/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/23/file8.html NN ----------------------------------------- : http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN Victorian JJ Medicine NN From IN Fluke NP to TO TheoryBy NP Bruce NP Robinson NP From IN Macbeth NP like IN preparations NNS of IN arsenic NN , , iron NN or CC phosphorous JJ to TO white JJ coats NNS and CC x NN rays NNS , , the DT Victorians NNS witnessed VVN a DT medical JJ revolution NN . SENT Bruce NP Robinson NP gives VVZ a DT diagnosis NN . SENT WHO WP vaccinations NNS may MD have VH saved VVN the DT lives NNS of IN millions NNS The DT effect NN of IN urbanisation NN It PP may MD be VB harsh JJ to TO say VV so RB , , but CC to TO the DT modern JJ eye NN medical JJ practice NN in IN the DT early JJ 1800 CD s PP looks VVZ pretty RB medieval JJ . 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SENT At IN a DT time NN when WRB Britain's NP population NN was VBD increasing VVG rapidly RB from IN six CD million CD in IN 1750 CD to TO nine CD million CD 50 CD years NNS later RBR , , cities NNS were VBD expanding VVG even RB faster RBR as IN now RB redundant JJ farmworkers NNS migrated VVN to TO the DT nearest JJS town NN to TO find VV work NN . SENT Preston NP grew VVD sixfold RB between IN 1801 CD and CC 1851 CD , , Bradford NP and CC Glasgow NP eightfold RB . SENT They PP were VBD not RB alone RB . SENT Overcrowding NN combined VVN with IN poor JJ sanitation NN and CC often RB grinding VVG poverty NN to TO leave VV many JJ vulnerable JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT This DT growth NN had VHD enormous JJ consequences NNS . SENT Death NN rates NNS were VBD high JJ , , and CC far RB worse JJR in IN cities NNS than IN in IN the DT countryside NN . SENT Smallpox NN , , typhus NN and CC tuberculosis NN were VBD endemic JJ , , and CC cholera NN alarmingly RB epidemic NN . SENT Overcrowding NN combined VVN with IN poor JJ sanitation NN and CC often RB grinding VVG poverty NN to TO leave VV many JJ people NNS vulnerable JJ to TO the DT latest JJS outbreak NN of IN anything NN nasty JJ . SENT Luckily RB , , the DT Victorians NNS loved VVD statistics NNS , , and CC these DT validated VVD the DT emotive JJ prose NN of IN Dickens NP , , Gaskell NP and CC Engels NP . SENT In IN 1832 CD Parliament NP agreed VVD to TO an DT official JJ inquiry NN into IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT Poor NP Laws NP . SENT Sir NP Edwin NP Chadwick NP was VBD energetic JJ in IN establishing VVG the DT links NNS between IN poverty NN and CC disease NN , , and CC the DT enquiry NN resulted VVD in IN new JJ Poor NP Laws NP in IN 1834 CD . SENT Yet CC these DT did VVD not RB go VV far RB enough JJ and CC continued JJ work NN resulted VVN in IN the DT Public NP Health NP Act NP of IN 1848 CD , , which WDT set VVD up RP local JJ health NN boards NNS , , investigated VVD sanitary JJ conditions NNS nationwide JJ , , and CC established VVD a DT General NP Board NP of IN Health NP . SENT The DT appliance NN of IN science NN Another DT breakthrough NN came VVD with IN the DT cholera NN epidemic NN of IN 1854 CD . SENT John NP Snow NP had VHD experienced VVN previous JJ outbreaks NNS in IN 1832 CD and CC 1848 CD , , and CC was VBD convinced VVN that IN it PP was VBD a DT water NN borne VVN disease NN . SENT This DT time NN he PP provided VVD conclusive JJ proof NN by IN mapping VVG out RP the DT cases NNS in IN Soho NP , , central JJ London NP , , implicating VVG a DT single JJ , , contaminated JJ well RB . SENT The DT epidemic NN subsided VVD soon RB after IN the DT pump's NNS handle VVP was VBD removed VVN . SENT Snow NP also RB analysed VVD cholera's JJ incidence NN in IN water NN that WDT was VBD bought VVN from IN different JJ suppliers NNS , , demonstrating VVG that IN households NNS buying VVG from IN companies NNS drawing VVG water NN from IN the DT Thames NP downstream JJ after IN many JJ sewers NNS had VHD flowed VVD in IN suffered VVN a DT deathrate JJ 14 CD times NNS greater JJR than IN those DT buying VVG water NN from IN companies NNS drawing VVG upstream RB . SENT Following VVG on IN from IN this DT research NN , , he PP recommended VVD boiling VVG water NN before IN use NN . SENT The DT 1875 CD Public NP Health NP Act NP . SENT . SENT . SENT provided VVN Britain NP with IN the DT most RBS extensive JJ public JJ health NN system NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT John NP Simon NP , , who WP had VHD replaced VVN Chadwick NP to TO become VV chief JJ medical JJ officer NN to TO the DT General NP Board NP of IN Health NP , , turned VVD this DT work NN into IN action NN . SENT He PP successfully RB diverted VVN public JJ funds NNS into IN the DT investigation NN of IN communicable JJ diseases NNS including VVG diphtheria NN , , typhoid NN and CC smallpox NN and CC in IN the DT 20 CD years NNS to TO 1876 CD oversaw VVD the DT transition NN from IN the DT state's JJ mere JJ involvement NN in IN reform NN to TO a DT state NN system NN of IN medicine NN . SENT Having VHG gained VVN some DT political JJ influence NN , , he PP found VVD he PP was VBD able JJ to TO influence VV new JJ health NN legislation NN . SENT The DT 1875 CD Public NP Health NP Act NP comprehensively RB encompassed VVD housing NN , , sewage NN and CC drainage NN , , water NN supply NN and CC contagious JJ diseases NNS and CC provided VVD Britain NP with IN the DT most RBS extensive JJ public JJ health NN system NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT Prevention NN of IN disease NN had VHD come VVN a DT long JJ way NN . SENT Progress NN in IN this DT area NN was VBD being VBG matched VVN by IN scientific JJ breakthroughs NNS in IN both DT diagnosis NN and CC cure NN . SENT The DT stethoscope NN invented VVD in IN 1817 CD was VBD being VBG widely RB used VVN in IN Britain NP by IN mid JJ century NN , , and CC microscopes NNS had VHD improved VVN sufficiently RB to TO allow VV examination NN of IN micro NP organisms NNS . SENT The DT practice NN of IN surgery NN also RB modernised VVD with IN the DT invention NN of IN anaesthesia NN in IN the DT late JJ 1840 CD s PP . SENT Although IN ether NN was VBD initially RB used VVN , , chloroform NN soon RB became VVD the DT anaesthetic NN of IN choice NN . SENT Breakthroughs NNS Louis NP Pasteur NP at IN work NN in IN his PP$ laboratory NN Louis NP Pasteur's NP work NN from IN the DT late JJ 1850 CD s PP proved VVD that IN the DT souring NN of IN milk NN was VBD caused VVN by IN living VVG organisms NNS and CC , , by IN verifying VVG the DT germ NN theory NN , , changed VVN pathology NN and CC surgery NN forever RB . SENT Pasteur's NP work NN led VVD ultimately RB to TO the DT introduction NN of IN antiseptic JJ procedures NNS into IN surgery NN via IN Joseph NP Lister NP . SENT Infections NNS and CC deaths NNS fell VVD sharply RB and CC , , combined VVN with IN anaesthesia NN , , enabled VVD surgeons NNS to TO operate VV more RBR slowly RB , , carefully RB and CC confidently RB on IN patients NNS , , in IN turn NN reaping VVG new JJ discoveries NNS . SENT The DT end NN of IN the DT century NN saw VVD yet RB more JJR breakthroughs NNS . SENT Robert NP Koch NP built VVD upon IN Pasteur's NP work NN and CC in IN 1882 CD identified VVD the DT organisms NNS causing VVG tuberculosis NN , , prompting VVG extensive JJ public JJ health NN campaigns NNS . SENT But CC the DT sexy JJ stuff NN was VBD tropical JJ disease NN , , increasingly RB important JJ with IN the DT ever RB expanding VVG Empire NN thrusting VVG young JJ Brits NNS into IN unfamiliar JJ climates NNS . SENT In IN 1898 CD Robert NP Ross NP proved VVD the DT mosquito's NNS role NN in IN transmitting VVG malaria NN , , and CC in IN the DT same JJ year NN the DT Spanish JJ American NP War NP prompted VVD new JJ research NN into IN yellow JJ fever NN . SENT Most RBS dramatic JJ , , however RB , , was VBD the DT X NP ray NN , , discovered VVN in IN Germany NP in IN 1895 CD . SENT Within IN days NNS , , the DT news NN had VHD crossed VVN the DT world NN . SENT Sales NNS of IN X NP ray NN proof NN underclothing NN for IN ladies NNS followed VVN soon RB afterwards RB . SENT In IN January NP 1896 CD the DT first JJ X NP ray NN was VBD taken VVN for IN clinical JJ purposes NNS , , and CC they PP were VBD soon RB used VVN to TO diagnose VV fractures NNS , , locate VVP foreign JJ bodies NNS and CC treat VV a DT variety NN of IN skin NN conditions NNS . SENT Radiation NN followed VVD in IN 1896 CD , , and CC with IN it PP the DT promise NN of IN treatment NN for IN dreaded JJ cancer NN . SENT Medicine NN in IN 1900 CD was VBD truly RB far RB removed VVN from IN that DT 100 CD years NNS earlier RBR . SENT Medicine NP institutionalised VVD Florence NP Nightingale NP the DT lady NN with IN the DT lamp NN It PP wasn't VVD just RB prevention NN and CC cure NN that WDT was VBD changing VVG , , but CC also RB medical JJ institutions NNS . SENT The DT 7 CD th NN International NP Medical NP Congress NP in IN 1881 CD with IN 3 CD , , 000 CD delegates NNS from IN 70 CD countries NNS gave VVD medical JJ practice NN a DT new JJ pizzazz NN . 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SENT Medical JJ training NN became VVD more RBR formalised VVN with IN the DT establishment NN of IN medical JJ schools NNS , , and CC the DT number NN of IN doctors NNS rose VVD considerably RB , , from IN 14 CD , , 415 CD in IN 1861 CD to TO 35 CD , , 650 CD in IN 1900 CD . SENT Nursing NN . SENT . SENT . SENT became VVD one CD of IN the DT few JJ occupations NNS a DT middle JJ class NN girl NN might MD contemplate VV . SENT However RB , , women NNS remained VVD largely RB unwelcome JJ in IN the DT medical JJ world NN . SENT The DT exception NN to TO this DT was VBD nursing VVG . SENT Although IN nurses NNS had VHD been VBN active JJ in IN hospitals NNS long JJ before IN she PP appeared VVD on IN the DT scene NN , , Florence NP Nightingale's NP exploits VVZ in IN the DT Crimean JJ War NP 1854 CD 6 CD gave VVD the DT role NN a DT new JJ respectability NN . SENT Many JJ of IN the DT nursing NN reforms NNS she PP advocated VVD already RB existed VVN , , but CC her PP$ training NN school NN at IN St NP Thomas's NP Hospital NP provided VVD a DT model NN for IN many JJ . SENT Nursing NN enjoyed VVD a DT reflected VVN glory NN and CC , , with IN teaching NN , , became VVD one CD of IN the DT few JJ occupations NNS a DT middle JJ class NN girl NN might MD contemplate VV . SENT The DT emergence NN of IN modern JJ nursing NN coincided VVD with IN changes NNS in IN hospitals NNS . SENT While IN initially RB hospitals NNS just RB stuck VVN in IN more JJR beds NNS , , newer JJR hospitals NNS were VBD being VBG built VVN . SENT These DT were VBD often RB more JJR specialist NN in IN orientation NN , , providing VVG treatment NN for IN certain JJ patients NNS eg NN children NNS , , body NN regions NNS like IN ear NN , , nose NN and CC throat NN or CC diseases NNS , , such JJ as IN cancer NN . 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SENT a DT high JJ percentages NNS of IN potential JJ recruits NNS for IN the DT Boer NP War NP , , and CC for IN the DT Great NP War NP of IN 1914 CD 18 CD , , had VHD to TO be VB rejected VVN on IN medical JJ grounds NNS . SENT Yet CC advances NNS in IN public JJ health NN , , science NN and CC institutions NNS had VHD taken VVN medicine NN into IN grounds NNS of IN expertise NN and CC professionalism NN few JJ would MD have VH expected VVN 50 CD years NNS earlier RBR . SENT You'd NN be VB a DT lot RB happier JJR going VVG to TO the DT doctor NN in IN 1900 CD than IN in IN 1800 CD . SENT Find VV out RP more JJR Read NP on IN Science NP and CC the DT Practice NN of IN Medicine NP in IN the DT Nineteenth JJ Century NN by IN WF NP Bynum NP Cambridge NP , , 1994 CD A DT Social JJ History NN of IN Medicine NP by IN FF NP Cartwright NP Longman NP , , 1977 CD The DT Epidemic NN Streets NPS by IN Anne NP Hardy NP Clarendon NP , , 1993 CD The DT Victorian JJ Vision NP , , article NN by IN Jan NP Marsh NP Victoria NP and CC Albert NP Museum NP , , 2001 CD About IN the DT author NN Bruce NP Robinson NP graduated VVD with IN a DT first JJ class NN degree NN in IN History NN from IN Cambridge NP University NP , , specialising VVG in IN English NP Social NP , , Political NP and CC Economic NP History NN from IN 1300 CD to TO 1600 CD . SENT He PP is VBZ a DT professional JJ journalist NN and CC has VHZ recently RB carried VVN out IN research NN for IN the DT charity NN , , Shelter NP . SENT Related JJ Links NP Articles NNS Victorian JJ Industry NN and CC Invention NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN lj NN victorian JJ britainlj NP industry NN invention NN 1 CD . SENT shtml NN Smallpox NN . SENT eradicating VVG the DT scourge NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN discovery NN medicine NN smallpox NN 01 CD . SENT shtml NN Cholera NN and CC the DT Great JJ Stink NN in IN Victorian JJ Britain NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN lj NN victorian JJ britainlj NN smell NN of IN success NN 1 CD . SENT shtml NN . SENT site NN history NN victorianlj NN sour JJ Multimedia NNS Zone NP Victorian JJ Achievements NNS Train NN Ride NN Animation NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN society NN launch NN ani NN victorian JJ achieve VVP . SENT shtml NP Muck NP and CC Brass NP Game NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN society NN culture NN industrialisation NN launch NN gms NNS muck NN brass NN . SENT shtml JJ Historic JJ Figures NNS Marie NP Curie NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS curie NN marie NP . SENT shtml NP Florence NP Nightingale NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS nightingale NN florence NP . SENT shtml NP Queen NP Victoria NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN historic JJ figures NNS victoria NN queen NN . SENT shtml NP Timelines NP Victorians NNS http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP history NN timelines NNS britain NP o NN victorians NNS . SENT shtml NP BBCi NP Links NP Schools NP Children NP in IN Victorian JJ Britain NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP schools NNS victorians NNS External NP Web NP Links NP Public NP Record NP Office NP http NN . 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