/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/23/file13.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Learning VVG From IN History NN As IN Congress NP seeks VVZ a DT comprehensive JJ immigration NN fix NN , , the DT lessons NNS of IN 1986 CD s PP historic JJ reform NN must MD guide VV the DT way NN . SENT By IN Doris NP Meissner NP Issue NN Date NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT 23 CD . SENT 05 CD Print NP Friendly NP Email NP Article NP As IN the DT temperature NN surrounding VVG immigration NN issues NNS rises NNS , , let VV s PP remember VV that IN our PP$ political JJ system NN walked VVD this DT road NN 20 CD years NNS ago RB during IN the DT debate NN that WDT led VVD to TO the DT Immigration NN Reform NP and CC Control NP Act NP IRCA NP of IN 1986 CD . SENT In IN its PP$ attempt NN to TO tackle VV illegal JJ immigration NN , , Congress NP struck VVD a DT deal NN in IN which WDT border NN control NN and CC employer NN responsibility NN were VBD combined VVN with IN amnesty NN . SENT But CC the DT deal NN disintegrated VVD in IN practice NN . SENT Will MD Congress NP heed VV the DT lessons NNS of IN IRCA NP as IN it PP revisits VVZ immigration NN reform NN . SENT The DT core JJ idea NN of IN IRCA NP was VBD that IN it PP should MD be VB against IN the DT law NN to TO hire VV people NNS illegally RB in IN the DT country NN and CC that IN employers NNS who WP do VVP so RB should MD be VB subject JJ to TO penalties NNS . SENT Employer NN penalties NNS were VBD first RB proposed VVN in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP by IN Paul NP Douglas NP of IN Illinois NP , , a DT liberal JJ economist NN who WP became VVD a DT great JJ U NP . SENT S NP . SENT senator NN . SENT In IN 1972 CD , , Peter NP Rodino NP , , then RB chairman NN of IN the DT House NP Judiciary NP Committee NP , , sponsored VVN employer NN sanctions NNS legislation NN that WDT died VVD . SENT In IN 1977 CD , , the DT Carter NP administration NN drafted VVD an DT employer NN sanctions NNS bill NN . SENT But CC the DT Judiciary NP Committee NP chair NN , , Mississippi NP s PP James NP Eastland NP , , a DT champion NN of IN agricultural JJ interests NNS that WDT opposed VVD restrictions NNS to TO cheap JJ labor NN , , refused VVD even RB to TO hold VV hearings NNS on IN it PP . SENT Senator NP Edward NP Kennedy NP then RB proposed VVD a DT study NN panel NN called VVD the DT Select NP Commission NP on IN Immigration NN and CC Refugee NN Policy NN . SENT Chaired VVN by IN the DT distinguished JJ Theodore NP Hesburgh NP , , president NN of IN Notre NP Dame NP University NP , , its PP$ members NNS included VVD a DT newly RB elected VVN senator NN , , Alan NP Simpson NP , , and CC a DT junior JJ congressman NN , , Romano NP Mazzoli NP . SENT Father NP Ted NP , , as IN he PP was VBD known VVN , , summarized VVD the DT commission NN s PP work VVP by IN saying VVG , , we PP need VVP to TO close VV the DT back JJ door NN to TO keep VV the DT front JJ door NN open JJ . SENT Simpson NP and CC Mazzoli NP became VVD indefatigable JJ ambassadors NNS for IN the DT commission NN s PP recommendations NNS . SENT They PP sponsored VVD immigration NN reform NN legislation NN in IN three CD successive JJ Congresses NNS before IN their PP$ bill NN was VBD finally RB enacted VVN in IN 1986 CD . SENT Although IN the DT Simpson NP Mazzoli NP bill NN is VBZ best RBS known VVN for IN its PP$ core JJ elements NNS of IN employer NN sanctions NNS , , border NN enforcement NN , , and CC legalization NN , , the DT IRCA NP framework NN had VHD at IN least JJS five CD pillars NNS . SENT Habitually RB brushed VVN over RP are VBP the DT state NN legalization NN impact NN assistance NN grants NNS and CC the DT special JJ agricultural JJ worker NN programs NNS . SENT Under IN the DT legalization NN assistance NN grants NNS , , states NNS were VBD provided VVN with IN 4 CD billion CD over IN four CD years NNS to TO help VV finance NN services NNS to TO people NNS in IN the DT process NN of IN becoming VVG legalized VVN . SENT This DT was VBD by IN far RB the DT lion NN s PP share NN of IN resources NNS allocated VVN for IN implementing VVG IRCA NP . SENT The DT agricultural JJ provisions NNS provided VVD separate JJ , , highly RB permissive JJ legalization NN provisions NNS for IN farm NN workers NNS . SENT A DT companion NN authority NN allowed VVN for IN replenishment NN agricultural JJ workers NNS guest NN workers NNS in IN all DT but CC name NN . SENT It PP was VBD never RB used VVN because IN agriculture NN did VVD not RB have VH labor NN shortages NNS for IN several JJ years NNS once IN its PP$ workforce NN gained VVD legal JJ status NN . SENT Today RB s PP conventional JJ wisdom NN is VBZ that IN IRCA NP failed VVD and CC the DT immigration NN system NN is VBZ badly RB broken VVN . SENT With IN at IN least JJS 10 CD million CD people NNS in IN the DT country NN unauthorized JJ to TO be VB here RB , , more JJR than IN double RB the DT number NN when WRB IRCA NP passed VVD , , that DT judgment NN is VBZ not RB surprising JJ . SENT Yet CC the DT solutions NNS being VBG advanced VVD now RB are VBP fundamentally RB those DT that WDT were VBD debated VVN in IN the DT early JJ 80 CD s PP and CC before RB , , and CC that WDT ultimately RB became VVD IRCA NP . SENT The DT practical JJ question NN is VBZ whether IN we PP can MD do VV it PP right RB this DT time NN . SENT In IN the DT IRCA NP compromise NN , , legalization NN was VBD the DT carrot NN required VVN to TO get VV the DT stick NN of IN stronger JJR law NN enforcement NN . SENT Yet CC law NN enforcement NN proved VVD too RB weak JJ , , while IN legalization NN proved VVN to TO be VB the DT most RBS successful JJ and CC underappreciated JJ of IN the DT bill NN s PP provisions NNS . SENT Almost RB 2 CD . SENT 7 CD million CD of IN the DT 3 CD million CD applicants NNS for IN legalization NN received VVD a DT newly RB created VVN temporary JJ resident NN status NN , , which WDT , , in IN turn NN , , conferred VVD eligibility NN for IN permanent JJ resident NN status NN and CC citizenship NN after IN that DT . SENT The DT legalized VVN population NN has VHZ experienced VVN substantial JJ improvements NNS in IN standards NNS of IN living NN , , economic JJ mobility NN , , and CC integration NN into IN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT society NN . SENT This DT was VBD predicted VVN as IN a DT result NN of IN people NNS s PP acquiring VVG legal JJ status NN and CC eventually RB full JJ rights NNS . SENT The DT funding NN provided VVN to TO states NNS to TO absorb VV costs NNS primarily RB English JJ language NN training NN for IN this DT population NN represented VVD a DT substantial JJ human JJ capital NN investment NN and CC was VBD by IN far RB the DT largest JJS allocation NN of IN money NN provided VVN in IN the DT legislation NN . SENT Otherwise RB , , the DT program NN paid VVD for IN itself PP by IN charging VVG fees NNS to TO applicants NNS for IN processing VVG their PP$ cases NNS . SENT Where WRB legalization NN fell VVD short RB was VBD less JJR in IN the DT implementation NN of IN the DT program NN than IN in IN the DT eligibility NN criteria NNS Congress NP established VVD for IN it PP . SENT The DT general JJ legalization NN program NN required VVD people NNS to TO have VH been VBN in IN continuous JJ residence NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS for IN at IN least JJS five CD years NNS . SENT That IN meant VVN that IN a DT substantial JJ number NN probably RB half RB of IN the DT illegal JJ population NN in IN the DT country NN was VBD ineligible JJ to TO apply VV . SENT The DT assumption NN was VBD that IN those DT people NNS would MD leave VV because IN they PP would MD no RB longer RBR be VB able JJ to TO get VV jobs NNS . SENT Instead RB , , they PP became VVD the DT nucleus NN of IN today NN s PP unauthorized JJ population NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , separate JJ , , special JJ legalization NN provisions NNS for IN agricultural JJ workers NNS were VBD so RB loosely RB drawn VVN that IN large JJ scale NN fraud NN became VVD widespread JJ in IN a DT segment NN of IN the DT undocumented JJ population NN . SENT It PP left VVD an DT aftertaste NN of IN unfairness NN that WDT deeply RB colors NNS consideration NN of IN the DT issue NN today NN . SENT Overall RB , , however RB , , legalization NN was VBD a DT notable JJ political JJ and CC administrative JJ achievement NN whose WP$ success NN was VBD by IN and CC large JJ unexpected JJ . SENT For IN its PP$ sponsors NNS and CC for IN immigration NN agencies NNS , , employer NN sanctions NNS were VBD the DT bill NN s PP historic JJ breakthrough NN . SENT They PP set VVD aside RP what WP was VBD known VVN as IN the DT Texas NP proviso NN , , a DT 1952 CD provision NN that WDT made VVD it PP illegal JJ for IN a DT foreigner NN to TO be VB in IN the DT country NN without IN authorization NN but CC permitted VVN employers NNS to TO hire VV such JJ persons NNS nonetheless RB . SENT Because IN the DT availability NN of IN jobs NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS is VBZ the DT primary JJ reason NN people NNS cross VVP the DT border NN illegally RB or CC overstay VV their PP$ visas NNS , , cutting VVG off RP the DT supply NN of IN jobs NNS had VHD long RB been VBN seen VVN as RB critical JJ to TO effective JJ immigration NN enforcement NN . SENT In IN its PP$ report NN , , the DT House NP Judiciary NP Committee NP called VVD sanctions NNS the DT principal NN means VVZ of IN curtailing VVG future JJ illegal JJ immigration NN . SENT As RB with IN other JJ labor NN standards NNS that WDT are VBP an DT employer NN s PP legal JJ obligations NNS , , such JJ as IN minimum JJ wage NN or CC Social NP Security NP requirements NNS , , enforcement NN depends VVZ on IN a DT high JJ degree NN of IN voluntary JJ compliance NN , , which WDT , , in IN turn NN , , depends VVZ on IN ways NNS to TO comply VV that DT do VVP not RB raise VV employer NN costs NNS prohibitively RB . SENT Enforcement NP can MD then RB focus VV limited JJ resources NNS on IN a DT relatively RB small JJ number NN of IN habitual JJ violators NNS . SENT That DT was VBD the DT idea NN with IN the DT Simpson NP Mazzoli NP bill NN , , but CC key JJ ingredients NNS were VBD missing VVG . SENT Most RBS important JJ was VBD Congress NP unwillingness NN to TO mandate VV a DT reliable JJ way NN for IN employers NNS to TO verify VV the DT legal JJ status NN of IN whom WP they PP were VBD hiring VVG . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , more JJR than IN two CD dozen NN different JJ kinds NNS of IN existing JJ documents NNS were VBD permitted VVN . SENT Employers NNS were VBD required VVN only RB to TO complete VV and CC maintain VV a DT record NN the DT I NN 9 CD form NN of IN having VHG checked VVN one CD or CC more JJR of IN them PP . SENT The DT law NN called VVN upon IN employers NNS to TO accept VV any DT document NN that WDT reasonably RB appears VVZ on IN its PP$ face NN to TO be VB genuine JJ and CC included VVN provisions NNS that WDT discouraged VVD aggressive JJ questioning VVG about IN legal JJ status NN because IN of IN fears NNS of IN being VBG charged VVN with IN hiring VVG discrimination NN . SENT It PP was VBD not RB a DT recipe NN for IN robust JJ employer NN self NN enforcement NN . SENT Still RB , , proponents NNS believed VVD half PDT a DT loaf NN was VBD better JJR than IN none NN the DT important JJ victory NN was VBD that DT legal JJ immigration NN status NN had VHD been VBN established VVN as IN a DT condition NN of IN employment NN . SENT IRCA NP represented VVD the DT largest JJS expansion NN of IN federal JJ regulatory JJ authority NN since IN the DT enactment NN of IN the DT Occupational NP Safety NP and CC Health NP Act NP in IN 1980 CD . SENT The DT fatal JJ weakness NN was VBD that DT most JJS of IN the DT documents NNS that WDT were VBD allowed VVN were VBD easy JJ to TO counterfeit VV . SENT A DT fraudulent JJ document NN industry NN flourished VVD to TO serve VV immigrant NN communities NNS . SENT The DT easy JJ availability NN of IN fraudulent JJ documents NNS has VHZ also RB severely RB undermined VVN the DT government NN s PP ability NN to TO show VV the DT knowing VVG hire NN of IN unauthorized JJ workers NNS , , a DT legal JJ requirement NN that WDT had VHD to TO be VB proven VVN . SENT Meanwhile RB , , resources NNS devoted VVN to TO sanctions NNS enforcement NN have VHP been VBN puny JJ . SENT There EX are VBP more JJR than IN 8 CD million CD employers NNS in IN the DT country NN . SENT In IN 1990 CD there RB were VBD about RB 500 CD investigators NNS enforcing VVG employer NN sanctions NNS . SENT today NN , , fewer JJR than IN 100 CD . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN ample JJ opportunity NN since IN 1986 CD to TO make VV midcourse NN corrections NNS . SENT Administrations NNS and CC Congresses NNS of IN both DT parties NNS have VHP sidestepped VVD the DT issues NNS . SENT The DT bill NN of IN particulars NNS is VBZ substantial JJ . SENT Responding VVG both DT to TO internal JJ and CC external JJ pressures NNS , , the DT former JJ Immigration NN and CC Naturalization NN Service NP INS NP , , which WDT had VHD lead JJ responsibility NN for IN sanctions NNS enforcement NN , , often RB shifted VVN priorities NNS between IN sanctions NNS and CC other JJ enforcement NN mandates NNS , , such JJ as IN criminal JJ alien JJ removal NN , , drug NN interdiction NN , , or CC anti JJ smuggling NN . SENT These DT competing VVG pressures NNS are VBP even RB more RBR intense JJ today NN in IN the DT new JJ Immigration NN and CC Customs NP Enforcement NP bureau NN ICE NN of IN the DT Department NP of IN Homeland NN Security NP , , where WRB employer NN enforcement NN is VBZ now RB housed VVN alongside IN anti JJ terrorism NN and CC financial JJ crime NN mandates NNS . SENT Successive JJ administrations NNS and CC congressional JJ appropriators NNS have VHP failed VVN to TO support VV adequate JJ funding NN for IN enforcement NN and CC employer NN sanctions NNS . SENT Interagency NN cooperation NN between IN the DT Department NP of IN Labor NP , , whose WP$ responsibilities NNS include VVP other JJ employer NN oversight NN activities NNS , , and CC the DT Social NP Security NP Administration NP SSA NN to TO improve VV verification NN efforts NNS was VBD episodic JJ and CC weak JJ because IN the DT agencies NNS respective JJ missions NNS were VBD often RB difficult JJ to TO reconcile VV . SENT In IN 1996 CD , , Congress NP charged VVD the DT INS NP and CC the DT SSA NN with IN implementing VVG pilot NN programs NNS for IN employers NNS to TO use VV in IN verifying VVG employment NN eligibility NN documents NNS . SENT The DT programs NNS have VHP remained VVN in IN pilot NN status NN through IN successive JJ reauthorizations NNS , , little JJ or CC no DT new JJ funding NN has VHZ been VBN provided VVN to TO support VV them PP , , and CC employer NN participation NN in IN the DT pilots NNS is VBZ voluntary JJ . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , a DT workable JJ verification NN system NN has VHZ been VBN developed VVN but CC its PP$ impact NN has VHZ been VBN minimal JJ . SENT Less JJR than IN one CD twentieth NN of IN 1 CD percent NN of IN the DT nation NN s PP employers NNS use VVP the DT verification NN pilot NN . SENT In IN the DT late JJ 1990 CD s PP , , the DT INS NP attempted VVD a DT new JJ employer NN enforcement NN strategy NN as IN a DT counterpart NN to TO dramatic JJ changes NNS in IN border NN enforcement NN strategy NN . SENT The DT agency NN concentrated VVD its PP$ limited JJ employer NN enforcement NN resources NNS on IN cases NNS where WRB severely RB abusive JJ employer NN practices NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , trafficking NN , , linked VVN smuggling NN , , and CC job NN networks NNS , , multiple JJ violations NNS , , or CC industry NN wide JJ illegal JJ practices NNS were VBD occurring VVG . SENT The DT goals NNS were VBD to TO deter VV illegal JJ hiring NN by IN making VVG high JJ visibility NN cases NNS and CC to TO win VV broader JJR public JJ support NN for IN employer NN enforcement NN by IN demonstrating VVG the DT harm NN that WDT was VBD occurring VVG . SENT The DT successes NNS were VBD few JJ , , and CC the DT political JJ pressures NNS against IN more JJR aggressive JJ measures NNS ultimately RB prevailed VVD . SENT From IN onion NN growing VVG in IN the DT Southeast NN to TO meatpacking VVG in IN the DT Midwest NP , , unauthorized JJ workers NNS had VHD become VVN the DT dominant JJ labor NN force NN in IN more JJR and CC more JJR occupations NNS and CC locations NNS around IN the DT country NN . SENT Jeopardizing VVG access NN to TO that DT labor NN supply NN absent JJ other JJ ways NNS to TO get VV a DT workforce NN represented VVD a DT fundamental JJ threat NN to TO the DT survival NN of IN more JJR and CC more JJR employers NNS , , and CC their PP$ businesses NNS and CC communities NNS . SENT It PP could MD not RB succeed VV economically RB , , hence RB it PP failed VVD politically RB . SENT The DT experience NN of IN nearly RB 20 CD years NNS has VHZ led VVN to TO a DT stark JJ paradox NN of IN widespread JJ de NP jure NN compliance NN and CC rampant JJ de FW facto FW violations NNS . SENT Nominal JJ employer NN compliance NN with IN the DT law NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , checking VVG documents NNS and CC completing VVG the DT I NN 9 CD form NN , , has VHZ become VVN standard JJ practice NN . SENT Yet RB illegal JJ immigration NN and CC employment NN are VBP at IN an DT all DT time NN high NN . SENT Persons NNS without IN legal JJ status NN present JJ documents NNS that IN employers NNS look VVP at IN to TO complete VV the DT form NN . SENT Without IN any DT way NN to TO check VV the DT validity NN of IN the DT documents NNS , , the DT transaction NN is VBZ a DT win NN win VV for IN the DT employers NNS and CC the DT workers NNS with IN fake JJ documents NNS . SENT The DT losers NNS are VBP the DT rule NN of IN law NN , , fair JJ workplace NN conditions NNS and CC protections NNS , , the DT integrity NN of IN the DT immigration NN system NN , , and CC , , increasingly RB , , public JJ support NN for IN immigration NN altogether RB . SENT In IN its PP$ cornerstone NN provision NN , , IRCA NP changed VVD the DT law NN and CC assumed VVD a DT static JJ world NN where WRB the DT United NP States NPS could MD put VV the DT policy NN messiness NN of IN illegal JJ immigration NN behind IN and CC begin VV anew RB . SENT It PP did VVD not RB anticipate VV the DT deep JJ changes NNS in IN labor NN markets NNS , , demographics NNS , , and CC a DT globalizing VVG economy NN that WDT were VBD just RB ahead RB . SENT The DT fault NN lies VVZ not RB so RB much JJ in IN the DT failure NN to TO anticipate VV but CC in IN the DT failure NN to TO adapt VV to TO these DT changes NNS . SENT The DT story NN is VBZ quite RB the DT opposite NN with IN border NN enforcement NN . SENT In IN that DT case NN , , policy NN adaptation NN to TO changed JJ conditions NNS was VBD dramatic JJ . SENT Since IN the DT mid JJ 1990 CD s PP , , serious JJ efforts NNS to TO strengthen VV border NN controls NNS , , especially RB in IN the DT Southwest NP , , have VHP been VBN put VVN in IN place NN . SENT Border NN enforcement NN has VHZ won VVN broad JJ bipartisan JJ support NN , , receives VVZ large JJ budget NN infusions NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN sustained VVN for IN more JJR than IN a DT decade NN , , and CC has VHZ intensified VVN with IN sweeping JJ new JJ mandates NNS since IN September NP 11 CD . SENT The DT changes NNS had VHD their PP$ origins NNS in IN pivotal JJ events NNS in IN the DT early JJ 1990 CD s PP that RB included VVD the DT 1993 CD World NP Trade NP Center NP bombing NN , , successive JJ Cuban JJ and CC Haitian JJ boat NN emergencies NNS , , the DT anti JJ immigrant NN gubernatorial JJ campaign NN of IN California NP Governor NP Pete NP Wilson NP , , that WDT state VVP s PP successful JJ Proposition NP 187 CD drive NN , , and CC the DT North NP American NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP with IN its PP$ hope NN of IN accelerated JJ job NN creation NN in IN Mexico NP . SENT The DT political JJ climate NN surrounding VVG illegal JJ immigration NN and CC the DT seeming JJ ineffectiveness NN of IN immigration NN control NN were VBD widely RB seen VVN to TO demand VV federal JJ leadership NN and CC attention NN . SENT The DT Clinton NP administration NN responded VVD aggressively RB , , making VVG immigration NN a DT priority NN issue NN . SENT It PP became VVD part NN of IN the DT broader JJR agenda NN of IN strong JJ , , community NN based VVN law NN enforcement NN that WDT was VBD a DT theme NN of IN Bill NP Clinton NP s PP presidency NN . SENT One CD of IN its PP$ earliest JJS manifestations NNS was VBD a DT new JJ border NN enforcement NN plan NN called VVD Operation NN Gatekeeper NN , , plus CC the DT commitment NN to TO a DT sustained JJ buildup NN of IN resources NNS from IN California NP to TO the DT Gulf NP of IN Mexico NP . SENT The DT strategy NN was VBD based VVN on IN a DT fundamental JJ change NN in IN approach NN to TO border NN enforcement NN . SENT New JJ tactics NNS emphasized VVD disruption NN and CC apprehension NN . SENT policy NN sought VVD to TO prevent VV illegal JJ entry NN through IN deterrence NN measures NNS that WDT included VVD a DT broad JJ mix NN of IN people NNS , , equipment NN , , and CC technology NN . SENT The DT administration NN argued VVD for IN borders NNS that IN work NN that WDT is VBZ , , borders NNS that WDT prevent VVP illegal JJ immigration NN and CC facilitate VV legal JJ immigration NN and CC crossings NNS . SENT The DT new JJ resource NN allocations NNS and CC other JJ changes NNS the DT INS NP advocated VVD were VBD reflected VVN both CC in IN the DT work NN of IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Border NN Patrol NN and CC in IN improved JJ inspections NNS activities NNS and CC capacity NN at IN legal JJ ports NNS of IN entry NN . SENT The DT policy NN also RB called VVN for IN balanced JJ enforcement NN , , which WDT meant VVD border NN measures NNS as IN part NN of IN a DT broad JJ set NN of IN enforcement NN responses NNS , , both CC at IN the DT border NN and CC in IN the DT interior NN of IN the DT country NN . SENT To TO that DT end NN , , the DT INS NP consistently RB requested VVD resources NNS for IN stepped VVN up RP employer NN enforcement NN to TO buttress VV its PP$ border NN efforts NNS by IN reducing VVG the DT pull NN of IN employment NN opportunities NNS that IN fuel NN illegal JJ immigration NN . SENT Border NN enforcement NN was VBD never RB seen VVN as IN a DT mission NN that WDT could MD succeed VV by IN itself PP . SENT Indeed RB , , Border NP Patrol NN agents NNS habitually RB say VVP they PP cannot NN achieve VV border NN control NN , , no DT matter NN the DT resources NNS , , as RB long RB as IN jobs NNS are VBP waiting VVG on IN the DT other JJ side NN . SENT Nonetheless RB , , Congress NP has VHZ appropriated VVN money NN year NN after IN year NN for IN the DT border NN , , often RB in IN amounts NNS and CC for IN expenditures NNS well RB beyond IN the DT requests NNS made VVN by IN the DT executive JJ branch NN . SENT Money NN that IN flows NNS to TO interior JJ enforcement NN is VBZ almost RB totally RB for IN detention NN and CC deportation NN , , not RB for IN employer NN verification NN or CC enforcement NN . SENT These DT are VBP the DT elements NNS of IN immigration NN enforcement NN around IN which WDT broad JJ bipartisan JJ support NN has VHZ solidified VVD . SENT That DT support NN was VBD demonstrated VVN again RB after IN 9 CD 11 CD , , when WRB Congress NP rapidly RB enacted VVD sweeping JJ border NN enforcement NN provisions NNS to TO strengthen VV port NN of IN entry NN data NNS systems NNS and CC procedures NNS and CC reduce VVP overstays VVZ by IN those DT with IN tourist NN and CC student NN visas NNS . SENT The DT measures NNS include VVP requirements NNS for IN biometric JJ fingerprint NN data NNS and CC electronic JJ tracking NN of IN the DT entry NN and CC exit NN of IN all DT visitors NNS to TO the DT country NN . SENT Many JJ of IN these DT measures NNS have VHP been VBN long RB overdue JJ . SENT But CC apart RB from IN border NN measures NNS , , on IN most JJS other JJ aspects NNS of IN immigration NN and CC there EX are VBP many JJ there EX is VBZ deep JJ ambivalence NN and CC disagreement NN in IN our PP$ body NN politic JJ that IN block NN reasoned VVD policy NN making NN . SENT The DT imbalance NN and CC ambivalence NN have VHP had VHN far RB reaching VVG , , often RB perverse JJ consequences NNS . SENT At IN one CD level NN , , the DT 1990 CD s PP border NN enforcement NN strategies NNS achieved VVD their PP$ goal NN . SENT The DT corridors NNS of IN highest JJS illegal JJ crossings NNS were VBD closed VVN off RP , , altering VVG long RB established VVN patterns NNS of IN illegal JJ immigration NN . SENT But CC this DT is VBZ a DT case NN of IN winning VVG the DT battle NN and CC losing VVG the DT war NN . SENT In IN the DT absence NN of IN rethinking VVG immigration NN policy NN more RBR broadly RB , , border NN enforcement NN has VHZ not RB only RB failed VVN to TO reduce VV illegal JJ immigration NN . SENT it PP has VHZ increased VVN dangers NNS at IN the DT border NN , , encouraged VVD migrants NNS to TO remain VV permanently RB in IN the DT country NN once RB here RB , , and CC led VVD to TO an DT all RB time NN high JJ in IN the DT size NN of IN the DT illegal JJ population NN . SENT Today NN illegal JJ immigration NN outpaces VVZ legal JJ immigration NN . SENT The DT border NN buildup NN occurred VVD during IN one CD of IN the DT country NN s VVZ longest JJS periods NNS of IN sustained JJ economic JJ growth NN since IN World NP War NP II NP . SENT It PP should MD not RB be VB surprising JJ , , therefore RB , , that DT law NN enforcement NN has VHZ been VBN inadequate JJ to TO the DT market NN fundamentals NNS of IN supply NN and CC demand NN . SENT By IN asking VVG of IN border NN enforcement NN more RBR than IN it PP can MD deliver VV , , our PP$ policy NN has VHZ caused VVN public JJ frustration NN to TO reach VV the DT boiling VVG point NN in IN places NNS like IN Arizona NP and CC given VVN cause NN to TO extremist NN voices NNS that WDT make VVP it PP all PDT the DT harder RBR to TO get VV to TO yes RB on IN the DT critical JJ choices NNS needed VVN to TO reach VV meaningful JJ change NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT policy NN today NN is VBZ deeply RB hypocritical JJ , , indefensible JJ , , and CC wrongheaded JJ . SENT In IN practice NN it PP says VVZ , , We PP will MD make VV it PP harder JJR and CC harder JJR to TO cross VV the DT border NN . SENT But CC if IN you PP take VVP the DT risk NN , , including VVG the DT risk NN of IN dying VVG , , there EX will MD be VB a DT job NN if IN you PP make VVP it PP . SENT For IN an DT IRCA NP II NP to TO provide VV workable JJ answers NNS , , it PP would MD have VH to TO be VB informed VVN by IN hard JJ lessons NNS from IN past JJ experience NN . SENT Those DT lessons NNS include VVP the DT inadequacy NN of IN border NN enforcement NN absent VV a DT sound NN , , mandatory JJ employer NN verification NN and CC enforcement NN regime NN . SENT They PP also RB include VVP the DT imperatives NNS of IN demography NN in IN which WDT the DT number NN of IN native JJ born VVN young JJ people NNS entering VVG the DT workforce NN are VBP no RB longer RBR enough JJ to TO meet VV current JJ and CC coming JJ labor NN needs NNS . SENT Immigration NN policy NN through IN measures NNS such JJ as IN legalization NN and CC temporary JJ and CC permanent JJ work NN based VVN visas NNS can MD help VV fill VV the DT gaps NNS . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , experience NN tells VVZ us PP that IN for IN such JJ changes NNS to TO occur VV , , a DT historic JJ shift NN would MD be VB required VVN in IN the DT politics NNS of IN immigration NN and CC the DT attitudes NNS and CC interests NNS that WDT animate VV them PP . SENT The DT stakes NNS are VBP high JJ because IN the DT impact NN on IN societies NNS of IN the DT international JJ movement NN of IN people NNS promises VVZ to TO be VB one CD of IN the DT defining VVG characteristics NNS of IN the DT 21 CD st NP century NN , , not RB only RB for IN the DT United NP States NPS but CC for IN many JJ nations NNS . SENT Immigration NN is VBZ a DT force NN that WDT can MD contribute VV to TO our PP$ nation NN building NN or CC deepen VV our PP$ divisions NNS and CC fears NNS . SENT The DT debate NN that WDT is VBZ under IN way NN gives VVZ us PP a DT chance NN to TO choose VV . SENT Doris NP Meissner NP is VBZ a DT senior JJ fellow NN at IN the DT Migration NN Policy NP Institute NP . SENT She PP was VBD the DT commissioner NN of IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Immigration NN and CC Naturalization NN Service NN during IN the DT Clinton NP administration NN . SENT 2005 CD by IN The DT American NP Prospect NP , , Inc NP . SENT