarkably RB small JJ number NN of IN editing VVG and CC typesetting VVG errors NNS in IN the DT text NN . SENT I PP note VVP two CD different JJ spellings NNS of IN Theodahad NP pp NP . SENT 108 CD , , 130 CD , , and CC a DT misspelling NN of IN Pahlavi NP p NN . SENT 185 CD . SENT The DT endnotes NNS and CC chapter NN bibliographies NNS are VBP accurate JJ and CC up RB to TO date NN , , with IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN references NNS not RB only RB for IN students NNS but CC also RB for IN their PP$ teachers NNS , , especially RB to TO recent JJ archaeological JJ material NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB difficult JJ to TO predict VV that IN MWLA NP will MD soon RB be VB required VVN in IN the DT great JJ majority NN of IN advanced JJ undergraduate NN and CC beginning VVG graduate JJ courses NNS in IN late JJ antique JJ history NN , , paired VVN for IN now RB with IN LRE NP and CC perhaps RB eventually RB with IN the DT volume NN projected VVN in IN the DT Methuen NP series NN and CC presumably RB still RB planned VVN on IN the DT Roman NP empire NN from IN AD NN 180 CD to TO 395 CD . SENT What WP we PP and CC our PP$ students NNS desperately RB need VVP now RB is VBZ a DT comprehensive JJ sourcebook NP for IN the DT history NN of IN the DT Mediterranean NP world NN in IN the DT fourth JJ through IN early JJ seventh JJ centuries NNS , , something NN of IN an DT English JJ equivalent NN to TO Andr NP Chastagnol's NP useful JJ Le NP Bas NP Empire NP Paris NP , , 1969 CD and CC La NP Fin NP du NP monde NP antique JJ Paris NP , , 1976 CD . SENT With IN suitable JJ teaching NN materials NNS available JJ , , including VVG Professor NP Cameron's NP fine NN textbooks NNS , , courses NNS in IN late JJ antiquity NN will MD flourish VV all PDT the DT more JJR , , to TO the DT lasting JJ benefit NN of IN the DT classics NNS and CC ancient JJ history NN curriculum NN . SENT NOTES NNS 1 CD Newsletter NN of IN the DT Association NP of IN Ancient JJ Historians NNS , , no RB . SENT 62 CD , , December NP 1993 CD , , p NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT 2 CD For IN a DT survey NN up RB to TO 1980 CD , , see VVP B NP . SENT MacBain NP , , An DT Annotated VVN Bibliography NN of IN Sources NNS for IN Late JJ Antiquity NN in IN English JJ Translation NN , , Byzantine JJ Studies NP Etudes NP Byzantines NP 10 CD 1983 CD , , 88 CD 109 CD , , 223 CD 47 CD . SENT 3 CD JRS NP 73 CD 1983 CD , , 184 CD 90 CD . SENT 4 CD See NP now RB T NN . SENT D SYM . SENT Barnes NP , , Christians NNS and CC Pagans NNS in IN the DT Reign NN of IN Constantius NP , , in IN L'Eglise NP et CC l'empire NP au NP IVe NP si NP cle NN , , ed NP . SENT A DT . SENT Dihle NP , , Entretiens NP de FW la FW Fondation NP Hardt NP 34 NP Geneva NP , , 1989 CD , , 301 CD 43 CD , , esp NP . SENT 315 CD 19 CD on IN Constantine's NP appointments NNS . SENT 5 CD On IN the DT debate NN over IN the DT particularity NN vs NP . SENT the DT universality NN of IN patronage NN , , see VV T NN . SENT Johnson NP and CC C NP . SENT Dandeker NP , , Patronage NN . SENT relation NN and CC system NN , , in IN Patronage NN in IN Ancient JJ Society NP , , ed NP . SENT A DT . SENT Wallace NP Hadrill NP London NP and CC New NP York NP , , 1989 CD , , 219 CD 42 CD . SENT 6 CD The DT family NN in IN late JJ antiquity NN . SENT the DT experience NN of IN Augustine NP , , Past NP and CC Present VV 115 CD 1987 CD , , 3 CD 51 CD . SENT 7 CD For IN the DT view NN that IN these DT are VBP anachronistic JJ labels NNS , , see VV P NN . SENT Heather NP , , Goths NNS and CC Romans NNS , , 332 CD 489 CD Oxford NP , , 1991 CD , , 12 CD 18 CD . SENT 8 CD Barbarians NNS and CC Bishops NNS . SENT Army NP , , Church NP , , and CC State NP in IN the DT Age NP of IN Arcadius NP and CC Chrysostom NP Oxford NP , , 1990 CD , , 48 CD 85 CD . SENT 9 CD Alan NP Cameron NP and CC Jacqueline NP Long NP , , with IN Lee NP Sherry NP , , Barbarians NNS and CC Politics NNS at IN the DT Court NP of IN Arcadius NP Berkeley NP and CC Los NP Angeles NP , , 1993 CD . SENT 10 CD Robert NP Markus NP , , The DT End NN of IN Ancient JJ Christianity NN Cambridge NP , , 1992 CD . SENT