/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/20/file13.html NN ----------------------------------------- : The DT Legacy NP of IN the DT Great NP War NP . SENT Peacemaking NN , , 1919 CD . SENT Ed NP . SENT William NP R NP . SENT Keylor NP . SENT Boston NP and CC New NP York NP . SENT Houghton NP Mifflin NP , , 1998 CD . SENT vii NNS 259 CD pp NNS . SENT Chronology NN of IN Events NNS , , Principal NN Proper NP Names NPS , , Maps NNS , , and CC Bibliography NN . SENT ISBN NNS 0 CD 669 CD 41711 CD 4 CD . SENT Review NN by IN Joel NP Blatt NP , , University NP of IN Connecticut NP , , Stamford NP Campus NP , , for IN H NP France NP , , April NP 2001 CD . SENT The DT Versailles NP Treaty NP of IN 1919 CD remains VVZ one CD of IN the DT most RBS profoundly RB misinterpreted VVN international JJ events NNS of IN modern JJ history NN . SENT Eighty CD years NNS after IN the DT victors NNS attempted VVD to TO put VV Humpty NN Dumpty NP back RB together RB again RB , , a DT simplistic JJ account NN of IN the DT international JJ conference NN continues VVZ to TO be VB deeply RB embedded VVN in IN public JJ consciousness NN and CC at IN least JJS some DT high JJ school NN curricula NNS . SENT This DT reading NN of IN the DT Treaty NP alleges VVZ extraordinarily RB harsh JJ treatment NN of IN Germany NP , , featuring VVG ruinous JJ reparations NNS that WDT caused VVD calamitous JJ inflation NN and CC later RBR the DT Great NP Depression NP , , leaving VVG Hitler NP and CC World NP War NP II NP in IN their PP$ wake NN . SENT William NP Keylor NP s PP The NP Legacy NP of IN the DT Great NP War NP offers VVZ a DT contemporary JJ reassessment NN in IN a DT sagely RB selected VVN collection NN of IN essays NNS in IN Houghton NP Mifflin NP s PP Problems NP in IN European JJ Civilization NN series NN . SENT Keylor NP is VBZ the DT author NN of IN a DT text NN on IN twentieth JJ century NN international JJ relations NNS , , which WDT provides VVZ him PP with IN a DT century NN long JJ and CC international JJ overview NN , , and CC he PP has VHZ published VVN recently RB two CD relevant JJ essays NNS . SENT 1 CD In IN his PP$ Introduction NN , , Keylor NP sketches VVZ the DT context NN of IN the DT peace NN conference NN , , its PP$ historiography NN , , and CC the DT structure NN of IN his PP$ volume NN . SENT He PP ascribes VVZ the DT negative JJ impressions NNS of IN the DT Paris NP Peace NP Conference NP largely RB to TO the DT first JJ fifty CD years NNS of IN historiography NN , , which WDT held VVD that IN a DT Carthaginian NP peace NN had VHD undermined VVN Woodrow NP Wilson NP s PP moral JJ vision NN . SENT To TO wit NN , , John NP Maynard NP Keynes NP s PP Economic NP Consequences NNS of IN the DT Peace NN sold VVN like IN a DT potboiler NN p NN . SENT 13 CD . SENT Ray NP Stannard NP Baker NP and CC Harold NP Nicolson NP reinforced VVD these DT negative JJ images NNS , , while IN Revisionist JJ historians NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS cast VVD doubt NN on IN Germany NP s PP responsibility NN for IN the DT outbreak NN of IN war NN . SENT Cold JJ War NP historiography NN of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP remained VVD negative JJ . SENT For IN example NN , , Arno NP Mayer NP and CC others NNS stressed VVD the DT influence NN of IN anti JJ Communism NN on IN peacemaking NN in IN 1919 CD . SENT During IN the DT 1970 CD s PP and CC 1980 CD s PP , , however RB , , newly RB opened VVD French JJ archives NN encouraged VVN more RBR favorable JJ interpretations NNS of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , and CC the DT essays NNS in IN this DT volume NN are VBP based VVN primarily RB on IN new JJ archival JJ material NN . SENT They PP also RB address VV issues NNS relegated VVN to TO the DT back JJ burner NN at IN Paris NP . SENT the DT rights NNS of IN minorities NNS , , appeals NNS for IN racial JJ equality NN and CC consideration NN of IN the DT Third NP World NP , , conflicting JJ imperialisms NNS and CC nationalisms NNS in IN the DT Middle NP East NP , , as RB well RB as IN the DT settlement NN with IN Germany NP . SENT Part NN I NN of IN the DT anthology NN assesses VVZ the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP s PP territorial JJ settlement NN . SENT Arthur NP Walworth NP provides VVZ an DT overview NN . SENT The DT Versailles NP Treaty NP emerged VVD from IN contradictions NNS between IN , , on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , Woodrow NP Wilson NP s PP ideal JJ of IN national JJ self NN determination NN and CC , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , strategic JJ , , economic JJ and CC political JJ considerations NNS . SENT Would MD the DT victors NNS and CC their PP$ populations NNS defend VVP accords NNS that WDT placed VVD German JJ minorities NNS within IN Poland NP , , in IN order NN to TO provide VV the DT latter NN with IN an DT outlet NN to TO the DT sea NN , , and CC within IN Czechoslovakia NP , , to TO make VV that DT nation NN more RBR geographically RB defensible JJ and CC more RBR economically RB viable JJ . SENT Wilson NP appealed VVD for IN a DT peace NN of IN justice NN , , not RB vengeance NN p NN . SENT 30 CD . SENT In IN the DT Fontainebleau NP Memorandum NN , , David NP Lloyd NP George NP also RB called VVD for IN a DT moderate JJ peace NN . SENT Having VHG advocated VVN a DT tough JJ treaty NN during IN the DT election NN campaign NN of IN December NP 1918 CD , , and CC after IN achieving VVG a DT number NN of IN his PP$ goals NNS , , the DT British NP Prime NP Minister NP changed VVD direction NN . SENT He PP worried VVD that IN a DT severe JJ peace NN could MD destabilize VV German JJ politics NNS and CC spread NN spartacism NN from IN the DT Urals NP to TO the DT Rhine NP 36 CD . SENT He PP pressed VVD for IN a DT peace NN the DT Germans NPS could MD accept VV . SENT Georges NP Clemenceau NP replied VVD in IN a DT riveting JJ debate NN taken VVN from IN the DT minutes NNS of IN the DT Council NP of IN Four NP on IN March NP 27 CD , , 1919 CD . SENT When WRB Wilson NP pressed VVD Clemenceau NP for IN moderation NN , , the DT French NP Premier NP recognized VVD the DT need NN not RB to TO abuse VV our PP$ victory NN but CC doubted VVD German JJ and CC allied VVD conceptions NNS of IN what WP was VBD fair JJ and CC just RB would MD coincide VV . SENT He PP emphasized VVD that IN the DT United NP States NPS and CC Great NP Britain NP had VHD achieved VVN naval JJ security NN against IN Germany NP and CC insisted VVD that IN France NP required VVD an DT equivalent NN on IN land NN , , stating VVG , , America NP is VBZ far RB away RB , , protected VVN by IN the DT ocean NN . SENT Not RB even RB Napoleon NP himself PP could MD touch VV England NP . SENT You PP are VBP both CC sheltered VVN . SENT we PP are VBP not RB p NN . SENT 43 CD . SENT Where WRB Lloyd NP George NP advised VVD combatting VVG Bolshevism NN by IN recognizing VVG legitimate JJ aspirations NNS , , Clemenceau NP replied VVD that IN a DT sense NN of IN injustice NN among IN the DT victors NNS might MD spread VV Communism NN at IN home NN . SENT The DT British NP Prime NP Minister NP also RB requested VVD Clemenceau NP s PP territorial JJ restraint NN . SENT He PP interjected VVD the DT views NNS of IN the DT South NP African NP General NP Smuts VVZ . SENT Poland NP cannot NN exist VVP without IN the DT good JJ will NN of IN Germany NP and CC Russia NP , , and CC Germany NP will MD remain VV , , despite IN everything NN , , and CC it PP would MD be VB folly NN to TO believe VV that IN we PP can MD reconstruct VV the DT world NN without IN her PP$ assistance NN 45 CD 46 CD . SENT Speeches NNS by IN Hitler NP in IN 1938 CD and CC 1939 CD follow VVP , , portraying VVG Germany NP as IN the DT victim NN of IN the DT democratic JJ peace NN dictators NNS and CC the DT criminals NNS of IN Versailles NP . SENT He PP justified VVD the DT annexation NN of IN Austria NP and CC the DT Sudetenland NP by IN reference NN to TO national JJ self NN determination NN and CC then RB extended VVD the DT borders NNS of IN the DT German JJ nation NN back RB many JJ hundreds NNS of IN years NNS to TO rationalize VV the DT annexation NN of IN the DT rest NN of IN Czechoslovakia NP , , that DT abnormal JJ structure NN 48 CD . SENT Typically RB , , Hitler NP projected VVD his PP$ own JJ mentality NN , , claiming VVG the DT Czechs NNS wished VVD to TO annihilate VV the DT Sudeten NP Germans NPS . SENT Hitler NP railed VVD against IN the DT dictate VVP of IN Versailles NP as IN the DT product NN of IN hatred NN , , malice NN , , and CC unreason VV 50 CD 51 CD . SENT David NP Stevenson NP rounds NNS out IN Part NN I NN with IN an DT assessment NN of IN the DT Russian JJ absence NN from IN Paris NP . SENT The DT post NN World NP War NP I NP settlement NN proved VVD less RBR stable JJ than IN 1814 CD 1815 CD and CC post VV 1945 CD in IN large JJ measure NN because IN of IN the DT complexity NN posed VVN by IN the DT nascent JJ Communist JJ Revolution NN in IN Russia NP . SENT Allied NP policy NN encompassed VVD both DT halting VVG attempts NNS to TO negotiate VV with IN the DT Bolsheviks NNS and CC military JJ intervention NN . SENT The DT latter NN was VBD sufficient JJ to TO sow VV deeper JJR hostility NN between IN the DT Bolsheviks NNS and CC the DT West JJ but CC insufficient JJ to TO overthrow VV the DT revolutionaries NNS . SENT The DT Peace NP Conference NP left VVD relations NNS with IN Communist NP Russia NP unresolved JJ and CC volatile JJ . SENT Part NP II NP of IN Keylor NP s PP anthology NN analyzes VVZ conflicting JJ schemes NNS for IN establishing VVG the DT postwar JJ international JJ system NN . SENT Lloyd NP Ambrosius NP explores VVZ the DT birth NN of IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS . SENT The DT US NP and CC the DT UK NP created VVD the DT League NP Covenant NP in IN accord NN with IN their PP$ own JJ conceptions NNS and CC against IN those DT of IN the DT French JJ , , while IN they PP also RB diminished VVD the DT roles NNS of IN smaller JJR countries NNS . SENT Desiring VVG to TO make VV the DT League NP a DT continuation NN of IN the DT wartime NN alliance NN , , the DT French NP battled VVD unsuccessfully RB for IN the DT inclusion NN of IN a DT military JJ dimension NN . SENT Wilson NP s PP promises VVZ amounted VVD to TO the DT assurance NN that IN , , When WRB danger NN comes VVZ , , we PP too RB will MD come VV . SENT . SENT . SENT but CC you PP must MD trust VV us PP 75 CD . SENT Robert NP Cecil NP , , one CD of IN the DT primary JJ British JJ architects NNS of IN the DT League NP Covenant NP , , warned VVD the DT French JJ that IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NP was VBD their PP$ only JJ means NNS of IN getting VVG the DT assistance NN of IN America NP and CC England NP 75 CD . SENT He PP vehemently RB rejected VVD the DT notion NN of IN the DT League NP as IN an DT alliance NN against IN Germany NP and CC threatened VVD the DT French JJ with IN being VBG left VVN absolutely RB alone RB unless IN they PP renounced VVD their PP$ calls NNS for IN a DT military JJ presence NN in IN the DT League NP . SENT An DT article NN by IN Walter NP McDougall NP explores VVZ how WRB , , having VHG lost VVN the DT struggle NN for IN an DT armed JJ League NP of IN Nations NPS , , the DT French NP sought VVD their PP$ postwar JJ security NN in IN the DT Rhineland NP . SENT Lloyd NP George NP warned VVD of IN a DT new JJ Alsace NN Lorraine NP 85 CD if IN France NP wrenched VVN the DT territory NN away RB from IN Germany NP , , and CC he PP leaned VVD towards IN the DT traditional JJ British JJ foreign JJ policy NN of IN seeking VVG to TO balance VV the DT power NN of IN a DT continental JJ victor NN . SENT Meanwhile RB , , some DT of IN Clemenceau NP s PP French JJ critics NNS encouraged VVD Rhenish JJ independence NN or CC autonomy NN . SENT Poincar NP and CC Foch NP pushed VVD for IN a DT strong JJ French JJ presence NN on IN the DT Rhine NP . SENT Ultimately RB , , Clemenceau NP acquiesced VVD in IN the DT demilitarized VVN Rhineland NP remaining JJ part NN of IN Germany NP in IN exchange NN for IN a DT British JJ American JJ offer NN of IN an DT alliance NN guaranteeing VVG French JJ security NN . SENT This DT offer NN proved VVD to TO be VB a DT case NN of IN bait NN and CC switch NN . SENT Keylor NP himself PP tells VVZ the DT extraordinary JJ story NN of IN the DT birth NN and CC demise NN of IN the DT unprecedented JJ Anglo NP American NP Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NP , , a DT topic NN that WDT suffered VVD for IN many JJ years NNS from IN scholarly JJ neglect NN . SENT Without IN consulting VVG their PP$ militaries NN , , Lloyd NP George NP and CC Wilson NP offered VVD the DT Treaty NP to TO the DT French JJ as IN a DT means VVZ to TO head VV off RP the DT separation NN of IN the DT Rhineland NP from IN Germany NP . SENT The DT Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NP achieved VVD widespread JJ bipartisan JJ support NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS Senate NP and CC in IN the DT British NP Parliament NP . SENT Republicans NNS in IN the DT Senate NP , , including VVG Wilson NP s PP bitter JJ foe NN , , Henry NP Cabot NP Lodge NP , , regarded VVD the DT Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NN favorably RB . SENT When WRB the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP failed VVD to TO achieve VV ratification NN in IN the DT Senate NP , , however RB , , the DT Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NP sank VVD with IN it PP . SENT This DT led VVN Lloyd NP George NP to TO renege VV on IN his PP$ commitment NN , , too RB . SENT In IN a DT second JJ essay NN on IN the DT Anglo NP American NP Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NP , , The DT Treaty NP That IN Never NP Was VBD , , Antony NP Lentin NP suggests VVZ that IN Lloyd NP George NP resorted VVD to TO premeditated VVN guile NN 116 CD , , as IN he PP peddled VVN a DT masterpiece NN of IN legerdemain NN 117 CD to TO Clemenceau NP . SENT Over IN time NN , , often RB unknown JJ to TO Clemenceau NP , , Lloyd NP George NP qualified VVD his PP$ proposal NN . SENT In IN the DT end NN , , Great NP Britain NP would MD only RB honor VV its PP$ commitment NN if IN the DT United NP States NPS ratified VVD the DT Franco NP American NP alliance NN first JJ 112 CD 113 CD . SENT That DT is VBZ , , fearing VVG that IN French JJ Rhineland NP policy NN threatened VVD British JJ economic JJ and CC security NN interests NNS in IN Europe NP and CC future JJ peace NN , , Lloyd NP George NP exaggerated VVD his PP$ commitment NN until IN Clemenceau NP , , a DT man NN who WP kept VVD his PP$ word NN , , agreed VVD to TO settle VV the DT Rhineland NP conundrum NN with IN a DT compromise NN . SENT According VVG to TO Lentin NP , , Clemenceau NP surrendered VVD the DT substance NN for IN the DT shadow NN , , the DT strategic JJ frontier NN for IN a DT piece NN of IN paper NN 114 CD , , just RB as IN his PP$ critics NNS alleged VVD . SENT As RB to TO the DT ethics NNS of IN Lloyd NP George NP s PP policy NN , , Lentin NP quotes VVZ the DT British NP Prime NP Minister NP in IN another DT context NN . SENT If IN you PP want VVP to TO succeed VV in IN politics NNS , , you PP must MD keep VV your PP$ conscience NN well RB under IN control NN 116 CD . SENT Part NP III NP , , The DT Wreck NN of IN Reparations NNS , , begins VVZ with IN Keynes NP s PP broadside NN against IN the DT economic JJ terms NNS of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , followed VVN by IN contributions NNS from IN Marc NP Trachtenberg NP and CC Sally NP Marks NP that WDT encapsulate VV much RB of IN the DT recent JJ post NN revisionism NN . SENT In IN an DT article NN published VVN in IN September NP 1920 CD , , after IN the DT United NP States NPS Senate NP refused VVD to TO ratify VV the DT Treaty NP , , Keynes NP appealed VVD for IN magnanimity NN and CC wisdom NN over IN revenge NN and CC hatred NN 120 CD 121 CD . SENT In IN spite NN of IN Wilson NP s PP Hamlet NP like IN failings NNS , , Keynes NP admired VVD the DT American NP President NP as IN the DT only JJ leader NN to TO have VH sought VVN ideal NN aims VVZ 122 CD . SENT Still RB , , the DT peace NN failed VVD on IN a DT range NN of IN economic JJ issues NNS , , particularly RB by IN destroying VVG Germany NP s PP economy NN . SENT Keynes NP found VVD the DT reparations NNS and CC coal NN components NNS of IN the DT Treaty NP foolish JJ , , idle JJ words NNS 136 CD and CC urged VVD immediate JJ rather RB than IN piecemeal RB revision NN . SENT In IN an DT article NN of IN 1979 CD , , Marc NP Trachtenberg NP challenged VVD the DT Manichaean JJ interpretation NN in IN which WDT France NP allegedly RB pursued VVD a DT Carthaginian NP peace NN , , while IN the DT United NP States NPS represented VVD moderation NN and CC Great NP Britain NP fell VVD between IN them PP . SENT The DT reparations NNS issue NN , , wrote VVD Trachtenberg NP , , emerged VVD only RB after IN the DT United NP States NP bluntly RB rejected VVD French JJ requests NNS for IN the DT continuation NN of IN the DT Entente NN s PP economic JJ cooperation NN . SENT After IN briefly RB threatening VVG high JJ reparation NN demands NNS as IN a DT bargaining NN chip NN with IN the DT United NP States NPS , , the DT French JJ settled VVN into IN an DT essentially RB moderate JJ reparations NNS policy NN 145 CD . SENT Meanwhile RB , , British JJ representatives NNS repeatedly RB proposed VVD the DT largest JJS reparations NNS figures NNS at IN Paris NP . SENT Indeed RB , , British JJ intransigence NN bore VVD ultimate JJ responsibility NN for IN the DT failure NN to TO establish VV a DT fixed JJ reparations NNS sum NN in IN 1919 CD . SENT German JJ archives NN reveal VVP additional JJ evidence NN of IN French JJ moderation NN . SENT French JJ disappointment NN with IN its PP$ allies NNS finally RB led VVN to TO an DT exploration NN of IN collaboration NN franco NP allemand NP , , but CC the DT Germans NPS never RB tested VVN the DT seriousness NN of IN these DT demarches NNS . SENT Trachtenberg NP interprets VVZ French JJ pursuit NN of IN economic JJ cooperation NN with IN Germany NP from IN 1919 CD 1922 CD as IN an DT initial JJ stage NN of IN an DT important JJ strain NN in IN some DT respects VVZ the DT dominant JJ strain NN in IN France NP s PP postwar JJ foreign JJ policy NN 155 CD . SENT Sally NP Marks NP shatters NNS the DT Myths NNS of IN Reparations NNS in IN a DT 1978 CD article NN that WDT traces VVZ reparations NNS from IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP until IN the DT mid JJ 1920 CD s PP . SENT Article NN 231 CD of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP never RB used VVD the DT phrase NN war NN guilt NN . SENT instead RB , , it PP asserted VVD the DT responsibility NN of IN Germany NP and CC her PP$ allies NNS for IN all PDT the DT loss NN and CC damages NNS caused VVN by IN their PP$ aggression NN . SENT Yet RB if IN Article NP 231 CD opened VVD the DT possibility NN of IN unlimited JJ assessments NNS , , Article NP 232 CD narrowed VVD the DT field NN of IN civilian JJ damages NNS . SENT Broadening VVG civilian JJ damages NNS to TO include VV war NN widows NNS pensions NNS and CC allowances NNS for IN military JJ dependents NNS accentuated VVD interallied JJ friction NN and CC increased VVD the DT British JJ share NN of IN reparations NNS but CC did VVD not RB alter VV the DT figures NNS established VVN in IN 1921 CD on IN the DT basis NN of IN German JJ capacity NN to TO pay VV . SENT When WRB the DT Reparations NNS Commission NP established VVD the DT London NP Schedule NN of IN Payments NNS in IN April NP May NP 1921 CD , , the DT figure NN of IN 132 CD billion CD gold JJ marks NNS as IN the DT total JJ German JJ responsibility NN was VBD illusory JJ . SENT German JJ payments NNS were VBD divided VVN into IN A NP , , B NP , , and CC C NP bonds NNS , , with IN the DT C NP bonds NNS , , the DT largest JJS of IN the DT German JJ debt NN , , deliberately RB . SENT . SENT . SENT chimerical JJ , , meant VVD principally RB to TO mislead VV public JJ opinion NN in IN the DT receiver NN countries NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT 159 CD . SENT Actually RB , , Germany NP was VBD asked VVN to TO pay VV 50 CD billion CD gold NN marks VVZ approximately RB 12 CD 1 CD 2 CD billion CD . SENT During IN the DT summer NN of IN 1921 CD , , Germany NP paid VVD 1 CD billion CD gold JJ marks NNS in IN cash NN , , but CC thereafter RB paid VVN little RB in IN cash NN until IN after IN the DT Dawes NP Plan NP , , while IN in IN kind NN payments NNS fell VVD beneath IN established JJ levels NNS . SENT During IN this DT period NN , , German JJ inflation NN climaxed VVD . SENT German JJ leaders NNS blamed VVD reparations NNS , , while IN Allied JJ experts NNS and CC Marks NNS sides NNS with IN them PP claimed VVD that IN Germany NP was VBD deliberately RB ruining VVG the DT mark NN , , partly RB to TO avoid VV budgetary JJ and CC currency NN reform NN , , but CC primarily RB to TO escape VV reparations NNS 160 CD . SENT In IN December NP 1922 CD , , the DT Reparations NNS Commission NP held VVD Germany NP in IN default NN in IN timber NN shipments NNS . SENT In IN January NP 1923 CD , , after IN the DT thirty CD fourth JJ coal NN default NN in IN thirty CD six CD months NNS 161 CD , , France NP , , Belgium NP and CC Italy NP , , against IN British JJ opposition NN , , occupied VVD the DT Ruhr NN . SENT For IN Marks NP , , the DT Ruhr NP occupation NN represented VVD France NP s PP last JJ trump NN , , either DT victory NN or CC permanent JJ defeat NN . SENT For IN Raymond NP Poincar NP , , the DT fundamental JJ issues NNS were VBD . SENT . SENT . SENT survival NN of IN the DT Treaty NP and CC of IN France's NP victory NN in IN the DT war NN 163 CD . SENT The DT British NP won VVD the DT propaganda NN battle NN , , and CC the DT disruption NN of IN the DT German JJ economy NN aided VVN British JJ exports NNS . SENT But CC the DT Ruhr NN action NN also RB made VVD money NN for IN the DT occupiers NNS , , while IN the DT astronomic JJ inflation NN . SENT . SENT . SENT a DT result NN of IN German JJ policy NN , , not RB of IN the DT occupation NN itself PP 163 RB , , ultimately RB allowed VVD the DT German JJ government NN to TO pay VV off RP its PP$ debts NNS and CC benefited VVD some DT German JJ industrialists NNS . SENT Ironically RB , , according VVG to TO Marks NP , , the DT aftermath NN of IN the DT Ruhr NP occupation NN cost VVD France NP the DT postwar JJ advantage NN . SENT Beset VVN by IN its PP$ own JJ financial JJ crisis NN and CC by IN international JJ isolation NN , , France NP ultimately RB accepted VVD unfavorable JJ terms NNS in IN the DT Dawes NP Plan NP and CC particularly RB during IN the DT London NP Conference NP of IN July NP August NP 1924 CD , , which WDT limited VVD future JJ independent JJ French JJ action NN . SENT The DT ultimate JJ effect NN of IN German JJ failure NN to TO pay VV reparations NNS in IN substantial JJ quantity NN , , writes VVZ Marks NP , , was VBD transfer NN of IN the DT burden NN to TO the DT victors NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT It PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN the DT net JJ effect NN of IN World NP War NP I NP and CC the DT peace NN settlement NN was VBD the DT effective JJ enhancement NN of IN Germany NP s PP relative JJ strength NN in IN Europe NP . SENT . SENT . SENT 166 CD . SENT She PP estimates VVZ that IN Germany NP ultimately RB paid VVD total JJ reparations NNS of IN just RB over IN 20 CD billion CD gold JJ marks NNS or CC 5 CD billion CD , , which WDT was VBD predominantly RB financed VVN by IN foreign JJ loans NNS , , many JJ of IN which WDT were VBD eventually RB repudiated VVN by IN Hitler NP 166 CD . SENT At IN bottom NN , , Marks NP concludes VVZ , , reparations NNS was VBD a DT political JJ issue NN . SENT The DT central JJ question NN was VBD not RB Germany NP s PP capacity NN to TO pay VV but CC its PP$ will NN to TO pay VV or JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT determination NN not RB to TO pay VV 167 CD . SENT Part NP IV NP explores VVZ the DT colonial JJ settlement NN , , the DT manner NN in IN which WDT the DT Allies NNS parceled VVD out RP the DT German JJ Empire NN in IN Africa NP and CC Asia NP and CC part NN of IN the DT Ottoman NP Empire NP in IN the DT Middle NP East NP . SENT Alan NP Sharp NP provides VVZ an DT overview NN . SENT Prior JJ wartime NN decisions NNS and CC the DT trumpeting VVG of IN high JJ moral JJ standards NNS and CC expectations NNS exacerbated VVD the DT difficulties NNS of IN colonial JJ peacemaking NN . SENT The DT device NN of IN mandates NNS served VVN as IN a DT figleaf NN , , squaring VVG allied VVD acquisitiveness NN and CC Wilsonian JJ scruples NNS . SENT The DT American NP President NP had VHD no DT qualms NNS about IN demolishing VVG the DT German JJ Empire NN , , but CC he PP accepted VVD self NN determination NN in IN the DT guise NN of IN trusteeship NN . SENT Thus RB , , in IN the DT tradition NN admired VVN by IN some DT as RB pragmatic JJ realism NN and CC condemned VVN by IN others NNS as IN hypocrisy NN 171 CD , , Lloyd NP George NP and CC Jan NP Smuts NNS , , Prime NP Minister NP of IN South NP Africa NP , , devised VVD the DT mandate NN system NN . SENT Sharp NP analyzes VVZ the DT emergence NN of IN the DT modern JJ Middle NP East NP during IN World NP War NP I NP and CC the DT Paris NP Peace NP Conference NP . SENT Many JJ factors NNS shaped VVN negotiations NNS regarding VVG the DT Middle NP East NP . SENT the DT Anglo NP French JJ rivalry NN . SENT the DT Russian JJ Revolution NN . SENT the DT strengthening NN of IN Turkey NP under IN Mustapha NP Kemal NP . SENT and CC the DT rise NN of IN Arab JJ nationalism NN and CC Jewish JJ nationalism NN Zionism NN . SENT Sharp NP regards VVZ the DT emerging VVG Arab JJ Zionist JJ conflict NN from IN the DT perspectives NNS of IN long JJ term NN British JJ policy NN interests NNS and CC perhaps RB with IN a DT tilt NN towards IN Arab JJ nationalism NN . SENT Sharp's NP major JJ interpretative JJ thread NN is VBZ the DT manner NN in IN which WDT Anglo NP French JJ pursuit NN of IN wartime NN and CC postwar JJ advantages NNS , , in IN the DT worst JJS traditions NNS of IN the DT pre NP war NN imperialism NN 186 CD , , shaped VVN the DT Middle NP East NP settlement NN . SENT The DT Anglo NP French JJ rivalry NN was VBD temporarily RB softened VVN in IN later RBR 1919 JJ and CC early RB 1920 CD by IN compromises NNS over IN territory NN and CC oil NN , , but CC Anglo NP French NP rancor NN remained VVD , , and CC Arab JJ nationalism NN had VHD been VBN disregarded VVN . SENT Arab JJ revolts NNS in IN 1920 CD presaged VVD the DT future NN . SENT Next RB , , Keylor NP , , the DT Editor NP , , balances VVZ a DT letter NN from IN Jewish JJ leaders NNS to TO Woodrow NP Wilson NP appealing VVG for IN recognition NN of IN Jewish JJ aspirations NNS in IN Palestine NP and CC Prince NP Faisal's NP appearance NN before IN the DT Council NP of IN Ten CD calling NN for IN self NN determination NN and CC independence NN for IN the DT Arabs NPS . SENT Arthur NP Walworth NP focuses VVZ on IN the DT intense JJ dispute NN between IN Japan NP and CC China NP over IN the DT spoils NNS of IN German JJ defeat NN . SENT Japan NP had VHD entered VVN World NP War NP I NP in IN 1914 CD and CC occupied JJ islands NNS and CC parts NNS of IN China NP held VVD by IN Germany NP . SENT In IN 1917 CD , , in IN return NN for IN Japanese JJ naval JJ support NN , , Great NP Britain NP had VHD agreed VVN to TO favor VV Japanese JJ claims NNS to TO former JJ German JJ holdings NNS in IN Asia NP also RB see VVP Sharp's NP excerpt NN , , 174 CD 175 CD . SENT China NP had VHD entered VVN World NP War NP I NP in IN August NP 1917 CD , , and CC at IN the DT Paris NP Peace NP Conference NP demanded VVD sovereignty NN over IN its PP$ own JJ territory NN . SENT The DT issue NN climaxed VVN in IN late JJ April NP 1919 CD at IN the DT same JJ moment NN that IN Italian JJ leaders NNS had VHD temporarily RB left VVN the DT Peace NP Conference NP . SENT Wilson NP feared VVD a DT threatened VVN Japanese JJ withdrawal NN from IN Paris NP might MD doom VV the DT peace NN conference NN and CC the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS , , tempt VVP Germany NP to TO reject VV the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , and CC encourage VV a DT German JJ Japanese JJ Russian JJ alliance NN . SENT Although IN widespread JJ sympathies NNS for IN China NP abounded VVD in IN the DT American JJ delegation NN , , the DT United NP States NPS and CC Wilson NP acquiesced VVD in IN Japanese JJ demands NNS for IN control NN of IN Shantung NN and CC hoped VVN that IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS would MD protect VV China NP . SENT Ultimately RB , , China NP refused VVD to TO sign VV the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , complaining VVG that IN it PP violated VVD both DT justice NN and CC its PP$ own JJ principles NNS . SENT At IN the DT beginning NN of IN Part NN V NN , , The DT Abortive JJ Quest NP for IN Human NP Rights NP , , Keylor NP emphasizes VVZ the DT Conference NP s PP rejection NN of IN appeals NNS by IN W NP . SENT E SYM . SENT B LS . SENT Du NP Bois NP and CC Ho NP Chi NP Minh NP for IN self NN determination NN in IN Africa NP and CC Vietnam NP , , observing VVG that IN Wilson NP s PP ideal JJ of IN self NN determination NN did VVD not RB extend VV beyond IN white JJ Europeans NNS 224 CD . SENT Wilson NP never RB responded VVD to TO a DT letter NN from IN Du NP Bois NP requesting VVG a DT meeting NN nor CC to TO his PP$ memorandum NN proposing VVG independence NN and CC modernization NN for IN the DT African JJ inhabitants NNS of IN Germany NP s PP former JJ colonies NNS . SENT Both DT documents NNS are VBP included VVN in IN this DT volume NN . SENT Carole NP Fink NP next RB traces VVZ the DT dense JJ historical JJ context NN from IN which WDT emerged VVD another DT significant JJ but CC little JJ considered VVN aspect NN of IN the DT Paris NP Peace NP Conference NP , , the DT Polish NP Minority NP Treaty NP . SENT Fink NP terms NNS as IN myths NNS the DT interpretation NN of IN the DT Polish NP Treaty NP as IN primarily RB a DT Wilson NP invention NN , , a DT Jewish JJ victory NN , , or CC a DT Polish JJ defeat NN 237 CD . SENT On IN November NP 22 CD , , 1918 CD , , Polish JJ forces NNS entered VVD Lemberg NP Lwow NP and CC launched VVD a DT major JJ pogrom NN against IN Jews NPS , , followed VVN in IN April NP 1919 CD , , as IN Polish JJ forces NNS invaded VVD Belorussia NP and CC Lithuania NP , , by IN pogroms NNS in IN Pinsk NP and CC Vilna NP . SENT Western NP Jews NPS demanded VVD protection NN for IN their PP$ co NP religionists NNS . SENT Parenthetically RB , , given VVN the DT subsequent JJ history NN , , it PP is VBZ a DT cosmic JJ irony NN that IN Germany NP and CC Jews NPS frequently RB collaborated VVD on IN minority NN issues NNS in IN the DT immediate JJ postwar JJ years NNS . SENT Fink NP suggests VVZ that IN the DT Western JJ nations NNS acted VVD out RP of IN fear NN that IN , , if IN new JJ countries NNS would MD not RB assimilate VV minorities NNS , , the DT resulting VVG turmoil NN might MD provoke VV ground NN swells NNS of IN emigration NN . SENT Polish JJ instability NN in IN particular JJ might MD encourage VV expansionist JJ responses NNS by IN Germany NP and CC Russia NP or CC even RB a DT German JJ Bolshevik NN rapprochement NN 232 CD 233 CD . SENT With IN minority NN issues NNS bubbling VVG in IN Eastern NP Europe NP , , on IN May NP 1 CD , , 1919 CD President NP Wilson NP established VVD a DT committee NN to TO draw VV up RP a DT Polish JJ Minority NP Treaty NP . SENT The DT leaders NNS of IN the DT new JJ states NNS protested VVD this DT incursion NN on IN their PP$ national JJ sovereignty NN , , but CC Wilson NP affirmed VVD that IN the DT great JJ powers NNS cannot NN afford VVP to TO leave VV elements NNS of IN disturbance NN unremoved JJ which WDT they PP believe VVP will MD disturb VV the DT peace NN of IN the DT world NN 233 CD . SENT Moments NNS after IN the DT German JJ signing NN of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP on IN June NP 28 CD , , 1919 CD , , Polish JJ leaders NNS reluctantly RB signed VVD the DT Polish JJ Minority NP Treaty NP , , which WDT spelled VVN out IN Poland NP s PP obligations NNS to TO its PP$ minorities NNS . SENT This DT accord NN became VVD the DT model NN for IN treaties NNS with IN Czechoslovakia NP , , Romania NP , , Yugoslavia NP , , Greece NP , , Austria NP , , Hungary NP , , Bulgaria NP , , and CC later RBR with IN the DT Baltic JJ states NNS , , demanding VVG full JJ and CC complete JJ protection NN of IN life NN and CC liberty NN to TO all DT inhabitants NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT without IN distinction NN of IN birth NN , , nationality NN , , language NN , , race NN , , or CC religion NN 234 CD . SENT The DT Committee NP hammered VVN out IN compromises NNS on IN thorny JJ fundamental JJ issues NNS such JJ as IN citizenship NN , , language NN , , education NN , , and CC religious JJ observance NN . SENT Future JJ disputes NNS were VBD turned VVN over RP to TO the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS , , which WDT tended VVD to TO sympathize VV more JJR with IN the DT new JJ states NNS than IN with IN their PP$ minorities NNS . SENT For IN all PDT its PP$ failures NNS , , Carole NP Fink NP adjudges VVZ the DT Minority NP Treaty NP a DT genuine JJ accomplishment NN , , even RB though RB , , in IN the DT end NN , , neither CC the DT United NP States NPS nor CC the DT Allies NNS nor CC the DT League NP defended VVD these DT accords NNS . SENT In IN Keylor NP s PP final JJ selection NN , , Paul NP Gordon NP Lauren NP describes VVZ the DT dramatic JJ , , unsuccessful JJ Japanese JJ struggle NN at IN Paris NP for IN racial JJ equality NN . SENT Smarting VVG from IN severe JJ discrimination NN against IN Japanese JJ in IN the DT United NP States NPS , , Canada NP , , and CC Australia NP , , desiring VVG recognition NN as IN a DT great JJ power NN , , and CC encouraged VVN by IN Wilson NP s PP words NNS , , the DT Japanese JJ proposed VVN inclusion NN of IN racial JJ equality NN in IN the DT League NP Covenant NP . SENT But CC Japanese JJ representatives NNS ran VVD into IN an DT American NP , , British NP , , and CC Australian JJ wall NN . SENT The DT southerner JJR Wilson NP had VHD defended VVN segregation NN publicly RB , , while IN Prime NP Minister NP William NP Hughes NP had VHD bluntly RB proclaimed VVD his PP$ commitment NN to TO a DT White NP Australia NP 244 CD . SENT British NP Foreign NP Secretary NP Arthur NP Balfour NP characterized VVD the DT American JJ declaration NN that IN all DT men NNS are VBP created VVN equal JJ as IN a DT false JJ eighteenth JJ century NN proposition NN . SENT In IN response NN to TO the DT opposition NN , , a DT divided VVN Japanese JJ delegation NN toned VVN down RP its PP$ amendment NN , , requesting VVG only RB an DT affirmation NN of IN the DT principle NN of IN equality NN of IN nations NNS and CC just RB treatment NN of IN their PP$ nationals NNS 248 CD . SENT Although IN the DT Japanese NNS were VBD supported VVN by IN the DT Italians NNS , , French JJ and CC others NNS , , Wilson NP , , pressured VVN by IN segments NNS of IN American JJ public JJ opinion NN , , ultimately RB blocked VVD an DT eloquent JJ appeal NN by IN the DT Japanese JJ delegate NN Baron NP Makino NP before IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS Commission NP . SENT At IN the DT last JJ plenary JJ meeting NN of IN the DT Commission NP , , Makino NP characterized VVD the DT racial JJ issue NN as IN a DT standing NN grievance NN which WDT might MD become VV active JJ at IN any DT moment NN . SENT He PP also RB returned VVD to TO the DT initial JJ Japanese JJ phrasing NN of IN the DT question NN with IN direct JJ reference NN to TO race NN 252 CD . SENT Thus RB Japan NP became VVD the DT standard JJ bearer NN of IN the DT colored VVN cause NN at IN Paris NP 254 CD . SENT With IN William NP Keylor NP s PP anthology NN as IN the DT stimulus NN , , let VV me PP add VV some DT observations NNS about IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , its PP$ durability NN , , its PP$ role NN in IN the DT coming VVG of IN World NP War NP II NP , , and CC its PP$ place NN in IN twentieth JJ century NN history NN . SENT The DT Carthaginian NP Peace NN interpretation NN always RB rested VVD on IN shaky JJ foundations NNS . SENT The DT key JJ question NN about IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP s PP alleged VVN harshness NN ought MD to TO be VB . SENT COMPARED VVN TO TO WHAT WP . SENT The DT Treaty NP of IN Brest NP Litovsk NP imposed VVD by IN Germany NP on IN Russia NP in IN March NP 1918 CD was VBD significantly RB harsher JJR than IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , as IN was VBD the DT peace NN of IN 1945 CD . SENT Bismarck NP s PP Peace NP of IN Frankfurt NP in IN 1871 CD at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT Franco NP Prussian NN War NP was VBD arguably RB harsher JJR . SENT In IN contrast NN , , the DT Treaty NP of IN Vienna NP of IN 1815 CD was VBD more RBR moderate JJ . SENT Keynes NP s PP standards NNS for IN judging VVG the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP were VBD Anglocentric JJ , , focused VVN on IN economics NNS , , and CC contrasted VVD the DT outcome NN of IN the DT peacemakers NNS work VVP unfavorably RB with IN the DT maximum JJ potentials NNS of IN Wilsonian JJ idealism NN . SENT The DT German JJ propaganda NN assault NN against IN Article NP 231 CD s PP war NN guilt NN allegation NN provided VVD another DT pillar NN of IN the DT Carthaginian NP Peace NP . SENT In IN one CD of IN the DT century NN s PP most RBS effective JJ propaganda NN campaigns NNS , , the DT German JJ government NN systematically RB distorted VVN the DT historical JJ record NN about IN Germany NP s PP role NN in IN the DT coming VVG of IN World NP War NP I NP , , coerced VVD German JJ historians NNS , , and CC enticed VVD American JJ historians NNS to TO take VV the DT German JJ side NN . SENT 2 CD Keylor NP s NN volume NN demolishes VVZ the DT legend NN of IN the DT Carthaginian NP Peace NP . SENT Yet RB , , if IN not RB Carthaginian JJ , , then RB what WP was VBD it PP . SENT A DT middle JJ level NN peace NN , , neither CC harsh JJ nor CC conciliatory JJ . SENT a DT hard JJ compromise NN among IN the DT victors NNS . SENT Germany NP lost VVD some DT continental JJ territory NN and CC its PP$ colonies NNS , , but CC its PP$ heartland NN remained VVD fundamentally RB intact JJ . SENT Germany NP paid VVD reparations NNS but CC never RB huge JJ sums NNS , , and CC some DT reparation NN was VBD surely RB legitimate JJ . SENT Much RB of IN northeastern JJ France NP and CC Belgium NP lay VVD in IN ruins NNS , , as IN the DT Schlieffen NP Plan NP failed VVD to TO bring VV quick JJ German JJ victory NN but CC ensured VVD that IN the DT Western NP Front NP would MD run VV through IN its PP$ enemies NNS territories NNS rather RB than IN its PP$ own JJ . SENT To TO compound VV wartime NN French JJ losses NNS , , Germany NP sabotaged VVD French JJ coal NN mines NNS and CC other JJ resources NNS during IN the DT retreat NN of IN 1918 CD . SENT Then RB , , when WRB the DT engines NNS of IN destruction NN threatened VVN to TO roll VV into IN Germany NP in IN 1918 CD , , Germany NP sought VVD and CC received VVD an DT armistice NN , , saving VVG itself PP for IN another DT attempt NN at IN hegemony NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , there EX was VBD at IN least JJS one CD area NN in IN which WDT the DT Allies NNS treated VVD Germany NP harshly RB . SENT Pride NN . SENT And CC pride NN matters NNS . SENT The DT War NP Responsibility NN Clause NN a DT more RBR apposite JJ phrase NN , , taking VVG Sally NP Marks NP essay NN into IN account NN was VBD gratuitously RB provocative JJ . SENT Barring VVG Germany NP from IN the DT negotiations NNS of IN 1919 CD , , in IN contrast NN to TO the DT inclusion NN of IN defeated VVN France NP in IN the DT Congress NP of IN Vienna NP , , wounded JJ German JJ pride NN . SENT Excluding NP Germany NP and CC Communist NP Russia NP , , potentially RB the DT two CD most RBS powerful JJ continental JJ countries NNS , , from IN the DT peacemaking NN in IN 1919 CD virtually RB guaranteed VVN the DT future NN of IN integral JJ revisionism NN against IN the DT postwar JJ settlements NNS . SENT Another DT conclusion NN suggested VVD by IN these DT essays NNS is VBZ that IN after IN the DT Great NP War NP the DT struggle NN for IN the DT mastery NN of IN Europe NP A NP . SENT J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Taylor NP s PP phrase NN was VBD far RB from IN over RB . SENT The DT cycle NN of IN German JJ French JJ wars NNS had VHD not RB ended VVN . SENT It PP was VBD only RB in IN 1945 CD , , when WRB Germany NP s PP defeat VV was VBD so RB total JJ , , its PP$ crimes NNS so RB monstrous JJ , , its PP$ power NN so RB contained VVD , , that IN the DT German JJ phase NN of IN the DT struggle NN for IN supremacy NN in IN Europe NP seemed VVD finished VVN or CC at IN least JJS postponed VVN for IN decades NNS . SENT What WP would MD it PP have VHP taken VVN to TO have VH ended VVN the DT cycle NN of IN violence NN in IN 1919 CD . SENT Could MD another DT sort NN of IN peacemaking NN have VHP avoided VVN a DT third JJ German JJ French JJ war NN . SENT The DT Versailles NP Treaty NP did VVD not RB cause VV World NP War NP II NP . SENT Rather RB World NP War NP I PP , , previous JJ and CC ongoing JJ trends NNS , , and CC massive JJ economic JJ convulsions NNS largely RB separate JJ from IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP triggered VVD the DT Second NP World NP War NP . SENT Mountainous JJ problems NNS faced VVD the DT peacemakers NNS of IN 1919 CD . SENT The DT damage NN was VBD vast JJ , , while IN the DT Bolshevik NN Revolution NN presaged VVD a DT major JJ intensification NN of IN ideological JJ conflict NN . SENT As IN Keylor NP shows VVZ so RB well RB , , around IN the DT edges NNS of IN the DT conference NN flickered VVD the DT sparks NNS of IN global JJ change NN . SENT Despite IN its PP$ shortcomings NNS , , the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP was VBD potentially RB viable JJ . SENT But CC its PP$ successful JJ implementation NN required VVN wisdom NN and CC strength NN . SENT Instead RB , , divisions NNS among IN the DT wartime NN allies NNS , , due JJ at IN least JJS as RB much JJ to TO the DT United NP States NPS and CC Great NP Britain NP as RB to TO France NP , , augured VVD ill RB for IN its PP$ survival NN . SENT What WP does VVZ Keylor NP s PP anthology NN tell VV us PP about IN the DT victors NNS . SENT At IN the DT top NN of IN a DT pecking VVG order NN of IN power NN , , the DT Anglo NP Saxon NP countries NNS treated VVD France NP shabbily RB , , and CC their PP$ failure NN to TO honor VV their PP$ promises NNS to TO France NP had VHD long JJ standing NN consequences NNS . SENT France NP s PP enormous JJ human JJ losses NNS and CC precarious JJ economic JJ and CC financial JJ condition NN allowed VVD its PP$ two CD allies NNS to TO get VV away RB with IN this DT abdication NN of IN responsibility NN . SENT Too RB often RB during IN the DT interwar NN years NNS , , the DT United NP States NPS and CC Great NP Britain NP asked VVD much RB of IN the DT French JJ and CC offered VVD too RB little JJ or CC nothing NN in IN return NN . SENT At IN Paris NP , , both CC the DT United NP States NPS and CC Great NP Britain NP first RB secured VVD their PP$ own JJ interests NNS naval JJ security NN , , trade NN , , oil NN , , and CC then RB took VVD the DT moral JJ high JJ ground NN in IN response NN to TO French JJ demands NNS for IN equal JJ treatment NN . SENT The DT Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NP could MD have VH soothed VVN French JJ worries NNS about IN security NN and CC provided VVD a DT strong JJ underpinning VVG for IN Franco NP German JJ reconciliation NN maybe RB even RB a DT peaceful JJ revision NN of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP before IN Hitler NP destroyed VVD the DT postwar JJ rules NNS of IN the DT game NN . SENT The DT lost JJ Guarantee NN contributed VVD significantly RB not RB only RB to TO the DT French JJ catastrophe NN of IN May NP June NP 1940 CD , , but CC to TO Great NP Britain NP s PP lonely JJ , , desperate JJ , , heroic JJ summer NN and CC fall NN of IN 1940 CD . SENT It PP also RB led VVD to TO Omaha NP Beach NP on IN June NP 6 CD , , 1944 CD . SENT My PP$ students NNS believe VVP that IN the DT United NP States NPS rescued VVD France NP during IN World NP War NP II NP , , which WDT is VBZ partially RB true JJ , , but CC it PP is VBZ as RB accurate JJ to TO say VV that IN the DT United NP States NPS , , by IN its PP$ failure NN to TO honor VV the DT Treaty NP of IN Guarantee NP and CC its PP$ absence NN in IN 1940 CD , , played VVD a DT major JJ role NN in IN making VVG D NP Day NP necessary JJ . SENT The DT Anglo NP American NP misreading VVG of IN power NN and CC the DT narrowness NN of IN their PP$ self NN interestedness NN in IN 1919 CD and CC during IN the DT interwar NN years NNS contributed VVD as RB much RB as IN French JJ policies NNS to TO dooming VVG the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP . SENT Keylor NP s PP Legacy NP of IN the DT Great NP War NP achieves VVZ its PP$ goal NN of IN convincing VVG us PP of IN the DT significance NN for IN the DT twentieth JJ century NN of IN the DT things NNS not RB done VVN at IN Paris NP , , such JJ as IN Wilson NP s PP refusal NN to TO countenance VV a DT meeting NN with IN African NP Americans NPS about IN Africa NP s PP future JJ and CC the DT rejection NN of IN Japan NP s PP eloquent JJ appeal NN for IN racial JJ equality NN . SENT Japan NP , , like IN the DT other JJ major JJ powers NNS , , had VHD dirty JJ hands NNS , , combining VVG a DT compelling JJ defense NN of IN human JJ rights NNS with IN exploitation NN of IN its PP$ Chinese JJ neighbor NN . SENT One PP also RB can MD contrast VV China NP s PP battering VVG in IN 1919 CD with IN its PP$ position NN at IN the DT start NN of IN the DT twenty CD first JJ century NN , , when WRB the DT China NP Question NN occupies VVZ a DT position NN comparable JJ in IN some DT measure NN to TO the DT German JJ Question NN at IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT preceding JJ century NN . SENT On IN another DT paramount JJ issue NN of IN the DT twentieth JJ century NN , , the DT essays NNS by IN Sharp NP and CC Fink NP provide VVP images NNS of IN both DT Jews NPS and CC Arabs NPS as IN victims NNS . SENT The DT clash NN between IN Israelis NPS and CC Palestinians NPS has VHZ always RB seemed VVN to TO me FW to TO be VB primarily RB a DT conflict NN between IN victims NNS . SENT Perhaps RB recognition NN of IN the DT other JJ s NN victimization NN might MD eventually RB provide VV a DT basis NN for IN a DT compromise NN Middle NP East NP peace NN . SENT Finally RB , , mass JJ murders NNS of IN minorities NNS have VHP preoccupied VVN the DT international JJ community NN during IN the DT last JJ decade NN and CC pose VV similar JJ dilemmas NNS to TO those DT faced VVN by IN the DT peacemakers NNS of IN 1919 CD . SENT The DT quandary NN over IN minority NN rights NNS again RB recently RB threatened VVN the DT peace NN of IN the DT Balkans NP in IN a DT manner NN similar JJ to TO before IN World NP War NP I PP . SENT Keylor NP s PP anthology NN is VBZ designed VVN for IN college NN students NNS . SENT It PP offers VVZ students NNS opportunities NNS to TO analyze VV a DT range NN of IN interpretations NNS in IN secondary JJ sources NNS as RB well RB as IN a DT number NN of IN primary JJ sources NNS . SENT The DT book NN includes VVZ the DT following VVG helpful JJ appendages NNS . SENT a DT Chronology NN of IN Events NNS , , an DT annotated VVN list NN of IN the DT major JJ participants NNS in IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT Versailles NP Treaty NP , , relevant JJ maps NNS , , and CC an DT extensive JJ bibliography NN . SENT Notes NNS . SENT 1 CD William NP Keylor NP , , The DT Twentieth JJ Century NP World NP . SENT An DT International NP History NN Oxford NP and CC New NP York NP . SENT Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 3 CD rd NNS . SENT Edition NN 1996 CD , , 1992 CD , , 1984 CD . SENT ibid NN . SENT , , Versailles NP and CC International NP Diplomacy NN , , in IN The DT Treaty NP of IN Versailles NP . SENT A DT Reassessment NN after IN 75 CD Years NNS , , ed NP . SENT Manfred NP F NP . SENT Boemeke NP , , Gerald NP D NP . SENT Feldman NP and CC Elisabeth NP Glaser NP Cambridge NP and CC New NP York NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP , , 1998 CD , , 469 CD 505 CD . SENT and CC ibid NN . SENT , , France NP and CC the DT Illusion NN of IN American JJ Support NN , , 1919 CD 1940 CD , , in IN The DT French JJ Defeat NN of IN 1940 CD . SENT Reassessments NNS , , ed NP . SENT Joel NP Blatt NP Providence NP and CC Oxford NP . SENT Berghahn NP , , 1998 CD , , 204 CD 244 CD . SENT 2 CD See NP Holger NP Herwig NP , , Clio NP Deceived VVD . SENT Patriotic JJ Self NP Censorship NN in IN Germany NP after IN the DT Great NP War NP , , in IN Forging VVG the DT Collective JJ Memory NP , , ed NP . SENT Keith NP Wilson NP Providence NP and CC Oxford NP . SENT Berghahn NP , , 1996 CD , , 87 CD 127 CD . SENT Joel NP Blatt NP , , University NP of IN Connecticut NP , , Stamford NP Campus NP , , JOEL NP . SENT BLATT NP UCONN NP . SENT EDU NP Copyright NP 2001 CD by IN H NP France NP , , all DT rights NNS reserved VVD . SENT H NP France NP permits VVZ the DT redistribution NN and CC reprinting VVG of IN this DT work NN for IN nonprofit JJ , , educational JJ purposes NNS , , with IN full JJ and CC accurate JJ attribution NN to TO the DT author NN , , the DT date NN of IN publication NN , , and CC its PP$ location NN on IN the DT H NP France NP website NN . SENT For IN any DT other JJ proposed VVN use NN , , contact NN dksmith NN eiu NN . SENT edu NN . SENT For IN earlier JJR reviews NNS , , please VV see VV H NP Net's NP Review NP Archive NP Maintained VVD by IN Janice NP Archer NP and CC Zoe NP Schneider NP