/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/23/file_219.html NN ----------------------------------------- : IDRC NP . SENT CA MD Publications NP Books NNS Online JJ Health NP 96 CD 36 CD 755 CD 8 CD Topic NN Explorer NN Books NNS Online JJ Economics NP Environment NP Biodiversity NP Food NP Agriculture NP General NP Health NP 96 CD 36 CD 755 CD 8 CD Information NP Communication NP Natural NP Resources NPS Science NP Technology NP Social NP Political NP Sciences NPS Participate VV Owner NN Bill NP Carman NP ID NN . SENT 28833 CD Added NP . SENT 2003 CD 05 JJ 02 CD 8 CD . SENT 58 CD Ottawa NP Modified VVN . SENT 2003 CD 06 JJ 23 CD 12 CD . SENT 23 CD Ottawa NP 16 CD . SENT Farmers NNS on IN Tobacco NP Road NP Document VV s PP 24 CD of IN 37 CD Tobacco NP farming NN in IN Canada NP Canada NP s PP success NN in IN controlling VVG smoking NN is VBZ all PDT the DT more JJR notable JJ given VVN the DT large JJ quantity NN of IN tobacco NN leaf NN grown VVN in IN Canada NP . SENT Tobacco NN is VBZ both CC a DT significant JJ cash NN crop NN and CC an DT important JJ agricultural JJ export NN . SENT Canada NP is VBZ the DT world NN s PP sixth RB largest JJS producer NN of IN flue NN cured VVN tobacco NN . SENT 553 CD When WRB all DT types NNS of IN tobacco NN are VBP included VVN , , Canada NP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT world NN s PP top VVP 20 CD producers NNS . SENT About IN 90 CD of IN the DT tobacco NN grown VVN in IN Canada NP is VBZ produced VVN in IN a DT highly RB concentrated JJ area NN in IN southwestern JJ Ontario NP , , especially RB near IN the DT towns NNS of IN Delhi NP and CC Tillsonburg NP close NN to TO the DT north JJ shore NN of IN Lake NP Erie NP . SENT The DT remainder NN is VBZ grown VVN near IN Joliette NP , , Quebec NP 98 CD farmers NNS , , and CC there EX is VBZ a DT smattering NN in IN New NP Brunswick NP 5 CD farmers NNS , , Nova NP Scotia NP 9 CD farmers NNS , , and CC Prince NP Edward NP Island NP 35 CD farmers NNS . SENT 89 CD At IN one CD time NN , , most JJS of IN the DT tobacco NN used VVN in IN Canada NP was VBD imported VVN from IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT What WP was VBD grown VVN in IN Canada NP was VBD principally RB cultivated VVN in IN Quebec NP , , but CC some DT was VBD grown VVN in IN Essex NP and CC Kent NP counties NNS near IN Windsor NP , , Ontario NP . SENT Tobacco NN growing NN had VHD been VBN introduced VVN in IN these DT counties NNS by IN United NP Empire NP Loyalists NNS , , who WP brought VVD seeds NNS from IN their PP$ tobacco NN farms NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT A DT number NN of IN events NNS stimulated VVN domestic JJ tobacco NN farming NN . SENT The DT American NP Civil NP War NP 1861 CD 65 CD raised VVD the DT price NN of IN US NP tobacco NN , , which WDT prompted VVD companies NNS in IN Canada NP to TO look VV for IN other JJ sources NNS of IN supply NN . SENT In IN the DT early JJ 1880 CD s PP , , the DT federal JJ government NN s PP National NP Policy NP stimulated VVN domestic JJ growing VVG by IN setting VVG taxes NNS on IN domestic JJ tobacco NN at IN lower JJR levels NNS than IN the DT tariffs NNS on IN imported JJ tobacco NN . SENT Other JJ fiscal JJ changes NNS in IN 1897 CD gave VVD further JJR protection NN to TO Canadian JJ growers NNS . SENT The DT amount NN of IN tobacco NN grown VVN increased VVD from IN 726 CD 000 CD kg NN in IN 1870 CD 71 CD to TO 7 CD 938 CD 000 CD kg NN in IN 1910 CD . SENT 289 CD Part NN of IN the DT growth NN was VBD attributable JJ to TO the DT introduction NN in IN 1900 CD of IN flue NN cured VVN tobacco NN in IN the DT Leamington NP area NN of IN southern JJ Ontario NP by IN the DT Empire NP Tobacco NP Co NP . SENT , , a DT forerunner NN of IN Imperial NP . SENT By IN 1920 CD the DT upswing NN of IN Canadian JJ grown JJ tobacco NN continued VVD , , but CC still RB two CD thirds NNS of IN the DT tobacco NN used VVN in IN Canada NP was VBD imported VVN . SENT It PP was VBD in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP that IN tobacco NN started VVD to TO be VB produced VVN in IN great JJ quantities NNS in IN what WP today NN is VBZ Ontario NP s PP tobacco NN belt NN , , much RB of IN which WDT was VBD once RB a DT sandy JJ dustbowl NN . SENT By IN the DT 1950 CD s PP , , 99 CD of IN the DT tobacco NN in IN Canadian JJ cigarettes NNS was VBD grown VVN in IN Canada NP . SENT Historically RB , , tobacco NN companies NNS have VHP encouraged VVN and CC helped VVN farmers NNS to TO begin VV growing VVG tobacco NN . SENT Naturally RB , , a DT strong JJ domestic JJ supply NN of IN tobacco NN leaf NN can MD be VB nothing NN but CC beneficial JJ for IN the DT industry NN because IN more JJR farmers NNS means VVZ a DT more RBR secure JJ supply NN and CC lower JJR prices NNS . SENT More JJR tobacco NN farmers NNS also RB means VVZ more RBR political JJ clout NN . SENT Not RB surprisingly RB , , tobacco NN farmers NNS have VHP always RB been VBN strong JJ opponents NNS of IN tobacco NN control NN measures NNS . SENT measures NNS that WDT reduce VVP tobacco NN use NN may MD have VH a DT direct JJ impact NN on IN their PP$ income NN . SENT MPs NP in IN regions NNS representing VVG tobacco NN growers NNS have VHP typically RB taken VVN strong JJ pro FW tobacco NN positions NNS . SENT Today NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT doubt NN that IN tobacco NN continues VVZ to TO make VV a DT huge JJ contribution NN to TO the DT local JJ economies NNS of IN four CD Ontario NP counties NNS . SENT the DT Regional JJ Municipality NN of IN Haldimand NP Norfolk NP in IN particular JJ and CC Brant NP , , Elgin NP , , and CC Oxford NP counties NNS to TO a DT lesser JJR extent NN . SENT Canadian JJ tobacco NN farmers NNS are VBP sometimes RB perceived VVN as IN innocent JJ victims NNS harmed VVN by IN decreases NNS in IN smoking NN . SENT However RB , , the DT majority NN of IN tobacco NN farmers NNS probably RB began VVD farming NN after IN the DT government NN started VVD efforts NNS to TO reduce VV smoking NN , , so RB presumably RB they PP knew VVD of IN the DT financial JJ risks NNS . SENT In IN fact NN , , tobacco NN farmers NNS do VVP very RB well RB financially RB . SENT In IN 1990 CD , , according VVG to TO Statistics NP Canada NP , , tobacco NN farmers NNS earned VVD an DT average JJ income NN of IN 79 CD 062 CD , , more JJR than IN any DT other JJ type NN of IN farmers NNS . SENT The DT average NN among IN farmers NNS in IN general NN was VBD far RB lower JJR , , at IN 47 CD 426 CD . SENT 81 CD In IN 1990 CD , , the DT income NN of IN the DT average JJ tobacco NN farm NN exceeded VVD the DT income NN of IN about RB two CD thirds NNS of IN Ontario NP families NNS . SENT 561 CD Although IN the DT amount NN of IN tobacco NN grown JJ has VHZ declined VVN since IN the DT early JJ 1980 CD s PP , , farmers NNS have VHP done VVN remarkably RB well RB maintaining VVG production NN in IN the DT face NN of IN the DT health NN scare NN . SENT Total NN 1993 CD Ontario NP flue NN cured VVN crop NN sales NNS of IN 70 CD 761 CD 600 CD kg NN is VBZ barely RB below IN the DT annual JJ average NN of IN 76 CD 204 CD 800 CD kg NN for IN the DT years NNS 1961 CD 65 CD . SENT 456 RB The DT total JJ number NN of IN cigarettes NNS sold VVN in IN Canada NP in IN 1994 CD was VBD still RB higher JJR than IN in IN the DT early JJ 1960 CD s PP or CC any DT time NN before IN that DT . SENT During IN the DT 1960 CD s PP and CC 1970 CD s PP , , Canada NP s PP growing VVG population NN more RBR than IN offset VV the DT modest JJ decreases NNS in IN per IN capita NN tobacco NN consumption NN . SENT Total JJ cigarette NN sales NNS increased VVD , , resulting VVG in IN more JJR demand NN for IN tobacco NN leaf NN . SENT In IN the DT late JJ 1960 CD s PP and CC much RB of IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , average JJ raw JJ leaf NN production NN exceeded VVD 90 CD 000 CD 000 CD kg NN a DT year NN . SENT This DT growth NN prompted VVD more JJR farmers NNS to TO grow VV tobacco NN , , farmers NNS who WP would MD soon RB have VH to TO get VV out RP when WRB the DT massive JJ decline NN in IN smoking NN began VVD in IN the DT 1980 CD s PP . SENT Tobacco NN farmers NNS have VHP also RB been VBN affected VVN by IN two CD other JJ situations NNS . SENT First RB , , manufacturers NNS have VHP been VBN paying VVG farmers NNS less JJR for IN their PP$ crop NN . SENT In IN 1981 CD , , the DT average JJ price NN per IN pound NN was VBD 1 CD . SENT 52 CD . SENT In IN 9 CD of IN the DT 12 CD subsequent JJ years NNS , , farmers NNS received VVD a DT lower JJR price NN . SENT In IN 1993 CD , , the DT average JJ price NN was VBD 1 CD . SENT 44 CD . SENT 456 CD This NP , , combined VVN with IN increased JJ costs NNS due JJ to TO inflation NN , , has VHZ caused VVN the DT net JJ income NN per IN pound NN to TO fall VV . SENT Second RB , , manufacturers NNS are VBP using VVG less JJR tobacco NN per IN cigarette NN , , partly RB to TO save VV money NN and CC partly RB to TO lower VV the DT tar NN and CC nicotine NN yields NNS . SENT New JJ manufacturing NN processes VVZ puff NN up IN tobacco NN so IN that WDT less JJR is VBZ needed VVN to TO fill VV each DT cigarette NN . SENT Health NP Canada NP researchers NNS reported VVD that IN the DT average JJ amount NN of IN tobacco NN in IN a DT 1991 CD cigarette NN was VBD 0 CD . SENT 77 CD grams NNS , , less JJR than IN half NN of IN the DT amount NN in IN a DT 1952 CD cigarette NN 1 CD . SENT 67 CD grams NNS . SENT With IN lower JJR tobacco NN prices NNS and CC less JJR tobacco NN per IN cigarette NN , , the DT cost NN of IN tobacco NN per IN cigarette NN fell VVD from IN two CD thirds NNS of IN a DT cent NN in IN 1950 CD to TO just RB over IN a DT quarter NN of IN a DT cent NN in IN 1990 CD . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT researchers NNS concluded VVD , , the DT tobacco NN industry NN saved VVD as RB much RB as IN 229 CD million CD between IN 1982 CD and CC 1990 CD , , mostly RB at IN the DT expense NN of IN farmers NNS . SENT 324 CD The DT number NN of IN flue NN cured VVN tobacco NN farmers NNS in IN Canada NP decreased VVD from IN 2 CD 916 CD in IN 1981 CD to TO 1 CD 326 CD in IN 1992 CD . SENT 85 CD , , 89 CD The DT major JJ reason NN for IN the DT decrease NN was VBD that IN declining VVG sales NNS and CC prices NNS had VHD made VVN tobacco NN farming VVG financially RB unattractive JJ to TO many JJ . SENT The DT decrease NN is VBZ also RB partly RB explained VVN by IN better JJR technology NN , , bigger JJR farms NNS , , and CC improved JJ efficiency NN and CC economies NNS of IN scale NN . SENT These DT trends NNS have VHP been VBN found VVN in IN many JJ agricultural JJ sectors NNS . SENT An DT additional JJ consideration NN is VBZ that IN some DT of IN the DT farmers NNS who WP left VVD in IN the DT early JJ 1980 CD s PP retired VVD . SENT Canadian JJ tobacco NN farmers NNS are VBP known VVN as IN producers NNS of IN high JJ quality NN leaf NN . SENT at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , they PP are VBP high JJ cost NN producers NNS because IN of IN the DT cold JJ climate NN and CC the DT high JJ cost NN of IN labour NN . SENT To TO address VV the DT inherent JJ inefficiencies NNS of IN growing VVG tobacco NN in IN Canada NP , , a DT supply NN management NN system NN was VBD established VVN . SENT The DT Ontario NP Flue NN Cured VVN Tobacco NP Growers NNS Marketing NP Board NP , , created VVN by IN law NN , , pushes VVZ up RP prices NNS by IN restricting VVG how WRB much JJ tobacco NN can MD be VB grown VVN . SENT Manufacturers NNS , , for IN their PP$ part NN , , help VV tobacco NN farmers NNS stay VVP in IN business NN by IN paying VVG them PP far RB more RBR than IN the DT world NN prices NNS for IN tobacco NN used VVN in IN Canadian JJ cigarettes NNS . SENT This DT higher JJR price NN is VBZ passed VVN on IN to TO consumers NNS . SENT in IN effect NN , , Canadian JJ smokers NNS subsidize VV tobacco NN farmers NNS . SENT As RB is VBZ the DT case NN in IN some DT other JJ farming NN sectors NNS , , the DT government NN helps VVZ farmers NNS by IN allowing VVG them PP to TO import VV seasonal JJ workers NNS from IN Jamaica NP and CC Latin NP America NP to TO work VV for IN minimum JJ wage NN . SENT About IN 40 CD of IN the DT tobacco NN grown VVN in IN Canada NP is VBZ exported VVN . SENT Thus RB , , even RB when WRB Canadian JJ tobacco NN consumption NN decreases NNS , , a DT large JJ portion NN of IN farmer NN sales NNS remains VVZ unaffected JJ . SENT as IN well RB , , more JJR tobacco NN becomes VVZ available JJ for IN export NN , , albeit IN at IN lower JJR prices NNS . SENT Canadian JJ exports NNS have VHP mostly RB gone VVN to TO the DT United NP Kingdom NP , , the DT United NP States NPS , , and CC recently RB Hong NP Kong NP often RB on IN their PP$ way NN to TO China NP , , but CC some DT tobacco NN has VHZ also RB been VBN exported VVN to TO Egypt NP , , Ghana NP , , Cameroon NP , , Bangladesh NP , , Trinidad NP and CC Tobago NP , , and CC Indonesia NP . SENT Spokespeople NN for IN tobacco NN farmers NNS sometimes RB assert VVP that IN fewer JJR pesticides NNS are VBP used VVN in IN the DT growing VVG process NN in IN Canada NP because IN of IN the DT colder JJR weather NN , , so RB Canadian JJ leaf NN tobacco NN is VBZ cleaner JJR and CC thus RB safer JJR for IN health NN . SENT This DT very RB unusual JJ concern NN for IN the DT health NN of IN Canadians NNS is VBZ commendable JJ , , but CC the DT representatives NNS offer VVP no DT studies NNS to TO support VV their PP$ assertion NN . SENT Early JJ manufacturer NN exploitation NN of IN farmers NNS In IN his PP$ 1968 CD book NN Tobacco NP in IN Canada NP , , tobacco NN grower NN Lyal NP Tait NP described VVD in IN detail NN how WRB leaf NN buyers NNS , , including VVG manufacturers NNS , , resisted VVD farmers NNS efforts NNS to TO organize VV and CC to TO get VV higher JJR prices NNS for IN tobacco NN crops NNS . SENT During IN the DT 1930 CD s PP , , and CC even RB earlier RBR , , representatives NNS of IN leaf NN buyers NNS went VVD to TO individual JJ farms NNS to TO negotiate VV prices NNS . SENT This DT barn NN buying NN system NN was VBD comparable JJ to TO a DT divide NN and CC conquer VV strategy NN . SENT Buyers NNS were VBD in IN a DT powerful JJ bargaining NN position NN . SENT farmers NNS were VBD not RB . SENT Often RB there EX was VBD little JJ competition NN among IN buyers NNS . SENT farmers NNS might MD receive VV only RB one CD offer NN , , or CC maybe RB none NN . SENT 577 CD Farmers NPS had VHD almost RB no DT room NN to TO negotiate VV . SENT Low JJ prices NNS at IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT buying VVG season NN in IN 1932 CD prompted VVD the DT Tillsonburg NP News NP to TO write VV in IN an DT editorial NN that IN the DT tactic NN as RB reported VVD employed VVN by IN some DT of IN the DT buyers NNS during IN the DT past JJ few JJ days NNS in IN intimidating VVG the DT growers NNS , , is VBZ so RB degrading JJ and CC dastardly JJ that IN one PP might MD think VV we PP were VBD back RB in IN slavery NN days NNS . SENT 577 CD , , p NN . SENT 127 CD The DT situation NN prompted VVD some DT dissident JJ growers NNS to TO organize VV a DT selling NN cooperative NN . SENT The DT dissidents NNS sent VVD a DT petition NN to TO the DT federal JJ government NN expressing VVG the DT opinion NN that IN the DT Imperial NP Tobacco NP Co NP . SENT , , Canadian NP Leaf NP Tobacco NP Co NP . SENT , , Macdonald NP Tobacco NP Co NP . SENT , , and CC other JJ manufacturer NN dealers NNS are VBP combining VVG for IN the DT purpose NN of IN regulating NN , , controlling VVG the DT purchase NN , , and CC fixing VVG the DT price NN of IN tobacco NN . SENT An DT investigation NN was VBD started VVN , , but CC no RB combine VV among IN buyers NNS to TO affect VV prices NNS or CC limit NN competition NN was VBD discovered VVN . SENT 577 CD , , p NN . SENT 128 CD In IN 1936 CD , , because RB of IN farmer NN dissatisfaction NN , , the DT Flue NN Cured VVN Tobacco NP Marketing NP Association NP of IN Ontario NP was VBD established VVN in IN Simcoe NP . SENT Seven CD of IN the DT 23 CD Board NP members NNS represented VVD buyers NNS , , a DT clear JJ sign NN that IN the DT organization NN s PP role NN was VBD not RB to TO act VV just RB in IN the DT best JJS interest NN of IN farmers NNS . SENT According VVG to TO Tait NP , , the DT Association NP made VVD progress NN , , but CC there EX were VBD still RB gross JJ inequalities NNS , , patronage NN , , graft NN and CC above IN all DT , , fear VVP in IN the DT marketing NN of IN the DT leaf NN and CC in IN the DT allotment NN of IN basic JJ acreage NN . SENT 577 CD , , p NN . SENT 146 CD Basic JJ acreage NN referred VVN to TO how WRB much JJ a DT farmer NN could MD grow VV . SENT In IN 1951 CD , , the DT Ontario NP Minister NP of IN Agriculture NP authorized VVD a DT vote NN for IN an DT all DT grower NN marketing NN board NN under IN the DT provincial JJ Farm NP Products NPS Marketing NP Act NP . SENT This DT would MD have VH benefited VVN the DT farmers NNS , , but CC the DT idea NN was VBD vigorously RB opposed VVN by IN the DT Association NP . SENT Tobacco NN companies NNS hired VVD PR NP experts NNS to TO help VV in IN the DT No NP campaign NN , , and CC the DT Association NP paid VVD the DT bills NNS . SENT Thus RB , , farmer NN money NN was VBD being VBG used VVN against IN farmer NN interests NNS . SENT After IN a DT virulent JJ campaign NN , , the DT proposal NN was VBD defeated VVN by IN a DT vote NN of IN 1 CD 752 CD to TO 369 CD . SENT In IN 1954 CD , , buyer NN influence NN increased VVD when WRB the DT Association NP bylaws NNS were VBD amended VVN to TO provide VV equal JJ representation NN for IN farmers NNS and CC buyers NNS . SENT The DT Association NP controlled JJ membership NN and CC often RB prevented VVD new JJ growers NNS from IN joining VVG . SENT In IN 1954 CD , , there EX were VBD 304 CD such JJ excluded VVN independent JJ farmers NNS . SENT Being VBG excluded VVN from IN the DT Association NP meant VVD the DT independents NNS had VHD no DT basic JJ acreage NN rights NNS . SENT They PP had VHD to TO wait VV until IN Association NP members NNS crops NNS were VBD sold VVN before IN they PP could MD sell VV their PP$ own JJ , , usually RB at IN a DT much RB lower JJR price NN . SENT Thus RB , , buyers NNS had VHD a DT clear JJ financial JJ incentive NN for IN keeping VVG new JJ growers NNS out IN of IN the DT Association NP the DT greater JJR the DT number NN of IN independents NNS , , the DT greater JJR the DT opportunity NN for IN the DT tobacco NN companies NNS to TO pay VV low JJ prices NNS at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT season NN . SENT In IN 1956 CD , , the DT federal JJ Restrictive JJ Trade NP Practices NPS Commission NP investigated VVD and CC strongly RB criticized VVD this DT closed JJ arrangement NN . SENT In IN 1957 CD , , the DT Ontario NP government NN authorized VVD another DT vote NN to TO create VV an DT all DT grower NN board NN . SENT Once RB again RB , , the DT Association NP aggressively RB opposed VVD the DT proposal NN , , and CC once RB again RB it PP hired VVD PR NP experts NNS to TO help VV in IN the DT No NP campaign NN . SENT The DT campaign NN played VVN on IN farmers NNS fears NNS about IN keeping VVG acreage NN rights NNS and CC losing VVG bank NN credit NN . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT special JJ committee NN campaigning NN for IN the DT Association NP sent VVD local JJ bankers NNS and CC lawyers NNS letters NNS suggesting VVG that IN banks NNS had VHD the DT right NN to TO foreclose VV on IN anyone NN voting NN in IN support NN of IN the DT proposal NN . SENT But CC in IN the DT end NN , , the DT Yes NP side NN won VVD 64 CD of IN the DT votes NNS . SENT 92 CD of IN the DT eligible JJ voters NNS voted VVD . SENT 577 CD This NP led VVD to TO the DT creation NN of IN the DT Ontario NP Flue NN Cured VVN Tobacco NP Growers NNS Marketing NP Board NP , , a DT body NN made VVD up RP exclusively RB of IN tobacco NN farmers NNS . SENT The DT Board NP is VBZ still RB functioning VVG today NN . SENT Under IN the DT marketing NN board NN system NN , , it PP is VBZ illegal JJ for IN individuals NNS to TO grow VV flue NN cured VVN tobacco NN unless IN they PP have VHP a DT quota NN to TO do VV so RB . SENT All DT tobacco NN has VHZ to TO be VB sold VVN through IN a DT Board NP organized JJ auction NN . SENT After IN the DT Board NP was VBD created VVN , , the DT farmers NNS and CC the DT buyers NNS continued VVD to TO have VH disputes NNS , , but CC at IN least JJS the DT farmers NNS were VBD organized VVN and CC better RBR able JJ to TO take VV a DT position NN . SENT Ten CD years NNS after IN the DT Board NP was VBD established VVN , , said VVD Tait NP , , there RB remained VVD little JJ trust NN or CC cooperation NN on IN either DT side NN . SENT 577 CD , , p NN . SENT 484 CD Today NN , , the DT relationship NN is VBZ better JJR . SENT The DT Board NP and CC the DT buyers NNS get VVP together RB to TO negotiate VV crop NN size NN before IN the DT farmers NNS do VVP any DT planting NN , , thus RB reducing VVG uncertainty NN for IN farmers NNS . SENT There EX are VBP still RB disagreements NNS over IN prices NNS , , but CC according VVG to TO Board NP Chairman NP George NP Gilvesy NP , , both DT sides NNS recognize VVP that IN each DT other JJ is VBZ one CD of IN the DT few JJ friends NNS they PP have VHP left VVN . SENT Attempt NN to TO create VV a DT national JJ tobacco NN marketing NN agency NN In IN January NP 1985 CD , , federal JJ Agriculture NP Minister NP John NP Wise NP announced VVD plans NNS to TO create VV a DT Canadian JJ Flue NN Cured VVN Tobacco NP Marketing NP Agency NP . SENT The DT national JJ agency NN had VHD been VBN proposed VVN by IN Ontario NP tobacco NN farmers NNS , , and CC Wise NP , , whose WP$ Elgin NP riding NN was VBD in IN the DT tobacco NN belt NN , , was VBD supportive JJ . SENT Farmers NP strongly RB supported VVD the DT proposed VVN agency NN because IN it PP would MD strengthen VV their PP$ hand NN in IN negotiations NNS with IN buyers NNS . SENT The DT agency NN would MD control VV supply NN , , establish VV a DT pricing NN formula NN , , and CC limit NN imports NNS . SENT Tobacco NN farmers NNS would MD be VB subsidized VVN through IN higher JJR prices NNS charged VVN to TO manufacturers NNS . SENT Tobacco NN exports NNS would MD be VB subsidized VVN through IN a DT levy NN on IN manufacturers NNS . SENT Not RB surprisingly RB , , tobacco NN manufacturers NNS strongly RB opposed VVD the DT proposed VVN agency NN . SENT Rothmans NP , , for IN example NN , , threatened VVD to TO suspend VV purchases NNS of IN Canadian JJ tobacco NN for IN 1 CD year NN if IN the DT agency NN was VBD created VVN . SENT 552 CD To TO health NN groups NNS , , it PP made VVD no DT sense NN that IN one CD hand NN of IN government NN would MD promote VV tobacco NN while IN the DT other JJ was VBD discouraging VVG it PP . SENT One CD of IN the DT agency NN s PP functions NNS would MD be VB to TO undertake VV and CC assist VV in IN the DT promotion NN of IN the DT consumption NN and CC use NN of IN unmanufactured JJ flue NN cured VVN tobacco NN . SENT 455 CD , , p NN . SENT 36 CD As IN well RB , , the DT agency NN was VBD to TO look VV for IN new JJ markets NNS inside IN Canada NP and CC elsewhere RB . SENT To TO the DT health NN groups NNS , , this DT seemed VVD intolerable JJ . SENT When WRB the DT National NP Farm NP Products NPS Marketing NP Council NP held VVD public JJ hearings NNS on IN the DT proposal NN , , the DT health NN groups NNS got VVD together RB and CC campaigned VVN against IN the DT proposal NN . SENT NSRA NP took VVD out RP a DT two CD page NN ad NN in IN Maclean NP s PP magazine NN . SENT After IN the DT hearings NNS , , the DT Council NP submitted VVD recommendations NNS which WDT were VBD never RB made VVN public JJ to TO the DT Minister NP of IN Agriculture NP , , but CC tobacco NN manufacturers NNS went VVD to TO Federal NP Court NP , , arguing VVG that IN the DT hearings NNS had VHD been VBN improperly RB conducted VVN . SENT The DT Court NP agreed VVD and CC ordered VVD that IN hearings NNS be VB reopened VVN . SENT However RB , , hearings NNS never RB really RB resumed VVN because IN the DT health NN lobby NN had VHD succeeded VVN in IN making VVG a DT national JJ marketing NN agency NN politically RB undesirable JJ . SENT The DT idea NN of IN a DT national JJ agency NN eventually RB died VVD away RB altogether RB , , prompting VVG the DT national JJ health NN lobby NN to TO claim VV victory NN , , albeit IN this DT time NN with IN substantial JJ help NN from IN the DT tobacco NN companies NNS . SENT Government NN support NN for IN tobacco NN farmers NNS The DT federal JJ government NN has VHZ a DT long JJ history NN of IN supporting VVG tobacco NN farming NN . SENT Around IN the DT turn NN of IN the DT century NN , , when WRB most JJS tobacco NN leaf NN was VBD imported VVN , , the DT Department NP of IN Agriculture NP worked VVD hard RB to TO encourage VV a DT domestic JJ growing VVG sector NN . SENT Officials NNS saw VVD tobacco NN as IN bringing VVG tremendous JJ economic JJ benefits NNS and CC wanted VVD Canada NP to TO have VH a DT piece NN of IN the DT action NN . SENT The DT Department NP conducted VVD research NN and CC experiments NNS on IN growing VVG tobacco NN and CC sought VVD help NN from IN knowledgeable JJ US NP sources NNS . SENT The DT Department NP even RB made VVD arrangements NNS to TO exhibit VV Canadian JJ leaf NN tobacco NN at IN the DT 1900 CD Paris NP Exposition NN . SENT In IN 1906 CD , , the DT Department NP created VVD the DT Tobacco NP Branch NP . SENT Three CD years NNS later RBR , , a DT tobacco NN station NN was VBD established VVN in IN Harrow NP , , Ontario NP , , to TO conduct VV research NN . SENT This DT later RBR became VVD the DT Dominion NP Experimental JJ Station NP for IN all DT of IN Southwestern NP Ontario NP . SENT In IN 1933 CD , , the DT Department NP of IN Agriculture NP established VVD the DT Delhi NP Research NP Station NP . SENT The DT station NN is VBZ still RB functioning VVG , , although IN its PP$ mandate NN is VBZ no DT longer RBR just JJ tobacco NN research NN . SENT It PP is VBZ through IN research NN that IN government NN has VHZ provided VVN an DT indirect JJ subsidy NN worth IN millions NNS and CC millions NNS of IN dollars NNS to TO farmers NNS . SENT Research NP has VHZ resulted VVN in IN more JJR pest NN resistant JJ , , better RBR growing VVG , , higher JJR quality NN strains NNS of IN tobacco NN with IN altered JJ tar NN and CC nicotine NN ratios NNS . SENT Research NP also RB led VVD to TO the DT development NN of IN a DT Canadian JJ tobacco NN seed NN industry NN , , and CC farmers NNS no RB longer RB had VHD to TO import VV seeds NNS from IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT To TO publicize VV research NN developments NNS , , the DT Department NP of IN Agriculture NP put VVD out RP its PP$ own JJ publication NN , , The DT Lighter NP 1931 CD 90 CD . SENT A DT 1964 CD inquiry NN into IN the DT tobacco NN growing VVG industry NN found VVN that IN tobacco NN research NN in IN Ontario NP has VHZ been VBN marked VVN with IN close JJ and CC harmonious JJ relations NNS among IN government NN departments NNS , , firms NNS , , and CC organizations NNS remotely RB as RB well RB as IN closely RB connected VVN with IN the DT industry NN . SENT 577 CD , , p NN . SENT 490 CD Some RB research NN projects NNS have VHP been VBN jointly RB funded VVN by IN Agriculture NP Canada NP , , CTMC NP , , and CC the DT Ontario NP Flue NN Cured VVN Tobacco NP Growers NNS Marketing NP Board NP . SENT 289 CD , , p NN . SENT 24 CD Provincial JJ governments NNS , , especially RB the DT Ontario NP government NN , , have VHP also RB supported VVN tobacco NN farmers NNS . SENT The DT Ontario NP Ministry NP of IN Agriculture NP and CC Food NP sponsors VVZ an DT Extension NP Service NP that WDT provides VVZ farmers NNS with IN advice NN on IN growing VVG their PP$ crops NNS . SENT The DT Transition NN Crop NN Team NN has VHZ helped VVN farmers NNS establish VV new JJ or CC alternative JJ crops NNS . SENT Federal NP and CC Ontario NP government NN representatives NNS sit VVP on IN the DT Ontario NP based VVN Tobacco NP Advisory NP Committee NP along IN with IN members NNS representing VVG the DT farmers NNS , , manufacturers NNS , , and CC other JJ leaf NN buyers NNS . SENT The DT Committee NP is VBZ designed VVN to TO promote VV cooperation NN between IN the DT various JJ parties NNS . SENT Today NN , , neither CC the DT federal JJ government NN nor CC the DT provincial JJ governments NNS provide VVP direct JJ financial JJ subsidies NNS to TO tobacco NN farmers NNS the DT way NN governments NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS and CC the DT European NP Union NP do VVP . SENT However RB , , tobacco NN farmers NNS have VHP been VBN able JJ to TO take VV advantage NN of IN other JJ programs NNS designed VVN to TO benefit VV all DT farmers NNS . SENT These DT programs NNS have VHP included VVN farmer NN loans NNS , , debt NN relief NN , , advance NN payments NNS for IN crops NNS , , and CC a DT 500 CD 000 CD capital NN gains NNS tax NN exemption NN . SENT The DT Canadian JJ Rural JJ Transition NN Program NN helps VVZ farmers NNS move VV into IN nonfarming JJ employment NN . SENT On IN the DT export NN side NN , , farmers NNS , , through IN their PP$ marketing NN board NN , , have VHP been VBN able JJ to TO benefit VV from IN government NN sponsored VVN trade NN missions NNS , , the DT services NNS of IN Canadian JJ Embassies NNS and CC High JJ Commissions NNS , , and CC the DT Program NN for IN Export NP Market NP Development NP of IN the DT Department NP of IN Foreign NP Affairs NPS and CC International NP Trade NP . SENT In IN the DT last JJ case NN , , the DT use NN of IN the DT program NN has VHZ been VBN small JJ , , with IN no DT net JJ cost NN to TO the DT government NN . SENT The DT Export NP Development NP Corporation NP has VHZ supported VVN leaf NN tobacco NN sales NNS in IN nontraditional JJ markets NNS and CC has VHZ provided VVN financial JJ guarantees NNS in IN established JJ markets NNS . SENT Federal NP and CC Ontario NP government NN officials NNS have VHP traveled VVN abroad RB to TO help VV promote VV Canadian JJ tobacco NN leaf NN . SENT In IN 1988 CD , , for IN example NN , , Agriculture NP Canada NP sponsored VVD technical JJ seminars NNS in IN China NP to TO help VV Ontario NP tobacco NN growers NNS sell VVP surplus NN tobacco NN . SENT 211 CD This DT initiative NN was VBD successful JJ and CC led VVN to TO new JJ sales NNS . SENT Also RB in IN 1988 CD , , three CD agronomists NNS from IN China NP spent VVD 3 CD months NNS at IN the DT Delhi NP Research NP Station NP to TO receive VV training NN in IN tobacco NN research NN and CC production NN technology NN . SENT A DT departmental JJ document NN stated VVN that IN these DT trainees NNS expressed VVD their PP$ sincere JJ gratitude NN prior RB to TO their PP$ departure NN from IN Canada NP and CC assured VVD us PP that IN they PP would MD make VV suggestions NNS and CC proposals NNS to TO increase VV the DT imports NNS of IN Canadian JJ tobaccos NNS into IN China NP . SENT 7 CD , , p NN . SENT 2 LS A DT 1989 CD Agriculture NP Canada NP document NN discussing VVG tobacco NN exports NNS to TO China NP stated VVD that IN it PP is VBZ important JJ that IN all DT possible JJ efforts NNS be VB made VVN to TO expand VV this DT market NN in IN support NN of IN our PP$ tobacco NN industry NN . SENT 163 CD , , p NN . SENT 1 LS The DT document NN discussed VVD a DT forthcoming JJ visit NN of IN a DT Chinese JJ delegation NN to TO Canada NP . SENT From IN the DT Department NP s PP perspective NN , , the DT objective NN was VBD to TO ensure VV that IN the DT Chinese NNS are VBP aware JJ of IN the DT on IN going VVG efforts NNS to TO improve VV the DT already RB high JJ quality NN of IN Canadian JJ tobacco NN through IN research NN and CC biotechnology NN and CC to TO reinforce VV their PP$ confidence NN in IN the DT Canadian JJ capacity NN to TO supply VV tobacco NN in IN order NN to TO facilitate VV sales NNS to TO China NP . SENT 163 CD , , p NN . SENT 1 CD In IN 1994 CD , , representatives NNS of IN the DT Ontario NP Flue NN Cured VVN Tobacco NP Growers NNS Marketing NP Board NP accompanied VVD federal JJ Agriculture NP Minister NP Ralph NP Goodale NP on IN a DT trade NN mission NN to TO China NP and CC other JJ Asian JJ countries NNS . SENT Goodale NP defended VVD the DT trip NN . SENT They PP tobacco NN growers NNS are VBP a DT part NN of IN agricultural JJ production NN in IN the DT country NN . SENT . SENT . SENT so RB it PP s VVZ a DT matter NN of IN us PP discharging VVG our PP$ normal JJ commercial JJ responsibilities NNS . SENT 454 CD Specific JJ programs NNS to TO help VV tobacco NN farmers NNS exit NN from IN tobacco NN farming NN have VHP been VBN part NN of IN Canada NP s PP overall JJ strategy NN to TO reduce VV tobacco NN , , although IN sometimes RB these DT programs NNS have VHP been VBN underrecognized VVN . SENT Few JJ countries NNS have VHP implemented VVN initiatives NNS comparable JJ to TO Canada NP s PP . SENT Between IN 1987 CD and CC 1993 CD , , more JJR than IN 50 CD million CD was VBD paid VVN by IN federal JJ and CC provincial JJ governments NNS to TO farmers NNS who WP stopped VVD growing VVG tobacco NN . SENT A DT further JJR 13 CD million CD was VBD spent VVN on IN projects NNS helping VVG to TO find VV alternative JJ crops NNS . SENT 627 RB These DT initiatives NNS have VHP had VHN three CD obvious JJ practical JJ and CC political JJ benefits NNS . SENT They PP assisted VVN affected JJ farmers NNS . SENT They PP reduced VVD the DT number NN of IN people NNS with IN a DT vested JJ economic JJ interest NN in IN opposing VVG tobacco NN control NN measures NNS . SENT and CC They PP gave VVD governments NNS a DT handy JJ response NN when WRB faced VVN with IN farmer NN complaints NNS about IN efforts NNS to TO reduce VV smoking NN . SENT Federal JJ aid NN to TO help VV farmers NNS exit VV from IN tobacco NN farming NN was VBD critical JJ in IN assisting VVG passage NN of IN the DT TPCA NP . SENT Easily RB the DT most RBS expensive JJ part NN of IN the DT government NN s PP comprehensive JJ tobacco NN control NN policy NN announced VVD in IN 1987 CD , , the DT aid NN allowed VVD the DT Agriculture NP Minister NP to TO remain VV substantially RB silent JJ as IN the DT Health NP Minister NP championed VVD the DT ban NN on IN tobacco NN advertising NN and CC other JJ health NN measures NNS . SENT The DT Tobacco NP Diversification NN Plan NN , , announced VVN in IN 1987 CD , , was VBD funded VVN by IN the DT federal JJ and CC provincial JJ governments NNS . SENT The DT plan NN had VHD two CD components NNS . SENT the DT Tobacco NP Transition NN Adjustment NN Initiative NP commonly RB known VVN as IN Redux NP and CC the DT Alternative NP Enterprise NP Initiative NP . SENT Redux NP provided VVD compensation NN to TO farmers NNS who WP had VHD left VVN tobacco NN and CC financial JJ incentives NNS for IN other JJ farmers NNS to TO cease VV tobacco NN production NN . SENT Farmers NNS who WP retired VVD 50 CD of IN their PP$ quota NN and CC sold VVD the DT remaining VVG 50 CD on IN the DT open JJ market NN could MD get VV up RB to TO 65 CD 000 CD compensation NN . SENT By IN all DT accounts NNS , , the DT program NN helped VVD with IN an DT orderly JJ downsizing NN of IN tobacco NN farming NN . SENT Remaining JJ farmers NNS were VBD also RB in IN a DT better JJR position NN because IN they PP were VBD able JJ to TO grow VV a DT higher JJR percentage NN of IN their PP$ quota NN . SENT By IN 1990 CD , , Redux NP had VHD helped VVN about IN one CD third NN of IN tobacco NN growers NNS across IN Canada NP exit NN from IN tobacco NN production NN . SENT Of IN the DT Ontario NP farmers NNS who WP exited VVD , , half NN said VVD they PP would MD have VH exited VVD had VHD there RB been VBN no DT program NN , , and CC a DT third NN said VVD the DT program NN prompted VVD them PP to TO discontinue VV farming NN . SENT Many JJ farmers NNS eligible JJ for IN Redux NP did VVD not RB take VV advantage NN of IN the DT program NN because IN they PP were VBD better RBR off IN continuing VVG to TO grow VV tobacco NN . SENT Of IN the DT Ontario NP and CC Quebec NP farmers NNS who WP did VVD leave VV , , about IN 40 CD were VBD still RB involved VVN afterward RB in IN tobacco NN growing VVG , , typically RB as IN employees NNS of IN other JJ farmers NNS . SENT The DT Alternative NP Enterprise NP Initiative NP provided VVD financial JJ support NN for IN the DT development NN of IN new JJ crops NNS , , or CC the DT marketing NN and CC processing NN of IN existing VVG nontobacco NN crops NNS unless IN this DT disrupted VVN crop NN production NN by IN other JJ farmers NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT program NN was VBD not RB very RB successful JJ . SENT Some DT of IN the DT funds NNS were VBD not RB used VVN because IN farmers NNS were VBD reluctant JJ to TO leave VV a DT high JJ income NN crop NN tobacco NN for IN a DT riskier JJR low JJ income NN activity NN . SENT Large JJ amounts NNS of IN money NN were VBD given VVN to TO various JJ ventures NNS that WDT often RB failed VVD . SENT A DT peanut NN cooperative NN , , for IN example NN , , went VVD bankrupt JJ . SENT The DT Southern NP Ontario NP Tomato NN Cooperative NN was VBD given VVN money NN to TO run VV a DT tomato NN processing NN facility NN , , but CC this DT was VBD a DT very RB controversial JJ , , problem NN ridden JJ project NN , , according VVG to TO a DT government NN evaluation NN . SENT 8 CD , , p NN . SENT 13 CD The DT tomato NN venture NN failed VVD . SENT The DT problem NN was VBD that IN farmers NNS did VVD not RB have VH the DT necessary JJ knowledge NN base NN or CC marketing NN skills NNS to TO suddenly RB jump VV into IN new JJ big JJ projects NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB said VVN that IN the DT land NN on IN which WDT tobacco NN is VBZ grown VVN cannot JJ support NN crops NNS other JJ than IN tobacco NN . SENT This DT is VBZ wrong JJ . SENT In IN almost RB every DT case NN , , tobacco NN is VBZ grown VVN in IN rotation NN with IN other JJ crops NNS . SENT for IN example NN , , tobacco NN and CC rye NN are VBP grown VVN in IN alternate JJ years NNS on IN the DT same JJ plot NN . SENT This DT is VBZ proof NN that IN the DT land NN can MD support VV a DT different JJ crop NN . SENT It PP would MD be VB fair JJ to TO say VV , , however RB , , that IN no DT other JJ crops NNS can MD replace VV the DT income NN that IN tobacco NN brings VVZ . SENT Since IN the DT early JJ 1980 CD s PP , , many JJ farmers NNS who WP once RB grew VVD tobacco NN have VHP used VVN their PP$ land NN to TO produce VV alternative JJ crops NNS , , including VVG ginseng NN , , baby NN carrots NNS , , rhubarb NN , , spanish JJ onions NNS , , zucchini NNS , , coriander NN , , garlic NN , , melons NNS , , early JJ and CC sweet JJ potatoes NNS , , buckwheat NN , , and CC hay NN . SENT 267 CD Government NP programs NNS have VHP contributed VVN to TO this DT diversification NN , , but CC the DT biggest JJS factor NN has VHZ been VBN the DT free JJ market NN . SENT As IN the DT demand NN for IN tobacco NN fell VVD in IN the DT 1980 CD s PP , , farmers NNS realized VVD they PP could MD make VV more JJR money NN by IN growing VVG something NN else RB . SENT According VVG to TO an DT Agriculture NP Canada NP report NN , , university NN and CC government NN researchers NNS feel VVP that IN the DT current JJ tobacco NN belt NN will MD be VB the DT horticultural JJ centre NN of IN Ontario NP by IN the DT year NN 2020 CD . SENT The DT report NN states NNS that IN the DT tobacco NN region NN is VBZ widely RB regarded VVN as IN holding VVG the DT most RBS potential JJ in IN the DT province NN for IN horticulture NN , , because IN of IN its PP$ favourable JJ climate NN and CC abundance NN of IN water NN , , proximity NN to TO large JJ markets NNS , , and CC sandy JJ soil NN that WDT permits VVZ early JJ and CC late JJ field NN work NN . SENT 8 CD , , p NN . SENT 15 CD Already RB , , urban JJ encroachment NN is VBZ prompting VVG growers NNS from IN the DT nearby JJ Niagara NP Peninsula NP to TO move VV into IN the DT tobacco NN region NN . SENT These DT growers NNS bring VVP with IN them PP expertise NN in IN growing VVG nontobacco NN crops NNS . SENT By IN the DT late JJ 1980 CD s PP , , tobacco NN farming NN had VHD stabilized VVN , , and CC the DT number NN of IN farmers NNS exiting VVG from IN tobacco NN production NN slowed VVD to TO a DT trickle NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT amount NN of IN money NN needed VVN for IN diversification NN initiatives NNS also RB decreased VVD . SENT The DT Ontario NP Tobacco NP Diversification NN Program NN , , funded VVN by IN the DT federal JJ and CC Ontario NP governments NNS , , had VHD 6 CD million CD available JJ for IN 1994 CD 96 CD . SENT The DT program NN subsidizes VVZ projects NNS to TO help VV the DT local JJ economy NN shift NN away RB from IN its PP$ dependence NN on IN tobacco NN . SENT In IN the DT short JJ term NN , , tobacco NN farmers NNS will MD probably RB be VB secure JJ and CC continue VV to TO make VV good JJ money NN . SENT The DT current JJ farmers NNS are VBP getting VVG older JJR , , with IN many JJ approaching VVG retirement NN . SENT Farmers NP children NNS are VBP much RB less RBR interested JJ in IN taking VVG over RP the DT family NN farm NN than IN would MD have VH been VBN the DT case NN two CD decades NNS ago RB . SENT The DT abuse NN directed VVN toward IN tobacco NN farmers NNS and CC the DT uncertain JJ future NN of IN tobacco NN have VHP prompted VVN the DT pursuit NN of IN other JJ careers NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ expected VVN that IN retiring VVG tobacco NN farmers NNS will MD sell VV their PP$ farms NNS to TO neighbours NNS . SENT Those DT remaining VVG will MD be VB fewer JJR and CC wealthier JJR , , with IN more JJR acreage NN under IN their PP$ direction NN . SENT The DT long JJ term NN future NN of IN tobacco NN farming NN may MD be VB shaky JJ because IN of IN the DT inefficiency NN of IN growing VVG tobacco NN in IN Canada NP compared VVN with IN other JJ countries NNS , , especially RB low JJ cost NN developing VVG countries NNS . SENT If IN Canadian JJ manufacturers NNS ever RB change VVP their PP$ minds NNS about IN the DT current JJ practice NN of IN paying VVG farmers NNS prices NNS above IN world NN levels NNS and CC if IN manufacturers NNS find VVP a DT suitable JJ raw JJ leaf NN substitute NN for IN the DT somewhat RB unique JJ taste NN of IN Canadian JJ tobacco NN , , many JJ Canadian JJ farmers NNS could MD be VB in IN big JJ trouble NN . SENT Meanwhile RB , , the DT marketing NN boards NNS keep VVP the DT prices NNS of IN domestic JJ leaf NN tobacco NN high JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ ironic JJ that IN farmers NNS vigorously RB protest VV regulation NN by IN government NN , , when WRB it PP is VBZ regulation NN that WDT helps VVZ them PP stay VV in IN business NN and CC provides VVZ them PP with IN millions NNS of IN dollars NNS of IN extra JJ revenue NN each DT year NN . SENT guest JJ Read NP Ottawa NP Login NP Important JJ Notices NNS Copyright NN 1995 CD 2003 CD International NP Development NP Research NP Centre NP