/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/23/file7.html NN ----------------------------------------- : http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN Agricultural NP Revolution NP in IN England NP 1500 CD 1850 CD By IN Mark NP Overton NP From IN the DT 16 CD th NN century NN onwards RB , , an DT essentially RB organic JJ agriculture NN was VBD gradually RB replaced VVN by IN a DT farming NN system NN that WDT depended VVD on IN energy NN intensive JJ inputs NNS . SENT Mark NP Overton NP assesses VVZ the DT impact NN of IN this DT agrarian JJ revolution NN . SENT Jethro NP Tull NP An DT enduring JJ myth NN For IN many JJ years NNS the DT agricultural JJ revolution NN in IN England NP was VBD thought VVN to TO have VH occurred VVN because IN of IN three CD major JJ changes NNS . SENT the DT selective JJ breeding NN of IN livestock NN . SENT the DT removal NN of IN common JJ property NN rights NNS to TO land VV . SENT and CC new JJ systems NNS of IN cropping VVG , , involving VVG turnips NNS and CC clover NN . SENT All PDT this DT was VBD thought VVN to TO have VH been VBN due JJ to TO a DT group NN of IN heroic JJ individuals NNS , , who WP , , according VVG to TO one CD account NN , , are VBP a DT band NN of IN men NNS whose WP$ names NNS are VBP , , or CC ought MD to TO be VB , , household NN words NNS with IN English JJ farmers NNS . SENT Jethro NP Tull NP , , Lord NP Townshend NP , , Arthur NP Young NP , , Bakewell NP , , Coke NP of IN Holkham NP and CC the DT Collings NP . SENT These DT men NNS are VBP seen VVN as IN having VHG triumphed VVD over IN a DT conservative JJ mass NN of IN country NN bumpkins NNS . SENT They PP are VBP thought VVN to TO have VH single JJ handedly RB , , in IN a DT few JJ years NNS , , transformed VVN English JJ agriculture NN from IN a DT peasant NN subsistence NN economy NN to TO a DT thriving JJ capitalist JJ agricultural JJ system NN , , capable JJ of IN feeding VVG the DT teeming VVG millions NNS in IN the DT new JJ industrial JJ cities NNS . SENT All PDT these DT details NNS are VBP in IN some DT dispute NN , , but CC there EX is VBZ general JJ agreement NN that IN the DT role NN of IN the DT Great JJ Men NN as IN pioneers NNS and CC innovators NNS has VHZ been VBN exaggerated VVN . SENT Turnip NN Townshend NN , , for IN example NN , , was VBD a DT boy NN when WRB turnips NNS were VBD first RB grown VVN on IN his PP$ estate NN , , and CC he PP could MD not RB , , as IN the DT textbooks NNS tell VVP us PP , , have VHP introduced VVN them PP from IN Hanover NP . SENT Jethro NP Tull NP was VBD something NN of IN a DT crank NN and CC not RB , , as IN we PP have VHP been VBN told VVN , , the DT first JJ person NN to TO invent VV a DT seed NN drill NN , , which WDT in IN any DT case NN was VBD not RB used VVN by IN farmers NNS on IN any DT scale NN until IN a DT century NN after IN his PP$ treatise NN Horse NP hoeing VVG husbandry NN was VBD first RB published VVN in IN 1731 CD . SENT Arthur NP Young NP , , the DT agricultural JJ writer NN , , has VHZ been VBN described VVN as IN a DT a DT mountebank NN , , a DT charlatan NN and CC a DT scribbler NN . SENT To TO continue VV , , Coke NP of IN Holkham NP was VBD a DT great JJ publicist NN especially RB of IN his PP$ own JJ achievements NNS , , but CC some DT of IN the DT farming NN practices NNS he PP encouraged VVD such JJ as IN the DT employment NN of IN the DT Norfolk NP four CD course NN rotation NN in IN unsuitable JJ conditions NNS may MD have VH been VBN positively RB harmful JJ . SENT And CC Arthur NP Young NP , , the DT agricultural JJ writer NN , , has VHZ been VBN described VVN as IN a DT a DT mountebank NN , , a DT charlatan NN and CC a DT scribbler NN by IN one CD author NN , , although IN others NNS see VVP him PP as IN a DT proto NP social JJ scientist NN . SENT Finally RB , , Bakewell's NP New NP Leicester NP sheep NN was VBD a DT success NN , , but CC his PP$ Longhorn NN cattle NNS were VBD not RB . SENT It PP seems VVZ that IN only RB the DT Collings NP brothers NNS , , who WP developed VVD the DT shorthorn NN cattle NNS breed VVP , , can MD escape VV criticism NN . SENT Despite IN this DT evidence NN , , the DT myths NNS associated VVN with IN these DT individuals NNS have VHP proved VVN extremely RB difficult JJ to TO dislodge VV from IN literature NN not RB directed VVN at IN a DT specialist NN historical JJ audience NN . SENT More JJR food NN for IN more JJR people NNS A DT Shorthorn NN Bull NP Despite IN these DT criticisms NNS , , it PP is VBZ still RB argued VVN that IN an DT English JJ agricultural JJ revolution NN happened VVN in IN the DT century NN or CC so RB after IN 1750 CD . SENT One CD obvious JJ reason NN behind IN the DT argument NN is VBZ the DT fact NN that IN an DT expanding VVG population NN from IN this DT time NN on IN was VBD largely RB fed VVN by IN home NN production NN . SENT In IN 1750 CD English JJ population NN stood VVD at IN about IN 5 CD . SENT 7 CD million CD . SENT It PP had VHD probably RB reached VVN this DT level NN before IN , , in IN the DT Roman NP period NN , , then RB around IN 1300 CD , , and CC again RB in IN 1650 CD . SENT But CC at IN each DT of IN these DT periods NNS the DT population NN ceased VVD to TO grow VV , , essentially RB because IN agriculture NN could MD not RB respond VV to TO the DT pressure NN of IN feeding VVG extra JJ people NNS . SENT Contrary JJ to TO expectation NN , , however RB , , population NN grew VVD to TO unprecedented JJ levels NNS after IN 1750 CD , , reaching VVG 16 CD . SENT 6 CD million CD in IN 1850 CD , , and CC agricultural JJ output NN expanded VVN with IN it PP . SENT Low JJ intensity NN agricultural JJ system NN based VVN on IN fishing NN and CC fowling NN was VBD replaced VVN by IN a DT high JJ intensity NN system NN based VVN on IN arable JJ crops NNS . SENT One CD reason NN output NN grew VVD was VBD through IN new JJ farming NN systems NNS involving VVG the DT rotation NN of IN turnips NNS and CC clover NN , , although IN these DT were VBD part NN of IN the DT general JJ intensification NN of IN agricultural JJ production NN , , with IN more JJR food NN being VBG produced VVN from IN the DT same JJ area NN of IN land NN . SENT Intensity NN was VBD also RB increased VVN by IN land NN reclamation NN , , especially RB the DT draining NN of IN the DT fenlands NNS of IN eastern JJ England NP , , from IN the DT 17 CD th NN century NN onwards RB , , when WRB a DT low JJ intensity NN agricultural JJ system NN based VVN on IN fishing NN and CC fowling NN was VBD replaced VVN by IN a DT high JJ intensity NN system NN based VVN on IN arable JJ crops NNS . SENT Other JJ examples NNS include VVP the DT clearing NN of IN woodland NN and CC the DT reclamation NN of IN upland JJ pastures NNS . SENT This DT extent NN of IN this DT activity NN is VBZ impossible JJ to TO quantify VV , , but CC may MD have VH affected VVN some DT 30 CD per IN cent NN of IN the DT agricultural JJ area NN of IN England NP , , from IN the DT mid JJ 17 CD th NN to TO the DT mid JJ 19 CD th NN centuries NNS . SENT Crop NN yields NNS A DT sheaf NN delivery NN reaper NN at IN work NN The DT mix NN of IN crops NNS also RB changed VVD , , replacing VVG low JJ yielding JJ types NNS , , such JJ as IN rye NN , , with IN higher JJR yielding JJ types NNS such JJ as IN wheat NN or CC barley NN . SENT The DT balance NN between IN arable JJ and CC permanent JJ pasture NN also RB changed VVN , , so RB that IN more JJR productive JJ arable JJ land NN was VBD replacing VVG permanent JJ pasture NN . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB mean VV that IN fodder NN supplies NNS were VBD falling VVG , , quite RB the DT reverse NN , , for IN the DT loss NN of IN permanent JJ pasture NN was VBD made VVN good JJ by IN new JJ fodder NN crops NNS , , especially RB turnips NNS and CC clover NN , , in IN arable JJ rotations NNS . SENT Not RB only RB did VVD these DT crops NNS result NN in IN an DT increase NN in IN fodder NN yields NNS , , but CC they PP were VBD also RB instrumental JJ in IN the DT reclamation NN of IN many JJ lowland JJ heaths NNS from IN rough JJ pasture NN to TO productive JJ arable JJ farms NNS . SENT The DT Worlidge NP Drill VV The DT most RBS important JJ new JJ crop NN in IN this DT context NN is VBZ the DT turnip NN , , because IN it PP meant VVD that IN the DT area NN of IN fallow JJ land NN could MD be VB reduced VVN . SENT This DT was VBD because RB one CD of IN the DT purposes NNS of IN the DT fallow JJ was VBD to TO clear VV the DT land NN of IN weeds NNS by IN ploughing VVG , , but CC a DT crop NN of IN turnips NNS sown VVN in IN rows NNS could MD be VB hoed VVN to TO remove VV weeds NNS while IN it PP was VBD growing VVG . SENT Thus RB fallow JJ land NN was VBD about RB 20 CD per IN cent NN of IN the DT arable JJ area NN in IN England NP in IN 1700 CD , , and CC steadily RB declined VVD to TO reach VV only RB 4 CD per IN cent NN in IN 1871 CD . SENT One CD of IN the DT earliest JJS pieces NNS of IN evidence NN we PP have VHP , , concerning VVG the DT cultivation NN of IN turnips NNS for IN animal JJ fodder NN , , is VBZ the DT inventory NN taken VVN for IN probate NN purposes NNS , , in IN 1638 CD , , of IN the DT possessions NNS of IN a DT Mr NP Pope NP , , of IN Burgh NP Castle NP in IN Suffolk NP . SENT But CC turnips NNS were VBD not RB common JJ until IN the DT mid JJ 18 CD th NN century NN , , and CC not RB widespread JJ as IN part NN of IN the DT new JJ Norfolk NP four CD course NN rotation NN until IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN . SENT Nitrogen NN . SENT . SENT . SENT was VBD the DT limiting VVG factor NN in IN determining VVG cereal NN yields NNS before IN about IN 1830 CD . SENT Cereal NN yields NNS also RB increased VVN . SENT Wheat NN yields NNS increased VVD by IN about IN a DT quarter NN between IN 1700 CD and CC 1800 CD , , and CC then RB by IN about IN a DT half NN between IN 1800 CD and CC 1850 CD , , and CC the DT most RBS recent JJ research NN emphasises VVZ the DT early JJ 19 CD th NN century NN as IN the DT period NN of IN crucial JJ change NN . SENT The DT key NN to TO increasing VVG cereal NN yields NNS was VBD nitrogen NN , , which WDT we PP now RB know VVP was VBD the DT limiting VVG factor NN in IN determining VVG cereal NN yields NNS before IN about IN 1830 CD . SENT Farming NN systems NNS Southdown NP sheep NN with IN turnips NNS Before IN this DT time NN , , farmers NNS did VVD not RB know VV formally RB of IN the DT existence NN of IN nitrogen NN , , but CC we PP can MD interpret VV many JJ of IN their PP$ actions NNS in IN terms NNS of IN the DT conservation NN of IN existing VVG stocks NNS of IN nitrogen NN , , and CC the DT addition NN of IN new JJ nitrogen NN to TO the DT soil NN . SENT Existing JJ stocks NNS were VBD exploited VVN , , for IN example NN , , by IN ploughing VVG up RP permanent JJ pasture NN to TO grow VV cereals NNS . SENT Available JJ nitrogen NN was VBD conserved VVN by IN feeding VVG bullocks NNS in IN stalls NNS , , collecting VVG their PP$ manure NN which WDT is VBZ rich JJ in IN nitrogen NN , , and CC placing VVG it PP where WRB it PP was VBD needed VVN . SENT Also RB , , most RBS importantly RB , , new JJ nitrogen NN was VBD added VVN to TO the DT soil NN using VVG legumes NNS a DT class NN of IN plants NNS that WDT have VHP bacteria NNS attached VVN to TO their PP$ roots NNS , , which WDT convert VVP atmospheric JJ nitrogen NN into IN nitrates NNS in IN the DT soil NN that WDT can MD be VB used VVN by IN whatever WDT plants NNS are VBP grown VVN there RB in IN the DT following VVG few JJ years NNS . SENT An DT essentially RB organic JJ agriculture NN was VBD gradually RB replaced VVN by IN a DT farming NN system NN that WDT depended VVD on IN energy NN intensive JJ inputs NNS . SENT Legumes NNS had VHD been VBN sown VVN since IN the DT Middle NP Ages NPS in IN the DT form NN of IN peas NNS , , beans NNS and CC vetches NNS , , but CC from IN the DT mid JJ 17 CD th NN century NN farmers NNS began VVD to TO grow VV clover NN , , both CC white JJ and CC red JJ , , for IN the DT same JJ purpose NN , , and CC by IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN had VHD dramatically RB increased VVN the DT quantity NN of IN nitrogen NN in IN the DT soil NN available JJ for IN cereal NN crops NNS . SENT In IN Norfolk NP , , for IN example NN , , between IN 1700 CD and CC 1850 CD , , the DT doubling NN of IN the DT area NN of IN legumes NNS and CC a DT switch NN to TO clover NN tripled VVD the DT rate NN of IN symbiotic JJ nitrogen NN fixation NN . SENT This DT new JJ system NN of IN farming NN was VBD remarkable JJ because IN it PP was VBD sustainable JJ . SENT the DT output NN of IN food NN was VBD increased VVN dramatically RB , , without IN endangering VVG the DT long JJ term NN viability NN of IN English JJ agriculture NN . SENT But CC just RB as IN a DT sustainable JJ agriculture NN had VHD been VBN achieved VVN , , the DT development NN of IN chemical NN fertilisers NNS and CC other JJ external JJ inputs NNS undermined VVD this DT sustainability NN . SENT An DT essentially RB organic JJ agriculture NN was VBD gradually RB replaced VVN by IN a DT farming NN system NN that WDT depended VVD on IN energy NN intensive JJ inputs NNS dependent JJ on IN the DT exploitation NN of IN fossil JJ fuels NNS . SENT More JJR food NN per IN worker NN Feeding NP sheep NN on IN turnips NNS A DT second JJ reason NN why WRB we PP can MD claim VV an DT agricultural JJ revolution NN in IN the DT century NN after IN 1750 CD is VBZ that IN as IN each DT agricultural JJ worker NN produced VVD more JJR food NN , , so RB the DT proportion NN of IN the DT workforce NN in IN agriculture NN fell VVD . SENT This DT falling VVG proportion NN of IN workers NNS in IN agriculture NN enabled VVD the DT proportion NN working VVG in IN industry NN and CC services NNS to TO rise VV . SENT in IN other JJ words NNS improved VVD agricultural JJ production NN made VVD the DT industrial JJ revolution NN possible JJ , , and CC many JJ would MD regard VV the DT industrial JJ revolution NN as IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT modern JJ world NN . SENT By IN 1850 CD only RB 22 CD per IN cent NN of IN the DT British JJ workforce NN was VBD in IN agriculture NN . SENT the DT smallest JJS proportion NN for IN any DT country NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT development NN of IN agrarian JJ capitalism NN in IN England NP saw VVD the DT development NN of IN better JJR farm NN management NN and CC more JJR efficiency NN in IN using VVG the DT workforce NN . SENT Exactly RB how WRB those DT working NN on IN the DT land NN were VBD able JJ to TO produce VV more JJR food NN remains VVZ something NN of IN a DT mystery NN . SENT More RBR animal JJ power NN was VBD available JJ to TO English JJ farmers NNS than IN to TO their PP$ counterparts NNS elsewhere RB , , and CC from IN the DT 1820 CD s PP and CC 30 CD s PP a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN machinery NN was VBD developed VVN , , which WDT was VBD particularly RB important JJ for IN improving VVG the DT efficiency NN of IN the DT cutting VVG and CC threshing VVG of IN grain NN . SENT The DT improvement NN in IN labour NN productivity NN , , however RB , , had VHD begun VVN long RB before IN this DT . SENT The DT key NN probably RB lies VVZ in IN the DT way NN the DT English JJ workforce NN was VBD organised VVN and CC employed VVN . SENT The DT development NN of IN agrarian JJ capitalism NN in IN England NP , , with IN those DT involved VVN in IN agriculture NN divided VVN into IN landowners NNS , , capitalist JJ tenant NN farmers NNS and CC labourers NNS , , saw VVD the DT development NN of IN better JJR farm NN management NN and CC more JJR efficiency NN in IN using VVG the DT workforce NN . SENT Debate NN about IN the DT agricultural JJ revolution NN in IN England NP is VBZ still RB full JJ of IN controversy NN . SENT Some DT historians NNS , , particularly RB those DT using VVG the DT techniques NNS of IN economics NNS to TO derive VV indices NN of IN output NN and CC productivity NN from IN prices NNS , , completely RB dismiss VV the DT idea NN of IN an DT agricultural JJ revolution NN after IN 1750 CD and CC argue VVP that IN the DT major JJ changes NNS happened VVD earlier RBR . SENT Since IN no DT national JJ agricultural JJ statistics NNS were VBD produced VVN until IN 1866 CD it PP is VBZ understandable JJ that WDT historians NNS search VVP for IN techniques NNS that IN purport NN to TO give VV them PP the DT information NN they PP want VVP . SENT but CC it PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO avoid VV the DT overwhelming JJ mass NN of IN evidence NN from IN a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN sources NNS that IN points NNS to TO the DT period NN after IN 1750 CD as IN witnessing VVG an DT agricultural JJ revolution NN . SENT Find VV out RP more JJR Read NP on IN Agricultural NP Revolution NP in IN England NP . SENT The DT Transformation NN of IN the DT Agrarian JJ Economy NP 1500 CD 1850 CD by IN Mark NP Overton NP Cambridge NP University NP Press NP , , 1996 CD The DT Transformation NN of IN Rural NP England NP . SENT Farming NN and CC the DT Landscape NN , , 1700 CD 1870 CD by IN Tom NP Williamson NP Exeter NP University NP Press NP , , 2002 CD Farm NN Production NN in IN England NP 1700 CD 1914 CD by IN ME PP Turner NP , , JV NP Beckett NP and CC B NP Afton NP Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 2001 CD Two CD Hundred CD Years NNS of IN British NP Farm NP Livestock NP by IN Stephen NP JG NP Hall NP and CC Juliet NP Clutton NP Brock NP British NP Museum NP Natural NP History NN , , 1989 CD The DT Agrarian JJ History NN of IN England NP and CC Wales NP edited VVD by IN J NP Thirsk NP Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT vol NP . SENT IV NP , , 1967 CD . SENT vol NP . SENT V NN , , 1985 CD . SENT vol NP . SENT VI NP , , 1989 CD About IN the DT author NN Mark NP Overton NP is VBZ Professor NP of IN Economic NP and CC Social NP History NN at IN the DT University NP of IN Exeter NP . SENT He PP has VHZ published VVN extensively RB on IN the DT agrarian JJ history NN of IN England NP , , including VVG Agricultural NP Revolution NP in IN England NP 1500 CD 1850 CD , , and CC is VBZ now RB completing VVG a DT project NN on IN production NN and CC consumption NN in IN English NP households NNS 1600 CD 1750 CD , , to TO be VB published VVN by IN Routledge NP . SENT Related JJ Links NP Articles NNS Workshop NN of IN the DT World NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN industrialisation NN workshop NN of IN the DT world NN 01 CD . SENT shtml NN Industry NN and CC Invention NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN lj NN victorian JJ britainlj NP industry NN invention NN 1 CD . SENT shtml NN . SENT site NN history NN victorianlj NN industry NN All DT Change NP in IN the DT Victorian JJ Age NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN industrialisation NN speed NN 01 CD . SENT shtml NN Landscape NN and CC Local JJ History NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN lj NP locallj NP landscape NN 01 CD . SENT shtml NP Farm NP Lads NNS http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN lj NP how WRB to TO do VV historylj NN farm NN 01 CD . SENT shtml NN Multimedia NNS Zone NP Cotton NP Millionaire NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN industrialisation NN launch NN gms NNS cotton NN millionaire NN . SENT shtml NP Muck NP and CC Brass NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN industrialisation NN launch NN gms NNS muck NN brass NN . SENT shtml JJ Historic JJ Figures NNS Jethro NP Tull NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS tull NP jethro NP . SENT shtml NP Robert NP Bakewell NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS bakewell NP robert NP . SENT shtml NP William NP Robinson NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS robinson NP william NP heath NN . SENT shtml NP Samuel NP Smiles NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS smiles VVZ samuel NP . SENT shtml NP External NP Web NP Links NP Rural NP History NN Centre NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ruralhistory NN . SENT org NP British NP Agricultural NP History NN Society NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bahs NNS . SENT org NP . SENT uk NP Published VVN on IN BBCi NP History NN . SENT 19 CD 09 CD 2002 CD This DT article NN can MD be VB found VVN on IN the DT Internet NN at IN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN industrialisation NN agricultural JJ revolution NN 01 CD . SENT shtml NP British NP Broadcasting NP CorporationFor NP more JJR information NN on IN copyright NN please VVP refer VV to TO . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN about IN copyright NN . SENT shtmlhttp NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP terms NNS BBCi NP Historyhttp NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN