/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/27/file7.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Andy NP McFadden's NP CD NP Recordable JJ FAQ NP Section NP 2 CD Last JJ modified VVN . SENT 2005 CD 07 CD 23 CD Version NP . SENT 2 LS . SENT 60 CD Back RB to TO Table NN of IN Contents NNS 2 CD CD NN Encoding VVG 2 CD 1 CD How WRB is VBZ the DT information NN physically RB stored VVD . SENT 2 CD 2 CD What WP is VBZ XA NP . SENT CDPLUS NP . SENT CD NP i NP . SENT MODE NN 1 CD vs NP MODE NN 2 CD . SENT Red JJ yellow JJ blue JJ book NN . SENT 2 CD 3 CD How WRB do VV I PP know VV what WP format NN a DT disc NN is VBZ in IN . SENT 2 CD 4 CD How WRB does VVZ copy NN protection NN work NN . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 1 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN a DT data NN CD NP ROM NP . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 2 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 3 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN Macrovision NN SafeAudio NP 2 CD 4 CD 4 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NP SunnComm NP MediaCloQ NP and CC MediaMax NP CD NP 3 CD 2 CD 4 CD 5 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NP Midbar NP Tech NP Cactus NN Data NP Shield NP 2 CD 4 CD 6 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN Key NP 2 CD Audio JJ Sony NP DADC NP 2 CD 4 CD 7 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NP BayView NP Systems NPS Duolizer NP 2 CD 4 CD 8 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN Sanyo NP 2 CD 4 CD 9 CD How WRB does VVZ the DT Doc NP Witness NP OpSecure NP CD NP ROM NP work NN . SENT 2 CD 5 CD What's NP a DT multisession NN disc NN . SENT 2 CD 6 CD What WP are VBP subcode NN channels NNS . SENT 2 CD 7 CD Are VBP the DT CD NN Identifier NN fields NNS widely RB used VVN . SENT 2 CD 8 CD How WRB long RB does VVZ it PP take VV to TO burn VV a DT CD NN R NN . SENT 2 CD 9 CD What's NP the DT difference NN between IN disc NN at IN once RB and CC track VV at IN once RB . SENT 2 CD 10 CD Differences NNS between IN recording NN from IN an DT image NN and CC on IN the DT fly NN . SENT 2 CD 11 CD How WRB does VVZ an DT audio JJ CD NN player NN know VVP to TO skip VV data NN tracks NNS . SENT 2 CD 12 CD How WRB does VVZ CD NP RW NP compare VVP to TO CD NP R NP . SENT 2 CD 13 CD Can MD DVD NP players NNS read VVP CD NP Rs NP . SENT 2 CD 14 CD Should MD I PP buy VV a DT DVD NP recorder NN instead RB . SENT 2 CD 15 CD What WP are VBP jitter NN and CC jitter NN correction NN . SENT 2 CD 16 CD Where WRB can MD I PP learn VV more RBR about IN the DT history NN of IN CD NP and CC CD NP R NP . SENT 2 CD 17 CD Why WRB don't JJ audio JJ CDs NNS use VVP error NN correction NN . SENT 2 CD 18 CD How WRB does VVZ CD NP R NP compare VVP to TO MiniDisc NP . SENT 2 CD 19 CD What WP does VVZ finalizing VVG and CC closing VVG and CC fixating VVG do VV . SENT 2 CD 20 CD How WRB are NN WAV NP AIFF NP files NNS converted VVN into IN Red NP Book NP CD NP audio NN . SENT 2 CD 21 CD What WP does VVZ MultiRead NN mean NN . SENT MultiPlay NP . SENT 2 CD 22 CD If IN recording NN fails VVZ , , is VBZ the DT disc NN usable JJ . SENT 2 CD 23 CD Why WRB do VVP recorders NNS insert VV 00 CD bytes NNS at IN the DT start NN of IN audio JJ tracks NNS . SENT 2 CD 24 CD How WRB many JJ tracks NNS can MD I PP have VHP . SENT How WRB many JJ files NNS . SENT 2 CD 25 CD Will NP SCMS NP prevent VV me PP from IN making VVG copies NNS . SENT 2 CD 26 CD Is VBZ a DT serial JJ number NN placed VVN on IN the DT disc NN by IN the DT recorder NN . SENT 2 CD 27 CD What's NP a DT TOC NP . SENT How WRB does VVZ it PP differ VVP from IN a DT directory NN . SENT 2 CD 28 CD What's NP an DT ISO NP . SENT A DT CIF NP . SENT BIN NN and CC CUE NN . SENT . SENT DAT NP . SENT 2 CD 29 CD Why WRB was VBD 74 CD minutes NNS chosen VVN as IN the DT standard JJ length NN . SENT 2 CD 30 CD Why WRB is VBZ there RB a DT visibly RB unwritten JJ strip NN near IN the DT CD NP R NN hub NN . SENT 2 CD 31 CD What WP is VBZ BURN VV Proof NN . SENT JustLink NP . SENT Waste NN Proof NN . SENT 2 CD 32 CD Can MD playing NN CD NP Rs NP in IN a DT DVD NP player NN hurt VVD the DT discs NNS . SENT 2 CD 33 CD Who WP really RB made VVD this DT CD NP R NN blank NN . SENT 2 CD 34 CD Can MD I PP make VV copies NNS of IN DTS NP encoded VVD CDs NNS . SENT 2 CD 35 CD Why WRB 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP . SENT Why WRB not RB 48 CD KHz NP . SENT 2 CD 36 CD What WP format NN are VBP . SENT CDA NP files VVZ in IN . SENT 2 CD 37 CD What WP are VBP DD NP R NP and CC DD NP RW NP . SENT 2 CD 38 CD What's NP an DT ATIP NN . SENT 2 CD 39 CD What WP are VBP ML NP discs NNS and CC devices NNS . SENT 2 CD 40 CD What's NP CD NP MRW NP . SENT Mount NP Rainier NP . SENT EasyWrite NP . SENT 2 CD 41 CD What's NP Audio JJ Master NP Quality NP AMQ NP recording NN . SENT 2 CD 42 CD Can MD I PP draw VV pictures NNS on IN a DT disc NN with IN the DT recording NN laser NN . SENT 2 CD 43 CD What WP are VBP the DT gory JJ details NNS about IN how WRB are NN 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP encoded VVN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 1 CD How WRB does VVZ the DT laser NN read VV or CC write VV a DT disc NN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 2 CD How WRB do VV pits NNS and CC lands NNS turn VVP into IN 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP . SENT What's NP EFM NP . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 3 CD What's NP a DT frame NN . SENT CIRC NP encoding VVG . SENT How WRB does VVZ ECC NN work NN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 4 CD What's NP in IN a DT sector NN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 5 CD What's NP in IN a DT subcode NN channel NN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 6 CD I PP want VVP even RB more JJR details NNS 2 CD 44 CD Digital NP is VBZ better RBR than IN analog NN , , right RB . SENT 2 LS 44 CD 1 CD What WP is VBZ digital JJ and CC digitization NN , , anyway RB . SENT 2 LS 44 CD 2 CD How WRB does VVZ this DT relate VVP to TO CD NP DA NP . SENT 2 CD 45 CD What's NP a DT CDR NP ROM NP . SENT CD NP PROM NN . SENT 2 CD 46 CD What's NP HD NP BURN VVP . SENT GigaRec NP . SENT 2 CD 47 CD What WP are VBP C NP 2 CD errors NNS . SENT What WP do VVP they PP say VVP about IN disc NN quality NN . SENT 2 CD 48 CD What WP are VBP CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP . SENT 2 CD 49 CD What's NP HighMAT NP . SENT 2 CD 50 CD What's NP VariRec NP . SENT 2 CD 51 CD Will MD my PP$ CDs NNS work VVP on IN players NNS in IN other JJ countries NNS . SENT 2 CD 52 CD Do NP CD NP Rs NP have VHP deeper JJR pits NNS . SENT Are VBP shallow JJ burns NNS bad JJ . SENT 2 CD 53 CD What's NP a DT stacking VVG ring NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD CD NN Encoding VVG 1998 CD 04 CD 06 CD CD NN fundamentals NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 1 CD How WRB is VBZ the DT information NN physically RB stored VVD . SENT 2004 CD 02 CD 20 CD From IN The DT Compact JJ Disc NN Handbook NN , , 2 CD nd NN edition NN by IN Ken NP Pohlmann NP , , 1992 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 89579 CD 300 CD 8 CD . SENT Write VV once IN media NNS is VBZ manufactured VVN similarly RB to TO conventional JJ playback NN only JJ discs NNS . SENT As RB with IN regular JJ CDs NNS , , they PP employ VVP a DT polycarbonate JJ substrate NN , , a DT reflective JJ layer NN , , and CC a DT protective JJ top JJ layer NN . SENT Sandwiched VVN between IN the DT substrate NN and CC reflective JJ layer NN , , however RB , , is VBZ a DT recording NN layer NN composed VVN of IN an DT organic JJ dye NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Unlike IN regular JJ CDs NNS , , a DT pre NP grooved VVD spiral NN track NN is VBZ used VVN to TO guide VV the DT recording NN laser NN along IN the DT spiral NN track NN . SENT this DT greatly RB simplifies VVZ recorder NN hardware NN design NN and CC ensures VVZ disc NN compatibility NN . SENT Your PP$ basic JJ CD NN R NN is VBZ layered VVN like IN this DT , , from IN top NN to TO bottom NN . SENT optional JJ label NN optional JJ scratch NN resistant JJ and CC or CC printable JJ coating NN UV NP cured VVN lacquer NN Reflective JJ layer NN 24 CD K NN gold NN or CC a DT silver NN alloy NN Organic NP polymer NN dye NN Polycarbonate JJ substrate NN the DT clear JJ plastic NN part NN Yes NP , , it's JJ real JJ gold NN in IN green JJ and CC gold JJ CDs NNS , , but CC if IN you PP hold VVP a DT CD NN R NN up RB to TO a DT light JJ source NN you'll NN notice NN that IN it's NNS thin JJ enough RB to TO see VV through IN the DT gold JJ layer NN is VBZ between IN 50 CD and CC 100 CD nm NN thick JJ . SENT Something NN to TO bear VV in IN mind NN is VBZ that IN the DT data NN is VBZ closest JJS to TO the DT label NN side NN of IN the DT CD NN , , not RB the DT clear JJ plastic NN side NN that IN the DT data NN is VBZ read VVN from IN . SENT If IN the DT CD NP R NN doesn't NN have VHP a DT hard JJ top JJ coating NN such JJ as IN Kodak's NP Infoguard NP , , it's NNS fairly RB easy JJ to TO scratch VV the DT top JJ surface NN and CC render VV the DT CD NN R NN unusable JJ . SENT A DT pressed VVN CD NN has VHZ raised VVN and CC lowered VVN areas NNS , , referred VVD to TO as IN lands NNS and CC pits NNS , , respectively RB . SENT A DT laser NN in IN the DT CD NP recorder NN creates VVZ marks NNS in IN the DT disc's JJ dye NN layer NN that WDT have VHP the DT same JJ reflective JJ properties NNS . SENT The DT pattern NN of IN pits NNS and CC lands NNS on IN the DT disc NN encodes VVZ the DT information NN and CC allows VVZ it PP to TO be VB retrieved VVN on IN an DT audio NN or CC computer NN CD NN player NN . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 43 CD for IN specifics NNS . SENT Discs NNS are VBP written VVN from IN the DT inside NN of IN the DT disc NN outward RB . SENT On IN a DT CD NN R NN you PP can MD verify VV this DT by IN looking VVG at IN the DT disc NN after IN you've NN written VVN to TO it PP . SENT The DT spiral NN track NN on IN a DT 74 CD minute NN disc NN makes VVZ 22 CD , , 188 CD revolutions NNS around IN the DT CD NN , , with IN roughly RB 600 CD track NN revolutions NNS per IN millimeter NN as IN you PP move VVP outward RB from IN the DT lead NN in IN 23 CD mm NNS from IN the DT center NN to TO the DT outer JJ edge NN at IN 58 CD mm NNS . SENT If IN you PP unwound VVD the DT spiral NN , , it PP would MD be VB about IN 5700 CD meters NNS 3 CD . SENT 5 CD miles NNS long RB . SENT The DT construction NN of IN a DT CD NP RW NP is VBZ different JJ . SENT optional JJ label NN optional JJ scratch NN resistant JJ and CC or CC printable JJ coating NN UV NP cured VVN lacquer NN Reflective JJ layer NN aluminum NN Upper NP dielectric JJ layer NN Recording NP layer NN phase NN change NN film NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT the DT part NN that IN changes NNS form VVP Lower JJR dielectric JJ layer NN Polycarbonate NN substrate NN the DT clear JJ plastic NN part NN See VV the DT net JJ references NNS section NN for IN pointers NNS to TO more JJR data NNS especially RB http JJ . SENT www JJ . SENT cd JJ info NN . SENT com NN . SENT You PP can MD find VV some DT nice JJ drawings NNS at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT pctechguide NN . SENT com NN 09 CD cdr NN rw JJ . SENT htm NN . SENT The DT various JJ pages NNS connected VVN to TO http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT chipchapin NN . SENT com NN CDMedia NP cdda NP 5 CD . SENT php NN 3 CD have VHP some DT computations NNS on IN disc NN parameters NNS . SENT The DT Philips NP document NN Principles NNS of IN Phase NN Change VV Recordings NNS at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT licensing NN . SENT philips NP . SENT com NN information NN cd NN rec NN has VHZ some DT nice JJ drawings NNS and CC a DT very RB detailed JJ explanation NN of IN how WRB CD NP RW NP works VVZ . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 2 CD What WP is VBZ XA NP . SENT CDPLUS NP . SENT CD NP i NP . SENT MODE NN 1 CD vs NP MODE NN 2 CD . SENT Red JJ yellow JJ blue JJ book NN . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 20 CD A DT quick JJ summary NN of IN standards NNS and CC commonly RB used VVN identifiers NNS . SENT Red NP Book NP physical JJ format NN for IN audio JJ CDs NNS a DT k NN a DT CD NP DA NP Yellow NP Book NP physical JJ format NN for IN data NNS CDs NNS Green NP Book NP physical JJ format NN for IN CD NP i NP Orange NP Book NP physical JJ format NN for IN recordable JJ CDs NNS Part NP I NP CD NP MO NN Magneto NN Optical NP Part NP II NP CD NP WO MD Write VV Once RB . SENT includes VVZ hybrid JJ spec NN for IN PhotoCD NP Part NP III NP CD NP RW NP ReWritable NP . 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SENT FORM NN 1 CD 2048 CD bytes NNS of IN data NNS , , with IN error NN correction NN , , for IN data NNS FORM VVP 2 CD 2324 CD bytes NNS of IN data NNS , , no DT ecc NN , , for IN audio JJ video NN ISO NP 9660 CD file NN layout NN standard NN evolved VVN from IN High NP Sierra NP format NN Rock NP Ridge NP extensions NNS allowing VVG long JJ filenames NNS and CC UNIX NP style NN symlinks VVZ CD NP RFS NP Sony's NP incremental JJ packet NN writing NN filesystem NN CD NP UDF NP industry NN standard NN incremental JJ packet NN writing VVG filesystem NN CD NN Text NN Philips NP std NN for IN encoding VVG disc NN and CC track NN data NNS on IN audio JJ CDs NNS CD NP ROM NP XA NP is VBZ an DT extension NN to TO the DT Yellow NP Book NP Mode NP 2 CD standard NN . SENT It PP was VBD intended VVN as IN a DT bridge NN between IN CD NP ROM NP and CC CD NP i NP Green NP Book NP . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT licensing NN . SENT philips NP . SENT com NN if IN you PP want VVP to TO buy VV copies NNS of IN the DT standards NNS . SENT They're NP not RB cheap JJ . SENT You PP can MD download VV some DT of IN them PP from IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ecma NN international JJ . SENT org NP . SENT ECMA NN 119 CD describes VVZ ISO NP 9660 CD , , and CC ECMA NP 130 CD sounds NNS a DT lot NN like IN yellow JJ book NN if IN you PP say VVP it PP slowly RB . SENT For IN SVCD NP , , see VVP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT iki NP . SENT fi NP znark NN video NN svcd NN overview NN . SENT The DT discs NNS are VBP a DT modified JJ White NP Book NP format NN , , using VVG a DT 2 CD x SYM player NN and CC variable JJ bit NN rate NN MPEG NP 2 CD instead RB of IN MPEG NP 1 CD at IN 1 CD x SYM like IN VCD NP . SENT For IN HDCD NP , , see VVP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT hdcd NN . SENT com NN . SENT The DT discs NNS are VBP in IN Red NP Book NP format NN , , but CC the DT low JJ bit NN of IN the DT audio NN has VHZ additional JJ information NN encoded VVD in IN it PP . SENT They PP sound VVP good JJ on IN a DT standard JJ CD NN player NN , , and CC better JJR on IN an DT HDCD NP player NN . SENT SACD NP isn't NP really RB a DT CD NN format NN . SENT It PP can MD have VH a DT Red NP Book NP compliant JJ layer NN that WDT is VBZ read VVN by IN standard JJ CD NN players NNS , , but CC to TO get VV the DT high JJ fidelity NN benefits NNS you PP need VVP a DT special JJ player NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 3 CD How WRB do VV I PP know VV what WP format NN a DT disc NN is VBZ in IN . SENT 2001 CD 07 CD 09 CD You PP can MD usually RB tell VV by IN looking VVG at IN the DT packaging NN and CC or CC the DT disc NN itself PP . SENT CD NP DA NP discs NNS will MD have VH a DT Compact JJ Disc NN Digital NP Audio JJ logo NN . SENT CD NP G NP discs NNS will MD have VH the DT words NNS CD NP Graphics NPS and CC perhaps RB even RB CD NN EG NN Extended VVN Graphics NP . SENT CD NP i NP discs NNS will MD have VH a DT Compact JJ Disc NN Interactive JJ logo NN . SENT VideoCD JJ discs NNS will MD have VH a DT Compact JJ Disc NN Digital NP Video NP logo NN and CC or CC the DT words NNS VideoCD NP . SENT PhotoCD JJ discs NNS will MD most RBS likely RB say VVP Kodak NP PhotoCD NP on IN them PP . SENT SVCD NP discs NNS have VHP a DT Super NP Video NP CD NP logo NN the DT words NNS Super NP Video NP under IN the DT standard JJ CD NN logo NN . SENT The DT discs NNS use VVP one CD of IN the DT standard JJ CD NP ROM NP formats NNS . SENT DVCD NP discs NNS say VVP DVCD NP . SENT . SENT can't NN find VVP much JJ info NN about IN DVCD NP HDCD NP High NP Definition NN Compatible JJ Digital NP have VHP an DT HDCD NP logo NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT hdcd NN . SENT com NN . SENT The DT discs NNS appear VVP to TO use VV the DT standard JJ Red NP Book NP format NN . SENT SACD NP Super NP Audio JJ Compact JJ Disc NN is VBZ relatively RB new JJ . SENT The DT discs NNS can MD have VH two CD layers NNS , , one CD of IN which WDT is VBZ in IN Red NP Book NP audio JJ format NN , , the DT other JJ in IN a DT DVD NP like IN format NN offering VVG higher JJR fidelity NN . SENT DTS NP Digital NP Theater NP Surround VVP CDs NNS are VBP just RB like IN normal JJ CDs NNS , , but CC use VV DTS NP encoding VVG instead RB of IN PCM NP . SENT See VV 2 CD 34 CD . SENT VideoCD NP is VBZ different JJ from IN CD NP Video NP a DT k NN a DT Compact JJ Disc NN Video NP , , or CC CD NN V NN . SENT CD NN V NN is VBZ an DT analog JJ format NN , , like IN LaserDisc NP , , and CC the DT video JJ can't NN be VB viewed VVN with IN a DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN . SENT There EX are VBP a DT few JJ references NNS to TO Compact JJ Disc NN MIDI NN , , or CC CD NN MIDI NN . SENT See VV 4 CD 46 CD for IN some DT comments NNS on IN High NP Speed NN CD NP RW NP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 4 CD How WRB does VVZ copy NN protection NN work NN . SENT 2002 CD 04 CD 01 CD Copy NP protection NN sometimes RB erroneously RB referred VVN to TO as IN copyright NN protection NN is VBZ a DT feature NN of IN a DT product NN that WDT increases VVZ the DT difficulty NN of IN making VVG an DT exact JJ duplicate JJ . SENT The DT goal NN is VBZ not RB to TO make VV it PP impossible JJ to TO copy VV generally RB speaking VVG , , that DT can't NN be VB done VVN but CC rather RB to TO discourage VV casual JJ copying NN of IN software NN and CC music NN . SENT The DT goal NN is VBZ not RB to TO conceal VV information NN from IN prying VVG eyes NNS . SENT see VV section NN 3 CD 19 CD for IN information NN on IN encrypting VVG data NNS on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP . SENT A DT separate JJ but CC related JJ issue NN is VBZ counterfeit JJ protection NN , , where WRB the DT publisher NN wants VVZ to TO make VV it PP easy JJ to TO detect VV mass JJ produced VVN duplicates NNS . SENT An DT example NN of IN this DT is VBZ Microsoft's NP placement NN of IN holograms NNS on IN the DT hubs NNS of IN their PP$ CD NP ROMs NP . SENT There EX are VBP full JJ CD NN pressing VVG plants NNS dedicated VVN to TO creating VVG counterfeit JJ software NN the DT worst JJS offender NN being NN mainland NN China NP , , so RB this DT is VBZ a DT serious JJ concern NN for IN the DT larger JJR software NN houses NNS . SENT Copy NN protection NN on IN CD NP ROMs NP used VVD to TO be VB rare JJ , , but CC as IN the DT popularity NN of IN CD NN recorders NNS grew VVD , , so RB did VVD the DT popularity NN of IN copy NN protection NN . SENT A DT large JJ percentage NN of IN games NNS released VVN in IN the DT past JJ few JJ years NNS have VHP been VBN protected VVN . SENT A DT more RBR recent JJ innovation NN is VBZ copy NN protection NN for IN audio JJ CDs NNS , , inspired VVN by IN the DT rise NN of IN MP NN 3 CD trading NN over IN the DT Internet NN . SENT This DT is VBZ more RBR difficult JJ to TO do VV , , because IN the DT protection NN must MD allow VV correct JJ behavior NN on IN a DT CD NN player NN but CC altered JJ playback NN when WRB being VBG read VVN by IN a DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN . SENT The DT best RBS that RB can MD be VB accomplished VVN is VBZ to TO force VV the DT user NN to TO play VV the DT music NN in IN an DT analog JJ format NN and CC then RB re IN digitize VV it PP , , resulting VVG in IN an DT imperfect JJ reproduction NN . SENT The DT article NN at IN http NN . SENT news NN . SENT cnet NN . SENT com NN news NN 0 CD 1005 CD 201 JJ 7320279 CD 0 CD . SENT html NN is VBZ a DT nice JJ introduction NN to TO the DT issues NNS . SENT Some DT people NNS have VHP questioned VVN whether IN copy NN protection NN is VBZ legal JJ . SENT In IN some DT countries NNS it PP may MD not RB be VB . SENT In IN the DT USA NP , , the DT law NN allows VVZ fair JJ use NN of IN copyrighted VVN material NN , , but CC does VVZ not RB require VV that IN the DT content JJ provider NN make VV it PP easy JJ for IN you PP to TO do VV so RB . SENT So RB while IN making VVG a DT copy NN of IN a DT song NN for IN your PP$ own JJ private JJ use NN may MD be VB legal JJ , , there EX is VBZ nothing NN in IN the DT law NN that WDT requires VVZ the DT publisher NN to TO make VV the DT material NN available JJ in IN an DT unprotected JJ format NN . SENT Copy NN protection NN has VHZ been VBN around RP for IN many JJ years NNS some DT of IN the DT schemes NNS employed VVN on IN the DT Apple NP II NP were VBD remarkably RB elaborate JJ and CC has VHZ never RB been VBN challenged VVN on IN legal JJ principle NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT overclockers NNS . SENT com NN tips NNS 907 CD for IN an DT article NN about IN why WRB fair JJ use NN is VBZ a DT legal JJ right NN rather RB than IN a DT constitutional JJ right NN in IN the DT USA NP , , and CC what WP that RB means VVZ to TO you PP . SENT The DT article NN also RB has VHZ some DT interesting JJ quotes NNS from IN the DT courts NNS regarding VVG the DT DMCA NP and CC DeCSS NP , , notably RB this DT one NN . SENT We PP know VVP of IN no DT authority NN for IN the DT proposition NN that IN fair JJ use NN , , as RB protected VVN by IN the DT Copyright NP Act NP , , much RB less JJR the DT Constitution NP , , guarantees VVZ copying NN by IN the DT optimum JJ method NN or CC in IN the DT identical JJ format NN of IN the DT original JJ . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , arguing VVG that DT fair JJ use NN means VVZ the DT publisher NN must MD allow VV you PP to TO make VV a DT perfect JJ digital JJ copy NN as IN opposed VVN to TO a DT lower JJR quality NN digital JJ or CC analog JJ copy NN is VBZ without IN merit NN . SENT The DT next JJ sections NNS discuss VVP data NNS and CC audio JJ individually RB . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 1 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN a DT data NN CD NP ROM NP . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 09 RB There EX are VBP several JJ approaches NNS . SENT An DT article NN with IN a DT good JJ overview NN of IN some DT popular JJ protection NN technologies NNS can MD be VB found VVN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT tomshardware NN . SENT com NN storage NN 02 CD q NN 2 CD 020617 CD index NN . SENT html NN . SENT Another DT source NN is VBZ the DT CD NN Protections NNS articles NNS on IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cdmediaworld NN . SENT com NN hardware NN cdrom NN cd NN protections NNS . SENT shtml NN . SENT For IN anyone NN interested VVN in IN protecting VVG their PP$ own JJ discs NNS . SENT don't NNS bother VVP . SENT Copy NN protection NN , , on IN the DT whole NN , , does VVZ not RB work VV . SENT If IN you PP have VHP a DT major JJ application NN , , such JJ as IN a DT game NN or CC CAD NN package NN , , you PP may MD want VV to TO consider VV one CD of IN the DT commercially RB licensed VVN schemes NNS listed VVN later RBR , , or CC heaven NN forbid VVN the DT use NN of IN a DT dongle NN . SENT In IN general JJ , , though RB , , if IN the DT disc NN can MD be VB read VVN , , then RB the DT contents NNS can MD be VB copied VVN . SENT If IN you PP don't VVD want VV somebody NN to TO make VV a DT copy NN of IN your PP$ stuff NN , , then RB you'd NN better RBR encrypt VV it PP 3 CD 19 CD . SENT A DT simple JJ and CC commonly RB seen VVN technique NN is VBZ to TO increase VV the DT length NN of IN several JJ files NNS on IN the DT CD NN so RB that IN they PP appear VVP to TO be VB hundreds NNS of IN megabytes NNS long RB . SENT This DT is VBZ accomplished VVN by IN setting VVG the DT file NN length NN in IN the DT disc NN image NN to TO be VB much RB larger JJR than IN it PP really RB is VBZ . SENT The DT file NN actually RB overlaps VVZ with IN many JJ other JJ files NNS . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT application NN knows VVZ the DT true JJ file NN length NN , , the DT software NN will MD work VV fine NN . SENT If IN the DT user NN tries VVZ to TO copy VV the DT files NNS onto IN their PP$ hard JJ drive NN , , or CC do VVP a DT file NN by IN file NN disc NN copy NN , , the DT attempt NN will MD fail VV because IN the DT CD NN will MD appear VV to TO hold VV a DT few JJ GB NN of IN data NNS . SENT In IN practice NN this DT doesn't JJ foil NN pirates NNS , , because IN they PP always RB do VVP image NN copies NNS . SENT And CC , , no UH , , none NN of IN the DT standard JJ software NN provides VVZ a DT way NN to TO create VV such JJ discs NNS . SENT One CD possible JJ implementation NN , , given VVN sufficient JJ control NN over IN the DT reader NN and CC mastering VVG software NN , , is VBZ to TO write VV faulty JJ data NNS into IN the DT ECC NN portion NN of IN a DT data NN sector NN . SENT Standard NP CD NP ROM NP hardware NN will MD automatically RB correct VV the DT errors NNS , , writing VVG a DT different JJ set NN of IN data NNS onto IN the DT target NN disc NN . SENT The DT reader NN then RB loads VVZ the DT entire JJ sector NN as IN raw JJ data NNS , , without IN doing VVG error NN correction NN . SENT If IN it PP can't VVD find VV the DT original JJ uncorrected JJ data NNS , , it PP knows VVZ that IN it's NNS reading VVG a DT corrected VVN duplicate JJ . SENT This DT is VBZ really RB only RB viable JJ on IN systems NNS like IN game NN consoles VVZ , , where WRB the DT drive NN mechanism NN and CC firmware NN are VBP well RB defined VVN . SENT This DT can MD be VB defeated VVN by IN doing VVG raw JJ reads VVZ . SENT A DT more RBR sophisticated JJ approach NN is VBZ to TO write VV special JJ patterns NNS of IN data NNS to TO the DT disc NN . SENT The DT stream NN of IN data NNS that IN results NNS , , after IN EFM NP encoding VVG , , is VBZ difficult JJ for IN some DT recorders NNS to TO reproduce VV successfully RB , , apparently RB because IN they PP don't VVD choose VV correct JJ values NNS for IN the DT merging VVG bits NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ often RB referred VVN to TO on IN web NN sites NNS as IN writing VVG regular JJ EFM NP patterns NNS or CC weak JJ sectors NNS . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 43 CD for IN details NNS on IN EFM NP . SENT A DT less RBR sophisticated JJ and CC no RB longer RBR effective JJ method NN is VBZ to TO press VV a DT silver JJ CD NN with IN data NNS out RB beyond IN where WRB a DT 74 CD minute NN CD NN can MD write VV . SENT Copying VVG the DT disc NN used VVN to TO require VV hard RB to TO find VV CD NP R NP blanks VVZ , , but CC now RB it's NNS easy JJ to TO use VV an DT overburned JJ 80 CD minute NN disc NN sections NNS 3 CD 8 CD 1 CD and CC 3 CD 8 CD 3 CD . SENT The DT approach NN some DT PC NN software NN houses NNS have VHP taken VVN is VBZ to TO use VV nonstandard JJ gaps NNS between IN audio JJ tracks NNS and CC leave VV index NN marks NNS in IN unexpected JJ places NNS . SENT These DT discs NNS are VBP uncopyable JJ by IN most JJS software NN , , and CC it PP may MD be VB impossible JJ to TO duplicate VV them PP on IN drives NNS that IN don't JJ support NN disc NN at IN once RB recording VVG see VV section NN 2 CD 9 CD . SENT With IN the DT right JJ reader NN and CC software NN , , though RB , , this DT isn't NN much RB of IN a DT problem NN either RB . SENT A DT method NN that WDT enjoyed VVD some DT popularity NN was VBD non JJ standard JJ discs NNS with IN a DT track NN shorter JJR than IN 4 CD seconds NNS . SENT Most JJS recording NN software NN , , and CC in IN fact NN some DT recorders NNS , , will MD either RB refuse VV to TO copy VV a DT disc NN with IN such PDT a DT track NN , , or CC will MD attempt VV to TO do VV so RB and CC fail VV . SENT A DT protected JJ application NN would MD check VV for IN the DT presence NN and CC size NN of IN the DT track NN in IN question NN . SENT Some DT recorders NNS may MD succeed VV , , however RB , , so RB this DT isn't NN foolproof JJ . SENT In IN one CD case NN , , a DT recorder NN could MD write VV tracks NNS that WDT were VBD slightly RB over IN three CD seconds NNS , , but CC refused VVD to TO write VV tracks NNS that WDT were VBD only RB one CD second NN . SENT There EX may MD be VB a DT limit NN below IN which WDT no DT recorder NN will MD write VV . SENT In IN such JJ cases NNS , , the DT pirates NNS need VVP to TO remove VV the DT explicit JJ check NN from IN the DT software NN itself PP . SENT Putting VVG multiple JJ data NN tracks NNS interleaved VVN with IN audio JJ tracks NNS on IN a DT CD NN will MD confuse VV some DT disc NN copiers NNS . SENT However RB , , it's NNS difficult JJ to TO actually RB use VV the DT data NNS on IN those DT additional JJ tracks NNS . SENT Sometimes RB the DT copy NN of IN a DT disc NN will MD have VH a DT different JJ volume NN label NN . SENT This DT usually RB only RB happens VVZ with IN file NN by IN file NN copies NNS , , not RB disc NN image NN copies NNS , , so RB checking VVG the DT disc NN name NN is VBZ marginally RB useful JJ but CC not RB very RB effective JJ . SENT Modifying VVG the DT TOC NN so RB that IN the DT disc NN appears VVZ to TO be VB larger JJR than IN it PP really RB is VBZ will NN convince VV some DT copy NN programs NNS that IN the DT source NN disc NN is VBZ too RB large JJ . SENT Some DT of IN the DT fancier JJR technologies NNS use VVP non JJ standard JJ pit NN geometry NN that IN cause NN players NNS to TO read VV the DT data NNS differently RB on IN consecutive JJ attempts NNS . SENT Sometimes RB the DT player NN sees VVZ a DT 1 CD , , sometimes RB a DT 0 CD . SENT If IN , , when WRB reading VVG the DT track NN , , the DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN sees VVZ different JJ data NNS each DT time NN , , the DT software NN knows VVZ that IN the DT disc NN is VBZ an DT original JJ . SENT A DT duplicate JJ disc NN will MD return VV the DT same JJ data NNS reliably RB . SENT So RB too RB will MD some DT CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ . SENT . SENT . SENT this DT technology NN is VBZ not RB without IN problems NNS . SENT Some DT programs NNS will MD examine VV the DT disc NN to TO try VV to TO determine VV if IN it's NNS a DT CD NN R NN . SENT This DT doesn't JJ work NN on IN all DT readers NNS , , and CC it's NNS possible JJ to TO disguise VV discs NNS , , so RB this DT isn't NN very RB effective JJ . SENT CloneCD NP section NN 6 CD 1 CD 49 CD can MD copy VV many JJ copy NN protected VVN discs NNS without IN trouble NN , , given VVN the DT right JJ combination NN of IN reader NN and CC writer NN . SENT Its PP$ main JJ feature NN is VBZ raw JJ reads VVZ and CC writes VVZ , , which WDT not RB all DT drives NNS support NN . SENT The DT Laserlok NP system NN from IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT diskxpress NN . SENT com NN claims VVZ to TO be VB able JJ to TO prevent VV unauthorized JJ disc NN duplication NN at IN a DT low JJ cost NN . SENT It PP can MD be VB copied VVN by IN CloneCD NP . SENT An DT unrelated JJ product NN called VVN LaserLock NP , , from IN MLS NP LaserLock NP International NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT laserlock NN . SENT com NN has VHZ similar JJ features NNS . SENT It PP can MD be VB copied VVN by IN CloneCD NP . SENT TTR NP Technology's NP DiscGuard NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ttr NN . SENT co NP . SENT il NP or CC http NP . SENT www JJ . SENT ttrtech NN . SENT com NN claims VVZ to TO be VB able JJ to TO write VV a DT signature NN onto IN pressed VVN CDs NNS and CC CD NP Rs NP that WDT is VBZ detectable JJ by IN all DT CD NP ROM NP drives NNS but CC isn't NN reproducible JJ without IN special JJ hardware NN . SENT A DT program NN could MD use VV this DT for IN copy NN protection NN by IN checking VVG for IN the DT presence NN of IN the DT signature NN , , and CC refusing VVG to TO run VV if IN it's NNS not RB there RB . SENT Sony NP DADC NP is VBZ promoting VVG a DT simliar JJ product NN called VVN Securom NP . SENT Some DT information NN is VBZ at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT sonydadc NN . SENT com NN hotnews VVZ secu NP fra NP . SENT htm NN . SENT Yet RB another DT variant NN is VBZ C NP Dilla's NP SafeDisc NP . SENT They PP were VBD bought VVN by IN Macrovision NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT macrovision NN . SENT com NN . SENT Their PP$ more JJR recent JJ product NN , , SafeDisc NP 2 CD , , was VBD the DT first JJ to TO feature VV weak JJ sectors NNS . SENT Yet RB another DT variant NN is VBZ CD NN Cops VVZ from IN Link NN Data NP Security NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT linkdata NNS . SENT com NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 2 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN . SENT 2002 CD 10 CD 21 CD The DT challenge NN here RB is VBZ to TO create VV a DT disc NN that WDT will MD play VV on IN a DT standard JJ audio JJ CD NN player NN but CC be VB difficult JJ to TO copy VV or CC rip VV into IN an DT MP NN 3 CD . SENT The DT techniques NNS making VVG headlines NNS in IN mid JJ 2001 CD were VBD developed VVN by IN Macrovision NN 2 CD 4 CD 3 CD and CC SunnComm NP 2 CD 4 CD 4 CD . SENT The DT earliest JJS form NN of IN audio JJ CD NN copy NN protection NN was VBD SCMS NP . SENT This DT only JJ works NNS on IN recorders NNS that WDT support VVP SCMS NP , , specifically RB consumer NN grade NN stand VVP alone RB audio JJ CD NN recorders NNS . SENT Professional JJ recorders NNS , , and CC recorders NNS that WDT attach VVP to TO computers NNS , , do VVP not RB support VV SCMS NP . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 25 CD . SENT Some DT CDs NNS used VVD a DT damaged JJ TOC NP Table NN of IN Contents NNS see VVP section NN 2 CD 27 CD that WDT confused VVD some DT CD NP ROM NP drives NNS and CC ripping JJ software NN . SENT More RBR recent JJ schemes NNS attempt VVP to TO modify VV the DT audio JJ samples NNS in IN ways NNS that WDT confuse VV CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ into IN playing VVG static JJ . SENT The DT next JJ few JJ sections NNS describe VVP these DT approaches NNS in IN detail NN . SENT A DT web NN site NN at IN www NP . SENT fatchucks NNS . SENT com NN used VVD to TO have VH a DT list NN of IN suspected JJ copy NN protected VVN discs NNS and CC some DT tips NNS on IN what WP you PP can MD do VV to TO let VV the DT industry NN know VVP that DT copy NN protection NN isn't NN appreciated VVD . SENT The DT web NN site NN appears VVZ to TO be VB gone VVN , , but CC you PP can MD see VV an DT archived JJ copy NN of IN it PP here RB . SENT http NN . SENT web NN . SENT archive NP . SENT org NP web NN 20031206075520 CD www NNS . SENT fatchucks NNS . SENT com NN corruptcds NNS Many JJ forms NNS of IN copy NN protection NN violate VVP the DT CD NP DA NP standard NN , , and CC so RB the DT discs NNS aren't NN allowed VVD to TO use VV the DT official JJ CD NN logo NN art NN . SENT However RB , , many JJ CDs NNS don't NN have VHP the DT logo NN anywhere RB , , so IN its PP$ absence NN doesn't NN prove VV anything NN . SENT A DT paper NN entitled VVD Evaluating VVG New NP Copy NP Prevention NN Techniques NNS for IN Audio JJ CDs NNS by IN J NP . SENT A DT . SENT Halderman NP available JJ only RB in IN PostScript NN format NN can MD be VB found VVN at IN http NN . SENT crypto NN . SENT stanford NP . SENT edu NP DRM NP 2002 CD halderman NP drm NN 2002 CD pp NNS . SENT ps NNS . SENT The DT paper NN was VBD submitted VVN to TO the DT 2002 CD ACM NP Workshop NN on IN Digital NP Rights NPS Management NP http NN . SENT crypto NN . SENT stanford NP . SENT edu NP DRM NP 2002 CD prog NN . SENT html NN . SENT Incidentally RB , , if IN you're NN convinced VVN that IN record NN companies NNS and CC artists NNS are VBP raking VVG in IN huge JJ piles NNS of IN cash NN from IN every DT CD NN they PP sell VVP , , you PP might MD want VV to TO take VV a DT look NN at IN an DT Electronic JJ Musician NN article NN that IN talks NNS about IN where WRB the DT money NN comes VVZ from IN and CC where WRB it PP goes VVZ . SENT See VV . SENT http NN . SENT industryclick NN . SENT com NN magazinearticle NN . SENT asp NN . SENT magazineid NN 33 CD releaseid NN 9554 CD magazinearticleid NN 132835 CD SiteID NP 15 CD You PP may MD need VV to TO use VV IE NP . SENT Netscape NP 4 CD . SENT 7 CD for IN Linux NP couldn't NN view VVP the DT site NN . SENT Interesting JJ figures NNS . SENT only RB about IN 16 CD of IN CDs NNS sold VVN make VVP enough JJ money NN for IN the DT publishers NNS to TO break VV even RB . SENT The DT ones NNS that WDT do VVP make VV enough JJ money NN have VHP to TO pay VV for IN the DT rest NN . SENT For IN the DT recording NN artists NNS , , only RB about IN 3 CD sell NN enough JJ music NN to TO get VV any DT royalties NNS . SENT With IN figures NNS like IN these DT , , it's NNS not RB surprising JJ that IN the DT industry NN is VBZ taking VVG steps NNS to TO combat VV piracy NN . SENT For IN more JJR news NN commentary NN , , see VVP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT latimes NNS . SENT com NN technology NN la NP 000093190 CD nov NP 22 CD . SENT story NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT modbee NN . SENT com NN 24 CD hour NN entertainment NN story NN 183508 CD p NN 1775112 CD c SYM . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT siliconvalley NN . SENT com NN docs NNS news NN svfront NN cd NP 121701 CD . SENT htm NN For IN some DT messages NNS about IN Sony's NP discs NNS that WDT can MD crash VV computers NNS , , see VV http NN . SENT slashdot NN . SENT org NP article NN . SENT pl NP . SENT sid NP 02 CD 04 CD 03 CD 226233 CD mode NN nested VVD . SENT A DT later JJR article NN in IN MacUser NP noted VVD that IN the DT Celine NP Dion NP disc NN A NP New NP Day NP Has VHZ Come VVN will MD lock VV up RP iMacs NNS and CC require VVP physically RB disassembling VVG parts NNS of IN the DT machine NN to TO get VV the DT disc NN back RB out RB . SENT The DT article NN is VBZ http JJ . SENT www JJ . SENT macuser JJR . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP macsurfer NP php NN 3 CD openframe NN . SENT php NN 3 CD . SENT page NN newnews NN newsarticle NN . SENT php NN 3 CD . SENT id NN 1990 CD Subject NN . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 3 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN Macrovision NN SafeAudio NP 2001 CD 08 CD 28 CD In IN the DT first JJ part NN of IN the DT year NN 2000 CD , , TTR NP Technologies NPS announced VVD a DT product NN called VVN MusicGuard NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT MusicGuard NP . SENT com NN that WDT claimed VVD to TO prevent VV duplication NN of IN audio JJ CDs NNS . SENT The DT product NN was VBD withdrawn VVN , , but CC the DT technology NN has VHZ resurfaced VVN in IN mid JJ 2001 CD as IN a DT product NN called VVN SafeAudio NP from IN Macrovision NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT macrovision NN . SENT com NN . SENT The DT basic JJ idea NN is VBZ to TO create VV samples NNS that WDT sound VVP like IN bursts NNS of IN static JJ , , and CC scramble VVP the DT ECC NN data NNS around RB to TO make VV it PP look VV like IN an DT uncorrectable JJ error NN . SENT Audio JJ CD NN players NNS will MD interpolate VV the DT samples NNS during IN playback NN , , but CC CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ doing VVG digital JJ audio JJ extraction NN generally RB won't JJ . SENT The DT result NN is VBZ a DT disc NN that WDT plays VVZ back RB correctly RB on IN a DT CD NN player NN , , but CC won't JJ rip NN or CC copy VV correctly RB on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN . SENT Some DT relevant JJ sites NNS and CC news NN articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT macrovision NN . SENT com NN solutions NNS newtech NN audio JJ safeaudio NN . SENT php NN 3 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT newscientist NN . SENT com NN news NN news NN . SENT jsp NN . SENT id NN ns NN 9999998 CD http NN . SENT cnet NN . SENT com NN news NN 0 CD 1005 CD 200 CD 6604222 CD . SENT html NN This DT approach NN relies VVZ on IN an DT anachronism NN of IN CD NP ROM NP drive NN construction NN . SENT There EX are VBP two CD ways NNS to TO play VV a DT CD NN on IN a DT computer NN , , one CD analog NN , , one CD digital JJ . SENT The DT analog JJ path NN sends VVZ the DT audio NN across IN a DT cable NN connected VVN from IN the DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN to TO the DT sound JJ card NN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT CD NP player NN software NN available JJ on IN computers NNS works VVZ by IN telling VVG the DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN to TO start VV playing VVG the DT CD NN through IN the DT analog JJ cable NN . SENT This DT may MD not RB hold VV true JJ for IN newer JJR Macintoshes NNS it PP appears VVZ Mac NP OS NN 9 CD uses VVZ an DT entirely RB digital JJ approach NN . SENT Some DT recent JJ CD NN player NN applications NNS for IN the DT PC NN also RB do VVP this DT . SENT The DT digital JJ path NN requires VVZ reading VVG the DT raw JJ audio JJ samples NNS off RB of IN the DT disc NN , , possibly RB modifying VVG the DT data NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT changing VVG the DT byte NN ordering VVG into IN something NN appropriate JJ for IN the DT sound JJ card NN , , and CC then RB writing VVG them PP to TO the DT sound JJ device NN . SENT Until IN a DT few JJ years NNS ago RB , , most JJS CD NP ROM NP drives NNS did VVD this DT very RB poorly RB , , in IN part NN because IN the DT analog JJ and CC digital JJ data NNS paths NNS were VBD logically RB distinct JJ in IN the DT designers NNS minds NNS . SENT Audio JJ CDs NNS used VVD the DT audio JJ path NN , , data NNS CD NP ROMs NP used VVD the DT digital JJ path NN , , and CC while IN you PP could MD send VV audio NN over IN the DT digital JJ path NN there RB didn't JJ seem VVP to TO be VB much JJ value NN in IN doing VVG so RB . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 15 CD for IN some DT additional JJ notes NNS . SENT What WP Macrovision NN appears VVZ to TO be VB exploiting VVG is VBZ the DT different JJ handling NN of IN uncorrectable JJ errors NNS in IN audio JJ samples NNS on IN the DT digital JJ path NN vs NP the DT analog JJ path NN . SENT When WRB playing VVG an DT audio JJ CD NN in IN a DT CD NN player NN or CC CD NP ROM NP drive NN , , the DT analog JJ path NN is VBZ used VVN . SENT This DT path NN deals NNS with IN uncorrectable JJ E NP 32 CD errors NNS by IN examining VVG the DT samples NNS that WDT come VVP before IN and CC after IN the DT error NN , , and CC interpolating VVG between IN them PP . SENT On IN a DT scratched VVN up IN CD NP , , this DT means NNS that WDT , , while IN you PP may MD not RB be VB hearing VVG the DT exact JJ samples NNS that WDT were VBD originally RB recorded VVN , , you PP won't VVD notice VV any DT glitches NNS because IN they're NN smoothed VVN over RP . SENT This DT feature NN is VBZ definitely RB not RB something NN you'd NN want VVP on IN a DT data NN CD NP ROM NP interpolating VVG pieces NNS of IN your PP$ spreadsheet NN is VBZ not RB going VVG to TO help VV you PP . SENT In IN most JJS CD NP ROM NP drives NNS , , reading VVG an DT audio JJ sector NN with IN digital JJ audio JJ extraction NN is VBZ handled VVN the DT same JJ way NN that IN reading VVG a DT data NN sector NN is VBZ . SENT uncorrectable JJ errors NNS are VBP left VVN alone RB . SENT Instead RB of IN getting VVG interpolated VVN samples NNS , , you PP get VVP to TO hear VV the DT original JJ , , scratched VVN up RB audio JJ . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB some DT CDs NNS will MD play VV back RB just RB fine JJ on IN your PP$ computer NN , , but CC will MD come VV out RP all DT scratched VVN up RP when WRB you PP extract VV them PP with IN the DT same JJ drive NN . SENT The DT errors NNS are VBP there RB either DT way NN , , but CC when WRB using VVG a DT desktop JJ CD NN player NN the DT errors NNS have VHP been VBN smoothed VVN over RP by IN the DT logic NN in IN the DT analog JJ output NN path NN . SENT Some DT drives NNS may MD use VV interpolation NN during IN DAE NP at IN lower JJR speeds NNS . SENT If IN so RB , , it PP should MD be VB possible JJ to TO rip VV a DT track NN from IN a DT copy NN protected VVD disc NN by IN reducing VVG the DT extraction NN speed NN to TO 1 CD x SYM . SENT Some DT people NNS have VHP suggested VVN that DT software NN could MD be VB used VVN to TO perform VV the DT interpolation NN on IN extracted VVN music NN , , stripping VVG out RP the DT bits NNS that IN the DT music NN companies NNS added VVD in IN . SENT The DT trouble NN with IN this DT approach NN is VBZ that IN , , once IN the DT data NN has VHZ been VBN extracted VVN , , the DT CIRC NP encoding VVG is VBZ no DT longer RBR visible JJ . SENT It PP may MD not RB be VB easy JJ to TO tell VV where WRB the DT glitches NNS are VBP . SENT For IN example NN , , it PP should MD be VB possible JJ to TO create VV a DT low JJ level NN but CC rhythmic JJ distortion NN that WDT will MD be VB noticeable JJ , , annoying VVG , , and CC difficult JJ to TO identify VV automatically RB . SENT It's NNS possible JJ that IN any DT software NN specializing VVG in IN defeating VVG the DT copy NN protection NN would MD run VV afoul RB of IN the DT DMCA NP Digital NP Millenium NP Copyright NP Act NP , , and CC the DT authors NNS subject JJ to TO fines NNS and CC criminal JJ prosecution NN . SENT Come VVN to TO think VV of IN it PP , , the DT preceeding NN discussion NN might MD be VB illegal JJ . SENT For IN more JJR information NN about IN the DT DMCA NP , , see VVP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT eff VV . SENT org NP . SENT How WRB can MD you PP get VV a DT clean JJ copy NN of IN a DT protected JJ disc NN . SENT There EX are VBP four CD basic JJ approaches NNS , , in IN order NN of IN least JJS to TO most RBS desirable JJ . SENT 1 CD Record NP directly RB from IN the DT analog JJ outputs NNS of IN the DT drive NN , , feeding VVG the DT sound NN into IN a DT sound JJ card NN or CC outboard RB A DT D NP converter NN . SENT Some DT fidelity NN will MD be VB lost VVN when WRB converting VVG from IN digital JJ to TO analog JJ and CC back RB again RB , , which WDT is VBZ what WP the DT industry NN is VBZ counting VVG on RP . SENT 2 LS It PP should MD be VB possible JJ to TO play VV the DT disc NN on IN a DT CD NN player NN with IN an DT S NP PDIF NP connector NN , , and CC get VV error NN interpolated VVN digital JJ output NN . SENT If IN played VVN into IN a DT digital JJ sound NN card NN or CC a DT CD NN recorder NN with IN an DT S NP PDIF NP input NN , , it PP should MD be VB possible JJ to TO capture VV an DT exact JJ copy NN of IN the DT original JJ . SENT Of IN course NN , , it PP has VHZ to TO be VB done VVN at IN 1 CD x SYM , , and CC the DT track NN breaks NNS may MD have VH to TO be VB added VVN manually RB , , making VVG it PP a DT potentially RB tedious JJ affair NN . SENT This DT might MD be VB avoidable JJ on IN a DT CD NP R NP dubbing NN deck NN , , but CC inexpensive JJ models NNS will MD add VV SCMS NP to TO the DT set NN of IN things NNS to TO worry VV about RB . SENT Don't NN forget VV that DT generation NN loss NN is VBZ possible JJ with IN CDs NNS , , especially RB if IN you PP record NN from IN CD NP Rs NP due JJ to TO their PP$ higher JJR BLER NP rate NN , , so RB copying VVG to TO CD NP R NP and CC then RB extracting VVG from IN CD NP R NP requires VVZ some DT care NN . SENT See VV section NN 3 CD 18 CD . SENT 3 LS Some DT drives NNS support VVP an DT extension NN described VVN in IN recent JJ versions NNS of IN the DT ATA NP ATAPI NP and CC SCSI NP MMC NP specifications NNS . SENT This DT extension NN to TO the DT READ VVN CD NN command NN returns VVZ a DT set NN of IN flags NNS indicating VVG which WDT bytes NNS in IN an DT audio JJ block NN were VBD not RB corrected VVN at IN the DT C NP 2 CD level NN section NN 2 CD 17 CD . SENT An DT audio JJ extraction NN application NN with IN access NN to TO this DT information NN could MD do VV its PP$ own JJ interpolation NN across IN errors NNS . SENT Some DT applications NNS already RB make VVP some DT use NN of IN this DT feature NN . SENT see VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT feurio NN . SENT com NN English NP faq NP faq JJ vocable NN c SYM 2 CD error NN . SENT shtml NN . SENT The DT drive NN check NN feature NN of IN cdspeed NN section NN 6 CD 2 CD 11 CD reports NNS on IN whether IN or CC not RB a DT drive NN is VBZ capable JJ of IN returning VVG C NP 2 CD pointers NNS . SENT 4 LS A DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN with IN logic NN that WDT interpolates VVZ uncorrectable JJ errors NNS during IN DAE NP would MD allow VV copying VVG and CC ripping VVG with IN no DT additional JJ effort NN required VVN . SENT The DT success NN or CC failure NN of IN audio JJ CD NN copy NN protection NN hinges VVZ upon IN two CD factors NNS . SENT how WRB effective NN is VBZ it PP at IN preventing VVG casual JJ copying NN , , and CC what WP sort NN of IN problems NNS do VVP the DT legitimate JJ owners NNS of IN audio JJ CDs NNS encounter VV when WRB playing VVG their PP$ discs NNS . SENT Macrovision NN claims NNS that IN their PP$ golden JJ ear NN listeners NNS were VBD not RB able JJ to TO tell VV the DT difference NN , , though IN the DT test NN might MD be VB biased VVN if IN the DT folks NNS with IN the DT shiny JJ lobes NNS were VBD using VVG high JJ end NN CD NN players NNS that WDT did VVD an DT especially RB good JJ job NN of IN concealing VVG uncorrectable JJ errors NNS . SENT A DT legitimate JJ technical JJ concern NN is VBZ that IN the DT copy NN protection NN reduces VVZ the DT effectiveness NN of IN the DT error NN correction NN . SENT Because IN some DT percentage NN of IN ECC NP is VBZ now RB required VVN for IN proper JJ playback NN on IN a DT clean JJ disc NN , , the DT odds NNS of IN scratches NNS and CC fingerprints NNS causing VVG audible JJ degredation NN are VBP increased VVN . SENT In IN practice NN , , if IN the DT static JJ samples NNS are VBP relatively RB few JJ and CC far RB between IN , , the DT difference NN would MD be VB statistically RB insignificant JJ . SENT One CD last JJ piece NN of IN advice NN . SENT do VVP not RB assume VV that IN any DT disc NN that IN doesn't JJ extract NN cleanly RB is VBZ copy NN protected VVN . SENT There EX have VHP been VBN many JJ , , many JJ postings NNS on IN message NN boards NNS from IN people NNS who WP think VVP they PP have VHP found VVN a DT protected JJ disc NN , , or CC how WRB some DT specific JJ piece NN of IN software NN can MD defeat VV the DT protection NN . SENT Start NN with IN the DT more JJR common JJ reasons NNS . SENT the DT disc NN is VBZ dirty JJ , , the DT disc NN was VBD poorly RB made VVN , , your PP$ CD NP ROM NP drive NN is VBZ not RB that DT great JJ at IN audio JJ extraction NN , , you're JJ using VVG software NN that IN isn't NN the DT best JJS . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ reasons NNS why WRB ripping VVG an DT audio JJ track NN might MD fail VV . SENT People NNS have VHP been VBN having VHG trouble NN getting VVG clean JJ audio NN for IN years NNS . SENT See VV section NN 3 CD 3 CD for IN some DT advice NN if IN you're NN having VHG trouble NN . SENT Certain JJ web NN sites NNS notably RB cdfreaks NNS . SENT com NN have VHP been VBN reporting VVG that IN a DT replacement NN CDFS NNS . SENT VXD NP will MD fix VV everything NN . SENT However RB , , doing VVG the DT audio JJ extraction NN in IN a DT VXD NP instead RB of IN an DT EXE NP makes VVZ no DT difference NN . SENT So RB far RB , , none NN of IN the DT sites NNS that WDT have VHP claimed VVN victory NN list NN a DT single JJ SafeAudio NP protected JJ disc NN that WDT was VBD copied VVN , , most RBS likely JJ because IN at IN the DT time NN this DT was VBD written VVN there RB weren't NN any DT discs NNS known VVN to TO use VV SafeAudio NP . SENT This DT phenomenon NN is VBZ not RB unheard JJ of IN . SENT Sega's NP Dreamcast NP discs NNS were VBD widely RB reported VVN to TO be VB copyable JJ by IN a DT means NNS that WDT was VBD quickly RB determined VVN to TO be VB utterly RB ridiculous JJ . SENT If IN the DT widely RB touted VVN CDFS NP . SENT VXD NP is VBZ in IN fact NN a DT hijacked VVN Plextor NN driver NN , , then RB it PP may MD well RB use VV technique NN 3 CD mentioned VVN above IN , , but CC would MD only RB work VV on IN a DT drive NN that WDT supported VVD the DT extended JJ READ NN CD NN feature NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 4 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NP SunnComm NP MediaCloQ NP and CC MediaMax NP CD NP 3 CD 2003 CD 10 CD 06 CD SunnComm NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT sunncomm NP . SENT com NN has VHZ a DT product NN called VVN MediaCloQ NP . SENT It PP was VBD used VVN to TO protect VV the DT album NN A DT Tribute NN to TO Jim NP Reeves NP by IN Charley NP Pride NP in IN mid JJ 2001 CD . SENT The DT results NNS were VBD inconclusive JJ . SENT clean JJ versions NNS of IN the DT tracks NNS appeared VVD on IN the DT net NN , , but CC SunnComm NP claimed VVD they PP came VVD from IN an DT unprotected JJ disc NN released VVN on IN Australia NP . SENT Their PP$ plan NN was VBD to TO alleviate VV fair JJ use NN concerns NNS by IN allowing VVG users NNS to TO download NN MP NN 3 CD versions NNS of IN the DT songs NNS after IN they PP registered VVD the DT original JJ . SENT Some DT articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT news NN . SENT cnet NN . SENT com NN news NN 0 CD 1005 CD 200 CD 5924584 CD . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT zdnet NN . SENT com NN zdnn NN stories NNS news NN 0 CD , , 4586 CD , , 5082954 CD , , 00 CD . SENT html NN http NN . SENT news NN . SENT cnet NN . SENT com NN news NN 0 CD 1014 CD 201 JJ 7311791 CD 0 CD . SENT html NP BMG NP Entertainment NP is VBZ considering VVG the DT use NN of IN this DT product NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT zdnet NN . SENT com NN zdnn NN stories NNS news NN 0 CD , , 4586 CD , , 5094925 CD , , 00 CD . SENT html NN . SENT The DT idea NN behind IN this DT protection NN is VBZ to TO make VV it PP hard JJ for IN CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ to TO identify VV the DT disc NN as IN being VBG an DT audio JJ CD NN . SENT The DT disc NN is VBZ multisession NN , , and CC uses VVZ a DT hacked VVN TOC NP , , so IN track NN rippers NNS and CC disc NN copiers NNS have VHP trouble NN dealing VVG with IN it PP . SENT SunnComm NP hasn't NP publicly RB stated VVD any DT details NNS . SENT In IN August NP 2001 CD , , SunnComm NP announced VVD v NN 2 CD . SENT 0 CD of IN their PP$ product NN , , but CC didn't NN provide VVP specific JJ details NNS . SENT In IN mid JJ 2003 CD , , SunnComm NP announced VVD MediaMax NP CD NP 3 CD , , a DT fancier JJR implementation NN that WDT allows VVZ computer NN users NNS to TO play VV the DT CD NN through IN software NN supplied VVN on IN the DT disc NN . SENT The DT software NN installs VVZ a DT memory NN resident NN driver NN that WDT prevents VVZ CD NN ripping JJ from IN working VVG on IN protected JJ CDs NNS . SENT The DT protection NN can MD be VB foiled VVN on IN Windows NNS PCs NNS by IN simply RB holding VVG down RP the DT shift NN key NN for IN several JJ seconds NNS while IN inserting VVG the DT CD NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cs NP . SENT princeton NP . SENT edu NN jhalderm NN cd NN 3 CD for IN a DT detailed JJ analysis NN . SENT SunnComm NP announced VVD they PP were VBD going VVG to TO sue VV the DT Princeton NP researcher NN , , but CC quickly RB backed VVN off RP . SENT Some DT personal JJ notes NNS on IN SunnComm's NP protection NN of IN the DT Charley NP Pride NP disc NN , , including VVG the DT steps NNS I PP took VVD to TO get VV a DT clean JJ copy NN . SENT The DT packaging NN is VBZ labeled VVN with IN the DT SunnComm NP logo NN , , and CC states NNS , , This DT audio JJ CD NN is VBZ protected VVN by IN SunnComm NP tm NN MediaCloQ NP tm NN Ver NP 1 CD . SENT 0 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ designed VVN to TO play VV in IN standard JJ audio JJ CD NN players NNS only RB and CC is VBZ not RB intended VVN for IN use NN in IN DVD NP players NNS . SENT However RB , , my PP$ DVD NP player NN was VBD able JJ to TO play VV the DT disc NN after IN overcoming VVG some DT initial JJ confusion NN . SENT The DT disc NN itself PP has VHZ an DT unusual JJ construction NN . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT heavy JJ band NN at IN about IN the DT point NN where WRB the DT music NN stops VVZ , , and CC thin JJ bands NNS between IN tracks NNS . SENT These DT appear VVP to TO be VB purely RB decorative JJ and CC , , I'm NP told VVD , , increasingly RB common JJ on IN non JJ protected JJ discs NNS . SENT Some DT images NNS are VBP available JJ on IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT fadden NP . SENT com NN cdrpics NNS . SENT A DT computer NN running VVG Win NP 98 CD SE FW with IN a DT Plextor NP 40 CD max NP CD NP ROM NP drive NN saw VVD the DT disc NN as IN having VHG two CD sessions NNS and CC 16 CD data NNS tracks NNS . SENT My PP$ CD NN player NN only RB saw VVD 15 CD audio JJ tracks NNS . SENT This DT feature NN alone RB makes VVZ the DT disc NN difficult JJ to TO rip VV or CC copy VV , , because IN the DT software NN doesn't NN see VVP any DT audio JJ tracks NNS , , and CC a DT CD NP R NN copy NN would MD be VB full JJ of IN tracks NNS that IN even RB a DT CD NN player NN would MD see VV as IN data NNS . SENT Another DT machine NN , , with IN a DT Plextor NP 12 CD 20 CD and CC a DT slightly RB different JJ set NN of IN software NN , , seemed VVD to TO have VH a DT lot NN of IN trouble NN figuring VVG out RP what WP the DT disc NN was VBD . SENT It PP eventually RB sorted VVN things NNS out RP , , but CC I PP get VVP the DT sense NN the DT disc NN has VHZ been VBN tweaked VVN in IN ways NNS that WDT confuse VV the DT drive NN firmware NN . SENT I PP tried VVD using VVG Session NP Selector NN to TO select VV the DT first JJ session NN and CC then RB access VV the DT tracks NNS . SENT This DT resulted VVD in IN a DT Plextor NP 8 CD 20 CD CD NN recorder NN becoming VVG unusable JJ until IN a DT reboot NN . SENT I'd JJ guess VVP the DT firmware NN got VVD confused JJ . SENT The DT next JJ thing NN I PP tried VVD was VBD to TO crank VV up RP CDRWIN NP v NN 3 CD . SENT 7 CD a DT section NN 6 CD 1 CD 7 CD , , and CC extract VV some DT tracks NNS using VVG my PP$ Plextor NP 12 CD 20 CD . SENT No DT dice NNS the DT display NN showed VVD 15 CD unselectable JJ tracks NNS and CC 1 CD MODE NN 2 CD data NNS track VVP . SENT Next RB , , I PP tried VVD the DT Extract NN Disc NN Tracks VVZ Sectors NNS function NN , , selected VVN Extract NN Sectors NNS , , chose VVD Audio JJ CDDA NP 2352 CD for IN the DT data NN type NN , , and CC entered VVD a DT nice JJ range NN 0 CD to TO 300000 CD , , where WRB each DT audio JJ sector NN is VBZ 1 CD 75 CD th NN of IN a DT second NN . SENT This DT choked VVD when WRB trying VVG to TO read VV starting VVG at IN block NN 173394 CD , , so RB I PP tried VVD again RB stopping VVG at IN 173390 CD . SENT This DT resulted VVD in IN a DT rather RB large JJ WAV NP file NN , , which WDT I PP opened VVD with IN Cool NP Edit VV revealing VVG the DT entire JJ contents NNS of IN the DT disc NN , , plain JJ and CC clear JJ . SENT Playback NP revealed VVD no DT audible JJ defects NNS . SENT I PP believe VVP this DT worked VVN because IN the DT sector NN extraction NN function NN ignores VVZ track NN and CC session NN boundaries NNS , , and CC just RB pulls VVZ the DT blocks NNS straight RB off RB . SENT Losing VVG the DT track NN markers NNS is VBZ annoying VVG , , but CC it's NNS easy JJ to TO add VV them PP back RB with IN something NN like IN CDWave NP section NN 6 CD 2 CD 16 CD . SENT FWIW NP , , this DT same JJ approach NN did VVD not RB work VV for IN the DT My NP Private NP War NP disc NN with IN the DT damaged JJ TOC NN , , described VVN in IN 2 CD 4 CD 2 CD . SENT It PP would MD probably RB not RB be VB of IN help NN with IN a DT SafeAudio NP disc NN either RB . SENT zEEwEE NN came VVD up RP with IN a DT complicated JJ but CC enlightening JJ scheme NN for IN side NN stepping VVG the DT protection NN on IN discs NNS with IN damaged JJ second JJ TOCs NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ the DT advantage NN of IN allowing VVG you PP to TO use VV standard JJ tools NNS , , such JJ as IN Exact JJ Audio JJ Copy NP section NN 6 CD 2 CD 12 CD , , which WDT keeps VVZ the DT track NN breaks NNS and CC can MD do VV fancy JJ tricks NNS to TO get VV the DT best JJS extraction NN quality NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT cdprot NN . SENT cjb NN . SENT net JJ . SENT I'm NP told VVD the DT disc NN used VVN as IN an DT example NN was VBD actually RB protected VVN with IN Midbar NP Tech's NP Cactus NN Data NP Shield NP 100 CD , , not RB MediaCloQ NP . SENT The DT method NN involves VVZ making VVG the DT outer JJ rim NN of IN the DT disc NN unreadable JJ to TO the DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN . SENT It PP appears VVZ you PP can MD use VV dry VV erase VV markers NNS instead RB of IN adhesive JJ stickers NNS for IN the DT procedure NN , , which WDT is VBZ good JJ since IN an DT adhesive JJ label NN might MD peel VV up RP and CC damage VV your PP$ drive NN . SENT This DT method NN , , first RB posted VVD in IN August NP of IN 2001 CD , , resulted VVN in IN a DT flurry NN of IN media NNS attention NN in IN May NP of IN 2002 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 5 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NP Midbar NP Tech NP Cactus NN Data NP Shield NP 2002 CD 02 CD 13 CD Midbar NP Tech NP Ltd NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT midbartech NN . SENT com NN appears VVZ to TO have VH two CD different JJ schemes NNS under IN the DT Cactus NN Data NP Shield NP brand NN . SENT The DT web NN site NN shows VVZ three CD now RB . SENT CDS NP 100 CD , , CDS NP 200 CD , , and CC CDS NP 300 CD . SENT The DT first JJ uses VVZ a DT non JJ standard JJ TOC NN . SENT The DT position NN of IN the DT lead NN out RP and CC the DT length NN of IN the DT last JJ track NN were VBD tweaked VVN , , resulting VVG in IN a DT disc NN that WDT appears VVZ to TO be VB only RB 28 CD seconds NNS long RB . SENT The DT alterations NNS didn't VVD confuse VV all DT CD NP ROM NP drives NNS , , and CC it PP has VHZ been VBN reported VVN that IN some DT Philips NP CD NP players NNS couldn't NN play VVP the DT discs NNS . SENT BMG NP Entertainment NP reportedly RB tried VVD it PP and CC abandoned VVD it PP . SENT In IN late JJ 2001 CD , , Midbar NP Tech NP announced VVD a DT different JJ approach NN . SENT A DT US NP patent NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT delphion NN . SENT com NN details NNS . SENT pn NP US NP 06208598 CD describes VVZ the DT invention NN . SENT The DT approach NN appears VVZ to TO involve VV inserting VVG frames NNS of IN bogus JJ control NN information NN into IN a DT relatively RB constant JJ part NN of IN the DT CD NP audio JJ stream NN . SENT During IN playback NN , , the DT extra JJ frames NNS are VBP skipped VVD . SENT A DT disc NN copy NN or CC digital JJ stream NN on IN an DT S NP PDIF NP output NN will MD include VV the DT bogus JJ frames NNS , , and CC when WRB written VVN to TO CD NP R NP the DT extra JJ control NN information NN won't NN be VB included VVN . SENT The DT result NN is VBZ bad JJ samples NNS that WDT only RB appear VVP in IN copies NNS . SENT News NN articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT news NN . SENT com NN . SENT com NN 2100 CD 1023 CD 835841 CD . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT newscientist NN . SENT com NN news NN news NN . SENT jsp NN . SENT id NN ns NN 99991105 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cnn NP . SENT com NN 2001 CD TECH NN ptech NN 08 CD 08 CD cd NN . SENT copy NN . SENT protection NN . SENT reut NN index NN . SENT html NN The DT difficulty NN in IN copying VVG such PDT a DT disc NN depends VVZ on IN how WRB the DT stream NN of IN audio JJ samples NNS appears VVZ . SENT In IN news NN articles NNS the DT company NN claims VVZ that IN the DT scheme NN can MD defeat VV method NN 2 CD described VVN in IN section NN 2 CD 4 CD 3 CD , , in IN which WDT the DT S NP PDIF NP connector NN of IN a DT CD NN player NN is VBZ used VVN to TO get VV an DT error NN interpolated VVD digital JJ stream NN . SENT That DT suggests VVZ that IN the DT bogus JJ data NN doesn't NN appear VVP as IN uncorrected JJ data NNS , , but CC rather RB as IN valid JJ data NNS that WDT is VBZ suppressed VVN on IN the DT analog JJ outputs NNS . SENT This DT would MD seem VV to TO make VV digital JJ copying NN difficult JJ , , but CC it PP would MD also RB make VV any DT form NN of IN digital JJ playback NN impossible JJ . SENT No DT specific JJ disc NN titles NNS have VHP been VBN announced VVN , , but CC Sony NP has VHZ reportedly RB released VVN a DT few JJ titles NNS in IN eastern JJ Europe NP that WDT use VVP this DT . SENT Some DT personal JJ notes NNS on IN the DT early JJ version NN CDS NP 100 CD . SENT of IN the DT Cactus NN Data NP Shield NP . SENT I PP bought VVD a DT copy NN of IN My PP$ Private JJ War NN , , by IN Phillip NP Boa NP The DT Voodoo NN Club NP , , from IN an DT online JJ retailer NN . SENT The DT disc NN is VBZ labeled VVN Kopiergesch NP tzte NN CD NP nicht NP am VBP pc NN abspielbar NN which WDT translates VVZ literally RB to TO copy VV protected JJ CD NN not RB at IN the DT PC NN playable JJ . SENT Supposedly RB this DT is VBZ one CD of IN the DT BMG NP discs NNS that WDT was VBD protected VVN with IN Midbar's NP first JJ product NN . SENT The DT Plextor NP Plextools NP utility NN saw VVD it PP as IN a DT single JJ session NN audio JJ CD NN with IN 13 CD tracks NNS , , but CC when WRB I PP asked VVD it PP to TO play VV the DT disc NN it PP only RB saw VVD the DT first JJ 28 CD seconds NNS of IN the DT first JJ track NN , , and CC stopped VVD after IN playing VVG just RB that IN much RB . SENT My PP$ Panasonic NP CD NP boom NN box NN also RB thought VVD the DT disc NN was VBD only RB 28 CD seconds NNS long JJ , , but CC it PP happily RB played VVD past JJ that IN point NN , , and CC would MD let VV me PP select VV any DT track NN . SENT The DT page NN at IN http NN . SENT uk NP . SENT eurorights NNS . SENT org NP issues NNS cd NN docs NNS natimb NN . SENT shtml NN has VHZ an DT analysis NN of IN the DT CD NP White NP Lilies NNS Island NP by IN Natalie NP Imbruglia NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cdrinfo NN . SENT com NN Sections NNS Articles NNS Specific JJ . SENT asp NN . SENT ArticleHeadline NP Cactus NN 20 CD Data NP 20 CD Shield NP 20200 CD index NN 0 CD has VHZ a DT very RB thorough JJ examination NN of IN a DT CDS NP 200 CD disc NN . SENT Recommended JJ reading NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 6 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN Key NP 2 CD Audio JJ Sony NP DADC NP 2001 CD 09 CD 26 CD This DT was VBD used VVN to TO protect VV promotional JJ copies NNS of IN the DT Michael NP Jackson NP single JJ You PP Rock NP My NP World NP . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT key NN 2 CD audio NN . SENT com NN for IN product NN information NN . SENT News NN articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT news NN . SENT cnet NN . SENT com NN news NN 0 CD 1005 CD 200 CD 7284684 CD . SENT html NN The DT technology NN is VBZ designed VVN to TO make VV the DT discs NNS unrecognizeable JJ to TO CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ . SENT According VVG to TO the DT web NN pages NNS , , the DT product NN is VBZ licensed VVN through IN Sony NP DADC NP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 7 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NP BayView NP Systems NPS Duolizer NP 2001 CD 09 CD 26 CD The DT Duolizer NN system NN splits VVZ music NN into IN two CD pieces NNS . SENT The DT bulk NN of IN the DT music NN is VBZ on IN the DT CD NN , , but CC a DT small JJ but CC essential JJ piece NN is VBZ streamed VVD from IN a DT secure JJ server NN over IN the DT Internet NN . SENT The DT idea NN is VBZ to TO allow VV music NN publishers NNS to TO distribute VV songs NNS to TO the DT media NNS and CC retail JJ outlets NNS ahead RB of IN scheduled VVN releases NNS . SENT This DT was VBD a DT response NN to TO songs NNS appearing VVG in IN MP NN 3 CD form NN on IN the DT Internet NN before IN the DT CDs NNS went VVD into IN distribution NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bayviewsystems NNS . SENT com NN solutions NNS duolizer NN . SENT htm NN for IN product NN info NN . SENT News NN articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT news NN . SENT cnet NN . SENT com NN news NN 0 CD 1005 CD 200 CD 7132601 CD . SENT html NN This DT scheme NN can't NN be VB used VVN for IN general JJ CD NN protection NN , , because IN if IN the DT music NN can MD be VB played VVN on IN a DT computer NN at IN all DT , , it PP can MD be VB captured VVN with IN a DT program NN like IN Total JJ Recorder NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT HighCriteria NP . SENT com NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB reasonably RB effective JJ for IN promotional JJ copies NNS of IN songs NNS , , though RB , , where WRB the DT goal NN is VBZ to TO prevent VV people NNS from IN walking VVG away RP with IN copies NNS of IN the DT discs NNS . SENT As IN an DT added JJ bonus NN , , because IN the DT music NN is VBZ streamed VVD from IN a DT central JJ location NN , , it PP could MD have VH a DT digital JJ watermark NN added VVD . SENT If IN say NN somebody NN at IN a DT radio NN station NN made VVD an DT MP NN 3 CD copy NN , , it PP might MD be VB possible JJ to TO trace VV the DT source NN of IN the DT MP NN 3 CD file NN back RB to TO the DT source NN . SENT There EX is VBZ nothing NN on IN the DT product NN pages NNS to TO suggest VV that IN such PDT a DT scheme NN is VBZ currently RB in IN place NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 8 CD . SENT . SENT . SENT on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN Sanyo NP 2001 CD 09 CD 29 CD Sanyo NP has VHZ joined VVN the DT growing VVG list NN of IN companies NNS to TO announce VV CD NN copy NN protection NN . SENT It's NP not RB clear JJ if IN this DT is VBZ their PP$ own JJ scheme NN or CC one CD licensed VVN from IN another DT company NN . SENT News NN articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cnn NP . SENT com NN 2001 CD TECH NN ptech NN 09 CD 24 CD sanyo NP . SENT cd NN . SENT rom NP . SENT protection NN . SENT idg NN index NN . SENT html NN Subject NN . SENT 2 LS 4 CD 9 CD How WRB does VVZ the DT Doc NP Witness NP OpSecure NP CD NP ROM NP work NN . SENT 2002 CD 08 CD 22 CD The DT disc NN has VHZ an DT embedded VVN secure JJ micro NP like IN a DT smart JJ card NN that WDT is VBZ activated VVN when WRB the DT laser NN light NN strikes VVZ a DT photodetector NN . SENT The DT light NN is VBZ converted VVN to TO electrical JJ impulses NNS , , the DT impulses NNS drive VVP the DT chip NN , , and CC if IN all DT goes VVZ well RB the DT results NNS are VBP presented VVN to TO the DT drive NN via IN an DT embedded VVN light NN emitting VVG diode NN . SENT Making VVG an DT exact JJ duplicate JJ of IN the DT disc NN would MD be VB very RB difficult JJ . SENT It's NNS unclear JJ whether IN this DT technology NN actually RB makes VVZ it PP harder JJR to TO get VV a DT working VVG copy NN of IN the DT contents NNS . SENT The DT scheme NN seems VVZ to TO essentially RB be VB a DT combination NN of IN an DT uncopyable JJ disc NN and CC a DT hardware NN dongle NN , , both CC of IN which WDT have VHP been VBN around RB for IN years NNS neither CC of IN which WDT have VHP brought VVN an DT end NN to TO piracy NN . SENT The DT company's NNS web NN site NN is VBZ http JJ . SENT www JJ . SENT doc NN witness NN . SENT com NN . SENT News NN articles NNS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT technologyreview NN . SENT com NN articles NNS prototype NN 10902 CD . SENT asp NN . SENT p NN 7 CD Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 5 CD What's NP a DT multisession NN disc NN . SENT 2005 CD 02 CD 07 CD A DT session NN is VBZ a DT recorded JJ segment NN that WDT may MD contain VV one CD or CC more JJR tracks NNS of IN any DT type NN . SENT The DT CD NP recorder NN doesn't NN have VHP to TO write VV the DT entire JJ session NN at IN once RB you PP can MD write VV a DT single JJ track NN , , and CC come VV back RB later RBR and CC write VV another DT but CC the DT session NN must MD be VB closed VVN before IN a DT standard JJ audio JJ CD NP or CC CD NP ROM NP player NN will MD be VB able JJ to TO use VV it PP . SENT Additional JJ sessions NNS can MD be VB added VVN until IN the DT disc NN is VBZ closed VVN or CC there's RB no DT space NN left VVD . SENT This DT provides VVZ a DT simple JJ and CC fairly RB reliable JJ way NN to TO write VV some DT data NN to TO a DT disc NN now RB and CC still RB be VB able JJ to TO add VV more RBR later JJR . SENT The DT trouble NN with IN using VVG multiple JJ sessions NNS is VBZ that IN , , every DT time NN you PP write VVP a DT chunk NN of IN data NNS , , you PP incur VVP a DT fairly RB substantial JJ amount NN of IN overhead NN . SENT 23 CD MB NP after IN the DT first JJ session NN , , and CC 14 CD MB NP for IN every DT subsequent JJ session NN . SENT This DT overhead JJ lead NN to TO the DT development NN of IN packet NN writing NN , , which WDT allows VVZ drag NN and CC drop NN recording NN , , but CC works VVZ in IN an DT entirely RB different JJ way NN see VVP section NN 6 CD 3 CD . SENT Multisession NN writing NN was VBD first RB used VVN on IN PhotoCD JJ discs NNS , , to TO allow VV additional JJ pictures NNS to TO be VB appended VVN to TO existing JJ discs NNS . SENT Today NN it's NNS most RBS often RB used VVN with IN linked VVN multisession NN discs NNS , , and CC occasionally RB for IN CD NP Extra JJ discs NNS . SENT These DT require VVP a DT bit NN more JJR explanation NN . SENT When WRB you PP put VVD a DT data NN CD NN into IN your PP$ CD NP ROM NP drive NN , , the DT OS NN finds VVZ the DT last JJ closed JJ session NN on IN the DT disc NN and CC reads VVZ the DT directory NN from IN it PP . SENT Well RB , , that's NNS how WRB it's NNS supposed VVN to TO work VV . SENT On IN some DT older JJR operating NN systems NNS and CC CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ , , you PP may MD get VV different JJ results NNS . SENT If IN the DT CD NN was VBD written VVN in IN ISO NP 9660 CD format NN most JJS store NN bought VVD CD NP ROMs NP are VBP the DT directory NN entries NNS can MD point VV at IN any DT file NN on IN the DT CD NN , , no DT matter NN which WDT session NN it PP was VBD written VVN in IN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT popular JJ CD NN creation NN programs NNS allow VVP you PP to TO link VV one CD or CC more RBR earlier JJR sessions NNS to TO the DT session NN currently RB being VBG burned VVN . SENT This DT allows VVZ the DT files NNS from IN the DT previous JJ sessions NNS to TO appear VV in IN the DT last JJ session NN without IN taking VVG up RP any DT additional JJ space NN on IN the DT CD NN except IN for IN the DT directory NN entry NN . SENT You PP can MD also RB remove VV or CC replace VV files NNS , , by IN putting VVG a DT newer JJR version NN into IN the DT last JJ session NN , , and CC by IN not RB including VVG a DT link NN to TO the DT older JJR version NN . SENT In IN contrast NN , , when WRB you PP put VVD an DT audio JJ CD NN into IN a DT typical JJ CD NN player NN , , it PP only RB looks VVZ at IN the DT first JJ session NN . SENT For IN this DT reason NN , , multisession NN writes VVZ don't JJ work NN for IN audio JJ CDs NNS , , but CC as IN it PP happens VVZ this DT limitation NN can MD be VB turned VVN into IN an DT advantage NN . SENT See VV section NN 3 CD 14 CD for IN details NNS . SENT This DT limitation NN does VVZ not RB mean VV you PP have VHP to TO write VV an DT entire JJ audio JJ CD NN all RB at IN once RB . SENT see VV section NN 2 CD 9 CD for IN an DT overview NN of IN track NN at IN once RB writing VVG . SENT Some DT audio JJ CD NN players NNS do VVP seem VV to TO be VB able JJ to TO recognize VV all DT of IN the DT tracks NNS on IN a DT multisession NN audio JJ disc NN . SENT Most JJS do VVP not RB . SENT The DT only JJ way NN to TO know VV for IN sure JJ is VBZ to TO try VV and CC see VV . SENT If IN you PP are VBP planning VVG to TO give VV an DT audio JJ CD NN you PP create VVP to TO others NNS , , it PP would MD be VB wise JJ to TO write VV it PP in IN a DT single JJ session NN . SENT Note NN that IN mixing VVG MODE NN 1 CD CD NP ROM NP and CC MODE NN 2 CD CD NP ROM NP XA NP sessions NNS on IN a DT single JJ disc NN isn't NN allowed VVD . SENT You PP could MD create VV such PDT a DT thing NN , , but CC many JJ CD NP ROM NP drives NNS will MD have VH a DT hard JJ time NN recognizing VVG it PP . SENT See VV also RB http JJ . SENT www JJ . SENT roxio NN . SENT com NN en IN support NN cdr NN multisession NN . SENT html NN , , which WDT goes VVZ into IN more JJR depth NN . SENT On IN a DT Macintosh NP , , discs NNS written VVN in IN HFS NNS or CC HFS NNS format NN cannot NN link NN files VVZ back RB to TO earlier JJR sessions NNS . SENT Adding VVG a DT new JJ session NN will MD cause VV the DT previous JJ session NN to TO disappear VV . SENT Quick JJ recap NN . SENT if IN you PP want VVP to TO write VV some DT data NN to TO a DT CD NP ROM NP now RB , , and CC some DT more RBR later RBR , , you PP write VVP a DT single JJ data NN track NN in IN multiple JJ sessions NNS or CC with IN packet NN writing NN . SENT If IN you PP want VVP to TO write VV some DT audio NN tracks VVZ to TO a DT CD NN now RB , , and CC some DT more RBR later RBR , , you PP write VVP multiple JJ audio JJ tracks NNS in IN a DT single JJ session NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 6 CD What WP are VBP subcode NN channels NNS . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 10 RB There EX are VBP eight CD subcode NN channels NNS P NN , , Q NP , , R NP , , S NP , , T NN , , U NP , , V NN , , W NP . SENT The DT exact JJ method NN of IN encoding VVG is VBZ discussed VVN in IN section NN 2 CD 43 CD , , but CC it's NNS really RB only RB important JJ to TO note VV the DT data NN is VBZ distributed VVN uniformly RB across IN the DT entire JJ CD NN , , and CC each DT channel NN can MD hold VV a DT total NN of IN about RB 4 CD MB NP . SENT The DT P NN subcode NN channel NN identifies VVZ the DT start NN of IN a DT track NN , , but CC is VBZ usually RB ignored VVN in IN favor NN of IN the DT Q NP channel NN . SENT The DT Q NP subcode NN channel NN includes VVZ useful JJ information NN , , which WDT can MD be VB read VVN and CC written VVN on IN many JJ recorders NNS . SENT The DT user NN data NN area NN contains VVZ three CD types NNS of IN subcode NP Q NP data NNS . SENT position NN information NN , , media NNS catalog NN number NN MCN NP , , and CC ISRC NP code NN . SENT Other JJ forms NNS are VBP found VVN in IN the DT lead NN in IN , , and CC are VBP used VVN to TO enable VV multisession NN and CC describe VV the DT disc NN TOC NN table NN of IN contents NNS . SENT The DT position NN information NN is VBZ used VVN by IN audio JJ CD NN players NNS to TO display VV the DT current JJ time NN , , and CC has VHZ track NN index NN information NN . SENT This DT can MD be VB controlled VVN when WRB doing VVG Disc NN At IN Once RB recording VVG . SENT The DT ISRC NP International NP Standard NP Recording NP Code NP is VBZ used VVN by IN the DT recording NN industry NN . SENT It PP states VVZ the DT country NN of IN origin NN , , owner NN , , year NN of IN issue NN , , and CC serial JJ number NN of IN tracks NNS , , and CC may MD be VB different JJ for IN each DT track NN . SENT It's NNS optional JJ . SENT many JJ CDs NNS don't NN use VVP this DT . SENT The DT media NNS catalog NN number NN is VBZ similar JJ , , but CC is VBZ constant JJ per IN disc NN . SENT Note VV these DT are VBP different JJ from IN the DT UPC NP codes NNS . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ee NNS . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NP conselec NP CE NP reports VVZ Group NP . SENT 1 CD matt JJ page NN individual JJ subcode NN . SENT html NN for IN some DT details NNS on IN P NN and CC Q NP . SENT The DT R NP W NP subcode NN channels NNS are VBP used VVN for IN text NN and CC graphics NNS in IN certain JJ applications NNS , , such JJ as IN CD NP G NP CD NP w NN graphics NNS , , supported VVN by IN SegaCD NP among IN others NNS . SENT A DT new JJ use NN has VHZ been VBN devised VVN by IN Philips NP , , called VVD ITTS NP . SENT It PP enables VVZ properly RB equipped VVN players NNS to TO display VV text NN and CC graphics NNS on IN Red NP Book NP audio JJ discs NNS . SENT The DT most RBS recent JJ result NN of IN this DT technology NN is VBZ CD NN Text NN , , which WDT provides VVZ a DT way NN to TO embed VV disc NN and CC track NN data NNS on IN a DT standard JJ audio JJ CD NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 7 CD Are VBP the DT CD NN Identifier NN fields NNS widely RB used VVN . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 20 CD Not RB many JJ publishers NNS use VVP them PP , , and CC not RB all DT devices NNS can MD read VV all DT of IN the DT fields NNS . SENT Programs NNS that WDT identify VVP audio JJ CDs NNS automatically RB don't VVD rely VV on IN an DT embedded VVN serial NN number NN . SENT Instead RB , , they PP compute VV an DT ID NN based VVN on IN the DT quantity NN and CC positions NNS of IN the DT audio JJ tracks NNS , , measured VVN down RB to TO 1 CD 75 CD th NN of IN a DT second NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cddb NN . SENT com NN has VHZ a DT collection NN of IN CD NN information NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 8 CD How WRB long RB does VVZ it PP take VV to TO burn VV a DT CD NN R NN . SENT 2001 CD 05 CD 31 CD It PP depends VVZ on IN how WRB much JJ data NN you're NN going VVG to TO burn VV , , and CC how WRB fast RB your PP$ drive NN is VBZ . SENT Burning VVG 650 CD MB NP of IN data NNS takes VVZ about IN 74 CD minutes NNS at IN 1 CD x SYM , , 37 CD minutes NNS at IN 2 CD x SYM , , and CC 19 CD minutes NNS at IN 4 CD x SYM , , but CC you PP have VHP to TO add VV a DT minute NN or CC two CD for IN finalizing VVG the DT disc NN . SENT Remember VV that DT single JJ speed NN for IN CD NP ROMs NP is VBZ 150 CD KB NP sec NN , , double JJ speed NN is VBZ 300 CD KB NP sec NN , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT If IN you PP have VHP half PDT the DT data NNS , , it PP will MD finish VV in IN about IN half PDT the DT time NN . SENT If IN you PP record VV the DT same JJ thing NN twice RB as RB fast RB , , it PP will MD finish VV in IN about IN half PDT the DT time NN . SENT Most JJS CD NN recording NN speeds NNS are VBP linear JJ , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT recording VVG at IN 12 CD x NN is VBZ twice RB as RB fast RB as IN recording NN at IN 6 CD x NN . SENT If IN the DT drive NN uses VVZ a DT PCAV NP mechanism NN see VVP section NN 5 CD 22 CD the DT speed NN varies VVZ depending VVG on IN which WDT part NN of IN the DT disc NN you're NN recording NN . SENT If IN a DT 20 CD x SYM drive NN uses VVZ PCAV NP to TO get VV 12 CD x NN at IN the DT start NN of IN the DT disc NN and CC 20 CD x SYM near IN the DT outside JJ , , you PP know VVP that IN burning VVG 60 CD minutes NNS of IN audio NN will MD take VV somewhere RB between IN about RB 5 CD minutes NNS and CC about RB 3 CD minutes NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 9 CD What's NP the DT difference NN between IN disc NN at IN once RB and CC track VV at IN once RB . SENT 2002 CD 06 CD 24 RB There EX are VBP two CD basic JJ ways NNS of IN writing VVG to TO a DT CD NN R NN . SENT Disc NN at IN once RB DAO NP writes VVZ the DT entire JJ CD NN in IN one CD pass NN , , possibly RB writing VVG multiple JJ tracks NNS . SENT The DT entire JJ burn VVP must MD complete VV without IN interruption NN , , and CC no DT further JJR information NN may MD be VB added VVN . SENT Track NN at IN once RB TAO NP allows VVZ the DT writes VVZ to TO be VB done VVN in IN multiple JJ passes NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT minimum JJ track NN length NN of IN 300 CD blocks NNS 600 CD K NN for IN typical JJ data NNS CDs NNS , , and CC a DT maximum NN of IN 99 CD tracks NNS per IN disc NN , , as RB well RB as IN a DT slight JJ additional JJ overhead NN associated VVN with IN stopping VVG and CC restarting VVG the DT laser NN . SENT Because IN the DT laser NN is VBZ turned VVN off RP and CC on RP for IN every DT track NN , , the DT recorder NN leaves VVZ a DT couple NN of IN blocks NNS between IN tracks NNS , , called VVD run VV out RP and CC run VV in IN blocks NNS . SENT If IN done VVN correctly RB , , the DT blocks NNS will MD be VB silent JJ and CC usually RB unnoticeable JJ . SENT CDs NNS with IN tracks NNS that WDT run VVP together RB will MD have VH a DT barely RB noticeable JJ hiccup NN . SENT Some DT combinations NNS of IN software NN and CC hardware NN may MD leave VV junk NN in IN the DT gap NN , , resulting VVG in IN a DT slight JJ but CC annoying VVG click NN between IN tracks NNS . SENT Some DT drives NNS and CC or CC software NN packages NNS may MD not RB let VV you PP control VV the DT size NN of IN the DT gap NN between IN audio JJ tracks NNS when WRB recording VVG in IN track NN at IN once RB mode NN , , leaving VVG you PP with IN 2 CD second JJ gaps NNS even RB if IN the DT original JJ didn't NN have VHP them PP . SENT Many JJ recorders NNS , , starting VVG with IN the DT venerable JJ Philips NP CDD NP 2000 CD , , allow VV session NN at IN once RB SAO NP recording NN . SENT This DT gives VVZ you PP disc NN at IN once RB control NN over IN the DT gaps NNS between IN tracks NNS , , but CC allows VVZ you PP to TO leave VV the DT disc NN open JJ . SENT This DT can MD be VB handy JJ when WRB writing VVG CD NN Extra JJ discs NNS see VVP section NN 3 CD 14 CD . SENT There EX are VBP some DT cases NNS where WRB disc NN at IN once RB recording VVG is VBZ required VVN . SENT For IN example NN , , it PP may MD be VB difficult JJ or CC impossible JJ to TO make VV identical JJ backup JJ copies NNS of IN some DT kinds NNS of IN discs NNS without IN using VVG disc NN at IN once RB mode NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT copy NN protected VVD PC NN games NNS . SENT Also RB , , some DT CD NN mastering VVG plants NNS may MD not RB accept VV discs NNS recorded VVN in IN track NN at IN once RB mode NN , , because IN the DT gaps NNS between IN tracks NNS will MD show VV up RP as IN uncorrectable JJ errors NNS . SENT The DT bottom JJ line NN is VBZ that DT disc NN at IN once RB recording NN gives VVZ you PP more JJR control NN over IN disc NN creation NN , , especially RB for IN audio JJ CDs NNS , , but CC isn't VVD always RB appropriate JJ or CC necessary JJ . SENT It's NP a DT good JJ idea NN to TO get VV a DT recorder NN that WDT supports VVZ both DT disc NN at IN once RB and CC track VV at IN once RB recording VVG . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 10 CD Differences NNS between IN recording NN from IN an DT image NN and CC on IN the DT fly NN . SENT 1998 CD 12 CD 20 CD Many JJ CD NN R NN creation NN packages NNS will MD give VV you PP a DT choice NN between IN creating VVG a DT complete JJ image NN of IN the DT CD NN on IN disk NN and CC doing VVG what's NNS called VVN on IN the DT fly NN writing NN . SENT Each DT method NN has VHZ its PP$ advantages NNS . SENT Disc NN image NN files NNS are VBP sometimes RB called VVN virtual JJ CDs NNS or CC VCDs NP not RB to TO be VB confused VVN with IN VideoCD NP . SENT These DT are VBP complete JJ copies NNS of IN the DT data NNS as IN it PP will MD appear VV on IN the DT CD NN , , and CC so RB require VV that IN you PP have VHP enough RB hard JJ drive NN space NN to TO hold VV the DT complete JJ CD NN . SENT This DT could MD be VB as RB much JJ as IN 650 CD MB NP for IN CD NP ROM NP or CC 747 NP MB NP for IN an DT audio JJ disc NN when WRB using VVG 74 CD minute JJ blanks NNS . SENT If IN you PP have VHP both DT audio NN and CC data NN tracks NNS on IN your PP$ CD NN , , there EX would MD be VB an DT ISO NP 9660 CD filesystem NN image NN for IN the DT data NN track NN and CC one CD or CC more JJR 16 CD bit NN 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP stereo JJ sound NN images NNS for IN the DT audio JJ tracks NNS . SENT On IN the DT Mac NP , , you PP might MD instead RB use VV an DT HFS NNS filesystem NN for IN the DT data NNS track VVP . SENT You PP can MD create VV the DT image NN with IN Mac NP CD NP recording NN software NN , , or CC create VV it PP as IN a DT DiskCopy NP image NN file NN and CC then RB burn VV the DT data NNS fork VV under IN a DT different JJ OS NN . SENT On IN the DT fly NN recording NN often RB uses VVZ a DT virtual JJ image NN , , in IN which WDT the DT complete JJ set NN of IN files NNS is VBZ examined VVN and CC laid VVN out RP , , but CC only RB the DT file NN characteristics NNS are VBP stored VVN , , not RB the DT data NNS . SENT The DT contents NNS of IN the DT files NNS are VBP read VVN while IN the DT CD NN is VBZ being VBG written VVN . SENT This DT method NN requires VVZ less RBR available JJ hard JJ drive NN space NN and CC may MD save VV time NN , , but CC increases VVZ the DT risk NN of IN buffer NN underruns NNS see VVP 4 CD 1 CD . SENT With IN most JJS software NN this DT also RB gives VVZ greater JJR flexibility NN , , since IN it's NNS easier JJR to TO add VV , , remove VV , , and CC shuffle NN files NNS in IN a DT virtual JJ image NN than IN a DT physical JJ one CD . SENT A DT CD NN created VVN from IN an DT image NN file NN would MD be VB identical JJ to TO one CD created VVN with IN on IN the DT fly NN recording NN , , assuming VVG that IN both DT would MD put VV the DT same JJ files NNS in IN the DT same JJ places NNS . SENT The DT choice NN of IN which WDT to TO use VV depends VVZ on IN user NN preference NN and CC hardware NN capability NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 11 CD How WRB does VVZ an DT audio JJ CD NN player NN know VVP to TO skip VV data NN tracks NNS . SENT 1999 CD 04 CD 11 RB There EX are VBP subcode NN flags NNS in IN the DT Q NP channel NN for IN each DT track NN . SENT Data NNS If IN set NN , , the DT track NN contains VVZ data NNS . SENT if IN not RB , , the DT track NN contains VVZ audio JJ . SENT Digital NP Copy NP Permitted VVD Used VVN by IN SCMS NP . SENT Set VVN to TO allow VV copies NNS , , clear JJ to TO prevent VV them PP . SENT Four CD Channel NP Audio NN The DT Red NP Book NP standard NN allows VVZ four CD channel NN audio NN , , though RB very RB few JJ discs NNS have VHP ever RB been VBN made VVN that WDT use VV it PP . SENT Pre NP Emphasis NN Set VVN if IN the DT audio NN was VBD recorded VVN with IN pre NP emphasis NN . SENT The DT last JJ two CD are VBP rarely RB used VVN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 12 CD How WRB does VVZ CD NP RW NP compare VVP to TO CD NP R NP . SENT 2001 CD 07 CD 06 CD CD NP RW NP is VBZ short JJ for IN CD NP Rewritable NP . SENT It PP used VVD to TO be VB called VVN CD NP Erasable JJ CD NN E NN , , but CC some DT marketing NN folks NNS changed VVD it PP so IN it PP wouldn't VVD sound NN like IN your PP$ important JJ data NN gets VVZ erased VVN on IN a DT whim NN . SENT The DT difference NN between IN CD NP RW NP and CC CD NP R NP is VBZ that IN CD NP RW NP discs NNS can MD be VB erased VVN and CC rewritten VVN , , while IN CD NP R NP discs NNS are NN write VVP once RB . SENT Other JJ than IN that DT , , they PP are VBP used VVN just RB like IN CD NP R NP discs NNS . SENT Let VV me PP emphasize VV that IN . SENT they PP are VBP used VVN just RB like IN CD NP R NP discs NNS . SENT You PP can MD use VV packet NN writing NN on IN both DT CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP , , and CC you PP can MD use VV disc NN at IN once RB audio JJ recording NN on IN both DT CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP . SENT Some DT software NN may MD handle VV CD NP RW NP in IN a DT slightly RB different JJ way NN , , because IN you PP can MD do VV things NNS like IN erase VV individual JJ files NNS , , but CC the DT recorder NN technology NN is VBZ nearly RB identical JJ . SENT CD NP RW NP drives NNS use VVP phase NN change NN technology NN . SENT Instead RB of IN creating VVG bubbles NNS and CC deformations NNS in IN the DT recording NN dye NN layer NN , , the DT state NN of IN material NN in IN the DT recording NN layer NN changes NNS from IN crystalline JJ to TO amorphous JJ form NN . SENT The DT different JJ states NNS have VHP different JJ refractive JJ indicies NNS , , and CC so RB can MD be VB optically RB distinguished JJ . SENT These DT discs NNS are VBP not RB writable JJ by IN standard JJ CD NN R NN drives NNS , , nor CC readable JJ by IN most JJS older JJR CD NN readers NNS the DT reflectivity NN of IN CD NP RW NP is VBZ far RB below IN CD NP and CC CD NP R NP , , so IN an DT Automatic NP Gain NP Control NP circuit NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO compensate VV . SENT Most RBS new JJ CD NP ROM NP drives NNS do VVP support VV CD NP RW NP media NNS , , but CC not RB all RB them PP will MD read VV CD NP RW NP discs NNS at IN full JJ speed NN . SENT A DT few JJ older JJR audio JJ CD NN players NNS and CC many JJ new JJ ones NNS can MD handle VV CD NP RW NP discs NNS , , but CC many JJ can't NN . SENT If IN you PP want VVP to TO create VV audio JJ CDs NNS on IN CD NP RW NP media NNS , , make VV sure RB that IN your PP$ player NN can MD handle VV them PP . SENT All DT CD NP RW NP recorders NNS can MD write VV to TO CD NP R NP media NNS , , so RB the DT only JJ reason NN not RB to TO buy VV a DT CD NP RW NP recorder NN is VBZ price NN . SENT Some DT Internet NN sites NNS like VVP to TO put VV the DT devices NNS in IN completely RB separate JJ categories NNS , , calling VVG them PP CD NN recorders NNS and CC CD NN ReWriters NNS , , but CC the DT differences NNS between IN them PP don't VVD really RB merit VV such PDT a DT distinction NN . SENT Think VV of IN a DT CD NP ReWriter NP as IN a DT CD NN recorder NN that WDT can MD also RB make VV use NN of IN CD NP RW NP media NNS . SENT Oddly RB enough RB , , it PP may MD be VB easier JJR for IN a DT DVD NP drive NN to TO read VV CD NP RW NP discs NNS than IN CD NP R NP discs NNS , , because RB of IN the DT way NN the DT media NNS is VBZ constructed VVN . SENT CD NP RW NP media NNS is VBZ more RBR expensive JJ than IN CD NP R NP , , but CC recent JJ price NN reductions NNS have VHP narrowed VVN the DT gap NN considerably RB . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT limit NN to TO the DT number NN of IN times NNS an DT area NN of IN the DT disc NN can MD be VB rewritten VVN , , but CC that DT number NN is VBZ relatively RB high JJ the DT Orange NP Book NP requires VVZ 1000 CD , , but CC some DT manufacturers NNS have VHP claimed VVN as RB much RB as IN 100 CD , , 000 CD . SENT Of IN course NN , , this DT is VBZ under IN laboratory NN conditions NNS . SENT If IN you PP don't VVD handle VV the DT disc NN carefully RB , , you PP will MD add VV scratches NNS , , dirt NN , , fingerprints NNS , , and CC other JJ obstacles NNS that WDT make VVP the DT disc NN harder RBR for IN the DT drive NN to TO read VV . SENT It PP appears VVZ that IN CD NP RW NP discs NNS have VHP speed NN ratings NNS encoded VVD on IN them PP , , so RB discs NNS that WDT are VBP only RB certified VVN for IN 2 CD x SYM recording VVG can't NN be VB written VVN to TO at IN 4 CD x SYM or CC , , for IN that DT matter NN , , 1 CD x SYM . SENT To TO make VV things NNS more RBR complicated JJ , , different JJ media NNS is VBZ required VVN for IN high JJ speed NN CD NP RW NP drives VVZ those DT that WDT exceed VVP 4 CD x NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT emediapro NN . SENT com NN EM NN 2000 CD writer NN 11 CD . SENT html NN for IN an DT explanation NN . SENT If IN you're NN trying VVG to TO decide VV if IN you PP want VVP a DT drive NN that WDT supports VVZ CD NP RW NP , , see VVP section NN 5 CD 16 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 13 CD Can MD DVD NP players NNS read VVP CD NP Rs NP . SENT 2001 CD 11 CD 28 CD The DT only JJ discs NNS that IN a DT DVD NP player NN is VBZ guaranteed VVN to TO read VV are VBP DVD NP discs NNS . SENT Support NN for IN CD NP ROM NP , , CD NP R NP , , and CC CD NP RW NP may MD be VB included VVN , , but CC is VBZ by IN no DT means NNS guaranteed VVN . SENT CD NP R NP was VBD designed VVN to TO be VB read VVN by IN an DT infrared JJ 780 CD nm NN laser NN . SENT DVD NP uses VVZ a DT visible JJ red NN 635 CD nm NN or CC 650 CD nm NN laser NN , , which WDT aren't NP reflected VVD sufficiently RB by IN the DT organic JJ dye NN polymers NNS used VVN in IN CD NP R NP media NNS . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , many JJ DVD NP players NNS can't NN read VVD CD NP R NP media NNS . SENT Some DT DVD NP players NNS come VVP with IN two CD lasers NNS so RB that IN they PP can MD read VV CD NP R NP . SENT For IN a DT technical JJ discussion NN , , see VV http NN . SENT www NP 2 CD . SENT osta NN . SENT org NP osta NP html NN cddvd NN intro NN . SENT html NN and CC http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT emedialive JJ . SENT com NN EM NN 1998 CD bennett NP 3 CD . SENT html NN . SENT CD NP RW NP discs NNS have VHP a DT different JJ formulation NN , , and CC may MD work VV even RB on IN players NNS that WDT can't VVD handle VV CD NP R NP media NNS . SENT If IN CD NP R NP media NNS doesn't NN work NN , , try VVP copying VVG the DT disc NN to TO CD NP RW NP instead RB assuming VVG your PP$ recorder NN supports VVZ CD NP RW NP . SENT Some DT DVD NP ROM NP drives NNS may MD be VB unable JJ to TO read VV multisession NN discs NNS . SENT In IN general JJ , , though RB , , DVD NP ROM NP drives VVZ as RB opposed VVN to TO DVD NP players NNS are VBP able JJ to TO read VV CD NP R NP media NNS . SENT If IN the DT box NN doesn't NN say VVP that DT something NN is VBZ supported VVN , , assume VVP that IN the DT feature NN isn't NN . SENT Look VV for IN the DT MultiRead NN or CC MultiPlay NN logos NNS , , which WDT indicate VVP that IN the DT DVD NP player NN or CC DVD NP ROM NP drive NN can MD read VV CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP . SENT See VV also RB Is VBZ XXX NP compatible JJ with IN DVD NP in IN the DT DVD NP FAQ NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT dvddemystified NP . SENT com NN dvdfaq NP . SENT html NN 2 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT 3 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT dvddemystified NP . SENT com NN dvdfaq NP . SENT html NN 2 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT 4 CD Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 14 CD Should MD I PP buy VV a DT DVD NP recorder NN instead RB . SENT 2001 CD 10 CD 03 CD Perhaps RB , , but CC it's NNS best JJS if IN you PP can MD get VV a DT combo NN drive NN that IN records NNS on IN CDs NNS as IN well RB . SENT CDs NNS are VBP starting VVG to TO pass VV the DT venerable JJ 3 CD . SENT 5 CD floppy JJ disk NN as IN the DT most RBS universal JJ physical JJ media NNS . SENT If IN you PP want VVP to TO be VB able JJ to TO exchange VV music NN or CC data NNS with IN someone NN else RB , , CD NP and CC CD NP ROM NP are VBP your PP$ best JJS bet NN . SENT DVD NP ROM NP drives VVZ and CC DVD NP players NNS haven't NNS been VBN as RB successful JJ as IN some DT in IN the DT industry NN had VHD hoped VVN . SENT Near IN the DT end NN of IN 2000 CD , , one CD of IN the DT major JJ computer NN sellers NNS was VBD offering VVG an DT upgrade NN on IN their PP$ systems NNS from IN DVD NP ROM NP drives VVZ to TO CD NN recorders NNS . SENT DVD NP R NP recorders NNS and CC media NNS are VBP still RB fairly RB expensive RB compared VVN to TO CD NP R NP , , though IN they're NN finally RB down RB to TO consumer NN levels NNS . SENT An DT example NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT electroweb NN . SENT com NN product NN hard RB . SENT htm NN was VBD , , as RB of IN early JJ February NP 98 CD , , selling VVG a DT Pioneer NP CDVR NP S NP 101 CD DVD NP Recordable JJ Drive NP for IN US NP 18 CD K NP . SENT In IN June NP 99 CD , , the DT same JJ site NN had VHD a DT Pioneer NP CDVR NP S NP 201 CD for IN US NP 5100 CD . SENT In IN October NP 2001 CD the DT Pioneer NP DVR NP A DT 03 CD PK NP was VBD on IN sale NN for IN 699 CD , , and CC the DT price NN of IN media NNS had VHD fallen VVN from IN 50 CD to TO 15 CD per IN disc NN . SENT In IN mid JJ 2001 CD Apple NP started VVD selling VVG a DT drive NN with IN high JJ end NN Macintoshes NNS that WDT wrote VVD to TO both DT CD NP R NP and CC DVD NP R NP . SENT If IN you PP can MD afford VV it PP , , being NN able JJ to TO write VV either DT format NN is VBZ valuable JJ . SENT Writers NNS for IN related JJ formats NNS like IN DVD NP RAM NN and CC DVD NP RW NP are VBP available JJ for IN less JJR , , but CC aren't VVD widely RB compatible JJ with IN current JJ DVD NP players NNS . SENT HP NP and CC several JJ other JJ companies NNS are VBP promoting VVG the DT DVD NP RW NP format NN , , which WDT is VBZ compatible JJ with IN DVD NP players NNS and CC is VBZ rewritable JJ . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT dvdplusrw NP . SENT org NP . SENT As IN mentioned VVN in IN section NN 0 CD 2 CD , , this DT FAQ NP will MD not RB be VB expanding VVG to TO cover VV DVD NP recorders NNS . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT dvddemystified NP . SENT com NN dvdfaq NP . SENT html NN instead RB . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 15 CD What WP are VBP jitter NN and CC jitter NN correction NN . SENT 1998 CD 04 CD 06 CD The DT first JJ thing NN to TO know VV is VBZ that IN there EX are VBP two CD kinds NNS of IN jitter NN that WDT relate VVP to TO audio JJ CDs NNS . SENT The DT usual JJ meaning NN of IN jitter NN refers VVZ to TO a DT time NN base NN error NN when WRB digital JJ samples NNS are VBP converted VVN back RB to TO an DT analog JJ signal NN . SENT see VV the DT jitter NN article NN on IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT digido NN . SENT com NN for IN an DT explanation NN . SENT The DT other JJ form NN of IN jitter NN is VBZ used VVN in IN the DT context NN of IN digital JJ audio JJ extraction NN from IN CDs NNS . SENT This DT kind NN of IN jitter NN causes NNS extracted VVD audio JJ samples NNS to TO be VB doubled VVN up RP or CC skipped VVD entirely RB . SENT Some DT people NNS will MD correctly RB point VV out RP that IN the DT latter JJ usage NN is VBZ an DT abuse NN of IN the DT term NN jitter NN , , but CC we PP seem VVP to TO be VB stuck VVN with IN it PP . SENT Jitter NN correction NN , , in IN both DT senses NNS of IN the DT word NN , , is VBZ the DT process NN of IN compensating VVG for IN jitter NN and CC restoring VVG the DT audio NN to TO its PP$ intended JJ form NN . SENT This DT section NN is VBZ concerned VVN with IN the DT incorrect JJ use NN of IN jitter NN in IN the DT context NN of IN digital JJ audio JJ extraction NN . SENT The DT problem NN occurs VVZ because IN the DT Philips NP CD NP specification NN doesn't NN require VVP block VV accurate JJ addressing VVG . SENT While IN the DT audio JJ data NN is VBZ being VBG fed VVN into IN a DT buffer NN a DT FIFO NP whose WP$ high JJ and CC low JJ water NN marks NNS control VVP the DT spindle NN speed NN , , the DT address NN information NN for IN audio JJ blocks NNS is VBZ pulled VVN out RP of IN the DT subcode NN channel NN and CC fed VVN into IN a DT different JJ part NN of IN the DT controller NN . SENT Because IN the DT data NNS and CC address NN information NN are VBP disconnected VVN , , the DT CD NN player NN is VBZ unable JJ to TO identify VV the DT exact JJ start NN of IN each DT block NN . SENT The DT inaccuracy NN is VBZ small JJ , , but CC if IN the DT system NN doing VVG the DT extraction NN has VHZ to TO stop VV , , write VV data NNS to TO disk NN , , and CC then RB go VV back RB to TO where WRB it PP left VVD off RP , , it PP won't NN be VB able JJ to TO seek VV to TO the DT exact JJ same JJ position NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT extraction NN process NN will MD restart VV a DT few JJ samples NNS early RB or CC late RB , , resulting VVG in IN doubled VVN or CC omitted VVN samples NNS . SENT These DT glitches NNS often RB sound VVP like IN tiny JJ repeating JJ clicks NNS during IN playback NN . SENT On IN a DT CD NP ROM NP , , the DT blocks NNS have VHP a DT 12 CD byte NN sync NN pattern NN in IN the DT header NN , , as RB well RB as IN a DT copy NN of IN the DT block's JJ address NN . SENT It's NNS possible JJ to TO identify VV the DT start NN of IN a DT block NN and CC get VV the DT block's JJ address NN by IN watching VVG the DT data NN FIFO NP alone RB . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB it's NNS so RB much RB easier JJR to TO pull VV single JJ blocks NNS off RB of IN a DT CD NP ROM NP . SENT With IN most JJS CD NP ROM NP drives NNS that WDT support VVP digital JJ audio JJ extraction NN , , you PP can MD get VV jitter VV free JJ audio NN by IN using VVG a DT program NN that WDT extracts VVZ the DT entire JJ track NN all RB at IN once RB . SENT The DT problem NN with IN this DT method NN is VBZ that IN if IN the DT hard JJ drive NN being VBG written VVN to TO can't NN keep VV up RP , , some DT of IN the DT samples NNS will MD be VB dropped VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ similar JJ to TO a DT CD NP R NP buffer NN underrun NNS , , but CC since IN the DT output NN buffer NN used VVN during IN DAE NP is VBZ much RB smaller JJR than IN a DT CD NP R's NP input NN buffer NN , , the DT problem NN is VBZ magnified VVN . SENT Most RBS newer JJR drives NNS as RB well RB as IN nearly RB every DT model NN Plextor NN ever RB made VVN are VBP based VVN on IN an DT architecture NN that WDT enables VVZ them PP to TO accurately RB detect VV the DT start NN of IN a DT block NN . SENT An DT approach NN that WDT has VHZ produced VVN good JJ results NNS is VBZ to TO do VV jitter NN correction NN in IN software NN . SENT This DT involves VVZ performing VVG overlapping JJ reads VVZ , , and CC then RB sliding VVG the DT data NNS around RB to TO find VV overlaps VVZ at IN the DT edges NNS . SENT Most JJS DAE NP programs NNS will MD perform VV jitter NN correction NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 16 CD Where WRB can MD I PP learn VV more RBR about IN the DT history NN of IN CD NP and CC CD NP R NP . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 02 CD Some DT information NN about IN the DT goode NP olde NP days NNS can MD be VB found VVN in IN Robert NP Starrett's NP The DT History NN of IN CD NP R NP article NN , , currently RB available JJ from IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT roxio NN . SENT com NN en IN support NN cdr NN historycdr NN . SENT html NN . SENT The DT first JJ CD NN player NN was VBD available JJ in IN Japanese JJ stores NNS on IN October NP 1 CD , , 1982 CD . SENT CD NP Recordable JJ technology NN wasn't NN introduced VVN until IN 1988 CD . SENT For IN a DT timeline NN , , see VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT oneoffcd NN . SENT com NN info NN historycd NN . SENT cfm NP . SENT Back RB in IN the DT late JJ 1980 CD s PP , , CD NP recorders NNS cost VVD thousands NNS of IN dollars NNS , , and CC were VBD part NN of IN systems NNS the DT size NN of IN a DT washing NN machine NN . SENT Disks NNS cost VVP US NP 100 CD . SENT 00 CD each DT . SENT Things NNS started VVD to TO get VV better JJR in IN 1995 CD , , when WRB Yamaha NP released VVD the DT CDR NP 100 CD the DT first JJ 4 CD x SYM recorder NN for IN a DT mere JJ US NP 5000 CD . SENT 00 CD . SENT In IN September NP of IN 1995 CD , , HP NP released VVD the DT 4020 CD i NP a DT 2 CD x SYM recorder NN based VVN on IN the DT Philips NP CDD NP 2000 CD for IN just RB under IN US NP 1000 CD . SENT 00 CD . SENT Media NNS was VBD down RP to TO about IN US NP 8 CD . SENT 00 CD , , though RB 80 CD minute NN discs NNS were VBD extremely RB rare JJ and CC expensive JJ US NP 40 CD . SENT 00 CD each DT , , if IN you PP could MD find VV them PP at IN all DT . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 17 CD Why WRB don't JJ audio JJ CDs NNS use VVP error NN correction NN . SENT 2001 CD 08 CD 01 CD Actually RB , , they PP do VVP . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that IN audio JJ CDs NNS use VVP all DT 2352 CD bytes NNS per IN block NN for IN sound JJ samples NNS , , while IN CD NP ROMs NP use VVP only RB 2048 CD bytes NNS per IN block NN , , with IN most JJS of IN the DT rest NN going VVG to TO ECC NP Error NN Correcting VVG Code NP data NNS . SENT The DT error NN correction NN that WDT keeps VVZ your PP$ CDs NNS sounding VVG the DT way NN they're NN supposed VVN to TO , , even RB when WRB scratched VVN or CC dirty JJ , , is VBZ applied VVN at IN a DT lower JJR level NN . SENT So RB while IN there RB isn't JJ as IN much JJ protection NN on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN as IN there EX is VBZ on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP , , there's RB still RB enough JJ to TO provide VV perfect JJ or CC near JJ perfect JJ sound JJ quality NN under IN adverse JJ conditions NNS . SENT All DT of IN the DT data NNS written VVN to TO a DT CD NN uses VVZ CIRC NP Cross NP Interleaved VVD Reed NP Solomon NP Code NP encoding VVG . SENT Every DT CD NN has VHZ two CD layers NNS of IN error NN correction NN , , called VVN C NP 1 CD and CC C $ 2 CD . SENT C NP 1 CD corrects VVZ bit NN errors NNS at IN the DT lowest JJS level NN , , C NP 2 CD applies VVZ to TO bytes NNS in IN a DT frame NN 24 CD bytes NNS per IN frame NN , , 98 CD frames NNS per IN sector NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , the DT data NN is VBZ interleaved VVN and CC spread VVN over IN a DT large JJ arc NN . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB you PP should MD always RB clean VV CDs NNS from IN the DT center NN out RP , , not RB in IN a DT circular JJ motion NN . SENT A DT circular JJ scratch NN causes VVZ multiple JJ errors NNS within IN a DT frame NN , , while IN a DT radial JJ scratch NN distributes VVZ the DT errors NNS across IN multiple JJ frames NNS . SENT If IN there EX are VBP too RB many JJ errors NNS , , the DT CD NP player NN will MD interpolate VV samples NNS to TO get VV a DT reasonable JJ value NN . SENT This DT way NN you PP don't VVD get VV nasty JJ clicks NNS and CC pops VVZ in IN your PP$ music NN , , even RB if IN the DT CD NN is VBZ dirty JJ and CC the DT errors NNS are VBP uncorrectable JJ . SENT Interpolating VVG adjacent JJ data NNS bytes NNS on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP wouldn't NN work NN very RB well RB , , so RB the DT data NN is VBZ returned VVN without IN the DT interpolation NN . SENT The DT second JJ level NN of IN ECC NP and CC EDC NP Error NN Detection NN Codes NNS works VVZ to TO make VV sure RB your PP$ CD NP ROM NP stays VVZ readable JJ with IN even RB more JJR errors NNS . SENT It PP should MD be VB noted VVN that IN not RB all DT CD NN players NNS are VBP created VVN equal JJ . SENT There EX are VBP different JJ strategies NNS for IN decoding VVG CIRC NP , , some DT better JJR than IN others NNS . SENT Some DT CD NP ROM NP drives NNS can MD report VV the DT number NN of IN uncorrected JJ C NP 2 CD errors NNS back RB to TO the DT application NN . SENT This DT allows VVZ an DT audio JJ extraction NN application NN to TO guarantee VV that IN the DT extracted VVN audio NN matches VVZ the DT original JJ . SENT The DT Plextor NP UltraPlex NP 40 CD is VBZ one CD such JJ drive NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cdpage NN . SENT com NN dstuff NN BobDana NP 296 CD . SENT html NN for IN an DT overview NN of IN error NN correction NN from IN the DT perspective NN of IN media NNS testing VVG . SENT If IN you PP really RB want VVP to TO get VV into IN the DT gory JJ technical JJ details NNS , , try VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ee NNS . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NP conselec NP CE NP kuhn NP cdmulti NP 95 CD x SYM 7 CD iec NN 908 CD . SENT htm NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 18 CD How WRB does VVZ CD NP R NP compare VVP to TO MiniDisc NP . SENT 2000 CD 08 CD 08 CD MiniDiscs NNS , , or CC MDs NP , , are VBP small JJ 64 CD mm NP discs NNS that WDT hold VVP about IN 140 CD MB NP of IN data NNS or CC 160 CD MB NP of IN audio NN . SENT By IN using VVG sophisticated JJ compression NN techniques NNS they PP are VBP able JJ to TO compress VV audio NN by IN a DT 5 CD . SENT 1 CD ratio NN , , allowing VVG a DT capacity NN of IN 74 CD minutes NNS with IN little JJ or CC no DT audible JJ difference NN in IN quality NN . SENT As RB with IN CD NN recorders NNS , , there EX are VBP MD NP recorders NNS that WDT connect VVP to TO your PP$ computer NN and CC MD NP recorders NNS that WDT connect VVP to TO your PP$ stereo NN . SENT There EX are VBP stamped VVN MDs NP that WDT are VBP similar JJ to TO CDs NNS in IN construction NN , , and CC rewritable JJ MDs NNS that WDT use VVP magneto NN optical JJ technology NN . SENT Audio JJ MD NP recorders NNS are VBP generally RB more RBR convenient JJ than IN stand NN alone RB audio JJ CD NN recorders NNS , , because IN the DT playback NN mechanism NN allows VVZ a DT more RBR flexible JJ layout NN of IN audio JJ data NNS , , so RB it's NNS possible JJ to TO delete VV a DT track NN from IN the DT middle NN of IN the DT MD NP and CC then RB write VV a DT longer JJR one NN that WDT is VBZ recorded VVN in IN different JJ places NNS across IN the DT disc NN . SENT The DT current JJ generation NN of IN MD NP technology NN is VBZ unlikely JJ to TO replace VV CD NP R NP or CC DAT NP , , however RB , , because IN the DT lossy JJ compression NN employed VVN is VBZ disdained VVN by IN audio JJ purists NNS . SENT MD NP is VBZ more RBR often RB positioned VVN as IN a DT replacement NN for IN analog JJ cassette NN tape NN , , which WDT it PP matches VVZ in IN portability NN and CC recordability NN , , and CC surpasses VVZ in IN durability NN and CC its PP$ ability NN to TO perform VV random JJ accesses NNS . SENT Computer NN based VVN MD NP recorders NNS can MD write VV data NNS , , but CC may MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO record VV audio JJ . SENT Check VV the DT specifications NNS carefully RB . SENT A DT wealth NN of IN information NN is VBZ available JJ from IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT minidisc NN . SENT org NP . SENT If IN you PP want VVP to TO transfer VV CD NP to TO MD NP or CC MD NP to TO CD NP R NP , , check VV there RB for IN more JJR information NN . SENT It PP used VVD to TO be VB item NN 37 CD in IN the DT FAQ NP , , but CC doesn't NN seem VVP to TO be VB now RB . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 19 CD What WP does VVZ finalizing VVG and CC closing VVG and CC fixating VVG do VV . SENT 2002 CD 05 CD 26 CD A DT disc NN that IN you PP can MD add VV data NNS to TO is VBZ open JJ . SENT All DT data NN is VBZ written VVN into IN the DT current JJ session NN . SENT When WRB you PP have VHP finished VVN writing VVG , , you PP close VVP the DT session NN . SENT If IN you PP want VVP to TO make VV a DT multisession NN disc NN , , you PP open VVP a DT new JJ session NN at IN the DT same JJ time NN . SENT If IN you PP don't VVD open VV a DT new JJ session NN then RB , , you PP can't VVD open JJ one NN later RBR , , which WDT means VVZ that IN it's NNS impossible JJ to TO add VV more JJR data NNS to TO the DT CD NP R NP . SENT The DT entire JJ disc NN is VBZ considered VVN closed VVD . SENT The DT process NN of IN changing VVG a DT session NN from IN open JJ to TO closed VVN is VBZ called VVN finalizing VVG , , fixating VVG , , or CC just RB plain RB closing VVG the DT session NN . SENT When WRB you PP close VVP the DT last JJ session NN , , you PP have VHP finalized VVN , , fixated VVN , , or CC closed VVD the DT disc NN . SENT A DT single JJ session NN disc NN has VHZ three CD basic JJ regions NNS . SENT the DT lead NN in IN , , which WDT has VHZ the DT Table NN of IN Contents NNS or CC TOC NP . SENT the DT program NN area NN , , with IN the DT data NNS and CC or CC audio JJ tracks NNS . SENT and CC the DT lead NN out RP , , which WDT is VBZ filled VVN with IN zeroes VVZ and CC provides VVZ padding NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT disc NN . SENT An DT open JJ single JJ session NN disc NN doesn't VVD yet RB have VH the DT lead NN in IN or CC lead VV out RP written VVN . SENT If IN you PP write VVP data NNS to TO a DT disc NN and CC leave VV the DT session NN open RB , , the DT TOC NN which WDT tells VVZ the DT CD NN player NN or CC CD NP ROM NP drive VV where WRB the DT tracks NNS are VBP is VBZ written VVN into IN a DT separate JJ area NN called VVD the DT Program NP Memory NP Area NP , , or CC PMA NN . SENT CD NN recorders NNS are VBP the DT only JJ devices NNS that WDT know VVP to TO look VV at IN the DT PMA NN , , which WDT is VBZ why WRB you PP can't VVD see VV data NNS in IN an DT open JJ session NN on IN a DT standard JJ playback NN device NN . SENT CD NP players NNS won't VVD find VV any DT audio JJ tracks NNS , , and CC CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ won't NN see VV a DT data NN track NN . SENT When WRB the DT session NN is VBZ finalized VVN , , the DT TOC NP is VBZ written VVN in IN the DT lead NN in IN area NN , , enabling VVG other JJ devices NNS to TO recognize VV the DT disc NN . SENT Something NN to TO try VV . SENT write VV an DT audio JJ track NN to TO a DT blank JJ CD NN , , and CC leave VV the DT session NN open JJ . SENT Put VV the DT disc NN in IN a DT CD NN player NN . SENT Some DT players NNS will MD deny VV the DT existence NN of IN the DT disc NN , , some DT will MD spin VV the DT disc NN up RB to TO an DT incredible JJ speed NN and CC won't VVD even RB brake VV the DT spindle NN when WRB you PP eject VV the DT disc NN , , others NNS will MD perform VV equally RB random JJ acts NNS . SENT The DT TOC NP is VBZ important JJ . SENT If IN you PP close VV the DT current JJ session NN and CC open VV a DT new JJ one NN , , the DT lead NN in IN and CC lead VV out RP of IN the DT current JJ session NN will MD be VB written VVN . SENT A DT TOC NP will MD be VB written VVN in IN the DT current JJ lead NN in IN that DT points NNS to TO the DT eventual JJ TOC NN of IN the DT next JJ session NN . SENT This DT process NN is VBZ repeated VVN for IN every DT closed JJ session NN , , resulting VVG in IN a DT chain NN of IN links NNS from IN one CD lead NN in IN area NN to TO the DT next JJ . SENT Typical JJ audio JJ CD NN players NNS don't NN know VVP about IN chasing VVG TOC NP links NNS , , so RB they PP can MD only RB see VV tracks NNS in IN the DT first JJ session NN . SENT Your PP$ CD NP ROM NP drive NN , , unless IN it's NNS broken VVN or CC fairly RB prehistoric JJ , , will MD know VV about IN multisession NN discs NNS and CC will MD happily RB return VV the DT first JJ session NN , , last JJ session NN , , or CC one CD somewhere RB in IN between IN , , depending VVG on IN what WP the DT OS NN tells VVZ it PP and CC what WP it PP is VBZ capable JJ of IN . SENT Some DT CD NP ROM NP drives NNS , , notably RB certain JJ early JJ NEC NP models NNS , , are VBP finicky JJ about IN open JJ sessions NNS , , and CC will MD gag VV when WRB they PP try VVP to TO read VV the DT lead NN in IN from IN a DT still RB open JJ session NN . SENT They PP follow VVP the DT chain NN of IN links NNS in IN the DT lead JJ ins NNS of IN each DT session NN , , but CC when WRB they PP get VVP to TO the DT last JJ , , they PP can't VVD find VV a DT valid JJ TOC NN and CC become VV confused VVN . SENT Even RB though IN these DT drives NNS support NN multi NNS session NN , , they PP require VVP that IN the DT last JJ session NN be VB closed VVN before IN they PP will MD read VV the DT disc NN successfully RB . SENT Fortunately RB , , most JJS drives NNS don't VVD behave VV this DT way NN . SENT If IN you PP use VVP disc NN at IN once RB DAO NP recording NN , , the DT lead NN in RB is VBZ written VVN at IN the DT very JJ start NN of IN the DT process NN , , because IN the DT contents NNS of IN the DT TOC NP are VBP known VVN ahead RB of IN time NN . SENT With IN most JJS recorders NNS there EX is VBZ no DT way NN to TO specify VV that IN more JJR than IN one CD session NN should MD be VB created VVN in IN DAO NP mode NN , , so RB creating VVG a DT multisession NN disc NN with IN DAO NP recording NN isn't NN generally RB possible JJ . SENT Such JJ discs NNS must MD be VB created VVN with IN track NN at IN once IN TAO NP or CC session NN at IN once RB SAO NP recording NN . SENT If IN you're NN using VVG certain JJ versions NNS of IN Windows NNS , , the DT Auto NP Insert NN Notification NN feature NN will MD discover VV the DT CD NN R NN as RB soon RB as IN the DT TOC NP is VBZ written VVN . SENT This DT can MD cause VV the DT write VV process NN to TO fail VV , , which WDT is VBZ why WRB Windows NNS software NN automatically RB enables VVZ and CC disables VVZ AIN NN as IN needed VVN . SENT Otherwise RB , , if IN recording NN in IN track NN at IN once RB mode NN , , it PP will MD fail VV during IN finalization NN . SENT in IN disc NN at IN once RB mode NN , , it PP will MD fail VV near IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT write VVP process NN . SENT In IN both DT cases NNS , , test NN writes VVZ will MD succeed VV , , because IN the DT TOC NP doesn't NN get VVP written VVN during IN a DT test NN pass NN . SENT Packet NN written VVN discs NNS follow VVP the DT same JJ rules NNS with IN regard NN to TO open JJ and CC closed JJ sessions NNS , , which WDT is VBZ why WRB they PP have VHP to TO be VB finalized VVN before IN they PP can MD be VB read VVN on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN . SENT The DT Packet NN Writing VVG Intermediate NP document NN in IN the DT primer NN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT mrichter JJR . SENT com NN cdr NN primer NN primer NN . SENT htm NN goes VVZ into IN a DT little RB more JJR detail NN on IN this DT subject NN . SENT Some DT people NNS like VVP to TO refer VV to TO packet NN writing NN as IN PAO NP , , for IN packet NN at IN once RB . SENT There EX are VBP gory JJ details NNS beyond IN what WP is VBZ written VVN here RB . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT lead NN in IN on IN a DT CD NP R NP actually RB has VHZ a DT pre NP recorded JJ TOC NN that WDT specifies VVZ physical JJ parameters NNS of IN the DT recording NN layer NN , , such JJ as IN required JJ laser NN recording NN power NN , , and CC information NN about IN the DT disc NN , , like IN how WRB many JJ blocks NNS can MD be VB written VVN the DT ATIP NN discussed VVN in IN section NN 2 CD 38 CD . SENT You PP don't VVD usually RB need VV to TO worry VV about IN such JJ things NNS though RB . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 20 CD How WRB are NN WAV NP AIFF NP files NNS converted VVN into IN Red NP Book NP CD NP audio NN . SENT 2001 CD 01 CD 25 RB There EX is VBZ absolutely RB nothing NN special JJ about IN the DT audio JJ data NNS encoded VVN on IN a DT CD NN . SENT The DT only JJ difference NN between IN a DT raw JJ 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP 16 CD bit NN stereo JJ WAV NP file NN and CC CD NN audio NN is VBZ the DT byte NN ordering VVG . SENT It PP isn't VVD necessary JJ to TO convert VV a DT WAV NP or CC AIFF NP file VV to TO a DT special JJ format NN to TO write VV to TO a DT CD NN , , unless IN you're NN using VVG a DT format NN that IN your PP$ recording NN software NN doesn't NN recognize VV . SENT For IN example NN , , some DT software NN won't NN record NN from IN MP NN 3 CD files NNS , , or CC from IN WAV NP files VVZ that DT aren't NN at IN the DT correct JJ sampling NN rate NN . SENT Similarly RB , , you PP don't VVD have VH to TO do VV anything NN special JJ to TO audio JJ extracted VVN from IN a DT CD NN . SENT It's NNS already RB in IN a DT format NN that IN just RB about IN anything NN can MD understand VV . SENT Just RB put VV your PP$ audio NN into IN the DT correct JJ format NN uncompressed VVD 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP , , 16 CD bit NN , , stereo NN , , PCM NP and CC the DT software NN you PP use VVP to TO write VV CDs NNS will MD do VV the DT rest NN . SENT All DT of IN the DT fancy JJ error NN correction NN and CC track NN indexing NN stuff NN happens VVZ at IN a DT lower JJR level NN . SENT Don't NP get VVP confused VVN by IN programs NNS such JJ as IN Win NP 95 CD Explorer NN that IN show NN . SENT CDA NP files VVZ . SENT This DT is VBZ just RB a DT convenient JJ way NN to TO display VV the DT audio JJ tracks NNS , , not RB a DT file NN format NN unto IN itself PP . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 36 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 21 CD What WP does VVZ MultiRead NN mean NN . SENT MultiPlay NP . SENT 2001 CD 10 CD 22 CD The DT MultiRead NN logo NN indicates VVZ that IN a DT CD NP or CC DVD NP drive NN can MD read VV all DT existing JJ CD NN formats NNS , , including VVG CD NP ROM NP , , CD NP DA NP , , CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP . SENT See VV the DT description NN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT osta NN . SENT org NP specs NNS multiread NN . SENT htm NN The DT presence NN of IN this DT logo NN on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP drive NN does VVZ not RB mean VV that IN the DT drive NN can MD read VV DVD NP . SENT MultiPlay NP does VVZ essentially RB the DT same JJ thing NN , , but CC is VBZ meant VVN for IN consumer NN CD NP and CC DVD NP players NNS . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT osta NN . SENT org NP specs NNS multiplay NN . SENT htm NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 22 CD If IN recording NN fails VVZ , , is VBZ the DT disc NN usable JJ . SENT 1998 CD 07 CD 31 CD That IN depends VVZ on IN what WP was VBD being VBG recorded VVN , , how WRB it PP was VBD being VBG recorded VVN , , and CC how WRB far RB along RB in IN the DT process NN things NNS were VBD . SENT If IN it PP failed VVD while IN writing VVG the DT lead NN in IN , , before IN any DT data NNS was VBD written VVN , , the DT disc NN probably RB isn't VVD usable JJ . SENT Some DT drives NNS , , notably RB certain JJ Sony NP models NNS , , have VHP a DT repair NN disc NN option NN that WDT forcefully RB closes VVZ the DT current JJ session NN . SENT This DT would MD allow VV you PP to TO add VV extra JJ data NNS in IN a DT second JJ session NN on IN the DT disc NN , , but CC anything NN written VVN in IN the DT first JJ session NN will MD be VB unavailable JJ . SENT Failures NNS when WRB finalizing VVG the DT disc NN may MD be VB correctable JJ . SENT Sometimes RB the DT TOC NP gets VVZ written VVN before IN the DT failure NN , , and CC the DT disc NN can MD be VB used VVN as RB is VBZ . SENT Sometimes RB you PP can MD use VV a DT finalize VV disc NN option NN from IN a DT program NN menu NN that WDT will MD do VV the DT trick NN . SENT Other JJ times NNS the DT recorder NN will MD refuse VV to TO deal VV with IN a DT partially RB finalized VVN disc NN , , and CC you're NN stuck VVD . SENT Failures NNS in IN the DT middle NN of IN writing VVG result NN in IN a DT CD NP ROM NP that IN probably RB isn't JJ worth IN trusting VVG . SENT Some DT of IN the DT data NNS will MD be VB there RB , , some DT won't NN . SENT The DT directory NN for IN the DT disc NN may MD show VV more JJR files NNS than IN are VBP actually RB present JJ , , and CC you PP won't VVD know VV which WDT are VBP actually RB there RB until IN you PP try VVP to TO read VV them PP . SENT Audio JJ CDs NNS recorded VVN in IN disc NN at IN once RB mode NN are VBP a DT special JJ case NN . SENT Because IN the DT TOC NP is VBZ written VVN up IN front NN , , the DT disc NN is VBZ readable JJ in IN a DT standard JJ CD NN player NN even RB if IN the DT write VVP process NN doesn't NN finish NN . SENT You PP will MD be VB able JJ to TO play VV the DT tracks VVZ up RP to TO the DT point NN where WRB the DT recording NN failed VVD . SENT If IN you PP were VBD using VVG a DT packet NN writing VVG program NN like IN DirectCD NP , , the DT experiences NNS of IN people NNS on IN Usenet NP suggest VVP that IN you PP are VBP either RB 100 CD okay JJ or CC 100 CD screwed VVD . SENT The DT ScanDisk NP utility NN included VVD with IN DirectCD NP 2 CD . SENT 5 CD may MD help VV though RB . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 23 CD Why WRB do VVP recorders NNS insert VV 00 CD bytes NNS at IN the DT start NN of IN audio JJ tracks NNS . SENT 1998 CD 08 CD 14 CD This DT phenomenon NN is VBZ familiar JJ to TO users NNS who WP have VHP attempted VVN to TO extract VV digital JJ audio NN from IN a DT CD NN R NN . SENT Very RB often RB the DT result NN of IN copying VVG an DT audio JJ CD NN is VBZ an DT exact JJ copy NN of IN the DT original JJ audio JJ data NNS , , but CC with IN a DT few JJ hundred CD zero CD bytes NNS inserted VVN at IN the DT front NN and CC a DT corresponding JJ number NN lost VVD off RP the DT end NN . SENT Since IN this DT represents VVZ the DT addition NN of IN perhaps RB 1 CD 100 CD th NN of IN a DT second NN of IN silence NN at IN the DT start NN of IN the DT disc NN , , it's NNS not RB really RB noticeable JJ . SENT The DT actual JJ number NN of IN bytes NNS inserted VVN may MD very RB slightly RB from IN disc NN to TO disc NN , , but CC a DT given VVN recorder NN usually RB inserts NNS about IN the DT same JJ number NN . SENT It's NP usually RB less JJR than IN one CD sector NN 2352 CD bytes NNS . SENT According VVG to TO a DT message NN from IN a DT Yamaha NN engineer NN , , the DT cause NN of IN the DT problem NN is VBZ the DT lack NN of IN synchronization NN between IN the DT audio JJ data NNS and CC the DT subcode NN channels NNS , , much RB like IN the DT jitter NN described VVN in IN section NN 2 CD 15 CD . SENT The DT same JJ data NN flow NN problems NNS that WDT make VVP it PP hard JJ to TO find VV the DT start NN of IN a DT block NN when WRB reading VVG also RB make VV it PP hard JJ to TO write VV the DT data NNS and CC identifying VVG information NN in IN sync NN . SENT According VVG to TO the DT engineer NN , , no DT changes NNS to TO the DT firmware NN or CC drive NN electronics NNS can MD fix VV the DT problem NN . SENT Making VVG copies NNS of IN copies NNS of IN audio JJ CDs NNS would MD result VV in IN a DT progressively RB larger JJR gap NN , , but CC it's NNS likely JJ to TO be VB unnoticeable JJ even RB after IN several JJ generations NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 24 CD How WRB many JJ tracks NNS can MD I PP have VHP . SENT How WRB many JJ files NNS . SENT 2002 CD 02 CD 11 CD You PP can MD have VH up RB to TO 99 CD tracks NNS . SENT Because IN the DT track NN number NN is VBZ stored VVN as IN a DT two CD digit NN decimal JJ number NN starting VVG with IN 01 CD BCD NP encoded VVD , , in IN case NN you PP were VBD wondering VVG , , it's NNS not RB possible JJ to TO exceed VV this DT . SENT Tracks NNS must MD be VB at IN least JJS 4 CD seconds NNS long RB , , according VVG to TO the DT standard NN . SENT In IN practice NN , , CD NN recorders NNS have VHP different JJ notions NNS of IN how WRB short JJ a DT track NN can MD be VB , , but CC most JJS recorders NNS will MD refuse VV to TO write VV a DT track NN shorter JJR than IN one CD second NN . SENT The DT maximum JJ number NN of IN files NNS depends VVZ on IN the DT filesystem NN you're NN using VVG . SENT For IN ISO NP 9660 CD , , you PP can MD in IN theory NN have VHP as RB many JJ as IN you PP want VVP . SENT In IN practice NN , , DOS NNS or CC Windows NNS will MD treat VV the DT disc NN internally RB as IN a DT FAT JJ 16 CD filesystem NN , , so RB you PP are VBP limited VVN to TO about IN 65 CD , , 000 CD files NNS if IN you PP want VVP broad JJ compatibility NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 25 CD Will NP SCMS NP prevent VV me PP from IN making VVG copies NNS . SENT 1999 CD 04 CD 11 CD SCMS NP is VBZ the DT Serial JJ Copy NP Management NP System NP . SENT The DT goal NN is VBZ to TO allow VV consumers NNS to TO make VV a DT copy NN of IN an DT original JJ , , but CC not RB a DT copy NN of IN a DT copy NN . SENT Analog JJ recording NN media NNS , , such JJ as IN audio JJ cassettes NNS and CC VHS NP video NN tape NN , , degrades VVZ rather RB quickly RB with IN each DT successive JJ copy NN . SENT Digital NP media NNS doesn't NN suffer VVP from IN the DT same JJ degree NN of IN generation NN loss NN , , so RB the DT recording NN industry NN added VVD a DT feature NN that WDT has VHZ the DT same JJ net JJ effect NN . SENT SCMS NNS will MD affect VV you PP if IN you PP use VVP consumer NN grade NN audio JJ equipment NN . SENT Professional JJ grade NN equipment NN and CC recorders NNS that WDT connect VVP to TO your PP$ computer NN aren't NN restricted VVN . SENT See VV section NN 5 CD 12 CD for IN more JJR about IN the DT differences NNS between IN these DT types NNS of IN devices NNS . SENT The DT system NN works VVZ by IN encoding VVG whether IN or CC not RB the DT material NN is VBZ protected VVN , , and CC whether IN or CC not RB the DT disc NN is VBZ an DT original JJ . SENT The DT encoding VVG is VBZ done VVN with IN a DT single JJ bit NN that WDT is VBZ either RB on IN , , off RB , , or CC alternating VVG on IN off IN every DT five CD frames NNS . SENT The DT value NN is VBZ handled VVN as RB follows VVZ . SENT Unprotected JJ material NN . SENT copy NN allowed VVD . SENT The DT data NN written VVN is VBZ also RB marked VVN unprotected JJ . SENT Protected VVN material NN , , original JJ disc NN . SENT copy NN allowed VVD . SENT The DT data NNS written VVN will MD be VB identified VVN as IN a DT duplicate JJ . SENT Protected VVN material NN , , duplicate VV . SENT copy NN not RB allowed VVN . SENT There EX are VBP hardware NN SCMS NP strippers NNS , , primarily RB used VVN in IN conjunction NN with IN a DT DAT NP deck NN , , that WDT strip VV the DT SCMS NP bits NNS out RP of IN an DT S NP PDIF NP connection NN . SENT Some DT of IN these DT reportedly RB introduce VV unacceptable JJ artifacts NNS into IN the DT audio NN . SENT It's NNS possible JJ to TO wash VV the DT audio NN by IN converting VVG it PP to TO and CC from IN analog JJ format NN , , but CC again RB the DT quality NN will MD suffer VV . SENT If IN you're NN using VVG a DT consumer NN audio JJ CD NN recorder NN , , SCMS NP will MD prevent VV you PP from IN making VVG copies NNS of IN copies NNS of IN protected JJ material NN . SENT It PP will MD not RB prevent VV you PP from IN making VVG a DT copy NN of IN an DT original JJ disc NN you PP have VHP purchased VVN , , and CC it PP won't VVD stop VV you PP from IN copying VVG unprotected JJ discs NNS . SENT Related JJ sites NNS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT oade NN . SENT com NN tapers VVZ scms NNS 1 CD . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT mitsuicdrstore NN . SENT com NN SCMS NP nh NP . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT xs NNS 4 CD all RB . SENT nl NN jacg NN dcc NP faq NP . SENT html NN Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 26 CD Is VBZ a DT serial JJ number NN placed VVN on IN the DT disc NN by IN the DT recorder NN . SENT 2004 CD 07 CD 15 CD In IN general JJ , , no RB , , but CC it PP appears VVZ that IN some DT stand NN alone RB consumer NN audio JJ CD NN recorders NNS write VVP one CD . SENT The DT Recorder NN Unique JJ Identifier NN RID VVN is VBZ a DT 97 CD bit NN code NN recorded VVD every DT 100 CD sectors NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ composed VVN of IN a DT brand NN name NN identifier NN , , a DT type NN number NN , , and CC a DT drive NN serial NN number NN . SENT Recorders NNS such JJ as IN the DT Philips NP CDR NP 870 CD write VV the DT RID JJ to TO discourage VV distribution NN of IN copyrighted VVN material NN . SENT Windows NNS will MD show VV something NN like IN Volume NN Serial JJ Number NP is VBZ 4365 CD 0 CD FED NN . SENT There EX does VVZ not RB appear VV to TO be VB any DT way NN to TO control VV this DT . SENT Some DT have VHP suggested VVN that IN the DT serial JJ number NN is VBZ generated VVN based VVN on IN data NNS found VVN on IN the DT disc NN , , similar JJ to TO the DT way NN that IN audio JJ CDs NNS can MD mostly RB be VB uniquely RB identified VVN by IN the DT number NN and CC durations NNS of IN the DT tracks NNS . SENT On IN floppy JJ disks NNS and CC hard JJ drives NNS , , the DT serial JJ number NN is VBZ generated VVN based VVN on IN the DT date NN and CC time NN when WRB the DT disk NN is VBZ formatted VVN . SENT The DT four CD bytes NNS are VBP . SENT month NN seconds NNS day NN hundredths NNS of IN a DT second JJ high JJ byte NN of IN the DT year NN hours NNS low JJ byte NN of IN the DT year NN minutes NNS From IN www NP . SENT zdnet NN . SENT com NN pcmag NN pctech NN content NN solutions NNS uu NN 1508 CD a DT . SENT htm NN , , which WDT no RB longer RB exists VVZ . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 27 CD What's NP a DT TOC NP . SENT How WRB does VVZ it PP differ VVP from IN a DT directory NN . SENT 2001 CD 08 CD 01 CD The DT TOC NN Table NN Of IN Contents NNS identifies VVZ the DT start NN position NN and CC length NN of IN the DT tracks NNS on IN a DT disc NN . SENT The DT TOC NP is VBZ present JJ on IN all DT CDs NNS . SENT If IN it PP weren't NN , , the DT disc NN would MD be VB unreadable JJ on IN a DT CD NN player NN or CC CD NP ROM NP drive NN . SENT CD NN recorders NNS write VVP the DT TOC NN as IN part NN of IN finalizing VVG the DT disc NN . SENT Section NN 2 CD 19 CD has VHZ some DT more JJR details NNS about IN finalizing VVG discs NNS . SENT A DT directory NN is VBZ a DT list NN of IN files NNS . SENT If IN you're NN a DT Mac NP user NN , , you're NN probably RB used VVN to TO the DT term NN folder NN . SENT It's NP part NN of IN a DT filesystem NN , , such JJ as IN the DT ISO NP 9660 CD or CC HFS NNS filesystem NN present JJ on IN most JJS CD NP ROMs NP . SENT Audio JJ tracks NNS don't NN have VHP files NNS , , so RB they PP don't VVD have VH directories NNS either RB . SENT There's NP nothing NN stopping VVG you PP from IN writing VVG a DT FAT JJ 16 CD or CC Linux NP ext NN 2 CD filesystem NN directly RB onto IN a DT CD NP ROM NP . SENT Whether IN or CC not RB you PP can MD read VV such PDT a DT disc NN is VBZ a DT different JJ matter NN . SENT The DT Linux NP mount VVP command NN should MD allow VV you PP to TO mount VV just RB about IN anything NN read VVP only RB , , but CC Windows NNS may MD not RB be VB so RB willing JJ . SENT The DT CD NP specification NN defines VVZ the DT TOC NP , , and CC there EX are VBP well RB defined VVN standards NNS for IN certain JJ filesystems NNS , , but CC AFAIK NP nothing NN in IN the DT CD NP spec NN requires VVZ that IN you PP fill VVP a DT data NNS track VVP with IN a DT certain JJ kind NN of IN data NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 28 CD What's NP an DT ISO NP . SENT A DT CIF NP . SENT BIN NN and CC CUE NN . SENT . SENT DAT NP . SENT 2005 CD 02 CD 15 CD In IN common JJ use NN , , an DT ISO NP is VBZ a DT file NN that WDT contains VVZ the DT complete JJ image NN of IN a DT disc NN . SENT Such JJ files NNS are VBP often RB used VVN when WRB transferring VVG CD NP ROM NP images NNS over IN the DT Internet NN . SENT Depending VVG on IN who WP you're NN talking VVG to TO , , ISO NP may MD refer VV to TO all DT disc NN image NN files NNS or CC only JJ certain JJ kinds NNS . SENT Going VVG by IN the DT more RBR restrictive JJ definition NN , , an DT ISO NP is VBZ created VVN by IN copying VVG an DT entire JJ disc NN , , from IN sector NN 0 CD to TO the DT end NN , , into IN a DT file NN . SENT Because IN the DT image NN file NN contains VVZ cooked VVN 2048 CD byte NN sectors NNS and CC nothing NN else RB , , it PP isn't VVD possible JJ to TO store VV anything NN but CC a DT single JJ data NN track NN in IN this DT fashion NN . SENT Audio JJ tracks NNS , , mixed JJ mode NN discs NNS , , CD NP G NP , , multisession NN , , and CC other JJ fancy JJ formats NNS can't JJS be VB represented VVN . SENT To TO work VV around RP this DT deficiency NN , , software NN companies NNS developed VVD their PP$ own JJ formats NNS that WDT could MD store VV diverse JJ formats NNS . SENT Corel NP developed VVD CIF NP , , which WDT is VBZ still RB in IN use NN by IN Roxio's NP Easy NP CD NP Creator NN . SENT What WP does VVZ CIF NP mean VV . SENT Nobody NN knows VVZ , , though IN Corel NP Image NN Format NN is VBZ as RB good JJ a DT definition NN as IN any DT . SENT Jeff NP Arnold's NP CDRWIN NP created VVD them PP as IN BIN NN files NNS , , with IN a DT separate JJ cue NN sheet NN that WDT described VVD the DT contents NNS . SENT You PP can MD unpack VV a DT BIN NN CUE NN combo NN with IN binchunker NN , , which WDT is VBZ now RB integrated VVN into IN Fireburner NP section NN 6 CD 1 CD 50 CD . SENT A DT . SENT DAT NP file NN could MD be VB most JJS anything NN , , but CC usually RB it's NNS a DT video NN file NN pulled VVD off RP of IN a DT VideoCD NP . SENT A DT program NN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT vcdgear NN . SENT com NN can MD convert VV . SENT DAT NP to TO . SENT MPG NN , , and CC recording VVG programs NNS like IN Nero NP can MD record VV them PP directly RB . SENT A DT . SENT ISO NP file NN that WDT contains VVZ an DT image NN of IN an DT ISO NP 9660 CD filesystem NN can MD be VB manipulated VVN in IN a DT number NN of IN ways NNS . SENT it PP can MD be VB written VVN to TO a DT CD NP ROM NP . SENT mounted VVN as IN a DT device NN with IN the DT Linux NP loopback NN filesystem NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT mount VV . SENT cdimg NN . SENT iso NN mnt NN test NN t NN iso NP 9660 CD o NN loop NN . SENT copied VVN to TO a DT hard JJ drive NN partition NN and CC mounted VVD under IN UNIX NP . SENT or CC viewed VVN with IN WinImage NP section NN 6 CD 2 CD 2 CD . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT guarantee NN , , however RB , , that IN a DT . SENT ISO NP file NN contains VVZ ISO NP 9660 CD filesystem NN data NNS . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ quite RB common JJ to TO hear VV people NNS refer VV to TO things NNS as IN ISO NP which WDT aren't NN . SENT A DT . SENT SUB NN file NN appears VVZ to TO contain VV subchannel NN data NNS . SENT Some DT programs NNS pass VVP these DT around RP in IN addition NN to TO one CD of IN the DT above JJ formats NNS . SENT We PP now RB have VHP many JJ different JJ file NN extensions NNS , , including VVG ISO NP , , BIN NN , , IMG NP , , CIF NP , , FCD NP , , NRG NP , , GCD NP , , PO NN 1 CD , , C NP 2 CD D NP , , CUE NN , , CIF NP , , CD NP , , and CC GI NP . SENT Smart NP Projects NPS IsoBuster NP , , from IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT isobuster JJR . SENT com NN , , can MD open VV and CC manipulate VV just RB about IN any DT disc NN image NN format NN . SENT The DT rest NN of IN this DT section NN is VBZ a DT philosophical JJ rant NN , , and CC can MD safely RB be VB skipped VVD . SENT This DT is VBZ intended VVN to TO be VB more RBR illustrative JJ than IN factual JJ , , and CC any DT relation NN to TO actual JJ events NNS is VBZ strictly RB coincidental JJ . SENT The DT term NN ISO NP is VBZ ostensibly RB an DT abbreviation NN of IN ISO NP 9660 CD disc NN image NN , , which WDT is VBZ itself PP somewhat RB suspect VVP . SENT ISO NP 9660 CD is VBZ a DT standard NN that WDT defines VVZ the DT filesystem NN most RBS often RB used VVN on IN CD NP ROM NP . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB define VV a DT disc NN image NN format NN . SENT ISO NP 9660 CD filesystem NN image NN would MD be VB more RBR appropriate JJ . SENT When WRB you PP capture VV or CC generate VV a DT CD NP ROM NP image NN , , you PP have VHP to TO call VV it PP something NN . SENT When WRB a DT CD NP ROM NP was VBD generated VVN from IN a DT collection NN of IN files NNS into IN an DT ISO NP 9660 CD filesystem NN image NN , , it PP was VBD written VVN into IN a DT file NN with IN an DT extension NN of IN . SENT ISO NP . SENT This DT image NN file NN could MD then RB be VB written VVN to TO a DT CD NP ROM NP . SENT As IN it PP happens VVZ , , the DT generated VVN image NN files NNS were VBD no RB different JJ in IN structure NN from IN the DT images NNS that WDT could MD be VB extracted VVN from IN other JJ CD NP ROMs NP , , so RB to TO keep VV things NNS simple JJ the DT extracted VVN disc NN images NNS were VBD also RB called VVN . SENT ISO NP . SENT Some DT programs NNS used VVD the DT more RBR appropriate JJ . SENT IMG NP , , but CC unfortunately RB that WDT was VBD less RBR common JJ . SENT This DT meant VVD that IN , , whether IN you PP extracted VVD a DT data NNS track VVP from IN a DT disc NN written VVN with IN the DT HFS NNS filesystem NN or CC the DT ISO NP 9660 CD filesystem NN , , it PP was VBD labeled VVN . SENT ISO NP . SENT This DT makes VVZ as IN much JJ sense NN as IN formatting VVG a DT 1 CD . SENT 4 CD MB NP PC NN floppy JJ for IN HFS NNS , , creating VVG an DT image NN , , and CC calling VVG it PP a DT FAT JJ 12 CD disk NN image NN because IN such JJ floppies NNS are VBP usually RB formatted VVN with IN FAT NN . SENT It PP didn't VVD really RB matter VV though RB , , because IN no DT matter NN what WP was VBD in IN the DT file NN , , the DT software NN used VVD the DT same JJ procedure NN to TO write VV it PP to TO CD NP R NP . SENT As IN a DT result NN of IN this DT filename NN extension NN convention NN , , any DT file NN that WDT contained VVD a DT sector NN by IN sector NN CD NP ROM NP image NN was VBD referred VVN to TO as IN an DT ISO NP file NN . SENT When WRB CD NP recorders NNS hit VVD The DT Big NP Time NP and CC many JJ people NNS started VVD swapping VVG image NN files NNS around RB , , the DT newcomers NNS didn't NN know VVP that IN there EX was VBD a DT distinction NN between IN one CD type NN of IN disc NN image NN and CC another DT , , and CC started VVD referring VVG to TO any DT sort NN of IN disc NN image NN as IN an DT ISO NP . SENT These DT days NNS it's NNS not RB altogether RB uncommon JJ to TO see VV messages NNS about IN making VVG an DT ISO NP of IN an DT audio JJ CD NN , , which WDT makes VVZ no DT sense NN at IN all DT . SENT More JJR trivia NN . SENT ISO NP refers VVZ to TO the DT International NP Organization NP for IN Standardization NN . SENT Because IN the DT organization's JJ name NN would MD have VH different JJ abbreviations NNS in IN different JJ languages NNS IOS NP in IN English NP , , OIN NN in IN French JJ , , they PP used VVD a DT word NN derived VVN from IN the DT Greek JJ isos NNS , , meaning VVG equal JJ . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT iso NN . SENT org NP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 29 CD Why WRB was VBD 74 CD minutes NNS chosen VVN as IN the DT standard JJ length NN . SENT 2002 CD 04 CD 18 CD The DT general JJ belief NN is VBZ that IN it PP was VBD chosen VVN because IN the DT CD NP designers NNS wanted VVD to TO have VH a DT format NN that WDT could MD hold VV Beethoven's NP ninth JJ symphony NN . SENT They PP were VBD trying VVG to TO figure VV out RP what WP dimensions NNS to TO use VV , , and CC the DT length NN of IN certain JJ performances NNS settled VVD it PP . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ different JJ versions NNS of IN the DT story NN . SENT Some DT say VVP a DT Polygram NP then RB part NN of IN Philips NP artist NN named VVN Herbert NP von NP Karajan NP wanted VVD his PP$ favorite JJ piece NN to TO fit VV on IN one CD disc NN . SENT Another DT claims VVZ the DT wife NN of IN the DT Sony NP chairman NN wanted VVD it PP to TO hold VV her PP$ favorite JJ symphony NN . SENT An DT interview NN in IN the DT July NP 1992 CD issue NN of IN CD NP ROM NP Professional NP reports VVZ a DT Mr NP . SENT Oga NP at IN Sony NP made VVD the DT defining VVG request NN . SENT This DT is VBZ almost RB certainly RB Norio NP Ohga NP , , who WP became VVD President NP and CC COO NN of IN Sony NP in IN 1982 CD and CC has VHZ been VBN a DT high JJ level NN executive NN ever RB since IN . SENT The DT urban JJ legends NNS web NN site NN has VHZ some DT interesting JJ articles NNS for IN anyone NN wishing VVG to TO puruse VV the DT matter NN further RBR . SENT The DT relationship NN of IN Beethoven's NP ninth JJ to TO the DT length NN is VBZ noted VVN believed VVN true JJ in IN the DT alt JJ . SENT folklore NN . SENT urban JJ FAQ NP listing NN , , but CC no DT particular JJ variant NN is VBZ endorsed VVN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT urbanlegends NNS . SENT com NN misc NN cd NN cd NN length NN skeptical JJ . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT urbanlegends NNS . SENT com NN misc NN cd NN cd NN length NN karajan NP . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT urbanlegends NNS . SENT com NN misc NN cd NN cd NN length NN origin NN . SENT html NN Another DT entry NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT snopes NNS 2 CD . SENT com NN music NN media NNS cdlength NN . SENT htm NN Searching VVG the DT net NN will MD reveal VV any DT number NN of IN very RB reliable JJ sources NNS with IN sundry JJ variations NNS on IN the DT theme NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 30 CD Why WRB is VBZ there RB a DT visibly RB unwritten JJ strip NN near IN the DT CD NP R NN hub NN . SENT 1999 CD 12 CD 17 CD You PP haven't NN closed VVD the DT session NN yet RB . SENT The DT lead NN in IN area NN , , which WDT includes VVZ the DT TOC NP section NN 2 CD 27 CD , , isn't NN written VVN until IN the DT session NN is VBZ closed VVN . SENT A DT space NN is VBZ left VVN for IN it PP that WDT is VBZ large JJ enough RB to TO see VV . SENT Read VVN section NN 2 CD 19 CD for IN more JJR details NNS on IN what WP happens VVZ when WRB you PP close VVP a DT disc NN . SENT You PP will MD see VV the DT narrow JJ unwritten JJ strip NN if IN you PP . SENT write VV a DT disc NN , , telling VVG the DT program NN to TO leave VV the DT disc NN and CC session NN open NN . SENT eject VV a DT packet NN written VVN disc NN without IN having VHG closed VVD it PP in IN ISO NP 9660 CD mode NN . SENT have VHP a DT failure NN during IN recording NN in IN track NN at IN once RB mode NN . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS it's NNS perfectly RB normal JJ to TO see VV this DT space NN . SENT it's NNS where WRB the DT lead NN in IN area NN will MD be VB written VVN when WRB the DT session NN is VBZ closed VVN . SENT It's NP not RB necessarily RB a DT sign NN of IN failure NN . SENT If IN you PP use VVP disc NN at IN once RB recording VVG , , the DT lead NN in IN area NN is VBZ written VVN right RB away RB , , so RB after IN a DT failure NN you PP won't VVD see VV the DT gap NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 31 CD What WP is VBZ BURN VV Proof NN . SENT JustLink NP . SENT Waste NN Proof NN . SENT 2003 CD 02 CD 20 CD BURN VV Proof NN or CC BurnProof NP is VBZ an DT unfortunate JJ abbreviation NN of IN Buffer NN Under IN RuN NN Proof NN . SENT The DT technology NN allows VVZ you PP to TO avoid VV buffer NN underruns NNS by IN suspending VVG and CC restarting VVG the DT write VV process NN when WRB the DT recorder's JJ buffer NN is VBZ about RB to TO empty VV . SENT See VV section NN 4 CD 1 CD if IN you're NN not RB familiar JJ with IN buffer NN underruns NNS . SENT Ideally RB , , the DT results NNS of IN interrupted JJ and CC uninterrupted JJ writes VVZ would MD be VB identical JJ . SENT In IN practice NN , , there EX may MD be VB a DT small JJ glitch NN at IN the DT point NN where WRB writing NN was VBD suspended VVN . SENT Sanyo NP recommends VVZ 4 CD X NN or CC higher JJR speed NN CD NP ROM NP drives NNS and CC audio JJ equipment NN made VVN in IN 1995 CD or CC later RBR for IN playback NN . SENT The DT general JJ concensus NN is VBZ that IN these DT technologies NNS are VBP effective JJ and CC do VVP not RB result VV in IN noticeable JJ glitches NNS . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ different JJ , , competing VVG technologies NNS . SENT Here's NP a DT sample NN of IN what's NNS out IN there RB note NN that IN many JJ of IN the DT names NNS are VBP trademarked VVN . SENT BURN VV Proof JJ Sanyo NP Buffer NN Under IN RuN NN Proof NN . SENT The DT first JJ . SENT Can MD restart VV the DT laser NN after IN a DT buffer NN underrun NN . SENT For IN details NNS , , see VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT sannet NN . SENT ne RB . SENT jp NN BURN VVP Proof NN faq NNS . SENT JustLink NP Ricoh NP Can MD restart VV the DT laser NN after IN a DT buffer NN underrun NN . SENT Data NP gap NN length NN is VBZ less JJR than IN two CD microns NNS . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ricoh NP . SENT co NP . SENT jp JJ cd JJ r NN e NN e SYM europe NP drive NN justlink NN . SENT html NN . SENT Just RB Link VVP AOpen NP Can MD restart VV recording NN after IN a DT buffer NN underrun NN . SENT Data NP gaps NNS are VBP less JJR than IN 2 CD microns NNS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT aopen NN . SENT com NN products NNS cdrw JJ JustLink NP . SENT htm NN . SENT Same JJ as IN Ricoh's NP JustLink NP . SENT ExacLink NP Oak NP Technology NP Can MD restart VV the DT laser NN after IN a DT buffer NN underrun NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT oaktech NN . SENT com NN products NNS optical JJ cdrw JJ exaclink NN . SENT html NN . SENT ExactLink NP Mitsui NP Appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT same JJ as IN ExacLink NP . SENT Mitsui's NP pages NNS refer VVP to TO Oak NP Technology's NP ExactLink NP tm NN . SENT SMART JJ BURN VVP Lite NP On IN IT PP Smart NP Monitoring NN Adapting VVG Recording NP Technology NP for IN BURNing NN . SENT Can MD restart VV the DT laser NN after IN a DT buffer NN underrun NN , , and CC will MD reduce VV the DT recording NN speed NN if IN it PP thinks VVZ the DT media NN can't NN be VB written VVN safely RB at IN the DT requested VVN speed NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT liteonit NN . SENT com NN english NNS s PP tech NN 7 CD . SENT htm NN . SENT Waste NP Proof NN Yamaha NP Waste NP Proof NN Write VVP Strategy NN . SENT Does VVZ some DT extra JJ work NN to TO prevent VV the DT buffer NN underrun NN from IN happening VVG in IN the DT first JJ place NN , , but CC won't VVD save VV you PP if IN one PP actually RB happens VVZ . SENT SafeBurn NP Yamaha NP Can MD restart VV the DT laser NN after IN a DT buffer NN underrun NN , , and CC will MD reduce VV the DT recording NN speed VV it PP if IN thinks VVZ the DT media NN can't NN be VB written VVN safely RB at IN the DT requested VVN speed NN . SENT Data NP gap NN length NN is VBZ less JJR than IN one CD micron NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT yamaha NP . SENT ca MD computer NN cp NN safeburn NN . SENT asp NN . SENT Seamless JJ Link NN BenQ NP , , Philips NP Another DT one NN . SENT SafeLink NP Waitec NP Another DT one NN no DT details NNS available JJ . SENT . SENT Power NP Burn NP Sony NP And CC another DT one NN . SENT FlextraLink NP ASUS NP Yet CC another DT one NN . SENT All DT of IN these DT are VBP for IN situations NNS where WRB your PP$ computer NN is VBZ unable JJ to TO send VV data NNS to TO the DT drive NN quickly RB enough RB to TO keep VV the DT buffer NN full JJ . SENT They PP will MD not RB help VV you PP if IN your PP$ computer NN loses VVZ power NN , , your PP$ software NN crashes NNS , , your PP$ media NNS is VBZ of IN poor JJ quality NN , , or CC you PP smack VVP the DT drive NN hard RB enough RB to TO disrupt VV the DT recording NN process NN . SENT Nearly RB all DT CD NN recorders NNS announced VVD in IN or CC after IN 2001 CD featured VVD some DT variation NN of IN buffer NN underrun NN protection NN . SENT Some DT related JJ technologies NNS . SENT Just RB Speed VV AOpen NP Reduces VVZ the DT record JJ speed NN if IN it PP doesn't VVD think VV the DT media NNS can MD handle VV it PP . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT aopen NN . SENT com NN products NNS cdrw JJ justspeed NN . SENT htm NN . SENT Probably RB implies VVZ running VVG OPC NP section NN 5 CD 11 CD . SENT Combined VVN with IN Just RB Link NN . SENT Smart JJ Speed NN BenQ NP See NP above RB . SENT combined VVN with IN Seamless JJ Link NN . SENT FlextraSpeed NP ASUS NP See VV above RB . SENT combined VVN with IN FlextraLink NP . SENT There EX are VBP usually RB lots NNS of IN trademarked VVN names NNS on IN the DT specifications NNS , , touting VVG the DT benefits NNS of IN SMART JJ X NN for IN audio JJ extraction NN or CC the DT VAS NN Vibration NN Absorber NN System NP . SENT It's NNS unclear JJ whether IN one CD manufacturer's NN implementation NN is VBZ really RB any DT better JJR than IN the DT others NNS , , or CC in IN many JJ cases NNS what WP they PP even RB do VVP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 32 CD Can MD playing NN CD NP Rs NP in IN a DT DVD NP player NN hurt VVD the DT discs NNS . SENT 2001 CD 12 CD 18 CD There RB appear VVP to TO be VB three CD kinds NNS of IN DVD NP players NNS . SENT Those DT that WDT can MD play VV CD NP Rs NP . SENT Those DT that IN can't JJ play NN CD NP Rs NP . SENT Those DT that WDT damage NN the DT discs NNS . SENT Kind NN 2 CD is VBZ the DT most RBS common JJ . SENT Kind NN 3 CD comes VVZ with IN a DT warning NN in IN the DT manual JJ you PP do VVP read VV product NN manuals NNS , , right RB . SENT that DT tells VVZ you PP not RB to TO play VV CD NP R NP discs NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN some DT players NNS in IN category NN 2 CD are VBP actually RB in IN 3 CD and CC just RB aren't NN labeled VVN as IN such JJ , , and CC it PP may MD be VB the DT case NN that IN players NNS in IN 3 CD will MD only RB damage VV CD NP Rs NP with IN specific JJ formulations NNS . SENT If IN playing VVG CD NP R NP discs NNS in IN your PP$ DVD NP player NN is VBZ important JJ , , make VV sure RB the DT player NN can MD handle VV them PP before IN you PP buy VVP a DT player NN . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 13 CD . SENT It's NP a DT little RB unclear JJ what WP the DT player NN is VBZ doing VVG to TO damage VV the DT CD NN R NN media NNS . SENT The DT playback NN laser NN would MD have VH to TO be VB operated VVN at IN a DT wavelength NN and CC intensity NN that WDT caused VVD a DT change NN in IN the DT recording NN dye NN layer NN . SENT There EX are VBP no RB known VVN instances NNS of IN DVD NP ROM NP drives VVZ that IN damage NN discs NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 33 CD Who WP really RB made VVD this DT CD NP R NN blank NN . SENT 2000 CD 09 CD 03 CD Many JJ of IN the DT big JJ name NN media NNS manufacturers NNS don't VVD actually RB make VV their PP$ own JJ media NNS . SENT Instead RB , , they PP buy VVP from IN other JJ manufacturers NNS and CC stamp VV their PP$ logo NN on IN the DT discs NNS . SENT Generally RB speaking VVG , , this DT isn't NN a DT bad JJ thing NN , , because IN the DT discs NNS were VBD certified VVN good JJ enough RB that IN the DT Big NP Brand NN was VBD willing JJ to TO put VV the DT company NN name NN behind IN the DT product NN . SENT If IN you PP have VHP a DT picky JJ recorder NN or CC player NN , , though RB , , it PP helps VVZ to TO be VB able JJ to TO try VV several JJ different JJ pieces NNS of IN media NNS . SENT If IN you PP buy VVP several JJ different JJ brands NNS , , and CC they're NN all RB coming VVG from IN the DT same JJ manufacturer NN , , chances NNS are VBP they'll RB all RB behave VV the DT same JJ way NN , , and CC your PP$ time NN and CC money NN will MD be VB wasted VVN . SENT So RB . SENT . SENT . SENT how WRB do VVP you PP tell VVP who WP really RB made VVD a DT piece NN of IN media NNS . SENT The DT short JJ answer NN is VBZ . SENT you PP don't VVD . SENT It's NNS tempting JJ to TO believe VV that IN CD NP R NP media NNS identifier NN applications NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT section NN 6 CD 2 CD 9 CD will MD give VV you PP the DT answer NN you PP need VVP . SENT Unfortunately RB , , the DT data NNS you PP get VVP is VBZ unreliable JJ at IN best JJS . SENT Charles NP Palmer NP , , from IN cd NN recordable JJ . SENT com NN , , had VHD this DT to TO say VV about IN the DT manufacturer NN identification NN . SENT Two CD components NNS that IN many JJ users NNS of IN these DT programs NNS always RB take VVP as IN gospel NN are VBP Media NP Manufacturer NN and CC Dye NP Data NP . SENT These DT two CD readings NNS are VBP next JJ to TO worthless JJ . SENT The DT reason NN for IN this DT is VBZ that DT many JJ CD NN R NN manufacturers NNS like IN CD NN Recordable JJ . SENT com NN purchase VV their PP$ stampers NNS the DT nickel NN die NN that IN all DT CD NP R NN substrates NNS are VBP molded VVN from IN from IN 3 CD rd NN party NN sources NNS . SENT These DT 3 CD rd NN party NN sources NNS either CC other JJ disc NN manufacturers NNS , , or CC mastering VVG houses NNS encode VV the DT data NNS that IN these DT Identification NN programs NNS read VVP , , at IN the DT time NN that IN the DT original JJ glass NN master NN is VBZ encoded VVN . SENT The DT Manufacturer NN information NN that WDT is VBZ encoded VVN is VBZ usually RB the DT name NN of IN the DT company NN that WDT made VVD the DT master NN . SENT Since IN stampers NNS made VVN from IN that DT master NN will MD be VB sold VVN to TO disc NN manufacturers NNS the DT world NN over RP , , all RB of IN discs NNS that IN those DT manufacturers NNS produce VVP from IN those DT stampers NNS will MD contain VV the DT same JJ Manufacturer NN information NN . SENT Information NN which WDT is VBZ obviously RB quite RB erroneous JJ and CC irrelevant JJ . SENT Very RB seldom RB will MD the DT manufacturer NN information NN encoded VVN on IN a DT CD NP R NP actually RB tell VV you PP anything NN other JJ than IN who WP made VVD the DT original JJ master NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT second JJ piece NN of IN data NNS the DT dye NN type NN is VBZ also RB dubious JJ . SENT Because IN most JJS master VV stamper NP configurations NNS are VBP designed VVN to TO be VB matched VVN to TO specific JJ dye NN types NNS Phthalocyanine NN , , Cyanine NN , , Azo JJ , , Etc FW , , the DT Dye NP information NN that WDT is VBZ encoded VVN when WRB the DT master NN is VBZ produced VVN indicates VVZ the DT type NN of IN dye NN that IN the DT master NN was VBD designed VVN for IN . SENT This DT of IN course NN , , does VVZ not RB assure VV that IN the DT manufacturer NN that WDT buys VVZ and CC uses VVZ this DT stamper NP will MD be VB using VVG it PP with IN the DT dye NN that IN it PP has VHZ been VBN designed VVN for IN . SENT It PP is VBZ quite RB possible JJ that IN a DT stamper NP dye NN combination NN is VBZ used VVN by IN a DT CD NP R NN manufacturer NN that WDT contradicts VVZ the DT dye NN information NN encoded VVN on IN the DT master NN . SENT Therefore RB that DT information NN becomes VVZ as RB potentially RB misleading JJ as IN the DT Manufacturer NN data NNS discussed VVD earlier RBR . SENT The DT only JJ reliable JJ piece NN of IN information NN in IN the DT ATIP NN region NN is VBZ the DT disc NN length NN . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 38 CD for IN further JJR remarks NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 34 CD Can MD I PP make VV copies NNS of IN DTS NP encoded VVD CDs NNS . SENT 2000 CD 12 CD 13 CD Yes NP . SENT CDs NNS encoded VVD with IN DTS NP Digital NP Theater NP Sound NP follow VV the DT Red NP Book NP standard NN for IN the DT most JJS part NN . SENT The DT chief JJ difference NN is VBZ that IN the DT audio NN is VBZ encoded VVN with IN DTS NP rather RB than IN 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP 16 CD bit NN stereo NN PCM NP . SENT If IN you PP put VVD one CD into IN an DT audio JJ CD NN player NN , , it PP will MD recognize VV the DT tracks NNS and CC try VVP to TO play VV them PP , , resulting VVG in IN a DT hissing VVG noise NN . SENT You PP can MD copy VV DTS NP CDs NNS the DT way NN you PP would MD any DT other JJ audio JJ CD NN . SENT Attempting VVG to TO convert VV them PP to TO MP NN 3 CD is VBZ a DT bad JJ idea NN though IN they're NN already RB in IN a DT compressed VVN format NN . SENT A DT common JJ way NN to TO play VV DTS NP encoded VVN CDs NNS is VBZ with IN a DT DVD NP player NN connected VVN to TO a DT DTS NP capable JJ receiver NN . SENT The DT DVD NP player NN passes VVZ multichannel NN audio JJ to TO the DT receiver NN over IN an DT S NP PDIF NP connection NN . SENT Many JJ DTS NP CDs NNS are VBP encoded VVN in IN 5 CD . SENT 1 CD surround NN sound NN , , which WDT is VBZ kinda RB neat JJ . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 35 CD Why WRB 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP . SENT Why WRB not RB 48 CD KHz NP . SENT 2001 CD 01 CD 05 CD The DT Red NP Book NP specification NN for IN audio JJ CDs NNS chose VVD 44100 CD samples NNS per IN second JJ , , where WRB each DT sample NN is VBZ 16 CD bit NN stereo NN PCM NP . SENT PCM NP is VBZ a DT fine JJ choice NN for IN encoding VVG audio NN , , stereo NN is VBZ widely RB recognized VVN and CC supported VVN , , and CC it's NNS very RB easy JJ to TO manipulate VV data NNS in IN 16 CD bit NN quantities NNS with IN existing VVG hardware NN and CC software NN . SENT Why WRB 44100 CD . SENT Why WRB not RB make VV it PP a DT round NN decimal NN value NN like IN 44000 CD , , or CC a DT round NN binary NN quantity NN like IN 44032 CD . SENT Why WRB not RB 32 CD KHz NP or CC 48 CD KHz NP . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT human JJ ear NN can MD hear VV tones NNS out RP to TO about IN 20 CD KHz NP . SENT According VVG to TO a DT smart JJ fellow NN named VVN Nyquist NP , , you PP have VHP to TO sample NN at IN twice RB that DT rate NN . SENT Because IN of IN imperfections NNS in IN filtering VVG , , you PP actually RB want VVP to TO be VB a DT little JJ above IN 40 CD KHz NP . SENT According VVG to TO John NP Watkinson's NP The DT Art NN of IN Digital NP Audio NN , , 2 CD nd NN edition NN , , page NN 104 CD , , the DT choice NN of IN frequency NN is VBZ an DT artifact NN of IN the DT equipment NN used VVN during IN early JJ digital JJ audio JJ research NN . SENT Storing VVG digital JJ audio NN on IN a DT hard JJ drive NN was VBD impractical JJ , , because IN the DT capacity NN needed VVN for IN significant JJ amounts NNS of IN 1 CD Mbps NP audio NN was VBD expensive JJ . SENT Instead RB , , they PP used VVD video JJ recorders NNS , , storing VVG samples NNS as IN black JJ and CC white JJ levels NNS . SENT If IN you PP take VVP the DT number NN of IN 16 CD bit NN stereo NN samples NNS you PP can MD get VV on IN a DT line NN , , and CC multiply VV it PP by IN the DT number NN of IN recorded JJ lines NNS in IN a DT field NN and CC the DT number NN of IN fields NNS per IN second JJ , , you PP get VVP the DT sampling NN rate NN . SENT It PP turned VVD out RP that IN both DT NTSC NN and CC PAL NN formats NNS the DT video NN standards NNS used VVN in IN US NP Japan NP and CC Europe NP , , respectively RB could MD handle VV a DT rate NN of IN 44100 CD samples NNS per IN second JJ . SENT This DT rate NN was VBD carried VVN over RP into IN the DT definition NN of IN the DT compact JJ disc NN . SENT The DT sampling NN rate NN for IN professional JJ audio NN , , 48 CD KHz NP , , was VBD chosen VVN because IN it's NNS an DT easy JJ multiple NN of IN frequencies NNS used VVN for IN other JJ common JJ formats NNS , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT 8 CD KHz NP for IN telephones NNS . SENT It PP also RB happens VVZ to TO be VB fairly RB difficult JJ to TO do VV a DT good JJ conversion NN from IN 48 CD KHz NP to TO 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP , , which WDT makes VVZ it PP harder JJR to TO , , say VVP , , copy VVP an DT audio JJ CD NN with IN a DT consumer NN DAT NP deck NN . SENT Well RB , , okay JJ , , some DT consumer NN DAT NP decks NNS can MD do VV 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP now RB , , but CC initially RB only RB professional JJ decks NNS could MD handle VV the DT lower JJR frequency NN . SENT There EX is VBZ relatively RB little JJ difference NN in IN audible JJ quality NN between IN 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP and CC 48 NP KHz NP , , since IN the DT slight JJ increase NN in IN frequency NN response NN is VBZ outside IN the DT range NN of IN human JJ hearing NN . SENT Some DT inaudible JJ tones NNS produce VVP beats NNS with IN audible JJ tones NNS and CC thus RB have VH a DT noticeable JJ impact NN , , but CC the DT improvement NN from IN 44 CD . SENT 1 CD to TO 48 CD is VBZ marginal JJ at IN best JJS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 36 CD What WP format NN are VBP . SENT CDA NP files VVZ in IN . SENT 2001 CD 01 CD 25 CD Actually RB , , . SENT CDA NP files VVZ aren't NN really RB files VVZ at IN all DT . SENT Windows NNS shows VVZ the DT tracks NNS on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN as RB . SENT CDA NP files VVZ for IN convenience NN . SENT For IN example NN , , you PP can MD create VV a DT file NN association NN for IN . SENT CDA NP and CC invoke VV an DT audio JJ CD NN player NN when WRB you PP double VVP click NN on IN a DT track NN . SENT The DT tracks VVZ themselves PP are VBP in IN a DT format NN almost RB identical JJ to TO a DT common JJ WAV NP or CC AIFF NP file NN . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 20 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 37 CD What WP are VBP DD NP R NP and CC DD NP RW NP . SENT 2001 CD 03 CD 15 CD DD NP R NP and CC DD NP RW NP are VBP Sony NP standards NNS for IN double JJ density NN recordable JJ and CC rewritable JJ discs NNS . SENT The DT discs NNS hold VVP 1 CD . SENT 3 CD GB NN of IN data NNS , , and CC are VBP relatively RB inexpensive JJ , , but CC aren't VVD compatible JJ with IN current JJ CD NP or CC DVD NP players NNS . SENT You PP can MD only RB read VV the DT discs NNS in IN a DT DD NP R NP DD NP RW NP drive NN . SENT The DT recorders NNS form VVP a DT middle JJ ground NN between IN CD NP R NP and CC DVD NP R NP in IN terms NNS of IN storage NN capacity NN and CC price NN , , but CC the DT lack NN of IN compatibility NN reduces VVZ their PP$ usefulness NN . SENT On IN the DT bright JJ side NN , , the DT drives NNS are VBP expected VVN to TO be VB able JJ to TO record VV on IN CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP media NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 38 CD What's NP an DT ATIP NN . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 11 CD ATIP NN is VBZ an DT acronym NN for IN Absolute JJ Time NN In IN Pregroove NP . SENT All DT CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP discs NNS have VHP a DT pre NP cut NN spiral NN groove NN that WDT wobbles VVZ slightly RB . SENT The DT groove NN keeps VVZ the DT write VVP head NN tracking VVG properly RB , , and CC the DT wobble NN sinusoidal JJ with IN a DT frequency NN of IN 22 CD . SENT 05 CD KHz NP provides VVZ timing NN information NN to TO the DT recorder NN . SENT The DT wobble NN is VBZ frequency NN modulated VVN with IN a DT 1 CD KHz NP signal NN , , which WDT creates VVZ an DT absolute JJ time NN clocking VVG signal NN , , known VVN as IN the DT Absolute JJ Time NN In IN Pregroove NP ATIP NP . SENT In IN the DT lead NN in IN area NN , , which WDT is VBZ at IN the DT start NN of IN the DT disc NN , , the DT ATIP NP signal NN can MD be VB read VVN to TO get VV some DT information NN about IN the DT disc NN . SENT The DT only RB really RB useful JJ bit NN of IN information NN is VBZ the DT number NN of IN blocks NNS on IN the DT disc NN , , which WDT is VBZ determined VVN by IN the DT length NN of IN the DT pre NP formed VVD groove NN . SENT The DT ATIP NP signal NN also RB holds VVZ some DT information NN about IN the DT disc's JJ construction NN and CC manufacturer NN , , but CC see VV section NN 2 CD 33 CD for IN some DT comments NNS about IN their PP$ usefulness NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT orangeforum NN . SENT or JJ . SENT jp NN e SYM reference NN index NN . SENT htm NN used VVD to TO have VH ATIP NN information NN , , but CC the DT Disc NN Identification NN Method NN link NN is VBZ now RB password NN protected VVN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 39 CD What WP are VBP ML NP discs NNS and CC devices NNS . SENT 2002 CD 01 CD 18 CD ML NP is VBZ short JJ for IN MultiLevel JJ . SENT Devices NNS and CC media NNS constructed VVN by IN Calimetrics NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT calimetrics NNS . SENT com NN boast NN 3 CD x SYM the DT storage NN capacity NN and CC 3 CD x SYM the DT recording NN speed NN of IN conventional JJ CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP media NNS . SENT CD NP technology NN works VVZ by IN measuring VVG the DT light NN reflected VVD from IN the DT surface NN of IN the DT disc NN . SENT Traditional JJ discs NNS only RB have VHP two CD levels NNS pit NN and CC land NN , , ML NP discs NNS have VHP more JJR than IN one CD . SENT By IN increasing VVG the DT effective JJ bit NN density NN of IN the DT media NNS , , you PP can MD write VV 3 CD x NN as IN much JJ data NNS in IN one CD revolution NN of IN the DT disc NN , , improving VVG both CC the DT storage NN capacity NN and CC the DT recording NN speed NN . SENT The DT technology NN requires VVZ minor JJ changes NNS to TO existing JJ hardware NN , , and CC requires VVZ discs NNS optimized VVN for IN ML NP recording NN . SENT Discs NNS written VVN with IN ML NP devices NNS will MD not RB be VB compatible JJ with IN existing VVG CD NN players NNS and CC CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ . SENT However RB , , ML NP recorders NNS are VBP expected VVN to TO be VB able JJ to TO record VV on IN CD NP R NP CD NP RW NP media NNS as IN well RB , , so IN ML NP support NN could MD be VB a DT low JJ cost NN bonus NN feature NN on IN new JJ drives NNS . SENT Announced VVN in IN early JJ 2002 CD , , this DT never RB really RB materialized VVN as IN a DT consumer NN CD NN technology NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 40 CD What's NP CD NP MRW NP . SENT Mount NP Rainier NP . SENT EasyWrite NP . SENT 2004 CD 04 CD 15 CD CD NP MRW NP is VBZ the DT working VVG name NN for IN a DT CD NP RW NP storage NN format NN developed VVN by IN the DT Mount NP Rainier NP Working NP Group NP http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT mt NN rainier JJR . SENT org NP . SENT The DT Mount NP Rainier NP group NN has VHZ creating VVG specifications NNS for IN native JJ OS NN support NN of IN CD NP RW NP and CC DVD NP RW NP , , with IN the DT eventual JJ goal NN of IN replacing VVG floppies NNS and CC similar JJ formats NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Zip NN disks NNS . SENT EasyWrite NP is VBZ a DT marketing NN logo NN for IN Mount NP Rainier NP compliant JJ drives NNS . SENT Drives NNS may MD be VB sold VVN with IN the DT logo NN if IN they PP pass VVP compliance NN and CC robustness NN tests NNS . SENT This DT standard NN is VBZ being VBG promoted VVN by IN Compaq NP , , Microsoft NP , , Philips NP , , and CC Sony NP . SENT The DT web NN site NN claims NNS support VVP by IN over IN 40 CD industry NN leaders NNS , , including VVG OS NN vendors NNS and CC PC NN OEMs NNS . SENT What WP this DT means VVZ to TO you PP . SENT 500 CD MB NP of IN reasonably RB fast JJ storage NN that IN doesn't NN require VVP long RB formatting VVG delays NNS or CC the DT installation NN of IN special JJ software NN . SENT Discs NNS created VVN with IN Mount NP Rainier NP appear VVP to TO organize VV the DT data NNS slightly RB differently RB from IN other JJ UDF NP solutions NNS , , so RB some DT compatibility NN problems NNS exist VVP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 41 CD What's NP Audio JJ Master NP Quality NP AMQ NP recording NN . SENT 2002 CD 05 CD 08 CD Yamaha NN developed VVD Audio JJ Master NP Quality NP Recording NP to TO compensate VV for IN higher JJR jitter NN in IN recorded JJ CDs NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB the DT kind NN of IN jitter NN addressed VVN by IN jitter NN correction NN in IN CD NP rippers NNS 2 CD 15 CD . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT jitter NN that IN people NNS selling VVG fancy JJ stereo JJ equipment NN talk NN about RB . SENT Jitter NN is VBZ time NN base NN error NN . SENT It's NP not RB a DT corruption NN of IN the DT digital JJ 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP , , it's NNS a DT distortion NN of IN the DT timing NN in IN which WDT the DT 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP arrive VVP at IN their PP$ destination NN . SENT This DT doesn't NN affect VV extraction NN of IN audio NN , , so RB you PP don't JJ need NN to TO worry VV about IN this DT kind NN of IN jitter NN when WRB reading VVG a DT CD NN or CC ripping VVG to TO MP NN 3 CD . SENT You PP do VVP need VV to TO worry VV about IN it PP when WRB listening VVG to TO a DT CD NN . SENT The DT digital JJ signal NN is VBZ read VVN from IN a DT CD NN via IN an DT analog JJ process NN . SENT bouncing VVG a DT laser NN off RP of IN pits NNS and CC lands NNS on IN a DT CD NN . SENT Various JJ factors NNS can MD prevent VV the DT signals NNS from IN arriving VVG at IN the DT right JJ place NN at IN exactly RB the DT right JJ time NN . SENT High JJ end NN CD NN players NNS can MD correct VV these DT anomalies NNS , , but CC many JJ don't NN . SENT AMQ NP extends VVZ the DT length NN of IN the DT pits NNS and CC lands NNS on IN the DT CD NN in IN an DT attempt NN to TO produce VV a DT more RBR stable JJ signal NN . SENT This DT reduces VVZ the DT recordable JJ length NN of IN the DT CD NN a DT 74 CD minute NN disc NN only RB holds VVZ 63 CD but CC produces VVZ noticeably RB improved JJ audio NN says VVZ Yamaha NN . SENT The DT process NN works VVZ because IN CD NN players NNS automatically RB adjust VVP the DT rotation NN speed NN . SENT Yamaha's NP explanation NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT yamaha NP . SENT ca MD computer NN cp NP AudioMQR NP . SENT asp NN See VV also RB section NN 4 CD 18 CD 2 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 CD 42 CD Can MD I PP draw VV pictures NNS on IN a DT disc NN with IN the DT recording NN laser NN . SENT 2004 CD 03 CD 09 CD If IN you've NN ever RB looked VVD at IN a DT recorded VVN CD NP R NP , , you've NN probably RB noticed VVD that IN the DT recorded JJ and CC unrecorded JJ areas NNS have VHP a DT different JJ appearance NN . SENT This DT is VBZ usually RB visible JJ as IN a DT slight JJ change NN in IN color NN . SENT By IN controlling VVG the DT write VV laser NN it's NNS possible JJ to TO mark VV the DT disc NN in IN a DT way NN that WDT is VBZ meaningful JJ to TO the DT human JJ eye NN rather RB than IN to TO a DT CD NN player NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , the DT level NN of IN control NN required VVN to TO do VV this DT isn't NN achievable JJ without IN firmware NN support NN . SENT In IN mid JJ 2002 CD , , Yamaha NP announced VVD DiscT NP 2 CD disc NN tattoo NN . SENT This DT allows VVZ moderate JJ resolution NN approx NN . SENT 250 CD dpi NP graphics NNS to TO be VB drawn VVN in IN the DT parts NNS of IN the DT disc NN that IN weren't NN recorded VVD . SENT Yamaha NP claims VVZ to TO get VV 256 CD shades NNS of IN color NN green JJ , , blue JJ , , or CC whatever WDT color NN the DT disc NN happens VVZ to TO be VB , , though IN it PP works VVZ best JJS on IN dark JJ blue JJ azo JJ discs NNS . SENT For IN more JJR details NNS and CC some DT pictures NNS , , see VVP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT tomshardware NN . SENT com NN storage NN 02 CD q NN 3 CD 020927 CD index NN . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT watch VV . SENT impress VV . SENT co NP . SENT jp NP akiba NP hotline NP 20020622 CD etc FW disctat NP 2 CD . SENT html NP Yamaha NP left VVD the DT consumer NN CD NN recording NN market NN in IN February NP 2003 CD , , and CC the DT technology NN quietly RB disappeared VVD . SENT In IN March NP 2004 CD , , HP NP announced VVD a DT different JJ idea NN . SENT flip VV the DT disc NN over RP , , and CC burn VV a DT design NN on IN the DT label NN side NN . SENT This DT requires VVZ a DT modified JJ drive NN and CC special JJ media NNS , , but CC offers VVZ the DT possibility NN of IN high JJ resolution NN labeling VVG without IN ink NN or CC adhesive NN labels NNS . SENT The DT technology NN , , dubbed VVN LightScribe NP , , is VBZ described VVN on IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT lightscribe NN . SENT com NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 43 CD What WP are VBP the DT gory JJ details NNS about IN how WRB are NN 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP encoded VVD . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 10 CD This DT section NN is VBZ for IN people NNS who WP really RB want VVP to TO know VV what's NNS going VVG on IN inside NN . SENT You PP absolutely RB do VVP not RB need VV to TO understand VV any DT of IN this DT to TO successfully RB record VV a DT CD NN . SENT You PP will MD come VV away RB with IN a DT greater JJR appreciation NN for IN CD NN players NNS , , and CC also RB may MD better RBR understand VV how WRB some DT forms NNS of IN copy NN protection NN function NN . SENT The DT sections NNS are VBP written VVN from IN the DT perspective NN of IN reading VVG a DT disc NN . SENT Generally RB speaking VVG , , the DT process NN is VBZ simply RB reversed VVN when WRB writing VVG . SENT I PP tried VVD to TO find VV a DT balance NN between IN not RB presenting VVG enough JJ information NN and CC presenting VVG too RB much JJ detail NN . SENT My PP$ hope NN is VBZ that IN , , when WRB you PP are VBP done VVN reading VVG this DT , , you PP will MD have VH a DT broad JJ understanding NN of IN how WRB a DT CD NN player NN turns VVZ a DT lumpy JJ piece NN of IN plastic NN into IN music NN , , and CC will MD know VV exactly RB where WRB to TO look VV if IN you PP need VVP further JJR details NNS . SENT If IN you PP want VVP the DT kind NN of IN detail NN found VVN in IN a DT textbook NN , , there EX are VBP some DT good JJ ones NNS listed VVN in IN section NN 2 CD 43 CD 6 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 1 CD How WRB does VVZ the DT laser NN read VV or CC write VV a DT disc NN . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 10 CD CD NP players NNS use VVP a DT near IN infrared JJ 780 CD nm NN laser NN . SENT The DT visible JJ light NN spectrum NN is VBZ generally RB considered VVN to TO be VB 400 CD nm NN to TO 700 CD nm NN . SENT few JJ people NNS can MD see VV light NN past IN 720 CD nm NN . SENT DVD NP , , by IN contrast NN , , uses VVZ a DT visible JJ red NN 635 CD nm NN or CC 650 CD nm NN laser NN . SENT The DT drive NN shines VVZ a DT laser NN through IN the DT polycarbonate JJ plastic NN on IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT disc NN . SENT This DT bounces VVZ off RP the DT reflective JJ layer NN , , passes VVZ back RB through IN the DT polycarbonate NN , , and CC is VBZ read VVN by IN a DT photosensor NN in IN the DT drive NN head NN . SENT The DT index NN of IN refraction NN for IN polycarbonate NN is VBZ about IN 1 CD . SENT 55 CD , , so RB laser NN light NN bends VVZ when WRB it PP enters VVZ , , allowing VVG a DT much RB finer JJR focus NN for IN the DT laser NN from IN 800 CD um NP at IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT polycarbonate NN down RB to TO about IN 1 CD . SENT 7 CD um NP at IN the DT metal NN surface NN . SENT This DT minimizes VVZ the DT effects NNS of IN dust NN and CC scratches NNS , , because IN the DT effects NNS of IN any DT surface NN gunk NN are VBP reduced VVN as IN the DT laser's JJ focus NN width NN is VBZ reduced VVN . SENT A DT 400 CD um NP wide JJ piece NN of IN dust NN on IN the DT surface NN of IN a DT CD NN would MD completely RB block VV a DT laser NN focused VVD down RB to TO 200 CD um NP at IN the DT surface NN , , but CC has VHZ little JJ effect NN on IN a DT CD NN player NN . SENT If IN the DT photosensor NN sees VVZ a DT strong JJ beam NN the DT CD NN standard NN requires VVZ the DT signal NN strength NN to TO be VB at IN least JJS 70 CD when WRB fully RB reflected VVD it PP knows VVZ it's NNS travelling VVG over IN a DT land NN . SENT If IN it PP sees VVZ a DT weaker JJR response NN , , it's NNS travelling VVG over IN a DT pit NN . SENT Technically RB , , it's NNS travelling VVG under IN a DT pit NN or CC land NN , , so RB from IN its PP$ perspective NN a DT pit NN is VBZ actually RB a DT bump NN . SENT The DT height NN of IN the DT bump NN is VBZ 1 CD 4 CD of IN the DT laser's JJ wavelength NN when WRB travelling VVG in IN polycarbonate NN , , so RB that DT light NN reflected VVD from IN the DT bump NN has VHZ a DT phase NN difference NN of IN one CD half NN wavelength NN . SENT The DT light NN reflected VVD from IN the DT pit NN and CC from IN the DT surrounding VVG land NN thus RB cancel VV each DT other JJ out RP . SENT The DT geometries NNS are VBP actually RB such JJ that IN a DT pit NN reflects VVZ about IN 25 CD of IN the DT intensity NN rather RB than IN 0 CD . SENT For IN example NN , , pits NNS are VBP 0 CD . SENT 5 CD um NP wide JJ , , or CC about IN 1 CD 3 CD of IN the DT focused VVN width NN of IN the DT laser NN . SENT There EX are VBP a DT lot NN of IN optical JJ tricks NNS involving VVG polarization NN of IN light NN and CC the DT action NN of IN diffraction NN gratings NNS going VVG on IN . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT read VVN head NN uses VVZ a DT three CD beam NN auto NN focus NN system NN that WDT keeps VVZ the DT laser NN properly RB aligned VVN on IN the DT spiral NN track NN and CC at IN the DT correct JJ distance NN from IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT disc NN . SENT Side NN note NN . SENT if IN adjacent JJ loops NNS of IN the DT spiral NN are VBP too RB close RB together RB the DT track NN pitch NN is VBZ too RB small JJ the DT laser NN tracking NN can MD fail VV . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB 90 CD and CC 99 CD minute NN discs NNS are VBP harder JJR to TO write VV and CC read VV . SENT It's NNS also RB worth IN mentioning VVG that IN , , because IN light JJ travels NNS more RBR slowly RB in IN polycarbonate NN , , the DT wavelength NN of IN the DT laser NN inside IN the DT CD NN is VBZ closer JJR to TO 500 CD nm NN . SENT CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP discs NNS do VVP not RB have VH pits NNS and CC lands NNS . SENT On IN CD NP R NP media NNS , , the DT write VVP laser NN heats VVZ the DT organic JJ dye NN to TO approximately RB 250 CD degrees NNS Celsius JJ , , causing VVG it PP to TO melt VV and CC or CC chemically RB decompose VV to TO form VV a DT depression NN or CC mark NN in IN the DT recording NN layer NN . SENT The DT marks NNS create VVP the DT decreased VVN reflectivity NN required VVN by IN the DT read VVN laser NN . SENT On IN CD NP RW NP media NNS , , the DT write VVP laser NN changes NNS the DT material NN between IN crystalline JJ 25 CD reflectivity NN and CC amorphous JJ 15 CD reflectivity NN states NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ done VVN by IN either RB heating VVG it PP above IN its PP$ melting NN point NN 500 CD C NP to TO 700 CD C NP and CC letting VVG it PP cool VVP rapidly RB to TO convert VV it PP to TO amorphous JJ form NN , , or CC heating VVG it PP to TO its PP$ transition NN point NN 200 CD C NP and CC letting VVG it PP cool VVP slowly RB to TO return VV it PP to TO the DT more RBR stable JJ crystalline JJ state NN . SENT The DT lower JJR reflectivity NN of IN CD NP RW NP makes VVZ the DT discs NNS unreadable JJ on IN most JJS older JJR players NNS . SENT The DT rest NN of IN this DT discussion NN refers VVZ to TO pits NNS and CC lands NNS , , but CC applies VVZ equally RB to TO pressed VVN CDs NNS , , CD NP Rs NP , , and CC CD NP RWs NP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 2 CD How WRB do VV pits NNS and CC lands NNS turn VVP into IN 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP . SENT What's NP EFM NP . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 10 CD The DT pits NNS and CC lands NNS on IN a DT CD NN do VVP not RB directly RB correspond VV to TO 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP . SENT The DT start NN and CC end NN of IN a DT pit NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT the DT pit NN edges VVZ each DT correspond VV to TO 1 CD s PP , , and CC all DT other JJ areas NNS both CC in IN pits NNS and CC on IN lands NNS correspond VV to TO 0 CD s PP . SENT The DT number NN of IN zeroes VVZ between IN pit NN edges NNS is VBZ determined VVN through IN careful JJ timing NN . SENT This DT is VBZ an DT efficient JJ approach NN that WDT produces VVZ an DT easy JJ to TO handle VV electrical JJ signal NN it's NNS NRZI NP NonReturn NP to TO Zero NP Inverted VVN which WDT converts VVZ easily RB to TO NRZ NP where WRB 1 CD s NN are VBP high JJ voltage NN and CC 0 CD s PP are VBP low JJ voltage NN . SENT The DT careful JJ timing NN is VBZ possible JJ because IN CDs NNS are VBP essentially RB self NN clocking VVG . SENT Suppose VVP you PP have VHP a DT clock NN that WDT ticks VVZ once RB per IN second JJ . SENT Plug VV your PP$ ears NNS and CC count VV seconds NNS to TO yourself PP , , trying VVG to TO keep VV the DT same JJ pace NN as IN the DT clock NN . SENT After IN ten CD seconds NNS , , unplug VV your PP$ ears NNS . SENT If IN you've NN drifted VVD slightly RB , , you PP can MD readjust VV to TO the DT clock NN without IN worrying VVG that DT you've NN too RB far RB off RP . SENT You PP might MD be VB missing VVG the DT beat NN by IN a DT quarter NN of IN a DT second JJ , , but CC you PP can MD adjust VV forward RB or CC backward RB a DT fraction NN of IN a DT second JJ and CC still RB be VB sure JJ that IN both CC you PP and CC the DT clock NN got VVD to TO 10 CD seconds NNS at IN about IN the DT same JJ time NN . SENT Now RB try VV the DT same JJ experiment NN for IN 10 CD minutes NNS . SENT When WRB you PP unplug VV your PP$ ears NNS you PP can MD get VV back RB in IN sync NN with IN the DT clock's JJ timing NN , , but CC unless IN you PP have VHP a DT very RB good JJ internal JJ timer NN it's NNS unlikely JJ you PP will MD reach VV 10 CD minutes NNS on IN the DT same JJ tick NN . SENT With IN your PP$ ears NNS plugged VVD for IN so RB long JJ , , you PP are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB off RP by IN several JJ seconds NNS . SENT CDs NNS work VVP the DT same JJ way NN . SENT Every DT pit NN edge NN represents VVZ an DT audible JJ clock NN tick NN , , while IN the DT insides NNS of IN pits NNS and CC lands NNS represent VVP inaudible JJ ticks VVZ . SENT If IN a DT pit NN or CC land NN is VBZ too RB long RB , , the DT drive's NNS clock NN will MD drift VV too RB far RB and CC possibly RB get VV out RP of IN sync NN . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB blank JJ recordable JJ discs NNS aren't VVD entirely RB blank JJ . SENT they PP have VHP a DT pre NP cut NN spiral NN groove NN with IN a DT wobble NN that IN the DT recorder NN can MD use VV as IN a DT timing NN signal NN . SENT A DT clock NN accurate JJ enough RB to TO produce VV a DT stable JJ , , reliable JJ signal NN at IN these DT frequencies NNS is VBZ too RB expensive JJ to TO incorporate VV into IN a DT cheap JJ consumer NN product NN . SENT The DT 22 CD . SENT 05 CD KHz NP wobble NN is VBZ frequency NN modulated VVN by IN 1 CD KHz NP to TO create VV the DT ATIP NN signal NN that WDT , , in IN the DT lead NN in IN area NN , , holds VVZ some DT bits NNS of IN information NN about IN the DT disc NN . SENT To TO guarantee VV pits NNS of IN specific JJ lengths NNS , , the DT CD NP standard NN requires VVZ that IN there EX are VBP at IN least JJS 2 CD and CC at IN most JJS 10 CD zeroes VVZ between IN every DT 1 CD . SENT This DT is VBZ achieved VVN by IN converting VVG every DT 8 CD bit NN byte NN into IN a DT 14 CD bit NN value NN , , a DT process NN called VVD Eight CD to TO Fourteen NN Modulation NN EFM NP . SENT The DT shortest JJS possible JJ pit NN or CC land NN thus RB represents VVZ 3 CD EFM NP bits NNS 100 CD , , and CC the DT longest JJS 11 CD EFM NP bits NNS 10000000000 CD . SENT If IN a DT single JJ bit NN requires VVZ time NN T NN to TO pass VV under IN the DT read VVN head NN , , then RB pits NNS of IN these DT lengths NNS can MD be VB referred VVN to TO as IN 3 CD T NN pits NNS and CC 11 CD T NN pits NNS . SENT If IN after IN seeking VVG to TO a DT new JJ location NN , , the DT drive NN sees VVZ a DT pit NN shorter JJR than IN 3 CD T NN or CC longer JJR than IN 11 CD T NN , , then RB it PP immediately RB knows VVZ that IN the DT disc NN is VBZ not RB spinning VVG at IN the DT rate NN it PP was VBD expecting VVG , , and CC can MD make VV appropriate JJ adjustments NNS . SENT Between IN each DT 14 CD bit NN EFM NP word NN there EX are VBP 3 CD merging VVG bits NNS . SENT Because IN CDs NNS aren't NN allowed VVN to TO have VH runs NNS shorter JJR than IN 3 CD T NN or CC longer JJR than IN 11 CD T NN , , it PP is VBZ sometimes RB necessary JJ to TO follow VV an DT EFM NP code NN with IN a DT 1 CD or CC 0 CD . SENT Suppose VV , , for IN example NN , , that IN an DT EFM NP code NN ending VVG in IN 1 CD were VBD immediately RB followed VVN by IN an DT EFM NP code NN starting VVG with IN 1 CD . SENT The DT merging VVG bits NNS also RB serve VVP to TO prevent VV the DT frame NN synchronization NN pattern NN from IN appearing VVG where WRB it PP isn't VVD supposed VVN to TO see VV next JJ section NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ more JJR than IN one CD possible JJ arrangement NN of IN merging VVG bits NNS that WDT satisfy VV the DT restrictions NNS for IN run NN length NN and CC sync NN pattern NN , , then RB a DT pattern NN is VBZ chosen JJ that WDT minimizes VVZ the DT low JJ frequency NN components NNS of IN the DT signal NN . SENT This DT is VBZ done VVN by IN minimizing VVG the DT Digital NP Sum NP Value NP DSV NP , , computed VVN by IN adding VVG one CD to TO a DT counter NN for IN every DT T NN after IN a DT transition NN to TO a DT land NN , , and CC subtracting VVG one NN for IN every DT T NN after IN a DT transition NN to TO a DT pit NN . SENT Adding VVG a DT 1 CD to TO the DT merging VVG bits NNS inverts VVZ the DT signal NN by IN causing VVG a DT transition NN from IN a DT pit NN to TO a DT land NN or CC vice NN versa FW . SENT Minimizing VVG the DT DSV NP is VBZ important JJ because IN low JJ frequency NN signals NNS can MD interfere VV with IN the DT operation NN of IN tracking VVG and CC focusing VVG servos NNS . SENT With IN EFM NP there EX are VBP more JJR bits NNS to TO encode VV , , but CC the DT highest JJS frequency NN possible JJ in IN the DT output NN signal NN is VBZ decreased VVN . SENT The DT ratio NN of IN the DT number NN of IN bits NNS transmitted VVN to TO the DT number NN of IN transitions NNS on IN the DT medium NN is VBZ high JJ , , making VVG this DT an DT efficient JJ way NN to TO store VV the DT data NNS while IN still RB being VBG able JJ to TO recover VV the DT clock NN . SENT It's NNS also RB worth IN noting VVG that IN a DT 3 CD T NN pit NN is VBZ 0 CD . SENT 833 CD um NP long JJ , , while IN the DT laser NN spot NN is VBZ just RB over IN twice RB that DT length NN at IN 1 CD . SENT 7 CD um NP . SENT If IN 2 CD T NN or CC 1 CD T NN pits NNS were VBD allowed VVN , , the DT laser NN would MD have VH a DT hard JJ time NN detecting VVG them PP . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB it's NNS important JJ that IN transitions NNS not RB occur VVP too RB frequently RB . SENT the DT laser NN is VBZ good JJ at IN computing VVG the DT time NN between IN transitions NNS , , but CC isn't VVD so RB good JJ at IN noticing VVG transitions NNS if IN they PP follow VVP each DT other JJ too RB quickly RB . SENT Making VVG the DT transitions NNS more RBR obvious JJ requires VVZ making VVG the DT pits NNS and CC lands NNS longer RBR , , which WDT reduces VVZ the DT amount NN of IN data NNS that WDT will MD fit VV on IN the DT disc NN . SENT See VV the DT description NN of IN AMQ NP in IN section NN 2 CD 41 CD . SENT Subject NN . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 3 CD What's NP a DT frame NN . SENT CIRC NP encoding VVG . SENT How WRB does VVZ ECC NN work NN . SENT 2004 CD 05 CD 20 CD EFM NP encoding VVG is VBZ applied VVN to TO a DT series NN of IN bytes NNS called VVD a DT frame NN . SENT Some DT sources NNS including VVG the DT SCSI NP 3 CD MMC NP specification NN refer VVP to TO a DT CD NN sector NN as IN a DT frame NN , , but CC that's JJ incorrect JJ usage NN . SENT A DT frame NN holds VVZ 24 CD bytes NNS of IN user NN data NNS , , 1 CD byte NN of IN subcode NN data NNS , , and CC 8 CD bytes NNS of IN parity NN error NN correction NN , , for IN a DT total NN of IN 33 CD bytes NNS . SENT When WRB read VVN from IN the DT disc NN , , each DT frame NN is VBZ preceded VVN by IN a DT 24 CD bit NN synchronization NN pattern NN and CC 3 CD merging VVG bits NNS . SENT The DT sync NN data NN has VHZ a DT unique JJ pattern NN not RB found VVD elsewhere RB on IN the DT disc NN , , and CC it PP ensures VVZ the DT read VVN head NN correctly RB finds VVZ the DT start NN of IN the DT frame NN . SENT The DT pattern NN is VBZ 100000000001000000000010 CD , , three CD transitions NNS separated VVN by IN 11 CD T NN , , which WDT can't VVD occur VV otherwise RB because IN the DT merging VVG bits NNS are VBP specifically RB chosen VVN to TO prevent VV it PP . SENT If IN you PP don't VVD understand VV why RB having VHG a DT sync NN field NN is VBZ important JJ , , remember VV that IN every DT time NN the DT read VVN head NN seeks VVZ to TO a DT new JJ part NN of IN the DT disc NN or CC is VBZ confused VVN by IN a DT scratch NN , , it PP has VHZ to TO start VV reading NN in IN the DT middle NN of IN a DT stream NN of IN 1 CD s PP and CC 0 CD s PP and CC try VVP to TO make VV sense NN of IN what WP it's NNS reading VVG . SENT Until IN it PP sees VVZ a DT synchronization NN pattern NN , , it PP has VHZ no DT idea NN if IN it's NNS reading VVG the DT start NN or CC middle NN of IN a DT frame NN , , or CC even RB if IN it's NNS at IN the DT start NN or CC middle NN of IN an DT EFM NP word NN . SENT The DT rest NN of IN the DT 33 CD byte NN frame NN is VBZ read VVN as IN 14 CD bit NN EFM NP values NNS followed VVD by IN 3 CD merging VVG bits NNS . SENT This DT means VVZ there EX are VBP 588 CD 24 CD 3 CD 14 JJ 3 CD 33 CD channel NN bits NNS in IN a DT frame NN . SENT This DT 588 CD bit NN structure NN is VBZ called VVN a DT Channel NP Frame NP . SENT Once RB EFM NP is VBZ decoded VVN and CC the DT merging VVG bits NNS discarded VVN , , we PP are VBP left VVN with IN an DT F NP 3 CD Frame NP . SENT The DT subcode NN byte NN is VBZ removed VVN , , and CC the DT remaining VVG data NNS now RB an DT F NN 2 CD Frame NP is VBZ passed VVN into IN the DT CIRC NP Cross NP Interleave VV Reed NP Solomon NP decoder NN . SENT The DT decoder NN is VBZ an DT important JJ part NN of IN the DT reason NN why WRB CDs NNS and CC CD NP ROMs NP work NN . SENT The DT raw JJ error NN rate NN from IN a DT CD NN is VBZ around RB 1 CD error NN per IN 100 CD K NN to TO 1 CD million CD bits NNS . SENT That's NP pretty RB good JJ , , but CC at IN 4 CD million CD bits NNS per IN second JJ 588 CD channel NN bits NNS per IN frame NN x NN 98 CD frames NNS per IN sector NN x NN 75 CD sectors NNS per IN second JJ 4 CD . SENT 3218 CD Mbps NP , , the DT errors NNS add VVP up RP quickly RB . SENT CIRC NP encoding VVG takes VVZ the DT 192 CD bits NNS 24 CD bytes NNS of IN data NNS and CC 64 CD bits NNS 8 CD bytes NNS of IN parity NN , , shuffles VVZ it PP around RP , , and CC performs VVZ some DT weird JJ math NN involving VVG Galois NP Fields NPS . SENT The DT bits NNS are VBP processed VVN by IN two CD error NN correction NN stages NNS , , referred VVD to TO as IN C $ 1 CD and CC C $ 2 CD . SENT The DT efficacy NN of IN the DT results NNS can MD be VB expressed VVN as IN a DT set NN of IN error NN counts NNS . SENT Errors NNS are VBP noted VVN with IN a DT two CD digit NN number NN that WDT indicates VVZ the DT number NN of IN errors NNS with IN the DT first JJ digit NN and CC the DT CIRC NP decoder NN stage NN with IN the DT second JJ digit NN . SENT The DT E NP 11 CD count NN indicates VVZ the DT number NN of IN single JJ symbol NN correctable JJ errors NNS in IN the DT C NP 1 CD decoder NN . SENT E NN 21 CD indicates VVZ double JJ symbol NN correctable JJ errors NNS in IN C NP 1 CD , , and CC E NP 31 CD indicates VVZ triple JJ symbol NN uncorrectable NN at IN C NP 1 CD errors NNS in IN C NP 1 CD . SENT The DT sum NN of IN these DT counts NNS is VBZ the DT Block NP Error NN Rate NP BLER NP , , a DT measure NN of IN correctable JJ and CC uncorrectable JJ errors NNS . SENT The DT CD NP standard NN sets VVZ the DT acceptable JJ limit NN to TO 220 CD BLER NP errors NNS per IN second JJ , , averaged VVD over IN a DT 10 CD second JJ stretch NN . SENT The DT E NP 12 CD count NN indicates VVZ the DT number NN of IN single JJ symbol NN correctable JJ errors NNS in IN the DT C NP 2 CD decoder NN . SENT Because IN the DT data NN is VBZ interleaved VVN after IN the DT C NP 1 CD pass NN , , one CD E NN 31 CD error NN can MD generate VV up RB to TO 30 CD E NN 12 CD errors NNS , , so RB a DT high JJ error NN count NN here RB is VBZ not RB problematic JJ . SENT E SYM 22 CD counts NNS double JJ symbol NN correctable JJ errors NNS , , which WDT are VBP a DT bad JJ sign NN . SENT The DT sum NN of IN E NP 21 CD and CC E NP 22 CD form NN a DT burst NN error NN count NN BST NP , , which WDT can MD be VB used VVN to TO identify VV physical JJ defects NNS on IN a DT disc NN . SENT Any DT E NN 32 CD errors NNS , , representing VVG triple JJ symbol NN uncorrectable JJ errors NNS in IN the DT C NP 2 CD decoder NN , , result NN in IN damaged JJ data NNS . SENT For IN an DT audio JJ CD NN interpolation NN is VBZ performed VVN , , for IN a DT CD NP ROM NP the DT damaged JJ data NNS must MD be VB repaired VVN at IN a DT higher JJR level NN . SENT This DT , , incidentally RB , , explains VVZ how WRB some DT forms NNS of IN audio JJ CD NN copy NN protection NN work NN . SENT The DT CD NP author NN introduces VVZ deliberate JJ uncorrectable JJ errors NNS to TO the DT CD NN . SENT An DT audio JJ player NN will MD inaudibly RB interpolate VV across IN them PP , , but CC a DT CD NP ROM NP performing VVG digital JJ audio JJ extraction NN will MD simply RB return VV the DT bad JJ bits NNS . SENT Some DT software NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Plextor's NP PlexTools NP , , refer VVP to TO E NN 32 CD errors NNS as IN CU NP errors NNS . SENT With IN CIRC NP , , the DT bit NN error NN rate NN is VBZ reduced VVN to TO one CD in IN 10 CD to TO 100 CD billion CD . SENT The DT 24 CD bytes NNS that WDT comes VVZ out RP of IN the DT CIRC NP decoder NN are VBP referred VVN to TO as IN an DT F NP 1 CD Frame NP . SENT It's NNS worth IN noting VVG that IN the DT subcode NN channels NNS are VBP not RB CIRC NP encoded VVD , , and CC hence RB are VBP the DT least JJS reliable JJ storage NN directly RB accessible JJ to TO the DT user NN . SENT The DT EFM NP encoding VVG provides VVZ some DT protection NN against IN single JJ bit NN errors NNS , , because IN only RB 256 CD of IN the DT 16 CD , , 384 CD possible JJ combinations NNS are VBP valid JJ , , but CC without IN any DT parity NN bits NNS the DT best JJS the DT drive NN can MD do VV is VBZ tell VV you PP that IN it PP failed VVD to TO read VV the DT data NNS correctly RB . SENT The DT Q NP subcode NN channel NN , , which WDT can MD hold VV vital JJ information NN about IN the DT disc NN , , has VHZ a DT 16 CD bit NN CRC NP . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 4 CD What's NP in IN a DT sector NN . SENT 2002 CD 12 JJ 11 CD 98 CD frames NNS of IN 24 CD bytes NNS are VBP combined VVN to TO form VV a DT 2352 CD byte NN sector NN and CC 98 CD bytes NNS of IN subcode NN data NNS . SENT The DT sector NN is VBZ assembled VVN from IN F NP 1 CD Frames NP , , which WDT are VBP byte NN swapped VVN , , shuffled VVD , , and CC run VV through IN a DT descrambler NN . SENT The DT purpose NN of IN the DT scrambler NN is VBZ to TO reduce VV the DT likelihood NN that IN regular JJ bit NN patterns NNS will MD induce VV a DT large JJ digital JJ sum NN value NN . SENT It PP should MD be VB pointed VVN out RP that IN the DT 2352 CD byte NN sector NN is VBZ the DT smallest JJS unit NN most RBS CD NN ROM NP drives NNS will MD allow VV software NN to TO manipulate VV . SENT It's NNS only RB after IN all DT of IN the DT above IN that DT low JJ level NN CD NP ROM NP operations NNS , , like IN RAW JJ DAO NP 96 CD reads VVZ and CC writes VVZ , , begin VV . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB making VVG a DT bit NN for IN bit NN copy NN of IN a DT disc NN is VBZ tricky JJ . SENT A DT sector NN on IN an DT audio JJ CD NN holds VVZ 2352 CD bytes NNS of IN data NNS . SENT 16 CD bit NN stereo NN samples NNS require VVP 4 CD bytes NNS per IN sample NN , , so RB there's RB 2352 CD 4 CD 588 CD samples NNS per IN sector NN . SENT At IN 75 CD sectors NNS per IN second JJ , , that's JJ 44100 CD samples NNS per IN second JJ 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP . SENT At IN this DT point NN , , the DT processing NN for IN an DT audio JJ CD NN is VBZ essentially RB complete JJ . SENT CD NN players NNS feed VVP the DT samples NNS through IN a DT DAC NP or CC S NP PDIF NP connector NN and CC eventually RB out RB to TO the DT speakers NNS , , and CC send VV the DT subcode NN data NNS to TO the DT front JJ panel NN controller NN so IN it PP can MD update VV the DT HH NP . SENT MM NP counter NN and CC track NN number NN . SENT A DT sector NN on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP holds VVZ 2048 CD bytes NNS of IN user NN data NNS , , leaving VVG 304 CD bytes NNS for IN other JJ purposes NNS . SENT Every DT data NN sector NN begins VVZ with IN a DT 16 CD byte NN header NN . SENT 12 CD byte NN sync NN field NN 00 CD ff NN ff NN ff NN ff NN ff NN ff NN ff NN ff NN ff NNS ff VVD 00 CD 3 CD byte NN address NN minute NN , , second JJ , , fraction NN 1 CD 75 CD th NN of IN a DT second JJ 1 CD byte NN mode NN The DT sync NN field NN and CC address NN are VBP important JJ because IN early JJ CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ weren't NN able JJ to TO accurately RB determine VV the DT start NN of IN a DT sector NN . SENT The DT drives NNS were VBD based VVN on IN CD NN players NNS , , which WDT just RB shoved VVD the DT decoded VVN frames NNS into IN one CD FIFO NP and CC the DT subcode NN data NNS into IN another DT . SENT The DT CD NP ROM NP firmware NN was VBD presented VVN with IN a DT stream NN of IN bytes NNS , , and CC expected VVN to TO make VV sense NN of IN it PP . SENT This DT situation NN is VBZ also RB responsible JJ for IN audio JJ extraction NN jitter NN , , discussed VVN at IN length NN in IN section NN 2 CD 15 CD . SENT The DT mode NN byte NN determines VVZ what WP the DT remaining JJ 2336 CD bytes NNS in IN the DT sector NN looks VVZ like IN . SENT Mode NP 0 CD . SENT null JJ data NNS . SENT serves VVZ no DT practical JJ purpose NN for IN CD NP recording NN Mode NP 1 CD . SENT the DT typical JJ CD NP ROM NP layout NN 2048 CD bytes NNS of IN user NN data NNS 4 CD bytes NNS of IN EDC NP Error NN Detection NN Code NP , , a DT 32 CD bit NN CRC NP 8 CD bytes NNS of IN reserved JJ space NN , , set VVN to TO zeros NNS 172 CD bytes NNS of IN P NN parity NN 104 CD bytes NNS of IN Q NP parity NN Mode NP 2 CD . SENT 2336 CD bytes NNS of IN user NN data NNS , , usually RB used VVN for IN CD NP ROM NP XA NP see VVP below IN The DT Mode NP 1 CD CD NP ROM NP ECC NP is VBZ independent JJ of IN and CC in IN addition NN to TO the DT CIRC NP encoding VVG . SENT It PP uses VVZ a DT Reed NP Solomon NP Product NP Code NP RSPC NP to TO achieve VV a DT combined JJ error NN rate NN of IN 1 CD error NN per IN 1 CD e NN 15 CD quadrillion NN bits NNS . SENT CD NP ROM NP XA NP eXtended VVD Architecture NP Mode NP 2 CD extends VVZ the DT definition NN of IN a DT Mode NP 2 CD CD NP ROM NP . SENT Form NN 1 CD looks NNS like IN a DT slight JJ rearrangement NN of IN a DT Mode NP 1 CD sector NN , , with IN the DT 8 CD bytes NNS of IN space NN moved VVD ahead RB of IN the DT user NN data NNS and CC filled VVN with IN a DT sub NN header NN . SENT Form NN 2 CD , , intended VVN for IN compressed VVN audio JJ video NN data NNS , , has VHZ the DT 8 CD byte NN sub NN header NN , , 2324 CD bytes NNS of IN data NNS , , and CC an DT optional JJ 4 CD byte NN EDC NP code NN . SENT The DT sub NN header NN contains VVZ some DT channel NN and CC data NN type NN flags NNS . SENT A DT CD NP session NN must MD be VB written VVN in IN a DT single JJ mode NN , , but CC the DT XA NP spec NN allows VVZ the DT form NN to TO change VV . SENT Using VVG CD NP ROM NP XA NP Mode NP 2 CD allows VVZ you PP to TO choose VV between IN extended JJ error NN correction NN and CC increased JJ data NNS capacity NN , , and CC also RB change VV your PP$ mind NN several JJ times NNS in IN a DT single JJ track NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 5 CD What's NP in IN a DT subcode NN channel NN . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 11 RB There EX are VBP 8 CD subcode NN channels NNS , , labeled VVN P NN , , Q NP , , R NP , , S NP , , T NN , , U NP , , V NN , , W NP , , or CC sometimes RB P NN W NP for IN short JJ . SENT The DT ECMA NP 130 CD standard NN refers VVZ to TO subcode VV bytes NNS as IN Control NP bytes NNS . SENT Every DT frame NN contains VVZ one CD byte NN of IN subcode NN data NNS , , and CC each DT byte NN holds VVZ 1 CD bit NN of IN P NN , , 1 CD of IN Q NP , , and CC so RB on IN . SENT The DT bytes NNS from IN 98 CD consecutive JJ frames NNS are VBP combined VVN to TO form VV a DT subcode NN section NN . SENT The DT first JJ two CD bits NNS in IN each DT channel NN are VBP used VVN for IN synchronization NN , , leaving VVG 96 CD bits NNS of IN useful JJ data NNS per IN channel NN which WDT is VBZ where WRB RAW JJ DAO NP 96 CD gets VVZ its PP$ name NN . SENT The DT P NN and CC Q NP channels NNS are VBP defined VVN by IN the DT CD NP audio JJ standard NN . SENT They PP are VBP unrelated JJ to TO the DT P NN and CC Q NP parity NN fields NNS . SENT The DT P NN channel NN can MD be VB used VVN to TO find VV the DT start NN of IN a DT track NN , , but CC in IN practice NN most JJS devices NNS use VVP the DT more RBR sophisticated JJ Q NP channel NN . SENT Q NP contains VVZ four CD chunks NNS of IN information NN . SENT control NN 4 CD bits NNS , , address NN 4 CD bits NNS , , Q NP data NNS 72 CD bits NNS , , and CC an DT EDC NP 16 CD bit NN CRC NP . SENT The DT control NN bits NNS determine VVP whether IN the DT track NN holds VVZ audio JJ or CC data NNS , , the DT number NN of IN audio JJ channels NNS stereo JJ or CC quadraphonic JJ , , and CC specifies VVZ the DT Digital NP Copy NP Permitted VVD and CC Pre NP emphasis NN flags NNS . SENT The DT address NN bits NNS determine VVP the DT format NN of IN the DT Q NP data NN section NN . SENT Address NN mode NN 1 CD holds VVZ information NN about IN tracks NNS , , mode NN 2 CD holds VVZ a DT catalog NN number NN such JJ as IN a DT UPC NP code NN , , constant JJ for IN an DT entire JJ disc NN , , and CC mode NN 3 CD contains VVZ the DT ISRC NP International NP Standard NP Recording NP Code NP , , constant JJ for IN a DT given VVN track NN but CC may MD change VV with IN each DT track NN . SENT A DT disc NN has VHZ three CD main JJ regions NNS . SENT the DT lead NN in IN area NN , , the DT program NN area NN , , and CC the DT lead NN out IN area NN . SENT Subcode NP Q NP mode NN 1 CD data NNS in IN the DT lead NN in RB is VBZ used VVN to TO hold VV the DT table NN of IN contents NNS TOC NP for IN the DT disc NN . SENT The DT TOC NP is VBZ repeated VVN continuously RB in IN the DT lead NN in IN area NN in IN case NN of IN damage NN remember VVP , , no DT CIRC NP encoding VVG on IN subcode NN channels NNS . SENT In IN the DT program NN and CC lead VV out RP area NN , , mode NN 1 CD contains VVZ track NN numbers NNS , , index NN numbers NNS , , time NN within IN the DT current JJ track NN , , and CC absolute JJ time NN . SENT Index NN 0 CD marks NNS the DT start NN of IN a DT pregap NN pause NN before IN the DT audio NN in IN a DT track NN begins VVZ , , index NN 1 CD marks NNS the DT start NN of IN the DT music NN , , and CC indexes NNS 2 CD through IN 99 CD are VBP usually RB not RB set VVN but CC can MD be VB added VVN if IN desired VVN . SENT The DT ability NN to TO specify VV track NN and CC index NN markers NNS when WRB writing VVG a DT Red NP Book NP audio JJ CD NN is VBZ often RB referred VVN to TO as IN PQ NP editing VVG because IN that DT information NN is VBZ contained VVN in IN the DT P NN and CC Q NP subcodes NNS . SENT Subcode NN channels NNS R NN through IN W NP are VBP not RB defined VVN by IN the DT CD NN standard NN , , except IN to TO say VV that IN they PP should MD be VB set VVN entirely RB to TO zero VV if IN not RB used VVN . SENT They're NP currently RB used VVD for IN CD NP G NP e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Karaoke NN discs NNS , , CD NN Text NN , , and CC some DT forms NNS of IN copy NN protection NN . SENT It PP is VBZ interesting JJ to TO note VV that IN , , while IN bytes NNS from IN 98 CD consecutive JJ frames NNS are VBP used VVN to TO create VV a DT subcode NN section NN , , those DT frames NNS don't NN have VHP to TO be VB from IN a DT single JJ sector NN . SENT It's NNS possible JJ for IN a DT subcode NN section NN to TO start VV in IN one CD sector NN and CC end NN in IN the DT next JJ . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 43 CD 6 CD I PP want VVP even RB more JJR details NNS 2004 CD 02 CD 17 CD Sheesh NP . SENT An DT excellent JJ reference NN for IN is VBZ Ken NP Pohlmann's NP mammoth JJ Principles NNS of IN Digital NP Audio NN , , 4 CD th NN edition NN ISBN NP 0 CD 07 CD 134819 CD 0 CD , , especially RB chapter NN 9 CD on IN compact JJ discs NNS and CC chapter NN 5 CD on IN error NN correction NN . SENT If IN you PP want VVP something NN a DT little RB slimmer JJR , , try VV his PP$ older JJR The DT Compact JJ Disc NN Handbook NN , , 2 CD nd NN edition NN , , 1992 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 89579 CD 300 CD 8 CD . SENT Another DT good JJ book NN is VBZ The DT Art NN of IN Digital NP Audio NN , , 2 CD nd NN edition NN , , by IN John NP Watkinson NP , , Focal JJ Press NP , , 1994 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 240 CD 51320 CD 7 CD . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ee NNS . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NP conselec NP CE NP kuhn NP cdmulti NP cdhome NN . SENT htm NN has VHZ a DT number NN of IN interesting JJ pages NNS . SENT In IN particular JJ , , there's RB a DT good JJ page NN about IN CIRC NP on IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ee NNS . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NP conselec NP CE NP kuhn NP cdmulti NP 95 CD x SYM 7 CD iec NN 908 CD . SENT htm NN , , and CC http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ee NNS . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NP conselec NP CE NP kuhn NP cdaudio NP 95 CD x SYM 6 CD . SENT htm NN has VHZ a DT nice JJ explanation NN of IN disc NN construction NN and CC optics NN , , especially RB the DT three CD beam NN autofocus NN . SENT The DT page NN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT tc NP . SENT umn NN . SENT edu NP erick NP 205 CD Papers NP paper NN . SENT html NN provides VVZ some DT background NN information NN on IN sampling NN , , aliasing VVG , , dither VV , , DACs NP , , and CC other JJ relevant JJ topics NNS . SENT You PP can MD get VV a DT copy NN of IN ECMA NP 130 CD from IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ecma NN international JJ . SENT org NP . SENT This DT document NN describes VVZ the DT format NN of IN a DT CD NP ROM NP , , including VVG physical JJ dimensions NNS and CC optical JJ characteristics NNS , , as RB well RB as IN sector NN formats NNS and CC Q NP channel NN specs NNS . SENT It PP also RB features VVZ some DT interesting JJ annexes NNS . SENT Annex NN A NP . SENT Error NN correction NN encoding VVG by IN RSPC NP Annex NN B NN . SENT Scramble VVP a DT description NN of IN the DT pre NP EFM NP scrambler NN Annex NN C NP . SENT Error NN correction NN encoding VVG by IN CIRC NP Annex NN D NP . SENT 8 CD bit NN to TO 14 CD Channel NP bit NN conversion NN has VHZ the DT full JJ table NN Annex NN E NN . SENT Merging VVG bits NNS algorithm NN for IN computation NN Standards NP documents NNS , , as IN a DT rule NN , , are VBP terse JJ and CC difficult JJ to TO understand VV . SENT ECMA NP 130 CD is VBZ actually RB quite RB readable JJ , , and CC if IN you PP understood VVD the DT preceding JJ sections NNS you PP should MD have VH no DT trouble NN sorting VVG it PP out RP . SENT If IN you PP want VVP source NN code NN for IN the DT CIRC NP , , RSPC NP , , EDC NP , , and CC scramble NN functions NNS , , look NN for IN Heiko NP Eissfeldt's NP edc NN ecc NN . SENT c SYM and CC related VVN files NNS . SENT The DT code NN is VBZ part NN of IN Mode NP 2 CD CDMaker NP , , CDRDAO NP , , and CC possibly RB others NNS . SENT If IN you PP want VVP an DT explanation NN of IN DSV NP and CC the DT problems NNS associated VVN with IN it PP , , read VV the DT Philips NP patent NN on IN the DT sector NN scrambler NN US NP 4603413 CD , , or CC one CD of IN the DT associated VVN patents NNS on IN removal NN of IN DC NP content NN from IN a DT digital JJ signal NN . SENT The DT full JJ text NN of IN the DT patent NN can MD be VB found VVN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT uspto NN . SENT gov NP . SENT In IN brief NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT If IN the DT frequency NN of IN such JJ oscillation NN is VBZ comparatively RB high JJ , , during IN the DT read VVN operation NN the DT decision NN level NN for IN detection NN of IN the DT channel NN bit NN signals NNS may MD be VB rendered VVN inaccurate JJ . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , read VVD out RP of IN the DT information NN will MD be VB disturbed VVN to TO such PDT an DT extent NN that IN even RB the DT error NN correction NN measures VVZ cannot NN prevent VV errors NNS . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT tracking VVG system NN for IN controlling VVG the DT read VVN laser NN which WDT reads VVZ the DT channel NN bits NNS may MD become VV incapable JJ of IN keeping VVG the DT laser NN beam NN accurately RB positioned VVN on IN the DT track NN . SENT It PP appears VVZ that IN , , when WRB the DT DC NP offset VVN in IN the DT signal NN becomes VVZ too RB large JJ , , the DT read VVN head NN has VHZ trouble NN seeing VVG the DT disc NN . SENT The DT voltage NN level NN in IN the DT photodetector NN has VHZ pegged VVN , , so RB the DT difference NN between IN a DT pit NN and CC a DT land NN is VBZ unnoticeable JJ . SENT An DT article NN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT digit NN life NN . SENT com NN articles NNS 2 CD magia NNS chisel VV index NN . SENT html NN examines VVZ why WRB one CD specific JJ file NN failed VVD to TO record VV properly RB . SENT It PP turns VVZ out RP that IN , , after IN passing VVG through IN the DT scrambler NN , , a DT piece NN of IN the DT file NN has VHZ a DT section NN that WDT matches VVZ the DT sector NN header NN sync NN pattern NN . SENT For IN some DT technical JJ information NN on IN how WRB CD NP Rs NP are VBP constructed VVN , , look VVP through IN the DT uspto NN . SENT gov NN site NN for IN relevant JJ patents NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , US NP 5348841 CD describes VVZ Organic NP dye NN in IN polymer NN DIP NN medium JJ for IN write VVP once RB read VV many JJ WORM NN optical JJ discs NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 44 CD Digital NP is VBZ better RBR than IN analog NN , , right RB . SENT 2002 CD 12 CD 30 CD Not RB always RB . SENT Digital JJ audio JJ CDs NNS are VBP superior JJ to TO audio JJ cassettes NNS and CC 8 CD track NN tapes NNS , , and CC digital JJ video JJ DVDs NNS are VBP superior JJ VHS NP videotapes VVZ . SENT However RB , , the DT analog JJ film NN shown VVN in IN a DT movie NN theater NN is VBZ superior JJ to TO DVD NP , , and CC the DT analog JJ studio NN master NN tape NN is VBZ better JJR than IN an DT audio JJ CD NN . SENT The DT sounds VVZ that IN an DT Apple NP II NP makes NNS are VBP generated VVN digitally RB , , but CC you PP wouldn't VVD want VV to TO play VV your PP$ CDs NNS that IN way NN . SENT Some DT formats NNS are VBP better JJR than IN others NNS . SENT The DT low JJ cost NN consumer NN digital JJ formats NNS are VBP generally RB superior JJ to TO low JJ cost NN consumer NN analog NN formats NNS except IN perhaps RB for IN 35 CD mm NP film NN , , though IN that's NNS changing VVG . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB mean VV that DT digital JJ is VBZ better JJR than IN analog NN , , though IN many JJ people NNS have VHP that DT impression NN because IN the DT consumer NN electronics NN companies NNS are VBP marketing VVG products NNS that IN way NN . SENT Digital NP has VHZ some DT advantages NNS over IN analog NN . SENT The DT most RBS significant JJ is VBZ the DT ability NN to TO apply VV various JJ algorithms NNS to TO reproduce VV the DT original JJ digital JJ signal NN . SENT With IN most JJS forms NNS of IN analog JJ transmission NN , , reconstructing VVG the DT original JJ signal NN without IN noise NN and CC distortions NNS is VBZ difficult JJ . SENT The DT flip JJ side NN is VBZ that IN , , with IN too RB much JJ interference NN , , the DT digital JJ signal NN becomes VVZ unusable JJ . SENT NTSC NN televisions NNS the DT kind NN used VVN in IN North NP America NP and CC Japan NP can MD display VV a DT transmission NN with IN a DT negative JJ S NP N NP ratio NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT there's RB more JJR noise NN than IN signal NN . SENT If IN you're NN not RB part NN of IN the DT cable NN TV NN generation NN , , think VVP about IN a DT picture NN that WDT was VBD heavily RB snowed VVN , , but CC still RB decipherable JJ . SENT It PP was VBD probably RB a DT sporting NN event NN . SENT Digital NP also RB has VHZ disadvantages NNS , , although IN many JJ of IN them PP can MD be VB minimized VVN through IN careful JJ system NN design NN . SENT The DT most RBS fundamental JJ problem NN is VBZ the DT need NN to TO convert VV the DT digital JJ signal NN back RB to TO analog NN . SENT Human JJ senses NNS are VBP analog JJ , , so RB audio NN has VHZ to TO be VB converted VVN to TO voltages NNS that WDT drive VVP speakers NNS , , and CC video NN needs VVZ to TO be VB turned VVN into IN pixels NNS on IN a DT screen NN . SENT The DT human JJ eye NN is VBZ pretty RB easy JJ to TO fool VV update VV the DT image NN quickly RB enough RB and CC the DT brain NN will MD believe VV the DT motion NN is VBZ smooth JJ but CC the DT ear NN is VBZ more RBR discerning JJ . SENT Slight JJ changes NNS in IN frequency NN and CC timing NN , , especially RB in IN a DT stereo JJ signal NN , , can MD be VB detected VVN . SENT Many JJ digital JJ formats NNS are VBP compressed VVN with IN lossy JJ techniques NNS . SENT Algorithms NNS like IN MPEG NP 2 CD , , MP NN 3 CD , , DTS NP , , and CC SDDS NP remove VV parts NNS of IN the DT music NN to TO reduce VV the DT storage NN size NN . SENT The DT parts NNS removed VVN are VBP usually RB inaudible JJ , , though IN that WDT depends VVZ on IN how WRB much RB is VBZ removed VVN and CC how WRB good JJ your PP$ ears NNS are VBP . SENT The DT upshot NN of IN all PDT this DT is VBZ that IN it's NNS wise JJ to TO pay VV attention NN to TO what WP you're NN getting VVG . SENT Don't NP assume VVP that IN a DT digital JJ format NN is VBZ better RBR just RB because IN it's NNS digital JJ . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 44 CD 1 CD What WP is VBZ digital JJ and CC digitization NN , , anyway RB . SENT 2003 CD 01 CD 05 CD Computers NP store NN things NNS in IN bits NNS , , which WDT can MD be VB either RB 0 CD or CC 1 CD . SENT To TO store VV something NN in IN a DT computer NN , , it PP must MD be VB converted VVN to TO a DT series NN of IN bits NNS . SENT The DT process NN is VBZ called VVN digitizing VVG . SENT You've NP probably RB seen VVN an DT egg NN slicer NN . SENT If IN you PP haven't VVD , , picture VVP a DT device NN that WDT looks VVZ like IN a DT book NN resting VVG flat JJ on IN table NN . SENT Instead RB of IN pages NNS it PP has VHZ an DT egg NN shaped JJ depression NN , , and CC instead RB of IN a DT front JJ cover NN it PP has VHZ a DT frame NN with IN thin JJ wires NNS stretched VVN across IN it PP vertically RB at IN regular JJ intervals NNS . SENT You PP raise VVP the DT lid NN , , insert VV the DT egg NN , , and CC when WRB you PP press VVP the DT lid NN down IN the DT wires NNS cut VVD the DT egg NN into IN thin JJ , , round JJ slices NNS . SENT It PP usually RB helps VVZ to TO hard RB boil VV the DT egg NN first RB . SENT Suppose VVP we PP want VVP to TO digitize VV an DT egg NN so IN we PP can MD make VV a DT nifty JJ 3 CD D NP model NN and CC display VV it PP on IN a DT computer NN . SENT Our PP$ slicer NN has VHZ 9 CD wires NNS , , so RB we PP could MD end VV up RP with IN as RB many JJ as IN 10 CD pieces NNS . SENT We PP place VVP the DT egg NN into IN the DT device NN and CC slice VV it PP . SENT Now RB we PP measure VV the DT height NN of IN each DT piece NN in IN centimeters NNS assume VVP the DT pieces NNS are VBP perfectly RB round JJ , , measuring VVG the DT diameter NN with IN calipers NNS and CC rounding VVG it PP to TO the DT nearest JJS centimeter NN . SENT Each DT slice NN could MD go VV from IN 0 CD cm NN the DT egg NN was VBD short JJ , , so IN there EX was VBD no DT slice NN to TO 5 CD cm NN the DT width NN of IN our PP$ slicer NN . SENT When WRB we're RB done VVN , , we PP spit VVD out RP something NN that WDT looks VVZ like IN this DT . SENT 1 CD cm NN 2 CD cm NN 2 CD cm NN 2 CD cm NN 3 CD cm NN 3 CD cm NN 3 CD cm NN 2 CD cm NN 2 CD cm NN 1 CD cm NN Your PP$ eggs NNS may MD vary VV . SENT Storing VVG a DT number NN from IN 0 CD to TO 5 CD requires VVZ 3 CD digital JJ bits NNS , , so RB if IN we PP know VVP that DT measurements NNS are VBP always RB in IN centimeters NNS , , we PP can MD store VV the DT height NN of IN each DT slice NN in IN 3 CD bits NNS . SENT We PP have VHP ten CD numbers NNS to TO store VV , , so RB we PP can MD hold VV our PP$ egg NN in IN a DT mere JJ 30 CD bits NNS . SENT When WRB we PP try VVP to TO display VV our PP$ digitized VVN egg NN on IN a DT computer NN screen NN , , however RB , , we PP discover VVP a DT problem NN . SENT The DT image NN doesn't NN look NN like IN a DT smooth JJ egg NN . SENT Instead RB , , it PP looks VVZ like IN a DT bunch NN of IN stair NN steps NNS in IN a DT vaguely RB egg NN shaped JJ pattern NN . SENT The DT sizes NNS aren't NN right RB either RB . SENT our PP$ original JJ egg NN was VBD actually RB 3 CD . SENT 4 CD cm NN at IN its PP$ widest JJS point NN , , but CC we PP had VHD to TO round VV it PP down RP to TO 3 CD cm NN . SENT Suppose VV we PP improve VV our PP$ measurements NNS down RP to TO the DT nearest JJS millimeter NN . SENT Now RB , , when WRB we PP have VHP to TO round VV off RP the DT measurements NNS , , the DT round NN off IN error NN is VBZ much RB smaller JJR . SENT The DT results NNS look VVP much RB better JJR , , but CC holding VVG a DT value NN from IN 0 CD to TO 50 CD requires VVZ 6 CD digital JJ bits NNS instead RB of IN 3 CD , , so RB we've NN doubled VVD our PP$ storage NN requirements NNS to TO 60 CD bits NNS . SENT What's NNS more RBR , , the DT image NN still RB looks VVZ stair NN steppy NN . SENT The DT stairs NNS happen VVP because IN each DT slice NN has VHZ a DT single JJ height NN value NN . SENT When WRB we PP go VVP from IN slice NN 7 CD to TO slice VV 8 CD , , we PP abruptly RB jump VVP from IN 3 CD cm NN to TO 2 CD cm NN . SENT The DT reason NN our PP$ recreated VVN egg NN doesn't NN look NN smooth JJ is VBZ because IN we PP didn't VVD really RB capture VV the DT original JJ , , in IN which WDT each DT slice NN varied VVN in IN height NN from IN one CD edge NN to TO the DT other JJ . SENT Our PP$ digitization NN could MD only RB capture VV the DT average JJ height NN of IN each DT slice NN . SENT There EX are VBP a DT couple NN of IN ways NNS to TO improve VV this DT . SENT The DT first JJ is VBZ to TO guess VV at IN the DT shape NN of IN the DT original JJ egg NN , , and CC draw VV smooth JJ curves NNS based VVN on IN the DT data NNS we PP have VHP . SENT This DT is VBZ called VVN interpolation NN . SENT The DT other JJ approach NN is VBZ to TO buy VV a DT new JJ egg NN slicer NN with IN wires NNS that WDT are VBP closer RBR together RB , , so RB we PP have VHP more JJR slices NNS , , reducing VVG the DT size NN of IN the DT jump NN from IN one CD slice NN to TO the DT next JJ . SENT This DT is VBZ called VVN increasing VVG the DT sampling NN rate NN . SENT If IN you PP double VVP the DT number NN of IN slices NNS , , you PP double VVP the DT number NN of IN bits NNS required VVN to TO hold VV the DT digital JJ version NN . SENT If IN you PP slice VVP the DT egg NN finely RB and CC measure VV it PP accurately RB , , you PP can MD get VV a DT nearly RB perfect JJ representation NN of IN the DT original JJ . SENT For IN example NN , , if IN we PP create VVP slices NNS that WDT are VBP one CD molecule NN apart RB , , and CC measure VV the DT height NN to TO the DT nearest JJS molecule NN , , we PP will MD have VH an DT extremely RB accurate JJ picture NN , , not RB to TO mention VV a DT seriously RB huge JJ digital JJ representation NN . SENT The DT tricky JJ part NN about IN digitizing VVG something NN is VBZ to TO choose VV the DT height NN and CC thickness NN of IN the DT slices NNS such JJ that IN the DT likeness NN is VBZ very RB good JJ but CC the DT digital JJ size NN is VBZ small JJ . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 LS 44 CD 2 CD How WRB does VVZ this DT relate VVP to TO CD NP DA NP . SENT 2003 CD 01 CD 05 CD An DT audio JJ CD NN cuts VVZ a DT one CD second JJ egg NN of IN sound NN into IN 44100 CD slices NNS , , and CC measures VVZ the DT height NN of IN each DT slice NN from IN 0 CD to TO 65535 CD 16 CD bits NNS . SENT It PP does VVZ this DT independently RB for IN the DT left JJ and CC right JJ stereo JJ channels NNS , , using VVG a DT format NN called VVD Pulse NP Code NP Modulation NN , , or CC PCM NP . SENT The DT technical JJ shorthand NN , , which WDT you PP may MD have VH seen VVN in IN a DT sound JJ editor NN , , is VBZ 44 CD . SENT 1 CD KHz NP 16 CD bit NN stereo NN PCM NP . SENT Measuring VVG the DT height NN of IN each DT slice NN is VBZ called VVN quantizing VVG . SENT The DT round NN off IN error NN in IN the DT measurements NNS is VBZ called VVN quantization NN error NN . SENT The DT problems NNS associated VVN with IN the DT error NN can MD be VB reduced VVN by IN applying VVG dither VV low JJ level NN noise NN . SENT The DT reason NN for IN the DT number NN 44100 CD is VBZ explained VVN in IN section NN 2 CD 35 CD . SENT The DT choice NN of IN 16 CD bits NNS is VBZ also RB fairly RB arbitrary JJ , , but CC extremely RB convenient JJ on IN a DT computer NN . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ problems NNS when WRB digitizing VVG e NN . SENT g NN . SENT aliasing VVG and CC when WRB converting VVG back RB to TO analog JJ form NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT jitter NN . SENT See VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT tc NP . SENT umn NN . SENT edu NP erick NP 205 CD Papers NP paper NN . SENT html NN for IN an DT introduction NN . SENT Newer JJR audio JJ formats NNS , , such JJ as IN Super NP Audio JJ CD NP and CC DVD NP Audio NN , , offer VVP different JJ sampling NN rates NNS up RB to TO 96000 CD , , quantization NN up RB to TO 24 CD bits NNS , , and CC numbers NNS of IN channels NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT 1 CD surround NN sound NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 45 CD What's NP a DT CDR NP ROM NP . SENT CD NP PROM NN . SENT 2003 CD 02 CD 28 CD The DT term NN CDR NP ROM NP was VBD coined VVN by IN Optical NP Disc NN Corporation NP in IN a DT February NP 2003 CD press NN release NN , , and CC refers VVZ to TO a DT disc NN with IN writable JJ and CC non JJ writable JJ components NNS . SENT Some DT possible JJ uses NNS include VVP burning VVG a DT unique JJ serial JJ number NN on IN a DT full JJ CD NP ROM NP , , or CC providing VVG recordable JJ discs NNS with IN marketing VVG content JJ e NN . SENT g NN . SENT a DT few JJ tracks NNS of IN audio NN to TO which WDT more JJR music NN can MD be VB added VVN . SENT More JJR information NN can MD be VB found VVN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT optical JJ disc NN . SENT com NN . SENT Eastman NP Kodak NP had VHD a DT similar JJ product NN , , called VVD the DT CD NN PROM NN , , a DT few JJ years NNS earlier RBR . SENT According VVG to TO their PP$ web NN site NN , , marketing NN and CC sales NNS of IN the DT CD NP PROM NN was VBD discontinued VVN in IN October NP 2002 CD . SENT See VV the DT notice NN on IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT kodak NP . SENT com NN US NP en FW digital JJ progCDR NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 46 CD What's NP HD NP BURN VVP . SENT GigaRec NP . SENT 2003 CD 05 CD 02 CD In IN April NP 2003 CD , , a DT few JJ companies NNS began VVD announcing VVG technologies NNS that WDT allow VVP you PP to TO store VV larger JJR quantities NNS of IN data NNS on IN standard JJ CD NN R NN media NNS . SENT Unlike IN DD NP R NP and CC ML NP technology NN , , special JJ discs NNS aren't NN required VVD . SENT The DT capacity NN and CC compatibility NN is VBZ different JJ for IN each DT . SENT GigaRec NP Plextor NP Increases VVZ storage NN capacity NN by IN 40 CD , , allowing VVG up RB to TO 1 CD GB NN on IN a DT 700 CD MB NP disc NN . SENT The DT discs NNS can MD be VB read VVN on IN some DT unmodified JJ CD NP ROM NP drives VVZ . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT plextor NN . SENT com NN english JJ news NN press NN pr NP 04142003 CD . SENT html NP HD NP BURN VVP Sanyo NP Doubles NP disc NN capacity NN of IN an DT 80 CD minute NN disc NN from IN 700 CD MB NP to TO 1 CD . SENT 4 CD GB NN . SENT A DT firmware NN change NN is VBZ required VVN before IN a DT drive NN can MD read VV the DT discs NNS . SENT Support NN for IN extended JJ length NN CD NP RW NP media NNS is VBZ planned VVN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT digital JJ sanyo NP . SENT com NN BURN VVP Proof JJ HD NP BURN VVP Does VVZ it PP make VV sense NN to TO use VV these DT . SENT The DT extra JJ capacity NN is VBZ handy JJ , , but CC data NNS is VBZ only RB useful JJ if IN you're NN able JJ to TO read VV it PP . SENT Check VV the DT compatibility NN of IN the DT hardware NN you're NN going VVG to TO use VV to TO read VV the DT discs NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 47 CD What WP are VBP C NP 2 CD errors NNS . SENT What WP do VVP they PP say VVP about IN disc NN quality NN . SENT 2004 CD 05 CD 20 CD When WRB people NNS talk VVP about IN C NP 2 CD errors NNS they PP are VBP usually RB referring VVG to TO the DT rate NN of IN uncorrectable JJ errors NNS found VVN on IN a DT CD NN . SENT For IN an DT overview NN of IN error NN correction NN , , see VV section NN 2 CD 17 CD . SENT For IN a DT more RBR detailed JJ look NN , , see VV section NN 2 CD 43 CD 3 CD . SENT These DT values NNS are VBP returned VVN by IN surface NN scan VV tools NNS . SENT There EX are VBP two CD flavors NNS of IN C NP 2 CD errors NNS , , and CC not RB all DT drives NNS are VBP capable JJ of IN reporting VVG both DT . SENT Uncorrectable JJ C NP 2 CD errors NNS indicate VVP data NNS that WDT has VHZ been VBN lost VVN . SENT On IN an DT audio JJ CD NN the DT missing JJ sound NN samples NNS will MD be VB smoothed VVN over RP , , and CC on IN a DT CD NP ROM NP the DT errors NNS may MD be VB corrected VVN by IN an DT additional JJ level NN of IN error NN correction NN , , so RB the DT flaws NNS may MD not RB be VB noticeable JJ . SENT Correctable JJ C NP 2 CD errors NNS indicate VVP data NNS that WDT is VBZ whole JJ but CC will MD be VB lost VVN if IN the DT disc NN degrades VVZ any DT futher NP . SENT Some DT applications NNS now RB differentiate VV between IN the DT two CD by IN referring VVG to TO uncorrectable JJ C NP 2 CD as IN CU NP error NN . SENT The DT fewer JJR errors NNS of IN either DT kind NN , , the DT better RBR . SENT The DT results NNS you PP get VVP are VBP the DT combination NN of IN the DT writer NN and CC the DT media NNS , , and CC in IN some DT cases NNS may MD be VB influenced VVN by IN the DT quality NN of IN the DT device NN used VVN to TO read VV the DT CD NN . SENT If IN performing VVG the DT same JJ set NN of IN operations NNS on IN two CD different JJ brands NNS of IN discs NNS results NNS in IN consistently RB lower JJR error NN rates NNS on IN one CD brand NN than IN the DT other JJ , , you PP will MD probably RB be VB better JJR off RP with IN the DT lower JJR error NN rate NN brand NN . SENT It PP is VBZ entirely RB possible JJ that IN a DT different JJ writer NN would MD yield VV the DT opposite JJ results NNS , , so RB it's NNS not RB reasonable JJ to TO say VV that DT brand NN X NN is VBZ better JJR than IN brand NN Y NN without IN performing VVG a DT rigorous JJ test NN with IN a DT variety NN of IN different JJ recorders NNS . SENT Some DT discs NNS are VBP poorly RB constructed VVN , , and CC may MD deteriorate VV faster RBR than IN others NNS . SENT For IN long JJ term NN archiving NN , , it PP may MD be VB useful JJ to TO re NN examine VV discs NNS periodically RB , , especially RB if IN you PP buy VVP cheap JJ discs NNS in IN bulk NN . SENT Having VHG fewer JJR errors NNS today NN means VVZ little RB if IN the DT disc NN is VBZ unreadable JJ in IN six CD weeks NNS . SENT Performing VVG these DT tests NNS on IN a DT disc NN recorded VVN with IN track NN at IN once RB recording NN or CC packet NN writing NN can MD result VV in IN unexpectedly RB high JJ error NN counts NNS , , because IN the DT gaps NNS between IN tracks NNS and CC packets NNS look VVP like IN damaged JJ areas NNS . SENT For IN drives NNS capable JJ of IN reporting VVG the DT errors NNS , , you PP can MD use VV Nero NP CD NP Speed NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT cdspeed NN 2000 CD . SENT com NN to TO evaluate VV the DT error NN rate NN . SENT For IN a DT more RBR thorough JJ examination NN , , you PP can MD buy VV CD NP Inspector NP , , which WDT comes VVZ with IN software NN and CC a DT slightly RB modified VVN CD NP ROM NP drive NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT hda NN . SENT de NP english NP products NNS checker VV cd JJ inspector NN cd NN inspector NN . SENT html NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 48 CD What WP are VBP CD NP R NP and CC CD NP RW NP . SENT 2003 CD 11 CD 17 CD Simply RB put VVN , , they PP aren't VVD . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT such JJ thing NN as IN CD NP R NP or CC CD NP RW NP . SENT There EX are VBP a DT number NN of IN different JJ DVD NP formats NNS , , including VVG DVD NP R NP and CC DVD NP RW NP , , but CC so RB far RB CDs NNS only RB have VHP R NP and CC RW NP . SENT CD NN formats NNS with IN a DT in IN them PP except IN for IN CD NP G NP , , which WDT only RB defines VVZ the DT subcode NN channels NNS of IN an DT audio JJ CD NN are VBP usually RB typographical JJ errors NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 49 CD What's NP HighMAT NP . SENT 2004 CD 07 CD 27 CD HighMAT NP stands NNS for IN High NP Performance NP Media NP Access NP Technology NP . SENT Co NP developed VVD and CC supported VVD by IN Microsoft NP and CC Matsushita NP Panasonic NP , , it PP was VBD first RB announced VVN in IN October NP 2002 CD . SENT HighMAT NP defines VVZ formats NNS for IN storing VVG digital JJ media NNS music NN , , photos NNS , , videos NNS on IN CD NP R NP RW NP discs NNS and CC eventually RB writable JJ DVD NP formats NNS . SENT While IN many JJ DVD NP players NNS now RB recognize VVP MP NN 3 CD and CC JPG NP files NNS on IN ISO NP 9660 CD discs NNS , , they PP don't VVD all RB do VV things NNS the DT same JJ way NN , , and CC may MD not RB support VV all DT formats NNS . SENT A DT HighMAT NP compliant JJ player NN would MD be VB able JJ to TO handle VV all DT files NNS on IN discs NNS created VVN in IN HighMAT NP format NN . SENT The DT end NN result NN is VBZ that IN you PP would MD be VB able JJ to TO record VV a DT disc NN full JJ of IN music NN or CC pictures NNS in IN HighMAT NP format NN and CC send VV it PP to TO anybody NN with IN a DT HighMAT NP player NN and CC know VV that IN it PP will MD work VV . SENT This DT format NN has VHZ not RB yet RB been VBN adopted VVN by IN most JJS consumer NN electronics NN companies NNS , , so RB it PP remains VVZ to TO be VB seen VVN whether IN this DT will MD become VV a DT significant JJ feature NN . SENT For IN details NNS , , see VV http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT highmat NN . SENT com NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 50 CD What's NP VariRec NP . SENT 2004 CD 05 CD 05 CD VariRec NP Variable NN Recording NP is VBZ a DT Plextor NP feature NN intended VVD to TO let VV users NNS modify VV the DT laser NN power NN when WRB recording VVG audio JJ CDs NNS . SENT It PP only RB works VVZ for IN audio JJ CDs NNS recorded VVN at IN 4 CD x NN . SENT The DT theory NN is VBZ that IN adjusting VVG the DT laser NN power NN up RB or CC down RB slightly RB may MD result VV in IN better RBR sounding VVG discs NNS for IN a DT particular JJ combination NN of IN writer NN and CC media NNS . SENT VariRec NP II NP increases VVZ the DT write VV speed NN to TO 8 CD x NN and CC allows VVZ manual JJ selection NN of IN the DT write VVP strategy NN as IN well RB . SENT In IN theory NN there EX is VBZ no DT need NN for IN such PDT a DT feature NN , , because IN drives NNS contain VVP tables NNS of IN power NN levels NNS for IN known VVN brands NNS of IN media NNS , , and CC can MD automatically RB determine VV the DT correct JJ setting NN for IN others NNS . SENT However RB , , some DT discs NNS use VVP the DT wrong JJ media NN type NN information NN , , so IN manual JJ adjustments NNS can MD be VB helpful JJ in IN some DT cases NNS . SENT See VV section NN 4 CD 18 CD 2 CD for IN information NN about IN audio JJ CD NN quality NN , , and CC 3 CD 31 CD for IN some DT notes NNS on IN recording NN speeds NNS and CC power NN levels NNS . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 51 CD Will MD my PP$ CDs NNS work VVP on IN players NNS in IN other JJ countries NNS . SENT 2004 CD 09 CD 08 CD Yes NP . SENT Videos NNS sold VVN on IN DVD NP usually RB have VH region NN coding VVG that DT prevents VVZ them PP from IN working VVG on IN players NNS in IN other JJ countries NNS . SENT No DT such JJ restriction NN is VBZ possible JJ in IN CD NN formats NNS . SENT Audio JJ CDs NNS , , CD NP ROMs NP , , and CC VideoCDs NP will MD work VV equally RB well RB in IN any DT part NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 52 CD Do NP CD NP Rs NP have VHP deeper JJR pits NNS . SENT Are VBP shallow JJ burns NNS bad JJ . SENT 2004 CD 12 CD 10 CD CD NP Rs NP and CC CD NP RWs NP don't NN have VHP pits NNS in IN the DT same JJ sense NN as IN pressed VVN CDs NNS . SENT If IN the DT material NN were VBD burned VVN away RB , , you'd JJ get VVP a DT distinct JJ odor NN from IN your PP$ CD NN recorder NN as IN the DT combustion NN by IN products NNS escaped VVD . SENT If IN the DT burned JJ material NN were VBD trapped VVN in IN the DT CD NN , , it PP would MD probably RB rupture VV the DT lacquer NN coat NN converting VVG solid JJ matter NN to TO gaseous JJ form NN rapidly RB is VBZ commonly RB known VVN as IN exploding VVG . SENT It's NP not RB accurate JJ to TO describe VV a DT recorded VVN CD NN as IN having VHG deep JJ or CC shallow JJ pits NNS , , because IN it PP doesn't VVD have VH pits NNS at IN all DT . SENT The DT organic JJ dye NN or CC phase NN change NN film NN changes NNS state NN in IN a DT way NN that WDT affects VVZ how WRB light NN is VBZ reflected VVN . SENT The DT result NN in IN a DT CD NN player NN is VBZ the DT same JJ , , though IN the DT peak NN reflectivity NN may MD be VB different JJ . SENT You PP will MD get VV different JJ results NNS from IN different JJ read VVN heads NNS though RB , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT DVD NP players NNS have VHP trouble NN reading VVG CD NP Rs NP , , but CC rarely RB have VH problems NNS with IN CD NP RWs NP and CC pressed VVN CDs NNS . SENT Incidentally RB , , it's NNS not RB desirable JJ to TO have VH deeper JJR pits NNS in IN a DT pressed VVN CD NN . SENT The DT depth NN of IN the DT pit NN is VBZ chosen VVN to TO cause VV a DT 1 CD 2 CD phase NN difference NN in IN the DT reflected VVN light NN . SENT If IN the DT pit NN were VBD shallower JJR or CC deeper JJR , , the DT effect NN would MD be VB lost VVN . SENT See VV section NN 2 CD 43 CD 1 CD for IN more JJR information NN about IN the DT physics NN of IN reading VVG a DT CD NN . SENT Subject JJ . SENT 2 CD 53 CD What's NP a DT stacking VVG ring NN . SENT 2005 CD 04 CD 24 CD The DT term NN is VBZ used VVN to TO describe VV a DT slight JJ ridge NN near IN the DT hub NN of IN standard JJ CD NN R NN media NNS . SENT This DT provides VVZ a DT small JJ amount NN of IN separation NN between IN discs NNS stacked VVN on IN a DT spindle NN . SENT You PP can MD tell VV if IN your PP$ discs NNS have VHP stacking VVG rings NNS by IN piling VVG them PP up RP and CC then RB pressing VVG down RP on IN the DT outside JJ edge NN . SENT If IN the DT stack NN compresses VVZ slightly RB , , they PP have VHP the DT ring NN . SENT if IN they're NN solid JJ , , they PP don't VVD . SENT The DT ring NN is VBZ helpful JJ when WRB feeding NN discs NNS into IN automated JJ recorders NNS because IN it PP keeps VVZ the DT discs NNS from IN sticking VVG to TO each DT other JJ . SENT It PP can MD interfere VV with IN hub NN labels NNS or CC with IN printing NN near IN the DT disc NN hub NN , , so RB you PP can MD often RB order VV the DT same JJ media NNS with IN or CC without IN the DT ring NN . SENT There EX may MD be VB some DT benefit NN to TO using VVG discs NNS with IN the DT ring NN even RB if IN you're NN just RB burning VVG the DT occasional JJ disc NN and CC using VVG standard JJ labels NNS . SENT The DT ridge NN is VBZ on IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT disc NN , , which WDT means VVZ if IN you PP put VVD the DT disc NN down RB on IN a DT table NN , , most JJS of IN the DT bottom JJ surface NN won't NN be VB in IN direct JJ contact NN . SENT This DT could MD help VV avoid VV scratches NNS . SENT Top JJ of IN page NN FAQ NP Copyright NP 2005 CD by IN Andy NP McFadden NP . SENT All DT Rights NP Reserved NP . SENT