/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/30/file_55.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Christ NP Church NP , , Birkenhead NP . SENT A DT Picture NN of IN the DT Age NP . SENT 1849 CD 1999 CD Written VVN by IN Graham NP Citrine NN to TO celebrate VV the DT 150 CD th NN anniversary NN of IN Christ NP Church NP Return NN to TO History NN page NN Go VV to TO period NN 1849 CD 1874 CD 1874 JJ 1899 CD 1899 CD 1924 JJ 1924 CD 1949 CD 1949 JJ 1974 CD 1974 CD 1999 JJ 1 CD 1849 CD 1874 CD Top NP of IN Page NP In IN 1849 CD , , when WRB Christ NP Church NP was VBD opened VVN , , Britain NP was VBD the DT workshop NN of IN the DT world NN richer JJR than IN any DT other JJ two CD or CC three CD countries NNS combined JJ . SENT In IN happy JJ contrast NN to TO the DT excesses NNS of IN her PP$ Hanoverian JJ uncles NNS , , Victoria NP still RB in IN her PP$ twenties NNS and CC blissfully RB happy JJ in IN her PP$ marriage NN to TO Albert NP mirrored VVD the DT simple JJ pleasures NNS of IN most JJS of IN her PP$ subjects NNS and CC there EX were VBD still RB more JJR than IN 50 CD years NNS of IN her PP$ reign NN to TO come VV . SENT Guarded VVN by IN her PP$ great JJ navy NN , , equal JJ to TO any DT two CD others NNS combined VVN , , surrounded VVN by IN sea NN and CC separated VVN from IN a DT continent NN torn VVN by IN revolution NN , , Britain NP seemed VVD prosperous JJ , , peaceful JJ and CC law NN abiding JJ . SENT We PP talk VVP today NN of IN a DT single JJ currency NN . SENT then RB , , there EX was VBD a DT currency NN acceptable JJ the DT world NN over IN the DT English JJ sovereign JJ , , or CC the DT Bank NP of IN England NP notes NNS which WDT promised VVD to TO exchange VV any DT note NN for IN its PP$ value NN in IN gold NN . SENT She PP was VBD the DT envy NN of IN other JJ countries NNS so RB that IN Prince NP Metternich NP , , the DT Archconservative NN from IN Austria NP , , Louis NP Philippe NP , , the DT citizen NN king NN of IN France NP , , and CC the DT revolutionary JJ Karl NP Marx NP , , could MD all RB find VV a DT safe JJ haven NN in IN Britain NP . SENT The DT people NNS , , though IN poor JJ and CC disadvantaged JJ by IN modern JJ standards NNS , , were VBD generally RB better RBR fed VVN , , clothed VVN and CC housed VVN than IN ever RB before RB in IN history NN . SENT Prices NNS were VBD stable JJ or CC falling VVG , , wages NNS were VBD stable JJ or CC rising VVG . SENT the DT British NP truly RB believed VVD that IN they PP were VBD blessed VVN by IN God NP , , and CC parents NNS could MD teach VV their PP$ children NNS with IN confidence NN . SENT I PP thank VVP the DT Goodness NP and CC the DT Grace NP Which WDT on IN my PP$ birth NN has VHZ smiled VVD , , And CC made VVD me PP in IN these DT Christian JJ days NNS , , A DT happy JJ English JJ child NN . SENT The DT Prime NP Minister NP in IN 1849 CD was VBD Lord NP John NP Russell NP , , younger JJR son NN of IN the DT Duke NP of IN Bedford NP . SENT his PP$ Foreign NP Secretary NP was VBD Lord NP Palmerston NP those DT two CD dreadful JJ old JJ men NNS as IN Victoria NP called VVD them PP . SENT Both CC born VVN in IN the DT 18 CD th NN Century NN , , they PP were VBD to TO dominate VV politics NNS until IN the DT 1860 CD s PP . SENT They PP had VHD supported VVN the DT extension NN of IN the DT vote NN to TO the DT middle JJ classes NNS , , but CC were VBD reluctant JJ to TO go VV further RBR , , agreeing VVG to TO change VV at IN home NN only RB with IN the DT greatest JJS misgiving NN . SENT They PP were VBD to TO be VB followed VVN by IN Lord NP Aberdeen NP , , Lord NP Derby NP , , then RB again RB , , Lord NP Palmerston NP in IN the DT 1850 CD s PP and CC early RB 1860 CD s PP the DT House NP of IN Lords NPS still RB provided VVD most JJS of IN Britain NP s PP leaders NNS . SENT But CC waiting VVG impatiently RB for IN his PP$ time NN was VBD the DT young JJ Gladstone NP , , son NN of IN a DT Liverpool NP cotton NN merchant NN the DT industrial JJ middle NN classes NNS were VBD about RB to TO replace VV the DT aristocracy NN as IN Britain NP s PP leaders NNS . SENT Income NP Tax NP , , introduced VVN in IN the DT 1840 CD s PP by IN Robert NP Peel NP , , was VBD 7 CD d NN 3 CD . SENT 5 CD p NN in IN the DT on IN incomes NNS above IN 150 CD p NN . SENT a DT . SENT and CC this DT was VBD virtually RB the DT only JJ major JJ tax NN in IN Britain NP . SENT It PP was VBD to TO fall VV to TO 4 CD d SYM in IN the DT under IN Gladstone NP , , who WP had VHD hoped VVN to TO dispense VV with IN it PP entirely RB to TO make VV Britain NP the DT only RB comparatively RB tax VV free JJ country NN in IN the DT world NN , , but CC his PP$ dream NN was VBD never RB realised VVN . SENT In IN 1867 CD the DT Conservative JJ Benjamin NP Disraeli NP gave VVD the DT vote NN to TO the DT working VVG man NN in IN the DT towns NNS , , and CC these DT elected VVN Gladstone NP to TO office NN in IN 1868 CD . SENT I PP come VVP to TO you PP unmuzzled VVD he PP declared VVD . SENT In IN the DT following VVG six CD years NNS he PP introduced VVD a DT series NN of IN reforms NNS he PP believed VVD necessary JJ to TO advance VV Britain NP towards IN the DT 20 CD th NN Century NN . SENT A DT High NP Church NP Anglican NP , , his PP$ chief JJ supporters NNS were VBD the DT non JJ conformist JJ voters NNS in IN the DT industrial JJ towns NNS and CC in IN South NP Wales NP . SENT His PP$ Whig JJ Party NN was VBD now RB universally RB known VVN as IN the DT Liberal NP Party NP because IN of IN its PP$ support NN for IN total JJ freedom NN of IN trade NN with IN the DT rest NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT Gladstone NP truly RB believed VVD that IN if IN all DT countries NNS traded VVN freely RB and CC openly RB then RB there EX would MD be VB universal JJ trust NN and CC inter VV dependence NN so IN that DT wars NNS would MD finish VV for IN ever RB . SENT there EX would MD be VB no DT need NN for IN expensive JJ armies NNS or CC navies NNS . SENT the DT money NN saved VVN could MD be VB used VVN to TO advance VV the DT people NNS morally RB and CC economically RB . SENT He PP believed VVD that IN this DT was VBD the DT Christian JJ way NN for IN the DT modern JJ world NN , , and CC truly RB believed VVD that IN he PP was VBD doing VVG God NP s PP will MD . SENT I PP do VVP not RB object VV to TO Gladstone NP s PP always RB having VHG the DT Ace NP of IN Trumps NPS up IN his PP$ sleeve NN , , said VVD a DT contemporary JJ , , but CC only RB to TO his PP$ belief NN that IN God NP has VHZ put VVN it PP there RB . SENT A DT shy JJ man NN who WP could MD only RB relax VV happily RB with IN his PP$ beloved JJ wife NN and CC family NN , , Gladstone NP was VBD not RB a DT favourite NN of IN Victoria NP . SENT He PP speaks VVZ to TO me PP as IN if IN I PP were VBD a DT public JJ meeting NN , , she PP complained VVD , , and CC he PP was VBD never RB invited VVN to TO sit VV in IN her PP$ presence NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , the DT people NNS loved VVD him PP for IN his PP$ honesty NN . SENT he PP became VVD the DT Grand NP Old NP Man NP , , the DT People NNS s PP William NP . SENT He PP hoped VVD to TO remove VV Irish JJ grievances NNS by IN reforming VVG the DT Church NP of IN Ireland NP and CC the DT ownership NN of IN land NN , , thus RB bringing VVG Ireland NP into IN the DT forefront NN of IN British JJ politics NNS , , where WRB it PP still RB remains VVZ . SENT he PP opened VVD up RB he PP Civil NP Service NP and CC the DT Army NN to TO men NNS of IN ability NN rather RB than IN birth NN , , . SENT entrance NN to TO the DT Civil NP Service NP was VBD by IN examination NN as RB was VBD entry NN to TO Sandhurst NP . SENT the DT Universities NNS were VBD opened VVN to TO Non JJ Conformists NNS . SENT Trade NN Unions NNS were VBD legalised VVN . SENT married JJ women NNS were VBD allowed VVN to TO keep VV their PP$ property NN rather RB than IN surrender VV it PP to TO their PP$ husband NN they PP were VBD no DT longer JJR his PP$ chattel NN . SENT vote NN by IN ballot NN meant VVN that IN voters NNS need VVP not RB fear VV the DT displeasure NN of IN employer NN or CC landlord NN . SENT and CC perhaps RB most JJS important JJ of IN all DT compulsory JJ education NN for IN all DT we PP must MD educate VV our PP$ masters NNS . SENT School NN Boards NNS were VBD set VVN up RP in IN towns NNS to TO build VV Council NP Schools NP , , but CC until IN enough RB were VBD built VVN , , churches NNS continued VVD to TO provide VV basic JJ education NN . SENT In IN our PP$ own JJ church NN hall NN 760 CD children NNS were VBD taught VVN under IN the DT stern JJ eye NN of IN the DT Headmistress NN sitting VVG on IN her PP$ platform NN , , until IN the DT school NN on IN Borough NP Road NP was VBD opened VVN in IN the DT 1880 CD s PP . SENT Many JJ non JJ conformists NNS objected VVD to TO sending VVG their PP$ children NNS to TO C NP of IN E NP Schools NNS and CC having VHG to TO pay VV for IN the DT privilege NN . SENT education NN was VBD not RB free JJ , , only RB the DT poorest JJS received VVN free JJ education NN , , others NNS had VHD to TO pay VV a DT small JJ sum NN weekly JJ , , perhaps RB 2 CD d SYM or CC 3 CD d SYM a DT week NN , , or CC more JJR , , depending VVG on IN the DT father NN s PP income NN , , paid VVN on IN the DT Monday NP morning NN . SENT My PP$ mother NN born VVN in IN 1890 CD attended VVD St NP . SENT John NP s PP School NP in IN Birkenhead NP and CC her PP$ stern NN welsh VV , , non JJ conformist JJ mother NN would MD send VV her PP to TO school NN on IN Monday NP morning NN without IN her PP$ weekly JJ 3 CD d SYM . SENT Monday NP was VBD the DT day NN for IN serious JJ religious JJ education NN possibly RB building VVG on IN the DT foundation NN of IN the DT previous JJ day NN but CC mother NN was VBD sent VVN home NN for IN her PP$ school NN money NN . SENT Once RB at IN home NN , , she PP would MD be VB required VVN to TO help VV with IN the DT family NN washing NN and CC to TO run VV errands NNS , , returning VVG to TO school VV only RB when WRB her PP$ mother NN was VBD sure JJ that IN C NP of IN E NP teaching NN had VHD ended VVN . SENT mother NN hated VVN the DT humiliation NN of IN it PP but CC she PP was VBD not RB alone JJ others NNS always RB the DT girls NNS were VBD treated VVN similarly RB of IN what WP use NN was VBD education NN to TO a DT future JJ wife NN and CC mother NN . SENT My PP$ Grandfather NN , , born VVN in IN 1863 CD , , was VBD one PP who WP benefited VVD greatly RB . SENT He PP too RB attended VVD the DT church NN school NN , , starting VVG at IN the DT age NN of IN 7 CD and CC leaving VVG at IN 11 CD . SENT The DT criteria NNS for IN leaving VVG was VBD that IN a DT pupil NN had VHD to TO have VH the DT basics NNS of IN the DT 3 CD R NN s PP . SENT this DT granddad NN had VHD achieved VVN and CC he PP was VBD needed VVN to TO work VV in IN the DT uncertain JJ industrial JJ climate NN beginning VVG in IN 1874 CD . SENT His PP$ first JJ job NN was VBD with IN the DT firm NN of IN Moorhouses NP a DT soft JJ drinks NNS firm NN which WDT sold VVD herbal JJ drinks NNS Nettle NP Beer NP , , Dandelion NN and CC Burdock NP etc NN . SENT in IN brown JJ stone NN flagons NNS taken VVN round VVP the DT streets NNS on IN horse NN drawn VVN carts NNS some RB may MD remember VV the DT Birkenhead NP Company NN . SENT Granddad NN s NN job NN was VBD to TO wash VV the DT returned VVN flagons NNS under IN a DT cold JJ water NN tap VV hygiene NN at IN its PP$ most RBS basic JJ and CC scrape VV off RP the DT label NN with IN a DT blunt JJ knife NN . SENT For IN this DT he PP was VBD paid VVN 1 CD 6 CD d SYM 7 CD . SENT 5 CD p NN for IN a DT five CD and CC a DT half JJ day NN week NN . SENT That DT sum NN would MD provide VV three CD meals NNS for IN a DT normal JJ family NN . SENT Whenever WRB he PP wrote VVD a DT letter NN he PP would MD always RB use VV the DT small JJ I NN rather RB than IN the DT capital NN . SENT When WRB I PP , , with IN my PP$ grammar NN school NN education NN , , and CC with IN the DT arrogance NN of IN youth NN , , tried VVD to TO point VV out RP his PP$ mistake NN , , he PP demanded VVD , , Why WRB . SENT and CC I PP could MD not RB explain VV why WRB . SENT Right RB , , he PP said VVD , , with IN a DT look NN of IN utter JJ contempt NN for IN my PP$ lack NN of IN education NN , , until IN you PP tell VVP me PP why WRB , , I PP ll VVZ do VV it PP my PP$ way NN . SENT How WRB did VVD people NNS amuse VV themselves PP . SENT Drink NN was VBD very RB cheap JJ and CC there EX was VBD no DT restriction NN on IN children NNS . SENT mothers NNS took VVD their PP$ babies NNS with IN them PP and CC if IN the DT infant NN cried VVD , , then RB a DT finger NN dipped VVD in IN the DT gin NN and CC given VVN to TO the DT baby NN to TO suck VV was VBD a DT sure JJ way NN of IN inducing VVG sleep NN , , while IN the DT baby NN was VBD introduced VVN to TO alcohol NN at IN an DT early JJ age NN . SENT The DT Music NP Hall NP was VBD at IN first RB a DT Public NP House NP , , where WRB a DT singer NN or CC comedian NN would MD entertain VV the DT customers NNS . SENT as IN a DT result NN such JJ entertainment NN was VBD not RB for IN the DT respectable JJ . SENT But CC the DT true JJ theatre NN was VBD acceptable JJ after IN the DT Queen NP was VBD known VVN to TO have VH visited VVN a DT London NP theatre NN . SENT The DT great JJ entertainment NN , , however RB , , was VBD reading VVG although IN only RB about IN 40 CD of IN the DT population NN could MD read VV . SENT The DT practice NN was VBD for IN stories NNS to TO be VB read VVN aloud RB . SENT with IN the DT restricted JJ lighting NN available JJ , , only RB the DT reader NN needed VVD sufficient JJ light NN , , the DT listeners NNS sat VVD in IN the DT gloom NN which WDT no DT doubt NN helped VVD create VV the DT atmosphere NN for IN many JJ of IN the DT stories NNS . SENT The DT most RBS important JJ book NN was VBD the DT Bible NP of IN course NN , , followed VVN by IN Robinson NP Crusoe NP and CC Pilgrim NP s PP Progress NP . SENT Books NNS of IN sermons NNS had VHD a DT wide JJ sale NN , , often RB to TO clergymen NNS who WP simply RB read VVP one CD out IN each DT Sunday NP , , thus RB saving VVG themselves PP the DT burden NN of IN writing VVG a DT sermon NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT evidence NN of IN this DT practice NN at IN Christ NP Church NP . SENT Poetry NN was VBD also RB widely RB read VVN and CC enjoyed VVN . SENT Wordsworth NP was VBD the DT Poet NP Laureate NN in IN 1849 CD , , but CC he PP was VBD no DT longer RBR the DT giant NN of IN former JJ years NNS , , he PP was VBD long JJ past IN his PP$ earlier JJR greatness NN so IN that WDT it PP could MD be VB written VVN . SENT Two CD voices NNS are VBP there RB one CD is VBZ of IN the DT deep JJ . SENT . SENT And CC one PP is VBZ of IN an DT old JJ half NN witted JJ sheep NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT And CC Wordsworth NP , , both CC are VBP thine NN . SENT The DT most RBS popular JJ true JJ poet NN was VBD Alfred NP , , Lord NP Tennyson NP , , whose WP$ In IN Memoriam NP was VBD selling VVG three CD or CC four CD editions NNS a DT year NN after IN its PP$ publication NN in IN 1850 CD . SENT But CC he PP was VBD easily RB outsold VVD by IN Martin NP Tupper NP , , a DT poet NN never RB heard VVN of IN today NN but CC whose WP$ Proverbial JJ Philosophy NN , , a DT Book NN of IN Thoughts NNS and CC Arguments NNS Originally RB Treated VVN , , sold VVN by IN the DT million CD . SENT Many JJ books NNS were VBD of IN the DT moralising VVG kind NN the DT Rev NP . SENT L NP . SENT Richmond NP s PP The DT Dairyman NN s PP Daughter NN sold VVD more JJR than IN 2 CD million CD copies NNS . SENT it PP tells VVZ of IN a DT girl NN who WP on IN becoming VVG a DT Christian NP then RB converts VVZ her PP$ mother NN , , father NN and CC sister NN before IN death NN carries VVZ them PP all DT off RP . SENT Herman NP Melville NP s PP Moby NP Dick NP was VBD a DT book NN read VVN by IN men NNS only RB , , it PP being VBG described VVN as IN being VBG reprehensible JJ throughout RB , , . SENT . SENT . SENT not RB the DT work NN to TO be VB seen VVN by IN any DT mother NN in IN the DT hands NNS of IN her PP$ daughter NN , , and CC as RB such JJ not RB suitable JJ to TO lie VV on IN the DT drawing VVG room NN table NN . SENT The DT most RBS popular JJ novelists NNS were VBD Thackeray NP and CC Dickens NP , , both DT of IN whose WP$ work NN was VBD published VVN in IN weekly JJ parts NNS before IN being VBG offered VVN in IN book NN form NN . SENT Thackeray NP s PP Vanity NP Fair NP sold VVD in IN its PP$ thousands NNS , , but CC Dickens NP sold VVD his PP$ in RB tens NNS of IN thousands NNS . SENT Dombey NP and CC Son NP sold VVD at IN the DT rate NN of IN 30 CD , , 000 CD a DT month NN and CC David NP Copperfield NP , , after IN a DT slow JJ start NN , , at IN 40 CD , , 000 CD a DT month NN . SENT In IN 1848 CD W NP . SENT H NP . SENT Smith NP opened VVD his PP$ station NN bookstalls NNS , , following VVG them PP in IN 1849 CD with IN his PP$ cheap JJ lending NN library NN , , with IN books NNS being VBG lent VVN at IN 1 CD d SYM each DT , , thus RB offering VVG books NNS to TO a DT wider JJR public NN than IN ever RB before RB . SENT But CC by IN far RB the DT greatest JJS sales NNS were VBD achieved VVN by IN the DT Penny NP dreadfuls NNS Gothic JJ Horror NN novels NNS with IN intriguing JJ titles NNS . SENT The DT Skeleton NN Clutch NN or CC the DT Goblet NN of IN Blood NP , , Fatherless JJ Fanny NP or CC the DT Mysterious JJ Orphan NN , , both CC written VVN by IN Thomas NP Prest NP , , whose WP$ most JJS famous JJ work NN was VBD Sweeney NP Todd NP the DT Demon NN Barber NP of IN Fleet NP Street NP . 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SENT Five CD years NNS nearer JJR to TO your PP$ death NN , , my PP$ boy NN , , was VBD the DT reply NN . SENT Pilgrim NP s PP Progress NP was VBD a DT favourite JJ story NN with IN children NNS , , as RB was VBD Robinson NP Crusoe NP . SENT A DT book NN for IN Christmas NP in IN 1849 CD was VBD The DT City NP Apprentices NNS or CC Industry NN and CC Idleness NN Exemplified VVN by IN the DT Rev NP . SENT T NN . SENT Murray NP , , and CC written VVN for IN 5 CD 8 CD year NN olds NNS . SENT It PP tells VVZ of IN Thomas NP Idle JJ and CC Francis NP Goodchild NP . SENT The DT latter NN becomes VVZ Lord NP Mayor NP of IN London NP , , while IN the DT former JJ was VBD brought VVN to TO execution NN at IN Tyburn NP the DT young JJ child NN would MD be VB familiar JJ with IN public JJ executions NNS , , even RB if IN he PP had VHD never RB seen VVN one NN . SENT But CC to TO be VB fair JJ , , in IN the DT same JJ year NN there EX was VBD also RB Popular NP Rhymes NP and CC Nursery NN Tales NP with IN most JJS of IN the DT familiar JJ stories NNS and CC Hans NP Andersen NP s PP Wonderful JJ Stories NP for IN Children NP . SENT Children NNS also RB played VVD board NN games NNS draughts NN , , chess NN , , backgammon NN were VBD of IN course NN well RB established VVN games NNS going VVG back RB several JJ centuries NNS , , but CC other JJ games NNS were VBD now RB appearing VVG Snakes NNS and CC Ladders NNS was VBD introduced VVN the DT child NN having VHG to TO experience VV defeat NN or CC disappointment NN when WRB near JJ to TO victory NN there EX were VBD more JJR snakes NNS on IN the DT top JJ line NN of IN the DT board NN than IN anywhere RB else RB . SENT this DT game NN , , like IN so RB many JJ others NNS , , came VVD from IN India NP , , now RB an DT important JJ trading NN area NN for IN Britain NP . 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SENT Lyons NP , , the DT second JJ city NN of IN France NP remain VVP for IN one CD turn NN to TO see VV its PP$ silk NN manufacture NN in IN which WDT more JJR than IN 100 CD , , 000 CD people NNS are VBP employed VVN . SENT Warsaw NP , , the DT capital NN of IN Poland NP , , a DT large JJ city NN but CC very RB dirty JJ . SENT Go VV back RB to TO Ratisbon NP and CC complain VV to TO the DT Imperial NP Diet NP . SENT Finally RB London NP the DT capital NN of IN Britain NP and CC her PP$ Empire NN . SENT the DT greatest JJS city NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT In IN 1850 CD , , Darwin NP s PP Origin NN of IN the DT Species NPS was VBD published VVN , , leading VVG to TO great JJ anger NN and CC furore NN in IN the DT Church NP , , as IN it PP seemed VVD to TO deny VV the DT truth NN of IN the DT Bible NP . SENT In IN time NN , , most JJS Christians NNS were VBD able JJ to TO reconcile VV its PP$ teaching NN with IN their PP$ theology NN and CC it PP did VVD cause VV people NNS to TO examine VV their PP$ beliefs NNS rather RB than IN accept VV them PP unquestioningly RB . SENT Sport NN was VBD the DT province NN of IN the DT wealthy JJ . SENT professional JJ sport NN was VBD not RB yet RB available JJ to TO attract VV the DT ordinary JJ man NN , , who WP had VHD neither RB the DT time NN nor CC the DT money NN to TO indulge VV . SENT Horse NN racing NN was VBD popular JJ Derby NP Day NN being VBG one CD of IN the DT great JJ social JJ occasions NNS for IN both DT rich JJ and CC poor JJ in IN the DT South NP while IN the DT Grand NP National NP played VVD a DT similar JJ part NN in IN the DT North NP . SENT . SENT Bare JJ knuckle NN fighting VVG also RB attracted VVN rich JJ and CC poor JJ but CC only RB the DT less RBR respectable JJ elements NNS . SENT Fights NNS continued VVD until IN one CD fighter NN was VBD unable JJ to TO continue VV . SENT Rounds NNS continued VVD until IN a DT man NN was VBD knocked VVN down RP , , his PP$ seconds NNS then RB having VHG a DT minute NN to TO bring VV him PP up RP to TO scratch VV the DT line NN drawn VVN in IN the DT centre NN of IN the DT ring NN . SENT Though IN illegal JJ , , Britain NP produced VVD the DT world NN champions NNS at IN this DT sport NN until IN an DT Irish NP American NP , , John NP L NP Sullivan NP , , took VVD the DT title NN to TO become VV the DT last JJ bare JJ knuckle NN champion NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT He PP in RB turn VVP was VBD to TO lose VV it PP to TO another DT Irish NP American NP , , Gentleman NN Jim NP Corbett NP who WP later JJR lost VVD the DT title NN to TO Robert NP Fitzsimmons NP , , Ruby NP Robert NP , , a DT Cornishman NP and CC the DT last JJ native NN born VVN Englishman NN to TO hold VV the DT heavyweight JJ title NN . SENT These DT fights NNS were VBD fought VVN under IN the DT rules NNS laid VVN down RP by IN the DT Marquis NP of IN Queensberry NP fighters NNS to TO wear VV padded VVN gloves NNS , , rounds NNS to TO last VV no DT more JJR than IN three CD minutes NNS , , and CC if IN a DT fighter NN was VBD knocked VVN down RP , , he PP had VHD only RB 10 CD seconds NNS to TO rise VV to TO his PP$ feet NNS , , by IN his PP$ own JJ efforts NNS , , no DT help NN given VVN by IN his PP$ seconds NNS . SENT Whether IN it PP could MD be VB called VVN entertainment NN is VBZ doubtful JJ , , but CC a DT public JJ execution NN was VBD still RB the DT great JJ draw NN for IN crowds NNS . SENT The DT execution NN of IN John NP Gleeson NP in IN Liverpool NP drew VVD a DT crowd NN of IN more JJR than IN 100 CD , , 000 CD , , the DT railways NNS laying VVG on IN special JJ cheap JJ excursion NN trains NNS for IN the DT event NN in IN 1849 CD Fox NP hunting NN was VBD the DT sport NN for IN the DT wealthy JJ , , though IN the DT poor NN enjoyed VVD the DT spectacle NN as IN hunt NN followers NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ an DT apocryphal JJ story NN that IN the DT Rector NP of IN Woodchurch NP was VBD accosted VVN by IN one CD of IN his PP$ parishioners NNS . SENT Good JJ Morning NP , , Rector NP . SENT I PP am VBP sorry JJ to TO say VV that IN you PP will MD not RB be VB going VVG to TO heaven NN when WRB you PP die VVP for IN you PP are VBP not RB a DT Christian NP . SENT I PP am VBP sorry JJ to TO hear VV that IN . SENT Why WRB not RB . SENT Because IN I PP heard VVD that IN you PP had VHD shot VVN a DT fox NN , , and CC no DT Christian NP would MD ever RB do VV such PDT a DT thing NN . SENT Good JJ day NN , , Sir NP . SENT Religion NN was VBD important JJ and CC could MD raise VV passions NNS . SENT When WRB the DT Pope NP decreed VVN that IN he PP was VBD about RB to TO establish VV Roman NP Catholic NP Sees VVZ with IN Bishops NNS and CC Archbishops NNS in IN Britain NP , , there EX were VBD cries VVZ of IN No DT Popery NN . SENT A DT Liverpool NP Vicar NP called VVD for IN the DT death NN penalty NN for IN any DT who WP accepted VVD a DT title NN from IN the DT Pope NP or CC for IN any DT priest NN who WP heard VVD Confession NN . SENT It PP was VBD suggested VVN that IN any DT person NN accepting VVG such PDT a DT title NN from IN a DT foreign JJ ruler NN was VBD a DT traitor NN and CC guilty JJ of IN High NP Treason NN . SENT Lord NP Russell NP was VBD forced VVN to TO introduce VV an DT Ecclesiastical JJ Titles NNS Bill NP refusing VVG the DT establishment NN of IN Popish JJ titles NNS . SENT The DT Bill NP was VBD never RB enforced VVN , , the DT titles NNS came VVD in RP , , Catholics NPS did VVD not RB become VV traitors NNS and CC the DT Bill NP was VBD quietly RB repealed VVN later RBR by IN Gladstone NP . SENT In IN 1850 CD British JJ pride NN was VBD shaken VVN when WRB the DT Cowes NP Yacht NP Race NP was VBD won VVN by IN the DT American JJ yacht NN America NP , , defeating VVG the DT best JJS Britain NP could MD produce VV . SENT Now RB , , 150 CD years NNS later RBR , , the DT America NP s PP Cup NP has VHZ still RB not RB been VBN returned VVN to TO Britain NP , , despite IN many JJ attempts NNS . SENT In IN the DT same JJ year NN it PP was VBD proposed VVN that IN Britain NP should MD stage VV a DT Great JJ Exhibition NN to TO show VV her PP$ achievements NNS to TO the DT world NN . SENT Presided VVN over IN by IN Prince NP Albert NP , , it PP was VBD to TO be VB housed VVN in IN the DT Crystal NP Palace NP , , conceived VVN by IN Joseph NP Paxton NP , , who WP in IN 1847 CD had VHD designed VVN Birkenhead NP Park NP , , the DT first JJ Municipal NP Public NP Park NP in IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT Crystal NP Palace NP shows VVZ Victorian JJ England NP at IN its PP$ best JJS nothing NN was VBD impossible JJ if IN one PP had VHD confidence NN and CC trust NN . SENT At IN a DT cost NN of IN only RB 79 CD , , 000 CD , , it PP covered VVD more JJR than IN 18 CD acres NNS , , was VBD more JJR than IN a DT quarter NN of IN a DT mile NN in IN length NN , , and CC over IN 100 CD feet NNS high JJ . SENT From IN the DT time NN that IN the DT design NN was VBD accepted VVN to TO its PP$ erection NN , , the DT building NN took VVD only RB 22 CD weeks NNS . SENT Compare VV this DT with IN the DT 750 CD million CD and CC years NNS of IN construction NN of IN the DT Millennium NN Dome NP . SENT It PP was VBD a DT beautiful JJ building NN , , light JJ and CC airy JJ , , graceful JJ and CC well RB proportioned VVN . SENT To TO try VV to TO describe VV all DT of IN its PP$ exhibits NNS would MD require VV a DT book NN to TO itself PP , , though IN not RB all DT objects NNS were VBD useful JJ there EX was VBD a DT cast NN iron NN pram NN weighing VVG close NN to TO 4 CD cwt NN and CC a DT knife NN with IN more JJR than IN 100 CD blades NNS which WDT made VVD the DT present JJ Swiss JJ Army NP knife NN seem VVP simple JJ by IN comparison NN . SENT Of IN interest NN to TO us PP at IN Christ NP Church NP was VBD the DT great JJ Father NP Willis NP organ NN of IN 4 CD , , 500 CD pipes NNS , , built VVN especially RB for IN the DT exhibition NN by IN the DT premier JJ organ NN builder NN in IN Britain NP and CC therefore RB by IN implication NN in IN the DT world NN a DT fore NN runner NN of IN our PP$ own JJ magnificent JJ instrument NN . SENT Thousands NNS visited VVD the DT Exhibition NN , , the DT railways NNS running VVG cheap JJ excursion NN trains NNS to TO bring VV people NNS from IN all DT over IN the DT country NN to TO London NP . SENT the DT days NNS when WRB a DT person NN was VBD born VVN , , lived VVN and CC died VVN in IN the DT same JJ village NN were VBD ending VVG for IN ever RB . SENT The DT profits NNS from IN the DT Exhibition NN were VBD used VVN to TO build VV the DT Royal NP Albert NP Hall NP as IN a DT major JJ concert NN hall NN for IN the DT capital NN and CC also RB the DT Victoria NP Albert NP Museum NP . SENT The DT 1840 CD s PP saw VVD a DT change NN in IN fashions NNS . SENT In IN the DT Regency JJ period NN and CC after RB , , men NNS had VHD dressed VVN in IN bright JJ clothing NN plum NN reds NNS , , greens NNS , , blues NNS , , with IN large JJ brass NN buttons NNS , , and CC they PP were VBD usually RB clean VV shaven VVN . SENT Now RB , , in IN the DT new JJ , , hard RB working VVG prosperous JJ Britain NP , , men NNS would MD dress VV in IN sober JJ black NN with IN a DT forbidding VVG top JJ hat NN squarely RB on IN the DT head NN . SENT beards NNS lent VVD an DT air NN of IN severity NN , , age NN and CC dignity NN . SENT Look VV at IN the DT stern JJ , , unsmiling VVG faces NNS of IN our PP$ 19 CD th NN Century NN vicars NNS compared VVN with IN the DT gentler JJR appearance NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN Century NN incumbents NNS in IN the DT photographs NNS displayed VVN at IN the DT back NN of IN Church NP . SENT Indoors RB , , a DT gentleman NN would MD wear VV a DT smoking NN jacket NN and CC cap NN , , it PP being VBG believed VVN that IN the DT smell NN of IN tobacco NN on IN clothes NNS would MD be VB too RB much JJ for IN the DT delicate JJ sensitivity NN of IN the DT ladies NNS . SENT The DT whole JJ effect NN was VBD soberly RB rich JJ and CC solid JJ , , but CC rather RB dull JJ and CC not RB a DT little RB pompous JJ . SENT It PP was VBD the DT ladies NNS who WP showed VVD the DT brighter JJR side NN of IN fashion NN the DT good JJ wife NN was VBD one PP who WP stayed VVD at IN home NN to TO manage VV the DT house NN and CC its PP$ servants NNS . SENT Their PP$ clothes NNS reflected VVD their PP$ husband NN s PP wealth NN and CC position NN , , and CC they PP appeared VVD over RB dressed VVN and CC fussy JJ . SENT The DT crinoline NN had VHD not RB yet RB come VV in IN , , so RB in IN the DT 1850 CD s PP a DT lady NN would MD dress VV in IN at IN least JJS four CD petticoats NNS , , one CD of IN them PP being VBG of IN a DT heavy JJ stiffened VVN material NN and CC others NNS starched VVD to TO give VV them PP strength NN to TO support VV a DT huge JJ dress NN of IN 3 CD to TO 4 CD yards NNS of IN material NN in IN the DT skirt NN alone RB . SENT Add VV to TO this DT the DT fashion NN for IN very RB tight JJ stays NNS of IN whalebone NN and CC it PP was VBD understandable JJ that IN women NNS fainted VVN in IN the DT heat NN of IN summer NN , , giving VVG them PP the DT reputation NN of IN being VBG the DT weaker JJR sex NN . SENT The DT narrow JJ waist NN was VBD the DT height NN of IN fashion NN , , the DT smallest JJS recorded JJ being NN a DT mere JJ 13 CD inches NNS . SENT It PP was VBD chiefly RB the DT wealthier JJR ladies NNS who WP followed VVD this DT fashion NN a DT working VVG woman NN would MD find VV it PP impossible JJ to TO work VV if IN she PP were VBD constricted VVN in IN this DT way NN . SENT The DT price NN was VBD paid VVN in IN the DT health NN of IN these DT young JJ ladies NNS and CC by IN their PP$ children NNS for IN many JJ babies NNS were VBD born VVN with IN deformities NNS dislocated VVD hips NNS , , curved VVD spines NNS etc NN . SENT By IN the DT 1860 CD s PP the DT crinoline NN had VHD been VBN invented VVN , , a DT sort NN of IN cage NN of IN steel NN and CC bone NN which WDT reduced VVD the DT need NN of IN heavy JJ petticoats NNS . SENT Its PP$ disadvantage NN was VBD its PP$ tendency NN to TO rise VV up RP in IN a DT strong JJ wind NN , , or CC if IN one PP sat VVD down RB suddenly RB and CC carelessly RB , , much RB to TO the DT embarrassment NN of IN the DT wearer NN , , for IN even RB the DT showing NN of IN an DT ankle NN was VBD considered VVN risque JJ at IN this DT time NN . SENT I PP imagine VVP they PP would MD be VB a DT major JJ problem NN in IN our PP$ church NN with IN its PP$ narrow JJ aisles NNS and CC very RB narrow JJ pew NN seats NNS . SENT Imagine VV a DT Victorian JJ family NN of IN mother NN , , father NN and CC three CD or CC four CD children NNS sitting VVG in IN one CD of IN our PP$ pews NNS on IN a DT hot JJ summer NN s PP day NN and CC one CD can MD have VH real JJ sympathy NN as IN well RB as IN admiration NN for IN the DT Victorians NNS . SENT Ladies NNS dresses NNS also RB became VVD brighter JJR . SENT The DT discovery NN of IN aniline NN dyes NNS in IN the DT 1850 CD s PP led VVD to TO very RB bright JJ scarlets NNS , , greens NNS , , yellows NNS , , almost RB any DT colour NN imaginable JJ conceived VVN by IN the DT scientist NN in IN his PP$ laboratory NN . SENT The DT reserved VVD softer JJR colours NNS produced VVN by IN vegetable NN dyes NNS were VBD disappearing VVG in IN the DT face NN of IN stronger JJR colours NNS . SENT In IN 1859 CD the DT Empress NN Eugenie NP of IN France NP celebrated VVD her PP$ husband NN s PP victory NN over IN the DT Austrians NNS by IN wearing VVG a DT huge JJ crinoline NN dress NN in IN a DT purplish JJ red JJ colour NN , , called VVD Magenta NN after IN the DT battle NN . SENT Victoria NP and CC Albert NP s PP love VVP of IN Scotland NP was VBD reflected VVN in IN an DT outburst NN of IN colourful JJ tartans NNS , , using VVG the DT new JJ dyes NNS . SENT tartans NNS never RB known VVN by IN any DT clan NN appeared VVD everywhere RB . SENT Prince NP Albert NP designed VVD his PP$ own JJ Balmoral JJ tartan NN , , to TO be VB worn VVN at IN the DT house NN he PP had VHD designed VVN as IN a DT summer NN home NN . SENT Visitors NNS were VBD startled VVN by IN rooms NNS where WRB the DT carpet NN , , upholstery NN and CC wallpaper NN were VBD all RB in IN various JJ shades NNS of IN tartan NN it PP was VBD known VVN to TO give VV sensitive JJ people NNS a DT headache NN simply RB sitting VVG there RB . SENT By IN the DT 1870 CD s PP the DT size NN of IN women NNS s PP dresses NNS had VHD become VVN ridiculous JJ and CC with IN the DT change NN to TO flat JJ fronted VVN dresses NNS with IN the DT crinoline NN reduced VVD to TO a DT small JJ cage NN drawn VVN round NN the DT back NN , , known VVN as IN the DT bustle NN , , dresses NNS became VVD lighter JJR and CC easier JJR for IN movement NN . SENT In IN order NN to TO dress VV as IN they PP did VVD , , ladies NNS needed VVD a DT servant NN . SENT Even RB modest JJ families NNS had VHD at IN least JJS one CD servant NN . SENT A DT housemaid NN general JJ servant NN would MD earn VV 12 CD p NN . SENT a DT . SENT for IN a DT 15 CD hour NN day NN and CC one CD afternoon NN off RP per IN month NN . SENT a DT cook NN general NN received VVD 30 CD p NN . SENT a DT . SENT . SENT a DT kitchen NN maid NN 5 CD and CC a DT bootboy NN 6 CD . SENT For IN less JJR than IN 100 CD a DT year NN , , a DT moderately RB wealthy JJ family NN could MD have VH five CD or CC six CD servants NNS to TO do VV all PDT the DT everyday JJ chores NNS , , and CC most JJS families NNS with IN 2 CD or CC 3 CD a DT week NN had VHD at IN least JJS one CD servant NN . SENT Servants NNS had VHD to TO know VV their PP$ place NN hence RB the DT existence NN of IN free JJ pews NNS in IN the DT balconies NNS at IN Church NP here RB sat VVD the DT servants NNS , , their PP$ entrance NN being VBG the DT side NN doors NNS now RB seldom RB used VVN , , while IN their PP$ master NN and CC mistress NN used VVD the DT main JJ doors NNS on IN Bessborough NP Road NP and CC at IN the DT West JJ End NN . SENT Few JJ people NNS bought VVD houses NNS , , most RBS rented VVN . SENT A DT good JJ family NN house NN with IN out IN buildings NNS and CC servants NNS quarters NNS would MD cost VV 30 CD a DT year NN . SENT a DT cheaper JJR house NN with IN room NN for IN one CD servant NN would MD be VB 15 CD p NN . SENT a DT . SENT First JJ class NN travel NN by IN boat NN and CC train NN to TO Paris NP was VBD 1 CD . SENT 8 CD s PP . SENT 0 CD d SYM . SENT 1 LS . SENT 40 CD p NN . SENT First JJ class NN to TO New NP York NP with IN all DT meals NNS was VBD 25 CD 30 CD . SENT In IN the DT country NN , , Hiring VVG Fairs NNS still RB remained VVD . SENT farm NN workers NNS would MD stand VV in IN a DT line NN to TO be VB hired VVN for IN the DT year NN . SENT farmers NNS out IN bid NN each DT other JJ for IN the DT young JJ , , fit JJ , , skilled JJ man NN whose WP$ reputation NN would MD be VB well RB known VVN . SENT He PP would MD be VB offered VVN a DT cottage NN for IN his PP$ family NN and CC pay NN could MD reach VV 30 CD 40 CD a DT year NN for IN a DT very RB good JJ man NN . SENT As IN a DT worker NN grew VVD older JJR , , however RB , , his PP$ value NN fell VVD . SENT the DT most RBS pitiful JJ were VBD the DT very RB old JJ who WP might MD be VB hired VVN to TO do VV the DT simplest JJS work NN , , his PP$ pay NN being VBG a DT simple JJ bed NN in IN the DT barn NN and CC his PP$ meals NNS . SENT If IN no DT work NN was VBD forthcoming JJ , , then RB the DT Workhouse NN awaited VVD the DT ultimate JJ disgrace NN for IN any DT poor JJ person NN . SENT The DT aim NN of IN the DT workhouse NN was VBD to TO make VV life NN so IN unpleasant JJ inside NN that IN any DT work NN was VBD better JJR than IN entering VVG one CD of IN these DT places NNS . SENT With IN Victorian JJ prosperity NN in IN the DT middle NN of IN the DT century NN , , there EX was VBD full JJ employment NN for IN all DT , , so RB the DT workhouse NN would MD stand VV empty JJ unless IN filled VVN with IN orphans NNS or CC the DT very RB old JJ , , people NNS for IN whom WP they PP were VBD not RB designed VVN . SENT For IN an DT old JJ person NN to TO enter VV a DT workhouse NN meant VVD permanent JJ separation NN between IN husband NN and CC wife NN , , except IN to TO see VV each DT other JJ in IN the DT church NN on IN Sunday NP , , and CC also RB the DT recognition NN that IN they PP had VHD no DT one NN to TO care VV for IN them PP , , they PP were VBD at IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT heap NN . SENT Even RB life NN in IN prison NN was VBD better JJR , , for IN in IN prison NN there EX were VBD new JJ rules NNS concerning VVG food NN , , the DT provision NN of IN books NNS , , some DT exercise NN and CC social JJ mixing VVG with IN fellow JJ inmates NNS , , and CC even RB the DT chance NN to TO earn VV a DT little JJ money NN for IN luxuries NNS by IN sewing NN mail NN bags NNS and CC also RB one PP could MD leave VV prison NN without IN having VHG to TO die VV to TO obtain VV freedom NN . SENT In IN 1840 CD the DT Penny NP Post NP was VBD introduced VVN . SENT this DT encouraged VVD the DT use NN of IN the DT mail NN to TO send VV letters NNS and CC a DT new JJ phenomenon NN , , the DT Christmas NP card NN . SENT As IN the DT first JJ stamp NN in IN the DT world NN , , the DT British NP had VHD no DT need NN to TO distinguish VV their PP$ stamps NNS from IN others NNS , , so RB that IN the DT British JJ stamp NN , , unlike IN others NNS , , had VHD no DT need NN to TO state VV the DT name NN of IN the DT country NN and CC this DT continues VVZ to TO the DT present JJ day NN . SENT Again RB , , the DT increase NN in IN communication NN meant VVN that IN the DT old JJ barriers NNS between IN people NNS were VBD breaking VVG down RP . SENT Following VVG the DT Great JJ Exhibition NN , , it PP seemed VVD as RB if IN a DT change NN had VHD occurred VVN life NN became VVD less RBR secure JJ , , doubts NNS and CC worries NNS began VVD to TO appear VV . SENT In IN 1854 CD the DT Crimean NP War NP ended VVD 40 CD years NNS of IN peace NN the DT longest JJS period NN of IN European JJ peace NN since IN the DT Middle NP Ages NPS . SENT Britain NP and CC France NP united VVN to TO keep VV Russia NP away RP from IN the DT Mediterranean NP . SENT There EX was VBD no DT doubt NN that IN the DT Western NP Countries NP would MD win VV against IN the DT most RBS backward JJ country NN in IN Europe NP , , but CC it PP was VBD the DT manner NN of IN winning VVG . SENT The DT war NN should MD have VH been VBN over IN within IN six CD months NNS , , instead RB it PP lasted VVD for IN two CD years NNS . SENT Officers NNS who WP had VHD been VBN young JJ subalterns NNS in IN 1815 CD were VBD now RB General JJ Officers NNS , , without IN the DT experience NN of IN commanding JJ armies NNS in IN battle NN . SENT there EX was VBD confusion NN over IN supplies NNS an DT order NN for IN 10 CD , , 000 CD pairs NNS of IN boots NNS was VBD carried VVN out RP , , but CC while IN 10 CD , , 000 CD right JJ boots NNS sailed VVD for IN the DT Crimea NN , , 10 CD , , 000 CD left JJ boots NNS followed VVD three CD months NNS later RBR by IN which WDT time NN the DT right JJ boots NNS had VHD been VBN lost VVN . SENT Men NNS froze VVD in IN tattered VVN uniforms NNS while IN greatcoats NNS and CC blankets NNS rotted VVN in IN stores NNS three CD miles NNS away RB . SENT The DT Charge NP of IN the DT Light NP Brigade NN at IN Balaclava NP showed VVD that DT courage NN still RB remained VVD , , but CC it PP showed VVD also RB that IN someone NN had VHD blundered VVD . SENT The DT news NN of IN the DT suffering NN of IN the DT wounded VVN at IN the DT hospital NN at IN Scutari NP reached VVD the DT British JJ people NNS by IN the DT new JJ electric JJ telegraph NN , , so RB that IN the DT day NN s PP news NN could MD be VB read VVN the DT next JJ morning NN . SENT It PP resulted VVD in IN Florence NP Nightingale NP and CC her PP$ devoted JJ band NN of IN nurses NNS going VVG to TO the DT Crimea NN and CC the DT death NN rate NN in IN the DT hospital NN falling VVG from IN 85 CD to TO below IN 20 CD simply RB by IN the DT provision NN of IN cleanliness NN and CC comfort NN . SENT She PP returned VVD a DT heroine NN , , to TO start VV her PP$ Royal NP School NP of IN Nursing NP at IN St NP . SENT Thomas NP s PP Hospital NP , , to TO put VV Britain NP in IN the DT forefront NN of IN nursing NN training NN . SENT The DT war NN saw VVD the DT introduction NN of IN an DT award NN for IN gallantry NN the DT Victoria NP Cross NP , , the DT bronze NN medal NN made VVN from IN the DT guns NNS captured VVN from IN the DT Russians NPS at IN Balaclava NP . SENT But CC British JJ self NN confidence NN , , so RB evident JJ in IN 1851 CD , , had VHD been VBN shaken VVN . SENT It PP was VBD to TO be VB shaken VVN even RB more JJR in IN 1857 CD with IN the DT Indian JJ Mutiny NN , , which WDT led VVD to TO the DT Government NN s PP having VHG to TO take VV responsibility NN for IN control NN of IN the DT sub NN continent NN from IN the DT East NP India NP Company NP . SENT Further JJR wars NNS followed VVD , , both CC on IN the DT continent NN and CC overseas JJ . SENT Britain NP was VBD not RB directly RB involved VVN , , but CC the DT results NNS were VBD to TO affect VV her PP$ status NN . SENT In IN 1859 CD , , France NP helped VVD Italy NP to TO defeat VV Austria NP , , and CC Italy NP appeared VVD as IN a DT new JJ kingdom NN . SENT The DT war NN is VBZ noteworthy JJ for IN the DT Battle NN of IN Solferino NN when WRB Henri NP Dunant NP saw VVD the DT suffering NN of IN the DT defeated VVN Austrian JJ wounded JJ left NN to TO die VV on IN the DT battlefield NN , , causing VVG him PP to TO start VV the DT Red NP Cross NP , , dedicated VVN to TO helping VVG anybody NN in IN need NN and CC with IN its PP$ HQ NP in IN Geneva NP . SENT In IN 1861 CD the DT American NP Civil NP War NP began VVD , , in IN theory NN over IN slavery NN but CC in IN fact NN over IN world NN trade NN the DT industrial JJ North NP of IN America NP wanted VVD to TO erect VV barriers NNS to TO British JJ trade NN to TO protect VV its PP$ own JJ markets NNS . SENT The DT cotton NN growing VVG South NP favoured VVD free JJ trade NN with IN Britain NP , , its PP$ biggest JJS customer NN for IN cotton NN picked VVN by IN slaves NNS . SENT The DT Government NN , , in IN theory NN , , was VBD neutral JJ , , but CC in IN fact NN favoured VVD the DT South NP . SENT the DT workers NNS supported VVD the DT North NP , , which WDT they PP saw VVD as IN fighting VVG slavery NN . SENT Ill JJ feeling NN came VVD from IN the DT launch NN of IN a DT Laird NP s PP built VVN ship NN , , The DT Alabama NP , , which WDT for IN nearly RB two CD years NNS destroyed VVD Northern JJ shipping NN . SENT There EX was VBD no DT danger NN of IN war NN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT would MD never RB risk VV a DT war NN with IN Britain NP whilst IN fighting VVG her PP$ own JJ bitter JJ war NN , , but CC the DT North NP s PP victory NN in IN 1865 CD meant VVN that IN Britain NP lost VVD many JJ of IN her PP$ markets NNS in IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT On IN the DT credit NN side NN , , the DT exploits NNS of IN the DT Alabama NP won VVD for IN Laird NP s PP a DT reputation NN for IN excellent JJ ships NNS which WDT served VVD them PP well RB in IN the DT future NN . SENT This DT war NN was VBD noteworthy JJ in IN many JJ ways NNS it PP saw VVD the DT first JJ battle NN at IN sea NN between IN ironclads NNS , , marking VVG the DT end NN of IN the DT wooden JJ sailing NN ship NN on IN which WDT Britain NP s PP sea NN domination NN had VHD rested VVD . SENT it PP also RB saw VVD the DT advent NN of IN trench NN warfare NN , , and CC attacks NNS on IN the DT civilian JJ population NN as IN the DT weakest JJS element NN in IN an DT adversary NN . SENT The DT first JJ appearance NN of IN machine NN guns NNS and CC the DT breech NN loading NN rifle NN , , the DT importance NN of IN railways NNS for IN the DT swift JJ movement NN of IN men NNS and CC materials NNS all RB these DT should MD have VH provided VVN lessons NNS for IN the DT future NN , , but CC few JJ military JJ men NNS recognised VVD their PP$ importance NN . SENT The DT war NN also RB led VVN to TO massive JJ unemployment NN in IN Britain NP , , the DT first JJ sign NN that IN industrial JJ prosperity NN was VBD not RB guaranteed VVN . SENT With IN no DT unemployment NN pay NN , , suffering VVG in IN the DT new JJ industrial JJ towns NNS was VBD widespread JJ and CC the DT numbers NNS were VBD so RB great JJ that IN the DT workhouses NNS could MD not RB accommodate VV them PP all DT , , so RB that IN food NN had VHD to TO be VB given VVN outside IN the DT system NN . SENT In IN the DT 1860 CD s PP also RB , , Prussia NP became VVD the DT new JJ leader NN of IN Germany NP , , defeating VVG Denmark NP , , France NP and CC Austria NP to TO unite VV all PDT the DT German JJ States NNS into IN a DT new JJ German JJ Empire NN under IN the DT King NP of IN Prussia NP , , now RB to TO be VB known VVN as IN the DT Kaiser NP . SENT This DT new JJ Germany NP in IN turn NN began VVD to TO industrialise VV itself PP and CC in IN so RB doing VVG closed VVD its PP$ markets NNS to TO British JJ goods NNS again RB , , unemployment NN began VVD to TO grow VV in IN the DT manufacturing NN towns NNS . SENT France NP became VVD a DT Republic NP following VVG this DT war NN , , her PP$ ex JJ emperor NN , , Napoleon NP III NP , , coming VVG to TO Britain NP where WRB he PP was VBD kindly RB received VVN by IN the DT Queen NP . SENT He PP died VVD shortly RB afterwards RB , , his PP$ son NN , , the DT Prince NP Imperial NP , , was VBD killed VVN later RBR serving VVG in IN the DT British JJ army NN in IN Africa NP . SENT His PP$ widow NN , , the DT elegant JJ Eugenie NP , , lived VVD on IN in IN Britain NP until IN the DT 1920 CD s PP and CC until IN recently RB , , there EX was VBD a DT lady NN living NN in IN Oxton NP who WP had VHD been VBN a DT personal JJ maid NN to TO the DT Empress NN , , keeping VVG her PP$ portrait NN beside IN her PP$ bed NN . SENT My PP$ wife NN , , a DT District NP Nurse NP , , had VHD treated VVN her PP$ and CC learned VVN of IN her PP$ history NN . SENT In IN this DT war NN , , the DT French JJ , , worried VVN by IN the DT tendency NN of IN butter NN to TO go VV off RP in IN the DT hot JJ weather NN , , had VHD produced VVN a DT butter NN substitute NN made VVN from IN vegetable NN oil NN to TO which WDT they PP gave VVD the DT name NN margeron NN meaning NN pearl VV hence RB our PP$ margarine NN . SENT In IN each DT of IN these DT wars NNS , , the DT Prussians NNS had VHD won VVN swiftly RB and CC spectacularly RB by IN careful JJ planning NN having VHG their PP$ troops NNS in IN the DT right JJ place NN at IN the DT right JJ time NN and CC destroying VVG the DT opposition NN in IN a DT single JJ battle NN . SENT The DT conviction NN grew VVD that IN to TO win VV wars NNS , , the DT Prussian JJ pattern NN was VBD to TO be VB followed VVN guaranteeing VVG a DT short JJ sharp JJ victorious JJ war NN . SENT For IN France NP , , the DT great JJ desire NN was VBD for IN revenge NN . SENT for IN the DT newly RB united VVN Germany NP there RB was VBD the DT belief NN that IN success NN could MD be VB won VVN by IN war NN rather RB than IN peaceful JJ negotiation NN . SENT the DT seeds NNS of IN the DT future JJ World NP War NP were VBD sown VVN . SENT The DT wars NNS divided VVD the DT Royal NP Family NP . SENT Prince NP Albert NP had VHD always RB favoured VVN a DT united VVN Germany NP under IN Prussian JJ rule NN . SENT his PP$ beloved JJ eldest JJ child NN , , Vicky NP , , had VHD married VVN the DT Crown NP Prince NP of IN Prussia NP and CC Albert NP hoped VVD for IN a DT liberal JJ parliamentary JJ Prussia NP to TO be VB a DT co NP equal JJ of IN Britain NP , , the DT two CD to TO control VV the DT world NN . SENT Albert NP died VVD in IN 1861 CD , , causing VVG Victoria NP unimagined JJ grief NN and CC despair NN . SENT She PP retired VVD almost RB completely RB from IN public JJ life NN , , retiring VVG to TO Windsor NP or CC to TO Osborne NP in IN the DT Isle NP of IN Wight NP , , where WRB portraits NNS , , busts NNS and CC statues NNS of IN Albert NP were VBD in IN every DT room NN and CC Albert NP s PP valet VV continued VVN to TO lay VV out RP his PP$ clothes NNS , , prepare VV his PP$ bath NN and CC shaving NN water NN as IN always RB . SENT Victoria NP continued VVD to TO sign VV state NN papers NNS and CC place VV them PP on IN Albert NP s PP desk NN , , as RB always RB , , and CC when WRB she PP dined VVD alone RB or CC with IN family NN , , Albert NP s PP place VVP was VBD laid VVN at IN table NN . SENT All DT male JJ children NNS and CC grandchildren NNS carried VVD the DT name NN of IN Albert NP and CC she PP believed VVD that IN this DT would MD be VB the DT name NN for IN all DT future JJ British JJ kings NNS . SENT Because IN of IN this DT she PP tended VVD to TO favour VV the DT Prussian JJ cause NN . SENT Her PP$ son NN , , Albert NP Edward NP , , Prince NP of IN Wales NP , , loved VVD France NP and CC the DT French JJ , , and CC he PP was VBD married VVN to TO the DT beautiful JJ Alexandra NP the DT Princess NP Di NP of IN that DT time NN , , Princess NP of IN Denmark NP , , they PP tended VVD to TO be VB anti JJ Prussian NN as IN a DT result NN . SENT Though RB fond JJ of IN his PP$ sister NN and CC brother NN in IN law NN , , he PP had VHD no DT time NN for IN his PP$ nephew NN , , the DT young JJ Prince NP William NP . SENT Because IN of IN Victoria NP s PP retirement NN from IN public JJ life NN , , the DT Prince NP of IN Wales NP set VVD up RP his PP$ own JJ rather RB raffish JJ court NN , , and CC for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN Victorian JJ Britain NP murmurs NNS of IN republicanism NN began VVD to TO be VB heard VVN . SENT So RB , , at IN the DT end NN of IN our PP$ first JJ 25 CD years NNS , , the DT prosperity NN and CC confidence NN of IN the DT 1840 CD s PP had VHD been VBN replaced VVN by IN unease NN and CC a DT growing VVG industrial JJ slump NN , , with IN widespread JJ unemployment NN , , whispers NNS of IN republicanism NN , , and CC a DT lack NN of IN certainty NN for IN the DT future NN . SENT In IN 1874 CD , , Gladstone NP was VBD defeated VVN in IN the DT election NN , , and CC was VBD replaced VVN by IN Benjamin NP Disraeli NP and CC a DT Conservative JJ Government NN to TO try VV to TO re NN establish VV that DT old JJ confidence NN . SENT 2 LS 1874 CD 1899 CD . SENT Top JJ of IN Page NP The DT second JJ twenty CD five CD year NN period NN in IN the DT life NN of IN Christ NP Church NP witnessed VVN so IN many JJ important JJ changes NNS that IN it PP becomes VVZ difficult JJ to TO decide VV what WP to TO include VV and CC what WP may MD be VB safely RB left VVN out RP . SENT Perhaps RB the DT most RBS significant JJ changes NNS relevant JJ to TO our PP$ lives NNS took VVD place NN in IN the DT condition NN of IN the DT people NNS , , particularly RB the DT women NNS . SENT In IN the DT earlier JJR years NNS of IN the DT century NN , , indeed RB throughout IN history NN , , women NNS from IN middle JJ class NN , , fairly RB prosperous JJ , , homes NNS , , stayed VVD at IN home NN to TO learn VV the DT skills NNS of IN being VBG a DT housewife NN and CC mother NN . SENT Poorer JJR women NNS had VHD always RB worked VVN because IN they PP had VHD to TO there RB was VBD no DT room NN for IN a DT non JJ wage NN earner NN in IN a DT working VVG class NN family NN . SENT women NNS as RB well RB as IN children NNS were VBD expected VVN to TO provide VV a DT small JJ amount NN to TO the DT family NN budget NN . SENT Indeed RB , , there EX was VBD a DT great JJ deal NN of IN resentment NN in IN many JJ working VVG class NN households NNS at IN the DT introduction NN of IN compulsory JJ education NN , , for IN it PP stopped VVD young JJ children NNS contributing VVG to TO the DT family NN income NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT reasons NNS for IN the DT extended JJ summer NN holiday NN throughout IN August NP , , which WDT still RB remains VVZ , , was VBD not RB to TO give VV children NNS a DT time NN of IN rest NN in IN the DT sun NN May NP and CC June NP were VBD better JJR times NNS for IN that DT but CC to TO free VV them PP for IN work NN on IN the DT farms NNS to TO bring VV in IN the DT harvest NN . SENT without IN that DT provision NN the DT Act NP might MD not RB have VH been VBN passed VVN . SENT The DT period NN beginning NN in IN 1874 CD saw VVD a DT time NN of IN unemployment NN . SENT I PP have VHP mentioned VVN earlier RBR the DT need NN for IN my PP$ Grandfather NN to TO leave VV school NN to TO earn VV his PP$ living NN at IN the DT age NN of IN 11 CD . SENT It PP was VBD the DT aim NN of IN all DT boys NNS at IN the DT age NN of IN 14 CD to TO become VV apprenticed VVN to TO a DT trade NN which WDT would MD give VV some DT guarantee NN of IN employment NN as IN a DT skilled JJ worker NN . SENT At IN that DT age NN , , therefore RB , , my PP$ grandfather NN was VBD fortunate JJ in IN gaining VVG an DT apprenticeship NN on IN the DT railway NN as IN a DT plumber NN , , but CC in IN order NN to TO take VV up RP the DT post NN , , he PP had VHD to TO report VV at IN Preston NP in IN Lancashire NP at IN 8 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT Accordingly RB , , his PP$ mother NN woke VVD him PP at IN 3 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT and CC by IN 4 CD o NN clock NN he PP was VBD on IN his PP$ way NN the DT ferry NN across IN the DT Mersey NP was VBD 1 CD d NN , , he PP then RB walked VVD to TO Exchange NP Station NP in IN Liverpool NP , , not RB to TO catch VV the DT train NN such JJ luxuries NNS were VBD beyond IN the DT family NN finances NNS but CC to TO walk VV to TO Preston NP , , some DT 25 CD to TO 30 CD miles NNS away RB , , by IN following VVG the DT railway NN line NN . SENT He PP arrived VVD in IN time NN to TO be VB taken VVN on IN and CC of IN course NN , , once RB he PP was VBD a DT railway NN employee NN , , he PP was VBD allowed VVN free JJ travel NN on IN the DT railways NNS for IN the DT rest NN of IN his PP$ life NN , , rising VVG to TO become VV a DT master NN plumber NN with IN the DT old JJ L NP . SENT M NP . SENT S NP . SENT Railway NP and CC taking VVG great JJ pride NN in IN his PP$ work NN I PP can MD remember VV as IN a DT child NN being VBG taken VVN by IN him PP to TO the DT Gents NN Lavatories NNS on IN Chester NP Station NP and CC having VHG all PDT the DT elaborate JJ plumbing NN work NN explained VVD I PP visited VVD it PP years NNS later RBR with IN my PP$ own JJ children NNS and CC as RB far RB as IN I PP could MD see VV it PP was VBD still RB working VVG unchanged JJ from IN when WRB my PP$ grandfather NN had VHD first RB installed VVN it PP more JJR than IN eighty CD years NNS before RB . SENT One PP wonders VVZ how WRB many JJ young JJ people NNS of IN today NN would MD be VB prepared VVN to TO walk VV 25 CD miles NNS to TO ensure VV their PP$ employment NN . SENT However RB , , one CD of IN the DT results NNS of IN the DT Education NP Act NP was VBD to TO create VV a DT pressing VVG need NN for IN educated VVN women NNS with IN their PP$ greater JJR understanding NN of IN and CC patience NN with IN young JJ children NNS to TO become VV teachers NNS teachers NNS who WP would MD be VB prepared VVN to TO work VV for IN a DT lower JJR rate NN of IN pay NN than IN men NNS . SENT It PP was VBD not RB until IN the DT middle NN of IN our PP$ own JJ century NN that IN women NNS teachers NNS were VBD given VVN equal JJ pay NN with IN men NNS . SENT It PP became VVD a DT respectable JJ job NN for IN daughters NNS of IN the DT lower JJR middle NN class NN . SENT Respectable JJ work NN , , also RB in IN offices NNS when WRB the DT typewriter NN was VBD invented VVN . SENT Before IN that IN all DT letters NNS and CC their PP$ copies NNS were VBD painstakingly RB written VVN out RP by IN hand NN in IN copperplate NN handwriting NN by IN male JJ copy NN clerks NNS every DT office NN had VHD two CD or CC three CD such JJ young JJ men NNS . SENT With IN the DT coming VVG of IN the DT typewriter NN , , one CD reasonably RB educated VVN young JJ woman NN , , using VVG carbon NN papers NNS , , could MD type NN two CD or CC three CD times NNS more JJR letters NNS , , plus CC copies NNS , , than IN had VHD previously RB been VBN written VVN by IN the DT copy NN clerks NNS . SENT Add VV to TO this DT the DT coming VVG of IN the DT telephone NN by IN the DT early JJ 1880 CD s PP a DT telephone NN exchange NN was VBD set VVN up RP in IN London NP and CC by IN the DT 1890 CD s PP the DT instrument NN had VHD spread VVN throughout IN the DT country NN and CC the DT need NN was VBD for IN young JJ ladies NNS with IN the DT greater JJR dexterity NN of IN their PP$ sex NN to TO carry VV out RP this DT new JJ work NN . SENT For IN the DT first JJ time NN , , women NNS were VBD going VVG out RP to TO work VV not RB necessarily RB for IN economic JJ reasons NNS but CC because IN they PP wanted VVD to TO , , and CC soon RB preferred VVD the DT greater JJR freedom NN and CC independence NN this DT gave VVD to TO them PP . SENT In IN time NN , , this DT independence NN was VBD to TO lead VV to TO their PP$ demand NN for IN the DT vote NN but CC not RB yet RB . SENT One CD of IN the DT inevitable JJ results NNS of IN these DT changes NNS in IN employment NN was VBD a DT change NN to TO a DT more RBR sensible JJ form NN of IN dress NN . SENT It PP would MD be VB impossible JJ for IN a DT crinoline NN clad JJ lady NN to TO sweep VV around RP a DT schoolroom NN or CC office NN . SENT The DT crinoline NN disappeared VVD , , remaining VVG for IN a DT short JJ time NN as IN the DT bustle NN , , a DT small JJ cage NN at IN the DT back NN of IN the DT dress NN , , but CC this DT too RB disappeared VVN very RB quickly RB in IN the DT 1880 CD s PP . SENT Dresses NNS now RB , , though IN long RB , , conformed VVD to TO the DT general JJ shape NN of IN the DT figure NN and CC therefore RB became VVD the DT basis NN for IN modern JJ fashion NN . SENT Dresses NNS were VBD lighter JJR and CC more RBR comfortable JJ , , and CC this DT trend NN was VBD increased VVN further RBR with IN the DT growth NN in IN sport NN for IN young JJ ladies NNS . SENT Croquet NN and CC Archery NN had VHD long RB been VBN acceptable JJ out IN door NN pursuits NNS of IN both DT men NNS and CC women NNS , , but CC the DT more JJR energetic JJ sports NNS were VBD confined VVN to TO the DT men NNS . SENT In IN the DT 1870 CD s PP Lawn NP Tennis NP was VBD introduced VVN known VVN at IN first JJ as IN Sphairistike NP . SENT In IN 1877 CD the DT Wimbledon NP championships NNS began VVD for IN both DT men NNS and CC women NNS , , and CC though RB by IN no DT means NN as IN energetic JJ as IN the DT present JJ day NN game NN it PP did VVD require VV ladies NNS to TO move VV fairly RB quickly RB about IN the DT court NN and CC this DT in IN turn NN demanded VVD a DT greater JJR freedom NN of IN movement NN in IN dresses NNS light JJ enough RB and CC designed VVN for IN the DT purpose NN . SENT And CC of IN course NN , , once RB women NNS experienced VVD the DT new JJ freedom NN there EX was VBD no RB going VVG back RB to TO the DT old JJ ways NNS . SENT Perhaps RB the DT greatest JJS boost NN for IN the DT freedom NN of IN women NNS was VBD the DT invention NN of IN the DT Safety NP Bicycle NP . SENT The DT upper JJ classes NNS were VBD accustomed VVN to TO ride VV horses NNS , , but CC the DT bicycle NN a DT development NN of IN the DT velocipede NN or CC hobby NN horse NN of IN the DT early JJ century NN was VBD to TO give VV mobility NN to TO the DT middle JJ classes NNS . SENT The DT early JJ bicycles NNS were VBD known VVN as IN the DT ordinary JJ or CC Penny NP farthing NN , , dangerous JJ machines NNS ridden VVN only RB by IN daring JJ young JJ men NNS and CC quite RB unacceptable JJ for IN women NNS . SENT But CC by IN 1888 CD , , the DT safety NN bicycle NN using VVG a DT chain NN to TO drive VV the DT wheels NNS , , and CC with IN Dunlop NP s PP new JJ pneumatic JJ tyres NNS , , meant VVD comfortable JJ , , easy JJ to TO ride VV machines NNS for IN both DT sexes NNS . SENT The DT freedom NN to TO explore VV the DT countryside NN cheaply RB and CC easily RB again RB gave VVD a DT freedom NN to TO all DT , , but CC particularly RB to TO young JJ women NNS , , never RB known VVN before IN in IN history NN . SENT Again RB , , this DT led VVD to TO lighter JJR , , more RBR suitable JJ clothing NN there EX was VBD a DT move NN for IN women NNS to TO copy VV the DT knickerbockers NN favoured VVN by IN men NNS , , but CC these DT were VBD seen VVN as IN unseemly JJ . SENT Instead RB , , ladies NNS cycles NNS had VHD the DT cross NN bar NN lowered VVD so RB that IN they PP could MD ride VV in IN their PP$ long JJ skirts VVZ . SENT The DT 1880 CD s PP saw VVD another DT significant JJ step NN forward RB in IN transport NN , , for IN in IN Germany NP Benz NP produced VVD a DT carriage NN driven VVN by IN a DT petrol NN engine NN he PP named VVD the DT vehicle NN Mercedes NNS after IN his PP$ daughter NN . SENT In IN 1888 CD , , Gottfried NP Daimler NP , , another DT German NP , , patented VVD the DT internal JJ combustion NN engine NN , , and CC the DT Motor NP Age NP had VHD begun VVN . SENT Britain NP was VBD not RB in IN the DT forefront NN here RB because IN of IN a DT law NN which WDT demanded VVD that IN any DT horseless JJ carriage NN could MD travel VV no RB faster JJR than IN 4 CD miles NNS per IN hour NN and CC must MD be VB preceded VVN by IN a DT man NN carrying VVG a DT red JJ flag NN . SENT This DT dated JJ back NN to TO the DT early JJ century NN when WRB steam NN carriages NNS had VHD overturned VVN at IN speed NN or CC had VHD frightened JJ horses NNS . SENT It PP was VBD not RB until IN 1896 CD that IN the DT law NN was VBD repealed VVN and CC it PP was VBD celebrated JJ by IN car NN enthusiasts NNS with IN a DT rally NN from IN London NP to TO Brighton NP in IN November NP of IN that DT year NN . SENT In IN 1897 CD the DT Royal NP Automobile NP Club NP was VBD founded VVN to TO encourage VV the DT use NN of IN cars NNS , , but CC most JJS cars NNS in IN Britain NP came VVD from IN Europe NP , , particularly RB from IN France NP . SENT It PP would MD not RB be VB until IN the DT next JJ century NN that IN British JJ cars NNS began VVD to TO appear VV . SENT What WP the DT introduction NN of IN the DT car NN showed VVD was VBD that IN Britain NP was VBD no RB longer JJR in IN the DT forefront NN of IN new JJ design NN and CC technology NN . SENT she PP was VBD facing VVG challenges NNS more RBR of IN this DT later RBR . SENT In IN the DT 1870 CD s PP , , the DT Bank NP Holiday NP Act NP had VHD decreed VVN that IN Easter JJR Monday NP , , Whit NP Monday NP , , the DT first JJ Monday NP in IN August NP , , and CC Boxing VVG Day NN were VBD to TO be VB universal JJ holidays NNS in IN addition NN to TO Christmas NP Day NP and CC Good NP Friday NP . SENT Also RB , , many JJ employers NNS were VBD allowing VVG their PP$ workers NNS an DT annual JJ holiday NN , , often RB with IN pay NN . SENT The DT working VVG class NN man NN had VHD leisure NN time NN unknown NN in IN the DT past NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO Bank NP Holidays NNS , , there RB came VVD the DT practice NN of IN the DT five CD and CC a DT half JJ day NN week NN Saturday NP afternoon NN became VVD a DT time NN for IN relaxation NN . SENT This DT was VBD partly RB to TO avoid VV the DT practice NN of IN Monday NP absenteeism NN St NP . SENT Monday NP as IN it PP became VVD known VVN . SENT Saturday NP afternoon NN became VVD the DT time NN for IN watching VVG sport NN , , particularly RB football NN . SENT Association NP Football NP had VHD its PP$ roots NNS in IN the DT Public NP Schools NP , , its PP$ laws NNS being VBG drawn VVN up RP by IN Cambridge NP students NNS in IN 1863 CD . SENT In IN 1871 CD the DT F NN . SENT A DT . SENT Cup NP was VBD established VVN , , its PP$ first JJ winners NNS being VBG amateur JJ teams NNS , , and CC this DT continued VVD for IN the DT next JJ 12 CD years NNS until IN 1883 CD when WRB Blackburn NP Rovers NNS won VVD . SENT By IN the DT 1880 CD s VVZ most JJS large JJ towns NNS and CC cities NNS had VHD a DT football NN team NN . SENT Where WRB there EX was VBD a DT strong JJ Irish JJ element NN there EX could MD be VB two CD teams NNS one PP supported VVD by IN the DT Catholics NPS and CC one CD by IN the DT Protestants NPS , , as RB happened VVN in IN Glasgow NP , , Liverpool NP , , Manchester NP and CC Edinburgh NP . SENT Professionalism NN came VVD in IN because IN working VVG class NN men NNS could MD not RB give VV up RP time NN and CC money NN to TO train VV and CC to TO play VV . SENT Rugby NP , , named VVN after IN the DT School NP where WRB it PP was VBD first RB played VVN , , also RB divided VVN into IN professional JJ and CC amateur JJ codes NNS Rugby NP Union NP remaining VVG strictly RB amateur JJ until IN this DT century NN , , Rugby NP League NP being VBG the DT professional JJ version NN of IN the DT game NN . SENT Class NN prejudice NN was VBD seen VVN in IN the DT descriptions NNS of IN these DT games NNS , , professionalism NN being VBG seen VVN as IN something NN with IN which WDT no DT gentleman NN would MD involve VV himself PP . SENT Association NP Football NP , , Soccer NN , , was VBD described VVN as IN a DT gentleman NN s PP game NN played VVN by IN hooligans NNS . SENT Rugby NP Union NP as IN a DT hooligan NN s PP game NN played VVN by IN gentlemen NNS . SENT Rugby NP League NP as IN a DT hooligan NN s PP game NN played VVN by IN hooligans NNS . SENT The DT same JJ prejudices NNS existed VVN in IN cricket NN where WRB again RB there EX was VBD a DT strict JJ divide NN between IN amateur JJ and CC professional JJ . SENT Cricket NN was VBD more JJR of IN a DT rich JJ man NN s PP game NN because IN of IN the DT time NN needed VVD to TO play VV and CC to TO watch VV sometimes RB over IN several JJ days NNS . SENT It PP may MD be VB that IN one CD of IN the DT causes NNS of IN England NP s PP decline VVP as IN a DT cricketing NN nation NN is VBZ the DT present JJ reliance NN on IN one CD day NN , , limited JJ overs NNS matches NNS which WDT are VBP exciting JJ and CC draw VV in IN the DT spectators NNS but CC which WDT do VVP not RB produce VV batsmen NNS who WP can MD stay VV at IN the DT wicket NN for IN several JJ hours NNS , , taking VVG the DT shine NN of IN the DT bowling NN . SENT In IN the DT 1870 CD s PP and CC 80 CD s PP , , W NP . SENT G NP . SENT Grace NP was VBD the DT colossus NN of IN English JJ cricket NN . SENT A DT Gloucestershire NP doctor NN , , he PP was VBD as RB well RB known VVN by IN his PP$ initials NNS as IN W NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Gladstone NP himself PP . SENT many JJ of IN his PP$ records NNS remain VVP to TO the DT present JJ day NN . SENT The DT Captain NP of IN England NP and CC every DT County NP Captain NP was VBD an DT amateur JJ . SENT In IN reports NNS in IN the DT papers NNS , , amateurs NNS were VBD always RB distinguished VVN by IN the DT prefix NN Mr NP . SENT Professionals NNS were VBD simply RB called VVN by IN their PP$ surnames NNS , , followed VVN by IN initials NNS . SENT Many JJ county NN grounds NNS had VHD two CD dressing VVG rooms NNS one NN for IN gentlemen NNS and CC one CD for IN players NNS , , and CC separate JJ gates NNS for IN them PP to TO enter VV or CC leave VV the DT pavilion NN . SENT It PP was VBD taken VVN for IN granted VVN that IN England NP would MD win VV any DT match NN against IN any DT opposition NN , , so RB when WRB a DT visiting VVG Australian JJ team NN defeated VVN England NP by IN 7 CD runs NNS in IN 1882 CD there RB appeared VVD an DT obituary NN in IN the DT Sporting NN Times NP declaring VVG that DT English JJ cricket NN had VHD died VVN , , had VHD been VBN cremated VVN , , and CC its PP$ ashes NNS taken VVN to TO Australia NP thus RB starting VVG the DT famous JJ Test NN series NN which WDT still RB continues VVZ . SENT Working VVG class NN cricketers NNS played VVD their PP$ games NNS in IN parks NNS and CC on IN village NN greens NNS on IN Saturday NP afternoons NNS . SENT I PP can MD remember VV in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP a DT gentleman NN who WP insisted VVD on IN walking VVG across IN the DT pitch NN whenever WRB Birkenhead NP Park NP were VBD playing VVG to TO assert VV his PP$ right NN to TO walk VV in IN the DT public JJ park NN wherever WRB and CC whenever WRB he PP wished VVD the DT players NNS used VVN to TO applaud VV him PP , , then RB carry VVP on IN with IN the DT game NN . SENT In IN 1896 CD , , Baron NP de NP Coubertin NP began VVD the DT Modern NP Olympic NP Games NPS in IN Athens NP , , basing VVG his PP$ ideal NN on IN the DT English NP Public NP School NP amateurism NN . SENT Very RB few JJ countries NNS entered VVD . SENT Indeed RB an DT English JJ visitor NN to TO Athens NP attended VVD the DT Games NPS and CC was VBD asked VVN to TO represent VV Britain NP in IN the DT Long NP Jump NP . SENT He PP agreed VVD , , found VVD some DT suitable JJ clothing NN which WDT he PP borrowed VVD from IN another DT athlete NN , , went VVD into IN the DT arena NN and CC won VVD the DT Olympic JJ title NN . SENT That DT is VBZ when WRB the DT Games NPS were VBD truly RB amateur JJ . SENT These DT early JJ games NNS included VVD sports NNS such JJ as IN tug NN of IN war NN again RB , , usually RB won VVD by IN the DT British NP . SENT it PP is VBZ interesting JJ to TO remember VV that IN until IN the DT Montreal NP games NNS in IN 1976 CD , , Britain NP led VVD the DT world NN in IN the DT number NN of IN Olympic NP Medals NNS held VVD . SENT Since IN then RB , , of IN course NN , , she PP has VHZ been VBN overtaken VVN by IN the DT USA NP and CC by IN Soviet NP Russia NP , , and CC at IN each DT new JJ series NN of IN games NNS , , continues VVZ to TO fall VV further RBR behind RB . SENT Another DT innovation NN of IN greater JJR leisure NN time NN was VBD the DT annual JJ seaside NN holiday NN . SENT As IN more JJR people NNS were VBD granted VVN holiday NN time NN , , so RB resorts NNS began VVD to TO grow VV , , dedicated VVN to TO the DT holiday NN maker NN . SENT Employers NNS were VBD beginning VVG to TO realise VV that DT workers NNS worked VVD more RBR efficiently RB , , were VBD more RBR contented JJ and CC loyal JJ , , if IN they PP were VBD treated VVN properly RB . SENT In IN 1871 CD there RB had VHD been VBN only RB 48 CD seaside NN towns NNS designated VVN as IN holiday NN places NNS . SENT by IN 1891 CD there RB were VBD more JJR than IN 200 CD . SENT Most RBS followed VVD a DT pattern NN promenade NN , , large JJ hotels NNS or CC boarding VVG houses NNS , , pier NN so IN people NNS could MD go VV to TO sea NN without IN the DT discomfort NN of IN seasickness NN , , often RB a DT fairground NN or CC other JJ amusements NNS , , small JJ shops NNS selling VVG anything NN the DT holiday NN maker NN might MD want VV buckets NNS and CC spades NNS for IN the DT children NNS , , shrimping VVG nets NNS , , beach NN balls NNS , , and CC that DT unique JJ English JJ treat NN seaside NN rock NN with IN the DT name NN of IN the DT resort NN printed VVN through IN the DT middle NN nowhere RB else RB does VVZ that IN particular RB sweet JJ occur VVP , , it PP takes VVZ its PP$ place NN with IN Humbugs NNS , , and CC Liquorice NN Allsorts NNS . SENT as IN typically RB English JJ sweets NNS . SENT Sea NN bathing VVG became VVD popular JJ , , but CC for IN obvious JJ reasons NNS men NNS and CC women NNS no RB longer RBR bathed VVN in IN the DT nude JJ on IN separate JJ beaches NNS or CC at IN different JJ times NNS of IN course NN . SENT Instead RB , , voluminous JJ costumes NNS were VBD worn VVN and CC changing VVG took VVD place NN in IN the DT bathing VVG hut NN , , which WDT would MD then RB be VB pulled VVN into IN the DT water NN so IN that WDT there EX was VBD no DT threat NN to TO modesty NN . SENT It PP also RB saw VVD the DT innovation NN of IN the DT seaside NN postcard NN a DT cheap JJ and CC easy JJ way NN to TO let VV others NNS know VV of IN your PP$ good JJ fortune NN , , the DT card NN always RB showing VVG the DT resort NN at IN its PP$ best JJS with IN no DT clouds NNS or CC rain NN visible JJ . SENT It PP also RB saw VVD the DT beginning NN of IN the DT comic JJ postcard NN , , possibly RB unique JJ to TO Britain NP . SENT Most JJS view NN cards NNS came VVD from IN Germany NP and CC by IN the DT turn NN of IN the DT century NN several JJ hundred CD million CD cards NNS were VBD being VBG sent VVN annually RB , , often RB with IN the DT same JJ message NN Wish NP you PP were VBD here RB . SENT In IN Lancashire NP , , where WRB the DT Wakes NNS weeks NNS allowed VVD a DT week NN s PP holiday NN to TO the DT cotton NN workers NNS , , the DT resort NN of IN Blackpool NP began VVD to TO grow VV , , and CC also RB the DT more RBR refined JJ Southport NP . SENT Indeed RB , , many JJ resorts NNS had VHD their PP$ popular JJ areas NNS and CC their PP$ more JJR respectable JJ part NN , , so RB that IN Brighton NP had VHD Hove NP , , Blackpool NP had VHD St NP . SENT Anne NP s PP , , and CC New NP Brighton NP had VHD Harrison NP Drive NP , , etc FW . SENT There EX was VBD certainly RB a DT need NN to TO escape VV the DT towns NNS . SENT a DT description NN of IN London NP in IN the DT late JJ 1870 CD s PP by IN a DT visiting VVG Frenchman NN will MD , , I PP am VBP sure JJ , , bring VV back RB memories NNS of IN the DT English NP Sunday NP Sunday NP in IN London NP in IN the DT rain NN . SENT all PDT the DT shops NNS are VBP shut VVN , , the DT streets NNS deserted VVN , , the DT aspect NN is VBZ of IN an DT immense NN well RB ordered VVD cemetery NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT There EX is VBZ water NN everywhere RB , , water NN impregnated VVD with IN an DT odour NN of IN soot NN . SENT A DT yellowish JJ fog NN fills VVZ the DT air NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT after IN an DT hour NN s PP walk VVP in IN London NP on IN a DT Sunday NP , , one PP contemplates VVZ suicide NN . SENT To TO improve VV on IN this DT , , public JJ parks NNS were VBD established VVN , , and CC on IN Sundays NP there EX would MD always RB be VB a DT brass NN band NN playing VVG popular JJ tunes NNS while IN the DT people NNS walked VVD slowly RB along RB , , dressed VVN in IN their PP$ Sunday NP best NN again RB , , a DT picture NN which WDT must MD bring VV back RB memories NNS to TO many JJ , , for IN the DT custom NN continued VVD until IN 1939 CD . SENT The DT Music NP Hall NP was VBD becoming VVG more RBR respectable JJ rather RB than IN a DT mere JJ drinking NN place NN . SENT Its PP$ performers NNS were VBD also RB now RB accepted VVN into IN society NN performers NNS such JJ as IN Albert NP Chevalier NP My NP Old NP Dutch NP , , Vesta NP Tilley NP , , Tom NP Costello NP After IN the DT Ball NP and CC others NNS were VBD invited VVN to TO perform VV before IN Royalty NP itself PP but CC not RB Marie NP Lloyd NP , , the DT most RBS popular JJ singer NN , , who WP was VBD considered VVN far RB too RB vulgar JJ . SENT Drinking VVG of IN alcohol NN was VBD still RB an DT escape NN for IN many JJ . SENT most JJS streets NNS in IN working VVG class NN areas NNS had VHD their PP$ corner JJ public JJ house NN . SENT Prices NNS were VBD cheap RB mild JJ beer NN was VBD 4 CD d NN a DT quart NN , , best JJS Burton NP Bitter NP 3 CD d SYM a DT pint NN . SENT Figures NNS show VVP that IN in IN the DT 1870 CD s PP spirits NNS consumption NN was VBD 1 CD . SENT 3 CD gallons NNS per IN head NN , , and CC beer NN 34 CD . SENT 4 CD gallons NNS . SENT When WRB one PP considers VVZ the DT number NN of IN non JJ drinkers NNS in IN the DT many JJ Temperance NN Societies NNS , , then RB the DT drinkers NNS must MD have VH taken VVN in IN huge JJ amounts NNS of IN this DT liquor NN . SENT Not RB surprisingly RB , , William NP Booth NP s PP Salvation NP Army NP took VVD its PP$ fight NN directly RB into IN the DT public JJ houses NNS , , where WRB it PP waged VVD it PP greatest JJS battles NNS , , winning VVG for IN itself PP at IN the DT same JJ time NN huge JJ admiration NN for IN its PP$ courage NN . SENT No DT publican NN ever RB stopped VVD its PP$ members NNS from IN selling VVG its PP$ War NP Cry NN in IN the DT pubs NNS on IN a DT Saturday NP night NN . SENT What WP were VBD people NNS reading VVG at IN this DT time NN . SENT George NP Eliot NP was VBD at IN her PP$ height NN , , her PP$ greatest JJS novel NN , , Middlemarch NP , , selling VVG hundreds NNS of IN thousands NNS in IN its PP$ cheap JJ edition NN . SENT Dickens NP , , despite IN the DT fact NN that IN he PP had VHD died VVN in IN 1870 CD , , continued VVN to TO sell VV by IN the DT million CD . SENT His PP$ only JJ rival NN was VBD Mrs NN Henry NP Wood NP , , whose WP$ East NP Lynne NP Gone VVN , , gone VVN , , and CC never RB called VVD me PP mother NN . SENT also RB sold VVN more JJR than IN a DT million CD and CC was VBD turned VVN into IN a DT popular JJ play NN . SENT Ouida NP , , whose WP$ Under IN Two CD Flags NNS gave VVD exaggerated JJ descriptions NNS of IN other JJ countries NNS , , was VBD also RB popular JJ , , though RB not RB quite RB respectable JJ . SENT The DT new JJ Education NP Act NP meant VVD that IN more JJR people NNS could MD read VV , , and CC this DT led VVN to TO cheap JJ editions NNS of IN good JJ books NNS Shakespeare NN s PP plays VVZ could MD be VB bought VVN for IN 1 CD each DT and CC the DT generosity NN of IN Andrew NP Carnegie NP meant VVD that DT cheap JJ lending NN libraries NNS were VBD established VVN in IN many JJ towns NNS , , including VVG Birkenhead NP . SENT Books NNS were VBD still RB serialised VVN in IN magazines NNS , , the DT most RBS famous JJ at IN this DT time NN being VBG George NP Newne NP s PP Strand NP Magazine NP with IN its PP$ Sherlock NP Holmes NP stories NNS by IN Conan NP Doyle NP who WP incidentally RB hated VVN his PP$ invented VVN character NN , , wanting VVG to TO be VB known VVN for IN his PP$ serious JJ historical JJ novels NNS . SENT One CD poet NN who WP fails VVZ to TO get VV the DT recognition NN he PP deserves VVZ is VBZ the DT great JJ William NP McGonagall NP who WP produced VVD a DT series NN of IN poems NNS at IN this DT time NN in IN the DT most RBS execrable JJ verse NN ever RB encountered VVD in IN the DT English JJ language NN . SENT He PP wrote VVD a DT poem NN to TO celebrate VV the DT opening NN of IN the DT Tay NP railway NN bridge NN praising VVG its PP$ construction NN , , and CC when WRB that DT bridge NN collapsed VVD in IN a DT terrible JJ storm NN in IN 1879 CD , , he PP wrote VVD another DT on IN the DT tragedy NN ending VVG with IN the DT memorable JJ lines NNS . SENT I PP must MD now RB conclude VV my PP$ lay VVD By IN telling VVG the DT world NN fearlessly RB without IN the DT least JJS dismay NN , , That IN your PP$ central JJ girders NNS would MD not RB have VH given VVN way NN , , At IN least JJS many JJ sensible JJ men NNS do VVP say VV , , Had VHD they PP been VBN supported VVN on IN each DT side NN with IN buttresses VVZ , , At IN least JJS many JJ sensible JJ men NNS confesses VVZ , , For IN the DT stronger JJR we PP our PP$ houses NNS do VVP build VV , , The DT less JJR chance NN we PP have VHP of IN being VBG killed VVN . SENT The DT Times NP was VBD still RB the DT most RBS widely RB read VVN serious JJ newspaper NN , , but CC was VBD now RB being VBG challenged VVN by IN The DT Daily NP Telegraph NP . SENT It PP was VBD the DT Telegraph NP which WDT in IN the DT 1870 CD s PP , , in IN conjunction NN with IN the DT New NP York NP Herald NP , , sent VVD Stanley NP to TO Africa NP to TO seek VV Livingstone NP , , bringing VVG stories NNS of IN interior JJ Africa NP which WDT were VBD to TO have VH profound JJ results NNS on IN that DT country NN . SENT The DT poor NN tended VVD to TO buy VV Police NP News NP and CC Police NP Gazette NN , , both CC sensational JJ papers NNS dealing VVG with IN the DT more RBR lurid JJ and CC titillating VVG crimes NNS of IN passion NN and CC murder NN . SENT The DT murders NNS by IN Jack NP the DT Ripper NP in IN the DT 1880 CD s PP gave VVD these DT papers NNS a DT huge JJ boost NN in IN circulation NN . SENT Two CD men NNS stand VVP out RP in IN the DT production NN of IN cheap JJ popular JJ papers NNS George NP Newnes NP and CC Alfred NP Harmsworth NP . SENT Both CC provided VVN what WP the DT less RBR educated VVN wanted JJ to TO read VV . SENT In IN 1881 CD Newnes NP produced VVN Titbits NNS , , followed VVN in IN 1888 CD by IN Harmsworth NP s PP Answers VVZ . SENT They PP were VBD full JJ of IN small JJ items NNS of IN news NN and CC trivia NN , , scraps VVZ of IN simple JJ amusement NN and CC basic JJ information NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT if IN all PDT the DT sausages NNS eaten VVN in IN Britain NP were VBD laid VVN end NN to TO end VV they PP would MD reach VV Australia NP . SENT Appealing VVG to TO the DT less RBR literate JJ , , they PP had VHD short JJ paragraphs NNS , , illustrations NNS and CC though RB shallow JJ , , they PP gave VVD no DT offence NN and CC were VBD often RB very RB moralising VVG in IN their PP$ answers NNS . SENT Selling VVG at IN 1 CD d SYM a DT week NN , , both CC had VHD sales NNS of IN more JJR than IN half PDT a DT million CD . SENT Harmsworth NP also RB appealed VVD to TO children NNS with IN his PP$ Comic JJ Cuts NNS and CC Chips NP , , weekly JJ half NN penny NN comics NNS which WDT remained VVD popular JJ well RB into IN the DT 20 CD th NN Century NN . SENT I PP m NN sure RB many JJ older JJR readers NNS will MD remember VV Weary NP Willie NP and CC Tired JJ Tim NP in IN Chips NPS , , and CC possibly RB the DT Comical JJ Capers NP of IN Constable NP Cuddlecock NP . SENT Looking VVG at IN my PP$ copies NNS of IN these DT comics NNS now RB , , I PP am VBP amazed VVN at IN the DT amount NN of IN reading VVG matter NN and CC how WRB they PP did VVD broaden VV the DT vocabulary NN of IN children NNS . SENT in IN one CD edition NN there RB were VBD at IN least JJS seven CD words NNS for IN laughter NN snigger NN usually RB by IN an DT unpleasant JJ character NN , , chortle VV , , chuckle VV , , titter VV , , guffaw VV , , giggle NN and CC cackle NN . SENT each DT means VVZ the DT same JJ thing NN but CC with IN a DT subtle JJ difference NN as IN to TO when WRB the DT word NN should MD be VB used VVN . SENT Apart RB from IN the DT usual JJ bubble NN speeches NNS in IN the DT pictures NNS , , there EX was VBD always RB a DT short JJ sentence NN or CC two CD beneath IN to TO explain VV the DT action NN and CC inside IN at IN least JJS 20 CD columns NNS of IN close JJ print NN of IN complete JJ stories NNS and CC serials NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Tug NN Wilson NP , , the DT Schoolboy NN Tec NP . SENT A DT more RBR serious JJ publication NN was VBD Boys NNS Own JJ Paper NP , , price NN 6 CD d SYM , , again RB twenty CD or CC more JJR pages NNS of IN close JJ print NN . SENT My PP$ copy NN has VHZ a DT serial NN by IN Talbot NP Reed NP and CC another DT by IN Jules NP Verne NP The NP Clipper NP of IN the DT Clouds NNS , , about IN a DT warship NN which WDT could MD fly VV stories NNS which WDT appealed VVD to TO the DT imagination NN and CC spirit NN of IN adventure NN . SENT In IN 1896 CD came VVD Harmsworth NP s PP Daily NP Mail NP a DT truly RB popular JJ paper NN , , again RB with IN the DT strong JJ headlines NNS , , short JJ paragraphs NNS , , and CC illustrations NNS which WDT form VVP the DT pattern NN for IN all DT papers NNS today NN . SENT Described VVN by IN Lord NP Salisbury NP as IN a DT paper NN written VVN by IN office NN boys NNS for IN office NN boys NNS , , it PP became VVD the DT largest JJS selling NN paper NN in IN Britain NP . SENT What WP of IN national JJ and CC world NN affairs NNS in IN the DT period NN . SENT In IN 1874 CD the DT Prime NP Minister NP was VBD Benjamin NP Disraeli NP and CC he PP faced VVD problems NNS only RB too RB familiar JJ to TO us PP today NN . SENT recession NN and CC unemployment NN . SENT There EX were VBD a DT number NN of IN causes NNS , , but CC the DT basics NNS were VBD that IN Britain NP was VBD no RB longer RB the DT unchallenged JJ industrial JJ power NN , , though IN she PP remained VVD the DT richest JJS and CC greatest JJS economy NN . SENT She PP now RB faced VVD competition NN from IN newly RB united VVN Germany NP , , an DT expanding VVG USA NP and CC France NP trying VVG to TO restore VV her PP$ position NN after IN defeat NN by IN Germany NP in IN 1870 CD . SENT Each DT of IN these DT countries NNS raised VVD trade NN barriers NNS against IN British JJ goods NNS while IN Britain NP continued VVD with IN her PP$ belief NN in IN total JJ freedom NN of IN trade NN . SENT Germany NP and CC the DT USA NP were VBD able JJ to TO develop VV huge JJ sources NNS of IN coal NN and CC iron NN , , using VVG the DT expertise NN that IN Britain NP had VHD been VBN a DT century NN in IN attaining VVG . SENT More RBR importantly RB , , perhaps RB , , was VBD the DT massive JJ import NN of IN cheap JJ American JJ grain NN as IN the DT Middle NP West NP was VBD opened VVN up RP . SENT Most RBS European JJ countries NNS saw VVD the DT danger NN to TO their PP$ farming NN and CC stopped VVD American JJ imports NNS . SENT Britain NP allowed VVD the DT cheap JJ grain NN to TO flood VV in IN , , so RB that IN British JJ farming NN could MD no RB longer RB compete VV . SENT The DT result NN was VBD a DT severe JJ depression NN in IN the DT countryside NN , , forcing VVG workers NNS to TO leave VV the DT country NN for IN the DT town NN , , but CC it PP also RB meant VVD much RB cheaper JJR food NN , , so RB that IN though IN there EX was VBD unemployment NN , , the DT workers NNS did VVD not RB suffer VV as IN they PP might MD have VH done VVN in IN the DT past NN . SENT Britain NP became VVD the DT only JJ country NN dependent JJ on IN imported JJ food NN . SENT she PP was VBD always RB only RB three CD months NNS from IN starvation NN and CC therefore RB , , despite IN her PP$ great JJ wealth NN , , the DT most RBS vulnerable JJ country NN in IN Europe NP . SENT Her PP$ Navy NP was VBD now RB a DT vital JJ necessity NN to TO keep VV those DT trade NN routes VVZ open JJ and CC she PP dared VVD not RB quarrel VV with IN her PP$ major JJ food NN supplier NN , , the DT USA NP . SENT What WP was VBD the DT answer NN to TO these DT new JJ circumstances NNS . SENT Disraeli NP conceived VVD the DT idea NN of IN Imperialism NN the DT building NN of IN a DT large JJ overseas JJ empire NN . SENT Britain NP already RB had VHD an DT empire NN , , but CC it PP was VBD not RB seen VVN as RB vital JJ to TO our PP$ interests NNS . SENT Canada NP , , Australia NP and CC New NP Zealand NP were VBD self NN governing VVG dominions NNS , , loyal JJ to TO Britain NP but CC having VHG little JJ real JJ contact NN with IN her PP . SENT Disraeli NP s PP plan VVP was VBD to TO establish VV an DT empire NN which WDT would MD be VB a DT market NN for IN British JJ goods NNS and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN supply NN Britain NP with IN the DT food NN and CC raw JJ materials NNS vital JJ for IN her PP$ industry NN . SENT The DT key NN to TO his PP$ plan NN was VBD to TO be VB India NP . SENT In IN 1875 CD Britain NP bought VVD a DT half NN share NN in IN the DT Suez NP Canal NP for IN 4 CD million CD , , opening VVG a DT short JJ sea NN route NN to TO India NP . SENT India NP was VBD to TO be VB a DT co NP equal JJ with IN Britain NP , , with IN its PP$ own JJ Army NP , , Navy NP and CC Civil NP Service NP , , ruled VVN by IN the DT Viceroy NN with IN an DT elected VVN parliament NN . SENT In IN 1877 CD , , much RB to TO her PP$ delight NN , , Victoria NP was VBD created VVN Empress NN of IN India NP , , the DT ruling NN princes NNS of IN India NP swearing VVG allegiance NN to TO her PP . SENT From IN India NP Britain NP would MD dominate VV the DT Far NP East NP . SENT In IN the DT 1880 CD s PP came VVD the DT Scramble NN for IN Africa NP . SENT Stanley NP s PP explorations NNS had VHD revealed VVN to TO Europe NP the DT massive JJ untapped JJ wealth NN of IN Africa NP gold NN , , diamonds NNS , , copper NN , , aluminium NN , , zinc NN . SENT Tales NNS were VBD also RB told VVN of IN the DT backwardness NN of IN the DT natives NNS , , tribal JJ wars NNS , , slavery NN , , etc FW . SENT Thus RB there EX was VBD a DT great JJ moral JJ justification NN to TO move VV in IN to TO improve VV the DT lives NNS of IN the DT people NNS , , bringing VVG them PP the DT benefits NNS of IN Western JJ civilisation NN , , and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , of IN course NN , , to TO develop VV the DT untapped JJ wealth NN waiting VVG there RB . SENT The DT drive NN for IN colonies NNS took VVD place NN peacefully RB and CC Britain NP with IN her PP$ Navy NP obtained VVD the DT lion NN s PP share VV occupying VVG huge JJ areas NNS in IN both DT East NP and CC West NP , , plus CC much RB of IN the DT South NP of IN the DT continent NN . SENT Britain NP now RB gloried VVD in IN her PP$ empire NN , , covering VVG more JJR than IN a DT quarter NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT It PP gave VVD great JJ pride NN to TO see VV huge JJ areas NNS of IN the DT map NN coloured VVD red JJ , , but CC it PP was VBD to TO lead VV to TO great JJ problems NNS in IN the DT future NN . SENT Inevitably RB , , empire NN building NN led VVN to TO wars NNS . SENT to TO go VV into IN the DT causes NNS and CC results NNS of IN all PDT these DT wars NNS would MD be VB far RB too RB much JJ for IN this DT article NN . SENT Suffice VV it PP to TO say VV that IN between IN 1874 CD and CC 1899 CD Britain NP found VVD herself PP at IN war NN with IN African JJ tribes NNS the DT Matabele NP , , the DT Zulus NN , , the DT Ashanti NP . SENT with IN the DT Dutch JJ Boers NNS of IN South NP Africa NP twice RB . SENT with IN the DT Dervishes NNS in IN the DT Sudan NP . SENT with IN Egypt NP . SENT in IN Afghanistan NP . SENT and CC numerous JJ police NN actions NNS in IN Abyssinia NP , , Nepal NP , , China NP . SENT In IN all DT of IN these DT areas NNS victory NN was VBD won VVN chiefly RB because IN of IN the DT ability NN of IN the DT Navy NP to TO bring VV pressure NN to TO bear VV anywhere RB in IN the DT world NN and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN prevent VV others NNS from IN interfering VVG . SENT Britain NP also RB was VBD in IN danger NN of IN going VVG to TO war NN with IN Russia NP , , France NP , , the DT USA NP , , and CC even RB Germany NP . SENT The DT crisis NN with IN Russia NP in IN 1878 CD brought VVD a DT new JJ word NN into IN the DT language NN Jingoism NN , , from IN a DT music NN hall NN song NN . SENT We PP don VV t NN want VVP to TO fight VV , , but CC by IN jingo NN if IN we PP do VVP , , We PP ve RB got VVD the DT ships NNS , , we PP ve RB got VVD the DT men NNS , , we PP ve RB got VVD the DT money NN too RB . SENT Germany NP had VHD always RB been VBN seen VVN as IN a DT friend NN , , Britain NP s PP traditional JJ enemies NNS being VBG France NP and CC Russia NP . SENT In IN 1880 CD Victoria NP s NN son NN in IN law NN , , the DT Emperor NN Frederick NP , , died VVD of IN cancer NN . SENT He PP loved VVD Britain NP and CC had VHD he PP lived VVN history NN might MD have VH been VBN different JJ . SENT He PP was VBD succeeded VVN by IN his PP$ son NN , , Victoria NP s PP eldest JJ grandchild NN , , William NP II NP , , who WP became VVD the DT new JJ Kaiser NP . SENT A DT complex JJ , , mercurial JJ , , man NN , , he PP had VHD a DT love NN hatred NN of IN Britain NP , , wanting VVG always RB both CC to TO emulate VV and CC to TO surpass VV her PP . SENT In IN 1896 CD he PP had VHD expressed VVN his PP$ support NN for IN the DT Boers NNS in IN their PP$ quarrel NN with IN Britain NP and CC implied VVD active JJ German JJ help NN . SENT Britain NP immediately RB put VVD a DT Flying NP Squadron NN of IN battleships NNS and CC cruisers NNS into IN the DT Atlantic NP . SENT These DT were VBD spare JJ ships NNS , , unattached JJ to TO any DT of IN her PP$ many JJ fleets NNS scattered VVN about IN the DT world NN but CC they PP were VBD stronger JJR than IN the DT Imperial NP German NP Navy NP . SENT . SENT The DT Kaiser NP was VBD humiliated VVN and CC gave VVD orders NNS to TO build VV a DT comparable JJ Navy NP for IN Germany NP . SENT In IN 1887 CD and CC 1897 CD Victoria NP had VHD celebrated VVD her PP$ Jubilees NNS , , when WRB Britain NP s PP power NN and CC wealth NN were VBD displayed VVN . SENT Her PP$ relatives NNS sat VVD on IN every DT throne NN in IN Europe NP , , her PP$ empire NN was VBD one CD on IN which WDT the DT sun NN never RB set VVD , , covering VVG more JJR than IN a DT quarter NN of IN the DT world NN , , and CC in IN 1897 CD visitors NNS to TO Portsmouth NP saw VVD her PP review VV a DT Home NP Fleet NP consisting VVG of IN more JJR than IN 30 CD miles NNS of IN warships NNS drawn VVN up RP in IN lines NNS each DT of IN which WDT was VBD more JJR than IN six CD miles NNS in IN length NN . SENT Britain NP still RB revelled VVD in IN splendid JJ isolation NN , , but CC many JJ of IN her PP$ leaders NNS were VBD realising VVG that IN though RB strong JJ and CC rich JJ we PP did VVD not RB have VH a DT friend NN in IN the DT world NN , , and CC indeed RB some DT countries NNS positively RB hated VVN us PP . SENT At IN that DT review NN in IN 1897 CD there RB appeared VVD a DT small JJ ship NN moving VVG through IN the DT fleet NN at IN more JJR than IN 30 CD knots NNS . SENT The DT Turbinia NP , , using VVG new JJ turbine NN engines NNS showed VVD the DT future NN all RB that IN mighty JJ fleet NN was VBD , , in IN fact NN , , now RB effectively RB out RB of IN date NN . SENT Britain NP s PP great JJ Naval NP lead NN over IN her PP$ rivals NNS could MD now RB be VB eliminated VVN . SENT Britain NP faced VVD the DT new JJ century NN with IN some DT misgivings NNS . SENT the DT former JJ confidence NN was VBD weakening VVG she PP would MD not RB dominate VV the DT new JJ century NN as IN she PP had VHD done VVN the DT 19 CD th NN . SENT 3 LS 1899 CD 1924 CD Top NP of IN Page NP 1899 CD and CC Christ NP Church NP was VBD 50 CD years NNS old JJ , , her PP$ longest JJS serving VVG vicar NN , , Rev NP . SENT later RBR Canon NP W NP . SENT H NP . SENT F SYM . SENT Robson NP , , was VBD fully RB in IN charge NN of IN the DT largest JJS church NN in IN the DT area NN . SENT Birkenhead NP was VBD enjoying VVG a DT period NN of IN great JJ prosperity NN , , with IN a DT booming JJ ship NN building NN industry NN . SENT By IN now RB , , the DT lovely JJ pink JJ sandstone NN with IN which WDT the DT church NN was VBD built VVN was VBD stained VVN black JJ with IN soot NN . SENT Each DT year NN more JJR than IN 8 CD tons NNS of IN soot NN fell VVD on IN the DT town NN from IN the DT innumerable JJ coal NN burning NN fires NNS , , leading VVG to TO despair NN among IN housewives NNS trying VVG to TO keep VV clothes NNS clean VV , , and CC causing VVG those DT brownish JJ yellow JJ fogs NNS which WDT persisted VVD all DT day NN in IN the DT winter NN , , but CC which WDT are VBP seldom RB seen VVN now RB . SENT Not RB for IN nothing NN was VBD bronchitis NN known VVN as IN the DT British JJ disease NN . SENT The DT period NN we PP are VBP covering VVG is VBZ one CD of IN the DT most RBS dramatic JJ in IN world NN history NN and CC I PP beg VV forgiveness NN if IN important JJ topics NNS are VBP only RB mentioned VVN briefly RB no DT matter NN how WRB fascinating JJ they PP would MD take VV far RB too RB much JJ space NN to TO describe VV them PP fully RB . SENT In IN 1899 CD , , Britain NP and CC her PP$ Empire NN were VBD at IN war NN with IN the DT Boers NNS of IN South NP Africa NP . SENT The DT causes NNS need VVP not RB concern VV us PP here RB , , but CC in IN 1899 CD the DT Boers NNS declared VVD war NN on IN Britain NP , , expecting VVG to TO be VB helped VVN by IN others NNS , , particularly RB Germany NP . SENT This DT was VBD not RB to TO be VB . SENT the DT Royal NP Navy NP ensured VVD that IN while IN Britain NP s PP armies NNS could MD move VV swiftly RB in IN strength NN to TO Africa NP , , nobody NN else RB dared VVD intervene VV . SENT It PP was VBD thought VVN that IN the DT war NN would MD be VB over RB quickly RB . SENT indeed RB , , when WRB the DT last JJ of IN the DT major JJ Boer NP armies NNS was VBD defeated VVN and CC Mafeking NP was VBD relieved VVN in IN May NP 1900 CD , , there EX was VBD an DT outburst NN of IN celebrations NNS unprecedented JJ in IN our PP$ history NN . SENT But CC the DT war NN continued VVD for IN another DT two CD years NNS . SENT the DT Boers NNS formed VVD small JJ armed JJ groups NNS or CC commandos NNS which WDT raided VVD British JJ supply NN lines NNS then RB disappeared VVD into IN the DT country NN , , living VVG off RP the DT farms NNS in IN the DT area NN . SENT Only RB by IN clearing VVG the DT countryside NN of IN all DT people NNS and CC destroying VVG the DT farms NNS was VBD Sir NP Herbert NP Kitchener NP able JJ to TO force VV their PP$ eventual JJ surrender NN . SENT The DT displaced VVN people NNS were VBD put VVN into IN hastily RB established VVN concentration NN camps NNS , , where WRB poor JJ water NN supplies NNS and CC sanitation NN led VVN to TO the DT deaths NNS of IN thousands NNS of IN old JJ people NNS and CC children NNS , , blackening VVG Britain NP s PP name VVP throughout IN the DT world NN . SENT It PP is VBZ to TO the DT credit NN of IN Britain NP that IN when WRB the DT facts NNS became VVD known VVN she PP tried VVD to TO make VV amends NN in IN the DT peace NN treaty NN the DT Boers NNS were VBD given VVN full JJ self NN government NN within IN the DT Empire NP and CC Britain NP paid VVD compensation NN for IN the DT damage NN to TO their PP$ farms NNS caused VVN by IN the DT war NN the DT first JJ time NN that IN victors NNS had VHD given VVN the DT defeated VVN all DT they PP desired VVN , , and CC paid VVD them PP for IN their PP$ losses NNS . SENT The DT result NN was VBD that IN the DT Boer NP leaders NNS , , Botha NP and CC Smuts NNS , , both CC became VVD loyal JJ servants NNS of IN the DT Empire NN , , giving VVG staunch JJ support NN to TO Britain NP in IN two CD world NN wars NNS . SENT Another DT effect NN of IN the DT war NN was VBD that IN the DT campaigns NNS were VBD carried VVN out RP chiefly RB by IN the DT cavalry NN , , so RB that IN cavalry NN officers NNS won NN promotion NN Generals NPS French NP , , Haig NP , , Allenby NP and CC others NNS were VBD to TO be VB Britain NP s PP leaders NNS in IN the DT Great NP War NP , , which WDT was VBD entirely RB an DT artillery NN and CC infantry NN war NN . SENT Another DT aspect NN of IN the DT war NN was VBD that IN Germany NP felt VVD humiliated VVN by IN her PP$ inability NN to TO help VV and CC began VVD the DT building NN of IN a DT High NP Seas NNS Fleet NP as IN a DT direct JJ challenge NN to TO the DT Royal NP Navy NP . SENT Britain NP realised VVD that IN not RB only RB did VVD she PP have VHP few JJ friends NNS in IN the DT world NN , , but CC also RB that IN some DT were VBD undoubted JJ enemies NNS . SENT For IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN her PP$ history NN she PP began VVD to TO seek VV friends NNS and CC allies NNS in IN peacetime NN . SENT There EX was VBD little JJ danger NN from IN the DT German NP Kaiser NP so RB long RB as IN his PP$ Grandmother NN , , Queen NP Victoria NP , , reigned VVD . SENT For IN more JJR than IN 60 CD years NNS the DT Grandmother NN of IN Europe NP had VHD controlled VVN her PP$ numerous JJ relations NNS , , ensuring VVG that IN no DT matter NN what WP their PP$ quarrels NNS they PP would MD live VV in IN peace NN . SENT The DT Kaiser NP genuinely RB adored VVD his PP$ grandmother NN and CC respected VVD her PP . SENT for IN her PP$ part NN , , she PP understood VVD him PP and CC knew VVD how WRB to TO control VV his PP$ mercurial JJ character NN . SENT By IN 1900 CD , , though RB , , she PP was VBD an DT old JJ lady NN . SENT In IN the DT Spring NN she PP visited VVD Ireland NP and CC insisted VVD on IN driving VVG without IN escort NN through IN Dublin NP , , cheered VVN by IN loyal JJ crowds NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ one CD of IN the DT tragedies NNS of IN Ireland NP that WDT had VHD Home NP Rule NP been VBN granted VVN the DT very RB real JJ love NN and CC loyalty NN of IN the DT Irish NP would MD surely RB have VH been VBN preserved VVN . SENT By IN forcing VVG them PP to TO fight VV for IN their PP$ freedom NN the DT stage NN was VBD set VVN for IN the DT tragedies NNS with IN which WDT we PP are VBP all RB too RB familiar JJ . SENT To TO underline VV their PP$ loyalty NN , , Victoria NP created VVD a DT new JJ Guards NNS Regiment NN , , the DT 4 CD th NN or CC Irish JJ Guards NNS , , drawing VVG a DT major JJ part NN of IN their PP$ numbers NNS from IN the DT South NP , , and CC I PP know VVP from IN personal JJ experience NN that WDT most JJS of IN that DT Regiment NN was VBD from IN the DT Catholic NP South NP rather RB than IN the DT Protestant JJ North NP , , and CC they PP are VBP among IN the DT most RBS loyal JJ to TO the DT British NP Crown NP . SENT In IN the DT Summer NPS of IN 1900 CD , , Victoria NP heard VVD that IN her PP$ eldest JJ daughter NN , , the DT Dowager NN Empress NN of IN Germany NP , , was VBD dying VVG of IN cancer NN , , as RB was VBD her PP$ son NN , , Alfred NP , , Duke NP of IN Edinburgh NP , , and CC she PP seemed VVD to TO lose VV the DT will NN to TO live VV . SENT She PP continued VVD to TO do VV her PP$ duty NN , , but CC her PP$ ministers NNS could MD see VV her PP$ decline NN . SENT On IN January NP 13 CD th NN 1901 CD she PP made VVD her PP$ last JJ entry NN in IN her PP$ diary NN . SENT Had VHD a DT fair JJ night NN but CC was VBD a DT little RB wakeful JJ . SENT Rested VVD , , signed VVD some DT papers NNS , , dictated VVD some DT letters NNS . SENT There EX were VBD no RB more JJR entries NNS . SENT Her PP$ children NNS were VBD summoned VVN to TO Osborne NP and CC the DT Kaiser NP hurried VVN over IN from IN Germany NP . SENT The DT great JJ Queen NP was VBD dying VVG . SENT Telegrams NNS came VVD from IN every DT world NN leader NN , , including VVG her PP$ enemy NN , , Boer NP leader NN Paul NP Kruger NP . SENT On IN Sunday NP , , 22 CD nd NN January NP , , at IN 6 CD . SENT 30 CD in IN the DT evening NN , , Victoria NP died VVD in IN the DT arms NNS of IN her PP$ grandson NN , , the DT Emperor NN of IN Germany NP . SENT The DT longest JJS reign NN in IN British JJ history NN had VHD ended VVN . SENT she PP had VHD seen VVN power NN pass NN from IN the DT great JJ landowners NNS to TO the DT votes NNS of IN the DT people NNS , , her PP$ country NN was VBD the DT richest JJS and CC most RBS powerful JJ in IN the DT world NN , , her PP$ Empire NN was VBD the DT greatest JJS in IN history NN and CC its PP$ like JJ will MD never RB be VB seen VVN again RB . SENT The DT adjective NN Victorian JJ is VBZ used VVN in IN every DT country NN to TO imply VV genteel JJ , , perhaps RB somewhat RB stuffy JJ , , gentility NN , , but CC on IN which WDT many JJ look NN back RB with IN some DT nostalgia NN for IN being VBG a DT more RBR dignified JJ and CC peaceful JJ time NN . SENT At IN the DT end NN , , Victoria NP was VBD revered VVN by IN her PP$ people NNS , , her PP$ birthday NN , , 24 CD th NN May NP , , being VBG remembered VVN as IN Empire NP Day NP a DT holiday NN to TO be VB celebrated JJ and CC enjoyed VVN by IN children NNS up RB until IN 1939 CD . SENT Do VV any DT of IN my PP$ older JJR readers NNS ever RB remember VVP rain NN on IN Empire NP Day NP . SENT The DT new JJ King NP , , Edward NP VII NP , , Teddy NP to TO his PP$ subjects NNS , , was VBD popular JJ with IN the DT people NNS , , but CC not RB with IN his PP$ Imperial NP nephew NN . SENT Britain NP s PP attempts VVZ to TO reach VV an DT understanding NN with IN Germany NP to TO control VV the DT Navy NP Race NP which WDT was VBD developing VVG , , failed VVD . SENT Bismarck NP , , had VHD he PP lived VVD , , would MD have VH welcomed VVN any DT agreement NN with IN Britain NP . SENT He PP did VVD not RB fear VV her PP$ army NN If IN it PP lands NNS in IN Europe NP , , I PP shall MD send VV a DT policeman NN to TO arrest VV it PP . SENT , , but CC he PP did VVD fear VV her PP$ navy NN , , her PP$ Empire NN , , and CC the DT fact NN that IN she PP had VHD the DT same JJ language NN , , customs NNS and CC democratic JJ government NN as IN the DT USA NP , , and CC therefore RB the DT two CD were VBD potential JJ allies NNS . SENT He PP also RB saw VVD that IN to TO antagonise VV Britain NP must MD bring VV her PP closer JJR to TO Germany NP s PP enemy NN , , France NP . SENT In IN 1904 CD , , his PP$ warnings NNS ignored VVD , , his PP$ fears NNS were VBD realised VVN when WRB Britain NP signed VVD an DT Entente NN Cordiale NP a DT Friendly NP Understanding NN with IN her PP$ former JJ enemy NN , , France NP . SENT It PP was VBD not RB an DT alliance NN , , but CC over IN the DT years NNS , , owing VVG to TO the DT Kaiser NP s PP clumsy JJ diplomacy NN , , the DT friendship NN strengthened VVD to TO become VV an DT unspoken JJ alliance NN . SENT In IN 1907 CD , , a DT similar JJ agreement NN was VBD made VVN with IN Germany NP s PP other JJ enemy NN , , Russia NP , , once RB Britain NP s VVZ greatest JJS enemy NN . SENT The DT Kaiser NP blamed VVD his PP$ Uncle NP Edward NP for IN this DT , , claiming VVG that IN Britain NP was VBD surrounding VVG Germany NP with IN naval JJ and CC military JJ alliances NNS , , and CC this DT caused VVD him PP to TO exert VV even RB greater JJR efforts NNS to TO out RB build VV Britain NP s PP fleet NN . SENT The DT Navy NP Race NP which WDT developed VVD cost NN both CC countries NNS millions NNS it PP certainly RB brought VVD prosperity NN to TO the DT workers NNS in IN shipyards NNS and CC steelworks NNS , , but CC it PP also RB meant VVD less RBR spent VVN on IN social JJ reform NN , , which WDT was VBD the DT great JJ aim NN of IN Asquith NP , , Lloyd NP George NP and CC Churchill NP in IN the DT Liberal JJ Government NN of IN the DT day NN . SENT In IN 1906 CD , , Britain NP launched VVD a DT new JJ battleship NN , , the DT Dreadnought NN , , faster JJR , , heavier JJR and CC more RBR heavily RB armed VVN than IN any DT other JJ warship NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT On IN its PP$ own JJ , , it PP could MD out RB shoot VV and CC out RB run VV all DT of IN the DT German JJ navy NN . SENT Germany NP was VBD forced VVN to TO accept VV that IN every DT ship NN she PP had VHD built VVN over IN the DT past JJ seven CD years NNS was VBD out RP of IN date NN . SENT But CC so RB too RB was VBD the DT mighty JJ Royal NP Navy NP . SENT Both DT countries NNS were VBD now RB starting VVG again RB . SENT It PP led VVD , , in IN 1909 CD , , to TO the DT great JJ naval JJ scare NN that IN Germany NP might MD out RB build VV Britain NP and CC would MD dominate VV at IN sea NN as IN she PP did VVD on IN land NN . SENT As IN Churchill NP later RBR described VVD it PP . SENT The DT Admiralty NP asked VVD for IN six CD ships NNS , , the DT Government NN offered VVD four CD , , so RB they PP compromised VVN on IN eight CD . SENT By IN now RB , , Britain NP was VBD building VVG twice RB as IN many JJ ships NNS each DT year NN as IN Germany NP , , and CC by IN now RB , , too RB , , the DT Super NP Dreadnought NN was VBD being VBG built VVN ships NNS with IN massive JJ armament NN , , which WDT would MD still RB be VB in IN formidable JJ use NN in IN the DT Korean JJ War NN in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP . SENT Germany NP had VHD effectively RB lost VVN the DT Navy NP Race NP , , but CC in IN competing VVG , , the DT two CD countries NNS became VVD bitter JJ enemies NNS . SENT This DT enmity NN was VBD exacerbated VVN by IN the DT Northcliffe NP press NN . SENT Harmsworth NP now RB Lord NP Northcliffe NP owned VVD the DT Daily NP Mail NP , , The DT Sketch NN , , the DT newly RB launched VVN Daily NP Mirror NP , , TheTimes NP , , and CC The DT Observer NP . SENT He PP was VBD the DT Rupert NP Murdoch NP of IN his PP$ day NN , , stirring VVG up RP anti JJ German JJ feeling NN among IN his PP$ readers NNS . SENT His PP$ warning NN was VBD that IN there EX were VBD thousands NNS of IN trained JJ German JJ soldiers NNS in IN Britain NP , , with IN hidden JJ arms NNS , , ready JJ to TO act VV when WRB the DT German JJ army NN , , guarded VVN by IN its PP$ fleet NN , , fell VVD on IN British JJ shores NNS . SENT This DT secret JJ army NN , , he PP declared VVD , , was VBD employed VVN as IN waiters NNS , , tailors NNS , , etc FW , , in IN every DT town NN and CC city NN . SENT Refuse VVP to TO be VB served VVN by IN a DT German JJ waiter NN . SENT he PP thundered VVD , , and CC if IN he PP claims VVZ to TO be VB Swiss JJ , , demand VVP to TO see VV his PP$ passport NN . SENT The DT prospect NN of IN demanding VVG to TO see VV a DT waiter NN s PP passport NN is VBZ ludicrous JJ in IN the DT extreme NN , , but CC the DT insidious JJ message NN was VBD put VVN across IN there EX would MD be VB a DT war NN and CC Germany NP would MD be VB the DT enemy NN . SENT Patriotism NN , , which WDT is VBZ love NN for IN one CD s PP own JJ country NN , , was VBD being VBG replaced VVN by IN Nationalism NN , , which WDT is VBZ hatred NN of IN other JJ countries NNS . SENT National JJ pride NN showed VVD itself PP in IN other JJ areas NNS , , particularly RB in IN the DT new JJ Atlantic NP liners NNS . SENT The DT ship NN which WDT crossed VVD the DT Atlantic NP in IN the DT shortest JJS time NN would MD hold VV the DT coveted JJ Blue JJ Riband NN . SENT Both DT Britain NP and CC Germany NP were VBD in IN competition NN . SENT Companies NNS aimed VVN to TO have VH two CD or CC three CD great JJ ships NNS doing VVG weekly JJ crossings NNS , , following VVG a DT regular JJ timetable NN . SENT The DT Germans NPS built VVD the DT Kaiser NP Wilhelm NP II NP to TO wrest VV the DT Blue JJ Riband NN from IN Cunard NP , , which WDT had VHD held VVN it PP for IN many JJ years NNS . SENT With IN its PP$ sister JJ ship NN , , Kronprinz NP Wilhelm NP , , they PP had VHD two CD floating JJ palaces NNS , , unrivalled JJ for IN luxury NN until IN Cunard NP replied VVD with IN the DT Mauritania NP and CC its PP$ sister NN the DT Lusitania NP . SENT Mauritania NP won VVD back RB the DT record NN and CC was VBD to TO hold VV it PP until IN the DT 1920 CD s PP , , when WRB the DT race NN began VVD again RB . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN the DT great JJ White NP Star NP liners NNS Titanic JJ and CC Olympic NP might MD have VH won VVN the DT race NN , , but CC the DT tragedy NN of IN the DT Titanic JJ in IN 1912 CD , , when WRB the DT suspicion NN is VBZ that IN she PP was VBD trying VVG to TO break VV the DT record NN , , put VVD an DT end NN to TO their PP$ challenge NN . SENT So RB often RB , , in IN history NN books NNS or CC social JJ histories NNS of IN these DT time NN , , the DT Edwardian JJ Age NP is VBZ shown VVN as IN a DT time NN of IN peace NN , , harmony NN and CC glorious JJ summers NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ far RB from IN the DT truth NN , , there EX was VBD tension NN in IN the DT air NN and CC as RB always RB this DT was VBD reflected VVN by IN artists NNS , , poets NNS and CC composers NNS these DT people NNS seemed VVD to TO connect VV with IN the DT underlying JJ fears NNS and CC worries NNS of IN the DT age NN . SENT Paintings NNS showed VVD scenes NNS of IN chaos NN , , Picasso NP and CC Braque NP were VBD overturning VVG the DT chocolate JJ box NN image NN favoured VVN by IN so RB many JJ artists NNS . SENT listen VV to TO Holst NP s PP Planet NP Suite NP and CC hear VV the DT sheer JJ menace NN in IN Mars NP Bringer NN of IN War NP . SENT in IN 1913 CD , , Diaghilev NP s PP Ballet NP Russe NP premiered VVD a DT ballet NN by IN a DT young JJ Russian JJ composer NN , , Igor NP Stravinsky NP , , The DT Rite NN of IN Spring NP where WRB the DT beauty NN and CC hope NN of IN Spring NP is VBZ sacrificed VVN , , in IN the DT guise NN of IN a DT beautiful JJ virgin JJ , , to TO the DT old JJ . SENT This DT was VBD not RB the DT classical JJ ballet NN of IN Swan NP Lake NP or CC Sleeping NP Beauty NP with IN their PP$ wonderful JJ melodies NNS . SENT here RB , , there EX were VBD discordant JJ rhythms NNS , , full JJ of IN violence NN and CC dissonance NN , , this DT was VBD not RB ballet NN , , it PP was VBD revolution NN . SENT The DT audience NN erupted VVD in IN howls NNS of IN derision NN , , patrons NNS were VBD ejected VVN but CC the DT performance NN carried VVD on IN the DT death NN of IN one CD young JJ maiden NN seemed VVD to TO foretell VV the DT death NN of IN youth NN and CC beauty NN , , and CC many RB did VVD not RB want VV to TO face VV such PDT a DT prospect NN . SENT The DT painter NN , , Ludwig NP Meidner NP in IN Germany NP painted VVD a DT Berlin JJ being VBG destroyed VVN by IN huge JJ guns NNS fired VVN by IN German JJ soldiers NNS , , the DT people NNS seemingly RB helpless JJ before IN their PP$ inevitable JJ fate NN . SENT For IN young JJ people NNS , , too RB , , there EX was VBD a DT new JJ music NN from IN America NP came VVD Ragtime NN with IN its PP$ syncopated VVN rhythms NNS very RB different JJ from IN the DT traditional JJ music NN of IN Europe NP . SENT This DT fever NN was VBD most RBS apparent JJ in IN Germany NP , , the DT country NN which WDT was VBD now RB the DT leading JJ Industrial NP power NN in IN Europe NP Germany NP led VVD the DT world NN in IN steel NN production NN , , in IN chemistry NN , , in IN engineering NN , , but CC all PDT the DT great JJ wealth NN was VBD given VVN to TO an DT almost RB feudal JJ state NN where WRB all DT power NN was VBD concentrated VVN in IN the DT hands NNS of IN one CD man NN the DT erratic JJ and CC unstable JJ Kaiser NP the DT people NNS who WP created VVD the DT wealth NN had VHD no DT say VVP in IN how WRB it PP was VBD to TO be VB spent VVN . SENT In IN 1912 CD , , the DT largest JJS and CC most RBS revolutionary JJ Social NP and CC Democratic NP Party NP in IN Europe NP won VVD the DT greatest JJS number NN of IN seats NNS in IN the DT Reichstag NP , , the DT German JJ parliament NN but CC it PP had VHD no DT power NN to TO assert VV its PP$ authority NN . SENT at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT Kaiser NP s PP birthday NN was VBD celebrated JJ with IN a DT massive JJ parade NN of IN the DT most RBS powerful JJ and CC reactionary JJ military JJ caste NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT Such PDT an DT unstable JJ mixture NN was VBD certain JJ to TO produce VV an DT explosion NN , , and CC when WRB Germany NP , , at IN the DT heart NN of IN Europe NP , , is VBZ unstable JJ , , then RB all RB of IN Europe NP begins VVZ to TO feel VV uneasy JJ . SENT In IN the DT years NNS before IN 1914 CD , , there EX were VBD many JJ crises NNS , , each DT one NN of IN which WDT could MD have VH led VVN to TO war NN . SENT In IN 1905 CD , , Germany NP challenged VVD France NP over IN Morocco NP , , but CC Britain NP supported VVD France NP . SENT in IN 1911 CD , , another DT quarrel NN over IN Morocco NP saw VVD a DT strong JJ warning NN to TO Germany NP from IN Britain NP and CC once RB again RB Germany NP was VBD forced VVN to TO retreat VV . SENT In IN 1909 CD , , troubles NNS in IN the DT Balkans NP saw VVD Germany NP , , Austria NP and CC Russia NP at IN odds NNS . SENT Bismarck NP had VHD always RB seen VVN this DT area NN as IN the DT chief JJ cause NN of IN trouble NN a DT weakened VVN Turkey NP was VBD losing VVG control NN of IN her PP$ Balkan JJ empire NN , , and CC the DT Slavs NNS of IN the DT area NN took VVD advantage NN to TO take VV their PP$ freedom NN . SENT The DT problem NN was VBD that IN though IN they PP hated VVN the DT Turks NPS they PP hated VVN each DT other JJ more RBR the DT Catholic NP Croats NNS were VBD at IN odds NNS with IN their PP$ Orthodox NP Serb NP neighbours NNS and CC with IN Moslems NPS from IN Bosnia NP . SENT equally RB , , Serbia NP , , the DT most RBS warlike JJ of IN the DT countries NNS , , had VHD ambitions NNS to TO unite VV all PDT the DT Slavs NNS of IN the DT area NN under IN her PP$ rule NN and CC to TO reach VV the DT sea NN via IN Bosnia NP or CC through IN Albania NP , , and CC form VV the DT state NN of IN Yugoslavia NP , , the DT Southern NP Slavs NNS . SENT This DT would MD mean VV that IN she PP would MD include VV the DT hated VVN and CC despisd JJ Moslems NNS in IN her PP$ country NN . SENT Russia NP supported VVD Serbia NP s PP ambitions NNS , , Austria NP wanted VVD to TO keep VV Serbia NN under IN control NN , , and CC as IN Turkey NP retreated VVD Austria NP had VHD ambitions NNS to TO advance VV into IN her PP$ territories NNS . SENT Germany NP was VBD the DT close JJ ally NN of IN Austria NP , , France NP was VBD the DT close JJ ally NN of IN Russia NP each DT was VBD bound VVN to TO help VV its PP$ ally NN in IN the DT event NN of IN war NN . SENT Because IN of IN the DT Navy NP Race NP , , Britain NP was VBD reluctantly RB being VBG drawn VVN in IN to TO the DT system NN . SENT In IN 1909 CD , , in IN 1912 CD , , and CC again RB in IN 1913 CD , , Balkan JJ problems NNS led VVD Europe NP to TO the DT brink NN . SENT Each DT time NN , , war NN was VBD avoided VVN as IN diplomats NNS worked VVN out IN a DT face NN saving NN agreement NN , , and CC it PP was VBD confidently RB expected VVN that IN this DT would MD always RB be VB the DT case NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , when WRB 1914 NP came VVD there EX seemed VVD greater JJR harmony NN among IN the DT powers NNS than IN at IN any DT time NN in IN the DT past JJ five CD years NNS . SENT What WP of IN life NN in IN Britain NP at IN this DT time NN . SENT Cars NNS were VBD beginning VVG to TO appear VV in IN greater JJR numbers NNS . SENT By IN 1910 CD , , more JJR than IN 100 CD , , 000 CD licences NNS were VBD issued VVN cost NN 1 CD from IN any DT post NN office NN , , no DT driving NN test NN needed VVD . SENT The DT Rolls NP Royce NP Silver NP Ghost NN had VHD appeared VVN in IN 1908 CD , , setting VVG a DT new JJ standard NN of IN engineering NN excellence NN , , but CC the DT market NN was VBD dominated VVN by IN Henry NP Ford NP s PP Model NP T NN a DT quarter NN of IN all DT cars NNS built VVN in IN Britain NP by IN his PP$ company NN . SENT The DT only JJ British JJ challenge NN to TO his PP$ cheap JJ car NN came VVD from IN William NP Morris NP , , whose WP$ bull NN nosed VVD Morris NP Oxford NP was VBD coming VVG into IN production NN as IN war NN broke VVD out RP . SENT Most RBS British JJ cars NNS were VBD for IN the DT richer JJR market NN Armstrong NP Siddely NP , , Daimler NP , , Vauxhall NP , , Napier NP famous JJ names NNS , , many JJ now RB long RB gone VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ interesting JJ to TO learn VV that IN in IN these DT years NNS it PP was VBD possible JJ to TO buy VV an DT aeroplane NN in IN DIY NN kit NN form NN at IN a DT cheaper JJR price NN than IN a DT car NN . SENT When WRB the DT Wright NP Brothers NPS flew VVD for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN 1903 CD , , enthusiasts NNS world NN wide RB experimented VVN with IN their PP$ own JJ aeroplane NN designs NNS . SENT The DT Daily NP Mail NP encouraged VVD this DT by IN offering VVG cash NN prizes NNS for IN pioneer NN flights NNS . SENT In IN 1909 CD , , the DT prize NN of IN 1 CD , , 000 CD for IN the DT first JJ crossing VVG of IN the DT Channel NP was VBD won VVN by IN Louis NP Bleriot NP of IN France NP . SENT The DT Daily RB Graphic JJ of IN the DT time NN noted VVD with IN foreboding NN . SENT A DT machine NN which WDT can MD fly VV from IN Calais NP to TO Dover NP is VBZ not RB a DT toy NN but CC an DT instrument NN of IN warfare NN of IN which WDT soldiers NNS and CC statesmen NNS must MD take VV account NN . SENT Britain NP s PP Navy NP was VBD no RB longer RB the DT guaranteed JJ defence NN against IN attack NN . SENT The DT writer NN H NN . SENT G NP . SENT Wells NP wrote VVD a DT novel NN which WDT told VVD of IN a DT plane NN dropping VVG what WP he PP called VVD an DT Atom NN Bomb NN , , where WRB the DT potential JJ energy NN of IN the DT atom NN was VBD released VVN to TO destroy VV a DT city NN from IN the DT air NN and CC against IN which WDT there EX was VBD no DT defence NN . SENT The DT book NN was VBD not RB one CD of IN his PP$ best JJS sellers NNS . SENT The DT early JJ fliers NNS were VBD true JJ pioneers NNS . SENT an DT account NN from IN 1914 CD tells VVZ of IN a DT young JJ man NN sitting VVG on IN the DT wing NN of IN a DT bi NP plane NN with IN a DT rolled VVN up RP parachute NN on IN his PP$ lap NN . SENT His PP$ theory NN was VBD that IN it PP would MD open VV and CC he PP would MD drift VV down RB to TO earth NN in IN safety NN , , but CC the DT only JJ way NN to TO test VV it PP was VBD to TO leap VV into IN space NN which WDT he PP duly RB did VVD and CC proved VVD his PP$ theory NN to TO be VB correct JJ . SENT Other JJ events NNS during IN these DT pre NP war NN years NNS . SENT in IN 1910 CD came VVD the DT arrest NN , , trial NN and CC execution NN of IN Dr NP . SENT Crippen NP . SENT It PP is VBZ remarkable JJ inasmuch RB that RB had VHD it PP occurred VVD a DT few JJ years NNS earlier RB he PP would MD probably RB have VH escaped VVN . SENT He PP was VBD caught VVN because IN of IN the DT new JJ invention NN of IN wireless NN telegraphy NN . SENT The DT Captain NP of IN the DT Montrose NP on IN which WDT Crippen NP and CC his PP$ lover NN , , Ethel NP Le NP Neve NP , , were VBD travelling VVG was VBD able JJ to TO receive VV messages NNS and CC send VV them PP , , confirming VVG that IN the DT wanted JJ pair NN were VBD aboard IN his PP$ ship NN , , hoping VVG to TO reach VV USA NP under IN assumed JJ names NNS . SENT Once RB there RB , , they PP could MD have VH disappeared VVN on IN the DT continent NN of IN America NP . SENT Instead RB , , they PP were VBD arrested VVN before IN they PP landed VVD and CC were VBD returned VVN to TO Britain NP . SENT Ethel NP Le NP Neve NP was VBD found VVN not RB guilty JJ and CC lived VVD the DT rest NN of IN her PP$ life NN quietly RB in IN London NP , , dying VVG in IN 1967 CD . SENT Radio NN was VBD also RB a DT factor NN in IN the DT loss NN of IN the DT Titanic JJ when WRB , , for IN the DT first JJ time NN , , the DT new JJ international JJ distress NN call NN of IN SOS NP was VBD used VVN . SENT but CC help NN came VVD too RB late JJ for IN most RBS on IN board NN . SENT In IN 1912 CD , , also RB , , came VVD the DT failure NN of IN Scott NP s PP expedition NN to TO be VB the DT first JJ to TO reach VV the DT South JJ Pole NN . SENT Lauded VVN as IN a DT hero NN , , in IN fact NN he PP foolishly RB ignored VVD advice NN to TO use VV dogs NNS to TO pull VV his PP$ sledges NNS , , preferring VVG horses NNS which WDT needed VVD considerable JJ amounts NNS of IN food NN and CC were VBD in IN no DT way NN suitable JJ for IN Antarctic JJ travel NN . SENT It PP seemed VVD that IN Britain NP was VBD becoming VVG the DT home NN of IN glorious JJ failures NNS . SENT The DT theatre NN flourished VVD , , though IN most JJS people NNS preferred VVD the DT light JJ comedies NNS of IN Barrie NP and CC others NNS to TO the DT more RBR serious JJ plays NNS . SENT Nevertheless RB , , plays VVZ by IN Shaw NP , , Galsworthy NP and CC Conrad NP drew VVD the DT crowds NNS Shaw NP s PP Pygmalion NP causing VVG outrage NN and CC scandal NN by IN the DT use NN of IN the DT word NN bloody JJ . SENT Thousands NNS flocked VVD to TO enjoy VV being VBG scandalised VVN by IN that DT one CD word NN . SENT More RBR popular JJ still RB was VBD the DT Music NP Hall NP and CC Birkenhead NP s PP Argyle NP Theatre NP was VBD one CD of IN the DT most RBS influential JJ . SENT Its PP$ owner NN , , Tom NP Clarke NP , , recognised VVD the DT talent NN of IN a DT young JJ Scottish JJ singer NN and CC contracted VVD him PP to TO appear VV each DT year NN during IN Grand NP National NP week NN for IN 5 CD a DT week NN . SENT The DT singer NN was VBD Harry NP Lauder NP and CC within IN two CD years NNS he PP was VBD commanding VVG fees NNS of IN more JJR than IN 200 CD a DT week NN . SENT Clarke NP kept VVD him PP to TO his PP$ contract NN despite IN Lauder NP s PP attempts VVZ to TO escape VV . SENT My PP$ father NN , , a DT teenager NN at IN this DT time NN , , told VVD of IN a DT good JJ night NN out IN for IN 6 CD d SYM 2 CD . SENT 5 CD p NN 2 CD d SYM for IN a DT cheap JJ seat NN in IN the DT gods NNS , , 1 CD d SYM for IN four CD oranges NNS no DT ice NN creams NNS in IN those DT days NNS , , 1 CD d SYM for IN five CD Woodbines NNS , , and CC on IN the DT way NN home NN 1 CD d SYM for IN chips NNS and CC 1 CD d SYM for IN fish NN . SENT The DT cinema NN was VBD increasingly RB becoming VVG the DT new JJ entertainment NN early JJ films NNS were VBD simple JJ one CD or CC two CD reels NNS of IN madcap JJ comedy NN Chaplin NP and CC Stan NP Laurel NP had VHD already RB taken VVN their PP$ genius NN to TO the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , but CC films NNS such JJ as IN The DT Great NP Train NP Robbery NN and CC Birth NN of IN a DT Nation NN showed VVD that IN more JJR serious JJ stories NNS of IN high JJ drama NN could MD be VB attempted VVN . SENT Birkenhead NP s PP first JJ cinema NN was VBD a DT converted JJ music NN hall NN , , The DT Claughton NP , , later RBR the DT Astor NP , , at IN the DT corner NN of IN Exmouth NP Street NP and CC Claughton NP Road NP . SENT For IN young JJ people NNS , , particularly RB boys NNS , , in IN 1908 CD appeared VVD an DT anti JJ hero NN who WP came VVD to TO dominate VV the DT magazine NN he PP appeared VVD in IN Frank NP Richard NP s PP Magnet NN and CC the DT stories NNS of IN Greyfriars NP School NP . SENT The DT heroes NNS , , Harry NP Wharton NP , , Frank NP Nugent NP and CC others NNS paled VVD before IN the DT lazy JJ , , greedy JJ , , stupid JJ William NP George NP Bunter NP . SENT Billy NP Bunter NP , , with IN his PP$ Crikey NP , , I PP say VVP you PP fellows NNS , , I NN m NN expecting VVG a DT postal JJ order NN , , etc FW . SENT , , passed VVN into IN English JJ literature NN . SENT In IN 1908 CD , , the DT Olympic NP Games NPS were VBD held VVN at IN the DT White NP City NP in IN London NP , , and CC in IN those DT truly RB amateur JJ days NNS Britain NP could MD more RBR than IN hold VV her PP own JJ she PP won VVD 56 CD Gold NN medals NNS , , plus CC a DT great JJ many JJ silver NN and CC bronze NN . SENT the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT came VVD second JJ with IN a DT mere JJ 22 CD . SENT The DT Games NPS were VBD noteworthy JJ for IN the DT marathon NN , , which WDT was VBD extended VVN from IN 26 CD miles NNS to TO 26 CD miles NNS 385 CD yards NNS , , so RB that IN the DT finish NN would MD be VB at IN the DT Royal NP Box NP the DT distance NN has VHZ remained VVN unchanged JJ . SENT Britain NP no RB longer RB seemed VVD to TO produce VV heavyweight JJ champions NNS of IN the DT world NN . SENT Our PP$ last JJ home NN grown VVN world NN heavy JJ weight NN champion NN was VBD Bob NP Fitzsimmons NP , , a DT Cornishman NP who WP also RB held VVD the DT world NN Middle NN weight NN and CC light JJ heavyweight JJ titles NNS he PP had VHD taken VVN the DT championship NN from IN Gentleman NN Jim NP Corbet NP at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 19 CD th NN Century NN . SENT The DT British JJ champion NN in IN 1914 CD was VBD a DT handsome JJ but CC rather RB muscle NN bound JJ boxer NN , , Bombardier NP Billy NP Wells NP , , better RBR known VVN to TO many JJ , , perhaps RB , , as IN the DT muscular JJ athlete NN beating VVG the DT gong NN for IN so RB many JJ J NP . SENT Arthur NP Rank NP films NNS in IN the DT 1940 CD s PP and CC 50 CD s VVZ his PP$ hobby NN was VBD knitting VVG . SENT In IN 1905 CD , , there EX was VBD a DT sensation NN when WRB a DT footballer NN was VBD transferred VVN from IN Middlesborough NP to TO Sunderland NP for IN 1 CD , , 000 CD football NN was VBD now RB the DT most RBS popular JJ spectator NN sport NN in IN the DT country NN , , drawing VVG crowds NNS of IN thousands NNS . SENT Perhaps RB the DT most RBS outstanding JJ phenomenon NN before IN the DT Great NP War NP was VBD the DT beginning NN of IN the DT militant JJ Suffragettes NNS . SENT Women NNS were VBD increasingly RB employed VVN in IN industry NN , , teaching NN , , offices NNS , , and CC even RB in IN medicine NN . SENT They PP were VBD still RB seen VVN , , though RB , , as IN totally RB dependent JJ on IN men NNS . SENT no DT woman NN was VBD allowed VVN to TO continue VV working VVG once IN she PP was VBD married VVN her PP$ task NN then RB was VBD to TO manage VV the DT home NN and CC raise VV the DT children NNS . SENT But CC they PP were VBD now RB increasingly RB becoming VVG taxpayers NNS and CC therefore RB demanded VVD the DT vote NN . SENT Peaceful JJ petitions NNS were VBD simply RB ignored VVN , , so IN Mrs NN Emmeline NP Pankhurst NP and CC her PP$ daughters NNS Sylvia NP and CC Christabel NP formed VVD the DT Women NP s PP Social NP and CC Political NP Union NP the DT WSPU NP , , with IN its PP$ colours NNS of IN purple JJ , , green JJ and CC grey JJ . SENT In IN 1908 CD they PP began VVD a DT period NN of IN militant JJ action NN , , demanding VVG the DT right NN to TO be VB heard VVN and CC respected VVN . SENT Many JJ people NNS were VBD outraged VVN at IN their PP$ behaviour NN , , for IN these DT were VBD mainly RB educated VVN upper JJ middle JJ class NN ladies NNS , , seen VVN always RB as IN law NN abiding JJ and CC submissive JJ . SENT Pillar NN boxes NNS were VBD burnt VVN , , windows NNS smashed VVD in IN Downing NP Street NP leading VVG to TO the DT posting VVG of IN a DT policeman NN permanently RB on IN guard NN outside IN No DT . SENT 10 CD still RB in IN operation NN today NN , , and CC protests NNS in IN Parliament NP , , causing VVG the DT fixing VVG of IN a DT grille NN over IN the DT Ladies NNS Gallery NN in IN the DT Lords NPS . SENT It PP culminated VVD in IN the DT death NN of IN Emily NP Davidson NP , , who WP threw VVD herself PP under IN the DT King NP s PP horse NN at IN the DT 1913 CD Derby NP . SENT Imprisoned VVN , , the DT suffragettes NNS endured VVD hunger NN strikes NNS , , forcible JJ feeding NN , , and CC the DT cruelty NN of IN the DT Cat NP and CC Mouse NP Act NP , , where WRB they PP were VBD freed VVN from IN custody NN to TO rebuild VV their PP$ strength NN , , then RB re IN arrested VVN to TO complete VV their PP$ sentence NN . SENT All DT failed VVD to TO break VV the DT women NNS s PP spirit NN and CC their PP$ courage NN won VVD the DT admiration NN of IN the DT people NNS , , helping VVG to TO lead VV to TO the DT growing VVG unpopularity NN of IN the DT Liberal JJ Government NN before IN the DT war NN . SENT The DT outbreak NN of IN war NN caused VVD Mrs NN Pankhurst NP to TO call VV off RP the DT campaign NN , , urging VVG women NNS to TO devote VV their PP$ energy NN to TO the DT country NN . SENT In IN 1918 CD , , their PP$ reward NN came VVD when WRB women NNS of IN 30 CD plus CC were VBD given VVN the DT vote NN . SENT this DT was VBD extended VVN in IN 1928 CD to TO all DT women NNS over IN the DT age NN of IN 21 CD . SENT In IN 1906 CD , , the DT Liberals NNS , , under IN Henry NP Campbell NP Bannerman NP , , took VVD office NN and CC began VVD a DT period NN of IN reform NN which WDT established VVD the DT foundations NNS of IN the DT welfare NN state NN . SENT With IN the DT help NN of IN Asquith NP , , Lloyd NP George NP , , and CC Churchill NP , , a DT series NN of IN Acts NNS designed VVN to TO help VV the DT less RBR fortunate JJ was VBD passed VVN . SENT free JJ or CC cheap JJ school NN meals NNS , , medical JJ examination NN , , and CC free JJ hospital NN and CC dental JJ treatment NN for IN all DT school NN children NNS though IN we PP remember VVP with IN horror NN the DT ministrations NNS of IN the DT school NN dentist NN , , preferring VVG instead RB to TO go VV private JJ . SENT peaceful JJ strikes NNS and CC picketing NN were VBD made VVN legal JJ , , a DT Workmen NNS s PP Compensation NN Act NN for IN injury NN or CC ill JJ health NN caused VVN by IN work NN . SENT an DT eight CD hour NN working VVG day NN in IN coal NN mines NNS . SENT the DT 1908 CD Children NNS s PP Act NP to TO protect VV children NNS from IN ill JJ treatment NN , , drink NN , , smoking NN , , overwork NN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT Labour NN Exchanges NNS to TO provide VV guidance NN for IN finding VVG work NN . SENT the DT National NP Insurance NP Act NP to TO provide VV unemployment NN pay NN and CC health NN care NN for IN workers NNS . SENT a DT Minimum NP Wages NP Act NP . SENT and CC perhaps RB most JJS important JJ of IN all DT , , the DT Old NP Age NP Pensions NNS Act NP offering NN 5 CD d SYM 25 CD p NN a DT week NN at IN the DT age NN of IN 70 CD , , later RBR rising VVG to TO 10 CD d SYM a DT week NN at IN 65 CD . SENT In IN addition NN , , of IN course NN , , the DT Government NP had VHD to TO find VV the DT money NN to TO pay VV for IN the DT increased JJ Navy NP and CC to TO modernise VV the DT Army NP . SENT This DT led VVD to TO a DT dispute NN with IN the DT House NP of IN Lords NPS and CC in IN the DT Elections NNS which WDT followed VVD the DT Liberals NNS lost VVD heavily RB , , becoming VVG dependent JJ on IN support NN from IN the DT growing VVG Labour NN Party NN and CC the DT Irish JJ Home NP Rule NP Party NP . SENT The DT Liberals NNS were VBD never RB again RB to TO hold VV a DT majority NN in IN the DT House NP of IN Commons NPS . SENT In IN the DT Summer NPS of IN 1914 CD , , the DT Government NN was VBD struggling VVG with IN the DT Irish JJ problem NN Home NP Rule NP had VHD been VBN promised VVN to TO the DT Catholic NP population NN , , but CC this DT was VBD unacceptable JJ to TO the DT Protestant JJ North NP . SENT Their PP$ leader NN , , Sir NP Edward NP Carson NP , , proclaimed VVD Ulster NP will MD fight VV and CC Ulster NP will MD be VB right JJ . SENT Civil NP War NP seemed VVD certain JJ , , when WRB news NN came VVD of IN the DT assassination NN of IN the DT heir NN to TO the DT Austrian JJ throne NN at IN Sarajevo NP in IN Bosnia NP . SENT Austria NP demanded VVD assurances NNS from IN Serbia NN for IN future JJ conduct NN , , and CC events NNS now RB moved VVD swiftly RB . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN said VVN that IN the DT Great NP Powers NP in IN 1914 CD were VBD like IN climbers NNS roped VVN together RB if IN one PP fell VVD , , all PDT the DT others NNS would MD be VB pulled VVN down RP . SENT Within IN one CD week NN in IN July NP and CC the DT beginning NN of IN August NP , , Austria NP declared VVD war NN on IN Serbia NP , , Russia NP mobilised VVD her PP$ army NN , , whereupon IN Germany NP declared VVD war NN on IN Russia NP to TO defend VV her PP$ Austrian JJ ally NN . SENT Germany NP then RB declared VVD war NN on IN France NP , , Russia NP s PP ally NN , , and CC attacked VVD France NP via IN Belgium NP . SENT Britain NP had VHD no DT treaty NN to TO help VV France NP , , but CC was VBD pledged VVN to TO defend VV Belgium NP . SENT On IN August NP 4 CD th NN 1914 CD , , Britain NP declared VVD war NN on IN Germany NP . SENT With IN their PP$ respective JJ empires NNS , , this DT European JJ war NN was VBD now RB a DT World NP War NP . SENT As IN war NN was VBD declared VVN , , Sir NP Edward NP Grey NP , , the DT Foreign NP Secretary NP , , who WP had VHD worked VVN ceaselessly RB to TO bring VV peace NN , , said VVD The DT lights NNS are VBP going VVG out RP all DT over IN Europe NP . SENT we PP will MD not RB see VV them PP lit VVD again RB in IN our PP$ lifetime NN . SENT Winston NP Churchill NP at IN the DT Admiralty NP ordered VVD the DT Navy NP to TO begin VV its PP$ blockade NN of IN Germany NP s PP trade VVP routes NNS as IN the DT Germans NPS rose VVD on IN 5 CD th NN August NP they PP could MD see VV the DT faint JJ smoke NN from IN the DT blockading VVG ships NNS these DT would MD stay VV until IN the DT German JJ defeat NN more JJR than IN four CD years NNS later RBR . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT space NN here RB to TO describe VV the DT horrors NNS of IN the DT Great NP War NP in IN detail NN , , therefore RB only RB the DT basic JJ facts NNS can MD be VB given VVN . SENT 1914 CD . SENT All DT believed VVD it PP would MD be VB a DT short JJ war NN no DT country NN could MD afford VV the DT losses NNS and CC expense NN of IN a DT modern JJ war NN . SENT remembering VVG the DT success NN of IN Prussia NP in IN 1870 CD , , therefore RB , , all DT had VHD plans NNS to TO finish VV it PP quickly RB . SENT Germany NP was VBD unworried VVN by IN General NP French NP s PP Contemptible JJ British JJ Army NN hence RB , , the DT Old NP Contemptibles NP , , nor CC was VBD she PP worried VVN by IN the DT blockade NN . SENT it PP would MD all RB be VB over IN by IN Christmas NP . SENT However RB , , this DT time NN , , all RB had VHD their PP$ armies NNS in IN the DT right JJ place NN at IN the DT right JJ time NN and CC within IN weeks NNS , , the DT elaborate JJ war NN plans NNS had VHD all RB collapsed VVN . SENT By IN November NP , , the DT Russian JJ steam NN roller NN had VHD ground VVN to TO a DT halt NN , , the DT French NP were VBD defeated VVN and CC back RB in IN their PP$ great JJ frontier NN fortresses NNS , , the DT Germans NPS had VHD not RB destroyed VVN the DT professional JJ British NP Army NP or CC the DT French JJ , , and CC both DT sides NNS had VHD dug VVD great JJ defensive JJ trenches NNS stretching VVG from IN the DT Channel NP to TO Switzerland NP , , guarded VVN by IN barbed JJ wire NN and CC machine NN guns NNS . SENT This DT presented VVD an DT obstacle NN never RB met VVD with IN before RB and CC was VBD outside IN the DT experience NN of IN any DT General NP from IN either DT side NN . SENT 1915 CD . SENT Britain NP began VVD recruiting VVG a DT huge JJ volunteer NN army NN Kitchener NP s PP accusing VVG finger NN demanded VVD action NN from IN thousands NNS of IN posters NNS . SENT The DT Germans NPS used VVD gas NN to TO try VV to TO break VV through IN the DT lines NNS at IN Ypres NP , , but CC failed VVD . SENT British JJ attacks NNS equally RB failed VVD to TO break VV through RP despite IN the DT loss NN of IN thousands NNS of IN lives NNS . SENT The DT execution NN of IN Nurse NP Edith NP Cavell NP and CC the DT torpedoing VVG of IN the DT liner NN Lusitania NP showed VVD that IN the DT Germans NPS might MD be VB clever JJ but CC they PP were VBD not RB very RB intelligent JJ , , for IN these DT acts NNS turned VVD the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT against IN Germany NP and CC American NP supplies NNS now RB began VVD to TO flow VV into IN Britain NP the DT Germans NPS began VVD to TO realise VV that IN the DT blockade NN was VBD leading VVG them PP to TO starvation NN Bitterness NN against IN Germany NP had VHD risen VVN to TO such PDT a DT degree NN , , often RB because IN of IN attacks NNS in IN the DT Northcliffe NP Press NP and CC by IN an DT M NP . SENT P NN . SENT , , Horatio NP Bottomley NP later RBR imprisoned VVN for IN fraud NN in IN mismanaging VVG a DT saving VVG scheme NN involving VVG millions NNS , , the DT Royal NP family NN was VBD forced VVN to TO abandon VV its PP$ German JJ family NN name NN of IN Saxe NP Coburg NN Gotha NP and CC adopt VV instead RB the DT more RBR British JJ name NN of IN Windsor NP , , Prince NP Louis NP of IN Battenberg NP , , the DT First NP Sea NP Lord NP , , had VHD to TO anglicize VV his PP$ name NN to TO Mountbatten NP . SENT . SENT 1916 CD . SENT The DT year NN of IN the DT great JJ battles NNS . SENT Verdun NP , , when WRB the DT Germans NPS tried VVD to TO destroy VV the DT French JJ more JJR than IN one CD million CD casualties NNS to TO gain VV a DT mere JJ five CD miles NNS . SENT The DT Somme NP , , when WRB for IN the DT first JJ time NN Britain NP fielded VVD a DT continental JJ sized VVD army NN and CC suffered VVD continental JJ sized VVD casualties NNS 20 CD , , 000 CD dead NN on IN the DT first JJ day NN the DT same JJ losses NNS had VHD been VBN recorded VVN at IN Waterloo NP , , but CC that WDT had VHD been VBN a DT single JJ battle NN ending VVG in IN complete JJ victory NN . SENT the DT Somme NP produced VVD slim JJ gains NNS for IN more JJR than IN half PDT a DT million CD casualties NNS . SENT Jutland NP , , when WRB the DT German JJ High NP Seas NNS Fleet NP tried VVD to TO break VV the DT blockade NN . SENT After IN two CD days NNS of IN confused JJ fighting NN , , Britain NP had VHD lost VVN 14 CD great JJ ships NNS to TO Germany NP s NN 11 CD , , but CC the DT German NP Fleet NP returned VVD to TO port NN , , the DT Royal NP Navy NP remained VVD at IN sea NN , , the DT blockade NN continued VVD , , and CC Germany NP starved VVN . SENT 1917 CD . SENT In IN an DT effort NN to TO defeat VV Britain NP , , Germany NP began VVD unrestricted JJ submarine JJ warfare NN the DT sinking NN of IN all DT ships NNS including VVG American JJ approaching VVG Britain NP . SENT Britain NP was VBD brought VVN to TO the DT brink NN of IN defeat NN , , but CC was VBD saved VVN by IN introducing VVG rationing VVG of IN food NN , , ensuring VVG that IN all DT received VVD a DT basic JJ allowance NN , , and CC by IN the DT convoy NN system NN whereby WRB the DT Navy NP guarded VVD ships NNS travelling VVG together RB . SENT some DT were VBD sunk VVN , , but CC most RBS got VVN through RP . SENT Russia NP collapsed VVD under IN the DT strains NNS of IN war NN and CC the DT Tsar NN abdicated VVD . SENT It PP is VBZ an DT interesting JJ sidelight NN on IN the DT character NN of IN the DT last JJ Tsar NN , , Nicholas NP II NP on IN the DT day NN of IN his PP$ removal NN from IN the DT throne NN he PP recorded VVD in IN his PP$ diary NN the DT single JJ word NN Rien NP nothing NN , , his PP$ removal NN from IN the DT throne NN was VBD of IN no DT importance NN to TO him PP . SENT The DT French JJ army NN , , slaughtered VVN in IN yet RB another DT bloodbath NN , , mutinied VVD and CC refused VVD temporarily RB to TO fight VV . SENT The DT British NP Army NP , , under IN Haig NP , , alone RB , , was VBD able JJ to TO continue VV the DT battle NN . SENT In IN July NP , , the DT third JJ Battle NN of IN Ypres NP began VVD usually RB known VVN as IN Paschendaele NP . SENT Described VVN as IN the DT most RBS terrible JJ battle NN ever RB fought VVD by IN the DT British NP Army NP , , Paschendaele NP was VBD fought VVN in IN a DT sea NN of IN mud NN over IN ground NN churned VVN up RP by IN years NNS of IN shelling VVG . SENT When WRB it PP ended VVD in IN November NP , , there EX were VBD 400 CD , , 000 CD casualties NNS to TO gain VV a DT tiny JJ village NN , , Paschendaele NP , , which WDT had VHD been VBN the DT object NN of IN the DT first JJ day NN of IN battle NN . SENT My PP$ father NN who WP had VHD served VVN since IN 1914 CD had VHD been VBN slightly RB wounded VVN on IN the DT Somme NP and CC was VBD more JJR seriously RB wounded VVN at IN Pashendaele NP in IN a DT bayonet NN charge VVP his PP$ left JJ arm NN was VBD ripped VVN open JJ from IN wrist NN to TO armpit NN and CC he PP was VBD shot VVN in IN the DT leg NN . SENT he PP used VVD to TO tell VV me PP that IN he PP could MD not RB remember VV any DT pain NN until IN the DT attack NN was VBD halted VVN . SENT His PP$ leg NN wound NN became VVD so RB infected JJ by IN the DT mud NN that IN it PP never RB healed VVN satisfactorily RB , , and CC it PP was VBD possible JJ to TO se FW the DT bullet NN hole NN there RB until IN the DT day NN he PP died VVD . SENT As IN a DT child NN I PP would MD sit VV on IN his PP$ knee NN and CC walk VV my PP$ fingers NNS up IN the DT long JJ white JJ scar NN up IN his PP$ arm NN . SENT Two CD of IN my PP$ uncles NNS were VBD gassed VVN in IN this DT battle NN , , one CD of IN them PP becoming VVG temporarily RB blind JJ . SENT I PP am VBP sure JJ that IN many JJ of IN my PP$ readers NNS will MD remember VV George NP Williams NP a DT more RBR kindly RB Christian JJ gentleman NN it PP would MD be VB hard JJ to TO imagine VV , , yet CC he PP served VVD throughout IN the DT war NN and CC was VBD awarded VVN the DT Military NP Medal NP for IN gallantry NN . SENT again RB , , one CD cannot NN imagine VVP him PP demanding VVG counselling VVG for IN any DT trauma NN . SENT One PP can MD only RB guess VV at IN the DT mental JJ anguish NN these DT men NNS had VHD to TO suffer VV and CC still RB remain VV kindly RB civilised JJ men NNS . SENT A DT Staff NP Officer NP viewing VVG the DT battlefield NN burst NN into IN tears NNS as IN he PP realised VVD what WP the DT men NNS had VHD suffered VVN . SENT There EX has VHZ been VBN much JJ criticism NN of IN the DT Generals NPS , , particularly RB Haig NP , , but CC no DT critic NN has VHZ ever RB suggested VVN what WP should MD or CC could MD have VH been VBN done VVN instead RB . SENT In IN 1917 CD , , though RB , , the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT declared VVN war NN because IN of IN the DT losses NNS of IN her PP$ ships NNS , , and CC the DT introduction NN of IN the DT tank NN showed VVD that IN the DT trench NN could MD be VB beaten VVN . SENT In IN 1918 CD , , the DT German NP believed VVD they PP had VHD the DT chance NN to TO win VV the DT war NN the DT Americans NPS had VHD not RB yet RB arrived VVN and CC the DT Russians NPS were VBD out RB of IN the DT war NN . SENT The DT Germans NPS brought VVD their PP$ army NN from IN the DT Eastern NP to TO the DT Western NP Front NP . SENT In IN March NP and CC April NP they PP attacked VVD and CC drove VVD the DT Allies NNS back RB , , almost RB to TO Paris NP itself PP , , but CC failed VVD to TO break VV through RP . SENT By IN May NP they PP were VBD exhausted VVN . SENT in IN August NP , , Haig NP struck VVD , , using VVG tanks NNS , , and CC pushed VVD the DT German JJ army NN back RB . SENT by IN November NP the DT Germans NPS knew VVD they PP could MD not RB face VV another DT winter NN of IN the DT blockade NN the DT people NNS were VBD starving VVG , , Spanish JJ flu NN had VHD come VVN to TO Europe NP and CC was VBD to TO kill VV more JJR in IN six CD months NNS than IN had VHD died VVN in IN four CD years NNS of IN war NN . SENT The DT starving VVG people NNS of IN Germany NP were VBD particularly RB vulnerable JJ , , the DT navy NN mutinied VVD and CC revolution NN broke VVD out RP in IN the DT cities NNS . SENT Finally RB , , at IN 11 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT on IN 11 CD th NN November NP , , the DT Germans NPS agreed VVD to TO an DT Armistice NN the DT Great NP War NP was VBD over RP . SENT The DT German NP Fleet NP , , ordered VVD to TO surrender VV , , passed VVN between IN two CD lines NNS of IN British JJ battleships NNS and CC cruisers NNS more JJR than IN 40 CD miles NNS in IN length NN , , including VVG one CD French JJ and CC one CD U NP . SENT S NP . SENT ship NN . SENT the DT Royal NP Navy NP was VBD proclaiming VVG itself PP the DT master NN of IN the DT seas NNS . SENT Possibly RB for IN the DT last JJ time NN in IN history NN . SENT The DT War NP had VHD ended VVN , , or CC should MD we PP say VVP that IN the DT fighting NN had VHD ended VVN , , the DT war NN and CC its PP$ memories NNS would MD continue VV for IN ever RB , , for IN many JJ life NN would MD never RB be VB the DT same JJ again RB too RB many JJ had VHD died VVN , , old JJ beliefs NNS and CC certainties NNS were VBD gone VVN forever RB . SENT The DT young JJ were VBD disillusioned VVN with IN their PP$ elders NNS , , they PP no RB longer RBR saw VVD them PP as IN the DT natural JJ founts NNS of IN wisdom NN and CC experience NN . SENT The DT idealism NN of IN Rupert NP Brooke NP in IN 1914 CD , , who WP could MD write VV Now RB God NP be VB thanked VVD Who WP has VHZ matched VVN us PP with IN His PP$ hour NN , , And CC caught VVD our PP$ youth NN , , and CC wakened VVD us PP from IN sleeping VVG as IN he PP welcomed VVD the DT coming VVG of IN war NN , , was VBD replaced VVN by IN Wilfred NP Owen NP who WP was VBD a DT regular JJ member NN of IN our PP$ congregation NN here RB at IN our PP$ church NN with IN What WP passing NN bells NNS for IN these DT who WP die VVP as IN cattle NNS . SENT Only RB the DT monstrous JJ anger NN of IN the DT guns NNS , , Only RB the DT stuttering JJ rifles NNS rapid JJ rattle VV Can MD patter VV out RP their PP$ hasty JJ orisons NNS . SENT . SENT It PP had VHD been VBN the DT war NN which WDT had VHD turned VVN Owen NP into IN a DT poet NN at IN school NN , , where WRB I PP was VBD fortunate JJ to TO be VB a DT pupil NN in IN the DT 1940 CD s PP , , I PP was VBD told VVN by IN those DT masters NNS who WP had VHD taught VVN him PP that IN he PP had VHD been VBN a DT quiet JJ unassuming JJ boy NN showing VVG no DT signs NNS of IN the DT genius NN within IN him PP . SENT the DT war NN had VHD awakened VVN that DT anger NN . SENT The DT War NP had VHD broken VVN down RP old JJ barriers NNS young JJ people NNS were VBD freer JJR in IN their PP$ morals NNS , , ladies NNS smoked VVD openly RB in IN company NN , , drinking NN became VVD more RBR widespread JJ . SENT It PP was VBD reflected VVN also RB in IN the DT dress NN shorter JJR skirts NNS , , short JJ hair NN , , tiny JJ hats NNS all PDT the DT opposite NN of IN what WP had VHD been VBN the DT fashion NN before IN the DT war NN . SENT Music NP too RB had VHD been VBN transformed VVN , , the DT world NN was VBD entering VVG the DT Jazz NN Age NP , , with IN strange JJ harmonies NNS and CC rhythms NNS , , scandalous JJ to TO the DT older JJR people NNS , , but CC welcomed VVD by IN the DT young JJ . SENT Young JJ girls NNS who WP would MD once RB have VH been VBN servants NNS in IN a DT large JJ house NN for IN a DT few JJ pounds NNS a DT year NN now RB sought VVD work NN in IN the DT factories NNS where WRB they PP worked VVD shorter JJR hours NNS to TO earn VV as RB much RB in IN a DT month NN as IN they PP had VHD previously RB earned VVN in IN a DT year NN . SENT Greater JJR freedom NN and CC independence NN plus CC increased JJ income NN gave VVD women NNS a DT confidence NN they PP had VHD never RB had VHN before IN . SENT Also RB , , of IN course NN , , the DT heavy JJ loss NN of IN life NN among IN young JJ men NNS meant VVD that IN there EX was VBD a DT surplus NN of IN girls NNS who WP would MD possibly RB never RB marry VV . SENT these DT would MD seek VV to TO establish VV their PP$ own JJ careers NNS and CC care NN for IN themselves PP no RB longer RBR would MD women NNS see VV themselves PP as RB dependent JJ on IN men NNS . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN the DT war NN , , because IN so RB many JJ people NNS had VHD earned VVN recognition NN for IN their PP$ services NNS to TO the DT country NN , , a DT new JJ Order NN of IN Chivalry NN was VBD created VVN the DT Order NN of IN the DT British JJ Empire NN with IN its PP$ grades NNS of IN awards NNS M NP . SENT B SYM . SENT E SYM . SENT , , O NP . SENT B SYM . SENT E SYM . SENT , , C NP . SENT B SYM . SENT E SYM . SENT AND CC K NP . SENT B SYM . SENT E SYM . SENT In IN the DT world NN , , three CD great JJ empires NNS had VHD been VBN destroyed VVN Russia NP , , Austria NP and CC Germany NP had VHD lost VVN their PP$ Emperors NNS . SENT The DT Kaiser NP , , as IN he PP went VVD into IN exile NN in IN Holland NP , , was VBD heard VVN to TO say VV Now RB for IN a DT nice JJ cup NN of IN English JJ tea NN . SENT He PP was VBD probably RB relieved VVN that IN the DT burden NN of IN government NN was VBD lifted VVN at IN last JJ from IN his PP$ shoulders NNS and CC he PP could MD relax VV to TO become VV a DT kindly RB country NN gentleman NN , , happy JJ in IN his PP$ garden NN . SENT His PP$ country NN , , in IN 1919 CD , , was VBD forced VVN to TO sign VV a DT hard JJ treaty NN , , effectively RB destroying VVG its PP$ ability NN to TO fight VV France NP was VBD determined VVN that IN never RB again RB would MD Germany NP be VB a DT threat NN to TO her PP . SENT the DT German JJ army NN was VBD cut VVN to TO 100 CD , , 000 CD and CC she PP lost VVD her PP$ air NN force NN and CC her PP$ navy NN . SENT Germany NP was VBD forced VVN to TO repay VV reparations NNS of IN more JJR than IN 6 CD billion CD , , causing VVG bankruptcy NN and CC hyper NN inflation NN the DT Mark NP , , which WDT had VHD been VBN worth IN 20 CD to TO the DT in IN 1914 CD , , slumped VVD to TO 16 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD in IN 1923 CD , , ruining VVG the DT savings NNS of IN the DT middle JJ classes NNS and CC those DT on IN fixed JJ incomes NNS , , making VVG them PP open JJ to TO promises NNS of IN restitution NN from IN the DT new JJ National NP Socialist NP Party NP which WDT had VHD appeared VVN under IN the DT leadership NN of IN on IN ex JJ corporal NN Adolf NP Hitler NP . SENT Some DT have VHP criticized VVN this DT treaty NN as IN being VBG hard JJ on IN the DT Germans NPS but CC one PP should MD remember VV that IN in IN 1870 CD , , Germany NP had VHD treated VVN France NP even RB more RBR harshly RB and CC had VHD treated VVN Russia NP in IN a DT similar JJ fashion NN in IN 1917 CD . SENT The DT Austrian NP Empire NP had VHD divided VVN into IN a DT number NN of IN landlocked JJ states NNS Austria NP , , Hungary NP , , Czechoslovakia NP . SENT , , the DT new JJ country NN of IN Yugoslavia NP took VVD in IN the DT Catholics NPS of IN Croatia NP , , the DT Moslems NPS of IN Bosnia NP and CC Kosovo NP , , joining VVG them PP to TO the DT Orthodox NP Christians NNS of IN Serbia NN , , all RB hating VVG each DT other JJ , , and CC looking VVG for IN help NN to TO escape VV from IN their PP$ forced JJ union NN . SENT Where WRB there EX had VHD been VBN a DT great JJ empire NN , , there EX was VBD now RB a DT group NN of IN weak JJ states NNS with IN huge JJ neighbours NNS , , Germany NP and CC Russia NP , , on IN their PP$ borders NNS . SENT The DT Russian JJ empire NN was VBD torn VVN by IN communist JJ revolution NN , , leading VVG to TO untold JJ misery NN and CC famine NN among IN its PP$ people NNS . SENT The DT 1919 CD Treaty NP was VBD described VVN as IN The DT war NN to TO end VV all DT wars NNS has VHZ resulted VVN in IN a DT peace NN to TO end VV all DT peace NN . SENT The DT great JJ hope NN was VBD that IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS , , proposed VVN by IN the DT President NP of IN America NP , , would MD act VV as IN a DT world NN council NN for IN peace NN . SENT Unfortunately RB the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT refused VVN to TO join VV , , handing VVG responsibility NN once RB again RB to TO Britain NP and CC France NP , , both DT of IN whom WP were VBD exhausted VVN by IN war NN . SENT Britain NP , , after IN spending VVG more JJR that IN 5 CD million CD every DT day NN on IN the DT war NN for IN herself PP and CC her PP$ allies NNS , , was VBD virtually RB bankrupt JJ and CC heavily RB in IN debt NN to TO the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , which WDT insisted VVD on IN full JJ repayment NN . SENT By IN 1924 CD , , the DT farcical JJ situation NN had VHD arisen VVN where WRB the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT made VVN loans NNS to TO Germany NP to TO restore VV her PP to TO some DT sort NN of IN prosperity NN , , Germany NP paid VVD much RB of IN this DT money NN to TO Britain NP and CC France NP in IN war NN reparations NNS , , and CC Britain NP paid VVD it PP to TO the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT as IN war NN debt NN . SENT Money NN was VBD moving VVG about RB , , but CC no DT country NN was VBD any RB richer JJR as IN a DT result NN . SENT if IN US NP loans NNS halted VVD , , then RB the DT whole JJ edifice NN would MD collapse VV . SENT But CC this DT was VBD in IN the DT future NN . SENT for IN the DT moment NN , , Britain NP was VBD trying VVG to TO return VV to TO peace NN and CC it PP was VBD not RB easy JJ . SENT The DT 1918 CD Election NN , , won VVN by IN Lloyd NP George NP with IN Conservative JJ help NN , , thus RB splitting JJ the DT Liberal NP Party NP irrevocably RB they PP would MD never RB hold VV office NN again RB , , had VHD promised VVN homes NNS fit VVP for IN heroes NNS to TO live VV in IN . SENT This DT was VBD a DT dream NN , , not RB a DT reality NN . SENT The DT end NN of IN the DT war NN saw VVD unemployment NN in IN the DT heavy JJ industries NNS of IN steel NN and CC ship NN building NN as IN war NN demand NN ceased VVD and CC return VV to TO peace NN was VBD not RB yet RB settled VVN . SENT Also RB , , the DT large JJ number NN of IN women NNS employed VVN in IN factories NNS meant VVN that IN returning VVG heroes NNS often RB found VVD their PP$ old JJ jobs NNS were VBD no RB longer RBR available JJ . SENT For IN a DT few JJ years NNS there EX was VBD wide JJ spread NN unemployment NN , , until IN things NNS began VVD to TO settle VV down RP by IN 1923 CD . SENT All DT over IN the DT country NN , , war NN memorials NNS in IN towns NNS and CC cities NNS , , schools NNS and CC churches NNS , , were VBD appearing VVG . SENT It PP was VBD confidently RB believed VVN that IN there EX would MD be VB no DT more JJR war NN , , therefore RB this DT war NN would MD be VB remembered VVN as IN no DT other JJ war NN had VHD been VBN . SENT Our PP$ own JJ memorial NN at IN Christ NP Church NP was VBD dedicated VVN in IN November NP 1920 CD , , the DT same JJ year NN that IN the DT unknown JJ soldier NN was VBD laid VVN to TO rest VV in IN Westminster NP Abbey NP . SENT The DT war NN had VHD produced VVN profound JJ changes NNS the DT motor NN car NN , , a DT rich JJ man NN s PP toy JJ in IN 1914 CD , , was VBD now RB mass RB produced VVN . SENT the DT Baby NP Austin NP , , selling VVG for IN less JJR than IN 100 CD , , appeared VVD at IN this DT time NN . SENT Aeroplanes NNS , , which WDT in IN 1914 CD had VHD been VBN flimsy JJ constructions NNS of IN wood NN and CC canvas NN , , used VVN only RB for IN observation NN , , had VHD by IN 1918 CD become VVP a DT major JJ weapon NN of IN war NN , , carrying VVG guns NNS and CC bombs NNS which WDT were VBD used VVN not RB only RB against IN the DT frontline NN soldier NN but CC also RB against IN civilian JJ targets NNS many JJ miles NNS away RB never RB again RB would MD war VV be VB just RB a DT battle NN between IN armies NNS , , now RB it PP would MD be VB total JJ war NN involving VVG everybody NN , , the DT helpless JJ civilian JJ being VBG a DT softer JJR target NN than IN the DT armies NNS which WDT could MD fight VV back RB . SENT In IN 1919 CD , , a DT British JJ plane NN flew VVD the DT Atlantic NP to TO win VV the DT Daily JJ Mail NP 10 CD , , 000 CD prize NN , , and CC winning VVG knighthoods NNS for IN Alcock NP and CC Brown NP . SENT In IN the DT same JJ year NN , , an DT air NN mail NN service NN between IN London NP and CC Paris NP began VVD , , and CC was VBD swiftly RB extended VVN world NN wide JJ . SENT Communication NP was VBD now RB faster RBR and CC this DT was VBD seen VVN also RB in IN the DT spread NN of IN radio NN in IN 1922 CD the DT British JJ Broadcasting NP Company NP later RBR Corporation NP began VVD transmitting VVG from IN Savoy NP Hill NP and CC John NP Logie NP Baird NP began VVD experimenting VVG with IN television NN . SENT In IN 1924 CD Wembley NP Stadium NP became VVD the DT centre NN for IN the DT Empire NP Exhibition NN and CC was VBD used VVN also RB for IN the DT Cup NP Tie NN in IN 1923 CD . SENT That IN Cup NP Final NP was VBD noteworthy JJ in IN that DT more JJR than IN 200 CD , , 000 CD people NNS turned VVN up RP . SENT This DT was VBD the DT first JJ time NN that IN Wembley NP had VHD been VBN used VVN . SENT The DT previous JJ year NN only RB 55 CD , , 000 CD had VHD turned VVN up RP at IN Stamford NP Bridge NP , , so RB the DT organisers NNS , , looking VVG at IN Wembley NP s PP capacity NN of IN 127 CD , , 000 CD , , decided VVD it PP was VBD not RB necessary JJ to TO make VV it PP an DT all DT ticket NN affair NN . SENT The DT crowds NNS poured VVD in IN , , climbing VVG over IN walls NNS , , turnstiles NNS , , anything NN to TO enter VV . SENT The DT crowds NNS spilled VVD onto IN the DT pitch NN and CC only RB the DT presence NN of IN mounted VVN police NNS riding VVG around IN the DT actual JJ touchline NN to TO keep VV the DT spectators NNS off IN the DT playing NN area NN allowed VVD the DT game NN to TO take VV place NN . SENT It PP is VBZ agreed VVN that IN many JJ a DT time NN the DT ball NN was VBD kept VVN in IN play NN by IN a DT spectator NN s PP boot NN . SENT Despite IN the DT huge JJ crush NN there EX was VBD no DT hooliganism NN , , the DT crowd NN cheered VVD the DT King NP and CC sang VVD the DT National NP Anthem NN lustily RB and CC with IN due JJ respect NN . SENT The DT game NN between IN Bolton NP and CC West NP Ham NP was VBD won VVN by IN Bolton NP 2 CD 0 CD , , but CC both DT sides NNS agreed VVD that IN they PP had VHD not RB been VBN able JJ to TO play VV freely RB because IN of IN the DT solid JJ wall NN of IN people NNS standing VVG on IN the DT touchline NN , , so RB that IN corners NNS and CC throw VV ins NNS were VBD almost RB impossible JJ . SENT By IN 1924 CD there RB began VVD a DT period NN of IN relative JJ prosperity NN , , a DT short JJ lived VVN Labour NN government NN under IN Ramsay NP Macdonald NP had VHD given VVN way NN to TO a DT Conservative JJ administration NN under IN Baldwin NP the DT great JJ unflappable JJ Prime NP Minister NP who WP , , it PP was VBD thought VVN , , often RB dozed VVD off RP during IN Cabinet NP meetings NNS . SENT American JJ loans NNS had VHD stabilised VVN Germany NP , , and CC the DT countries NNS of IN Europe NP had VHD agreed VVN not RB to TO go VV to TO war VV except IN in IN self NN defence NN . SENT The DT League NP of IN Nations NPS was VBD the DT great JJ hope NN for IN future JJ settlement NN of IN problems NNS . SENT there EX did VVD seem VV hope NN for IN the DT future NN and CC every DT 11 CD th NN November NP , , Armistice NN Day NN , , the DT country NN came VVD to TO a DT standstill NN for IN two CD minutes NNS to TO remember VV the DT price NN which WDT might MD have VH to TO be VB paid VVN if IN war NN came VVD again RB . SENT There EX was VBD a DT truly RB optimistic JJ dream NN that IN perhaps RB , , at IN last JJ , , mankind NN had VHD learned VVN to TO live VV in IN peace NN . SENT But CC in IN Italy NP , , the DT Fascist JJ leader NN , , Mussolini NP , , had VHD taken VVN power NN , , and CC in IN the DT Far NP East NP , , Japan NP was VBD beginning VVG to TO seek VV out RP an DT empire NN to TO supply VV her PP$ needs NNS of IN materials NNS and CC a DT market NN for IN her PP$ goods NNS . SENT With IN America NP , , the DT richest JJS and CC most RBS powerful JJ country NN hiding VVG herself PP in IN splendid JJ isolation NN , , the DT dream NN was VBD to TO be VB short RB lived VVN . SENT But CC we PP can MD leave VV 1924 CD in IN a DT spirit NN of IN optimism NN . SENT . SENT 4 LS 1924 CD 1949 CD Top NP of IN Page NP . SENT We PP are VBP now RB entering VVG an DT age NN which WDT will MD be VB within IN the DT experience NN of IN a DT great JJ many JJ of IN us PP a DT time NN of IN our PP$ childhood NN and CC our PP$ youth NN , , and CC therefore RB a DT time NN , , perhaps RB , , of IN real JJ nostalgia NN , , for IN these DT were VBD our PP$ Good JJ Old JJ Days NNS . SENT Again RB , , my PP$ apologies NNS if IN some DT fondly RB remembered VVN event NN is VBZ only RB mentioned VVN briefly RB or CC not RB at IN all DT . SENT The DT 1920 CD s PP were VBD a DT time NN of IN real JJ optimism NN . SENT people NNS really RB believed VVN that IN the DT Great NP War NP was VBD a DT War NN to TO end VV all DT Wars NNS . SENT The DT great JJ powers NNS seemed VVD to TO have VH settled VVN their PP$ age NN old JJ problems NNS and CC differences NNS . SENT At IN Locarno NP in IN 1924 CD the DT western JJ powers NNS agreed VVD to TO respect VV their PP$ frontiers NNS though RB , , significantly RB , , Germany NP did VVD not RB accept VV her PP$ eastern JJ frontiers NNS . SENT In IN 1927 CD , , the DT Kellogg NP Briand NP Pact NP saw VVD an DT agreement NN by IN all DT signatories NNS never RB to TO use VV war NN as IN an DT instrument NN of IN policy NN . SENT Germany NP was VBD accepted VVN into IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS as IN an DT equal JJ , , and CC the DT League NP was VBD seen VVN as IN a DT real JJ hope NN for IN a DT peaceful JJ settlement NN of IN all DT quarrels VVZ old JJ enemies NNS seemed VVD to TO be VB making VVG a DT valiant JJ effort NN to TO understand VV other JJ points NNS of IN view NN . SENT In IN the DT same JJ vein NN , , nearer JJR at IN home NN , , in IN 1929 CD the DT coming VVG of IN age NN of IN the DT Boy NP Scout NP Movement NN was VBD celebrated JJ with IN a DT Jamboree NN in IN Arrowe NP Park NP , , Birkenhead NP having VHG seen VVN the DT first JJ Scout NP Troop NP in IN the DT world NN being VBG formed VVN at IN the DT YMCA NP in IN Grange NP Road NP . SENT My PP$ Scout NP Master NP , , John NP Dudleston NP , , had VHD been VBN a DT Patrol NN Leader NP in IN that DT first JJ troop NN . SENT Boys NNS from IN every DT country NN in IN the DT world NN came VVD together RB and CC it PP was VBD believed VVN that IN if IN the DT nations NNS youth NN buried VVD their PP$ differences NNS then RB peace NN and CC understanding NN on IN an DT international JJ scale NN was VBD possible JJ . SENT Britain NP was VBD spending VVG less JJR on IN armaments NNS than IN at IN any DT time NN over IN the DT past JJ 60 CD years NNS . SENT It PP was VBD a DT time NN for IN young JJ people NNS . SENT the DT war NN had VHD robbed VVN the DT elders NNS of IN all DT respect NN and CC authority NN they PP had VHD been VBN the DT ones NNS who WP had VHD been VBN the DT statesmen NNS or CC generals NNS who WP had VHD led VVN them PP to TO war NN , , it PP had VHD been VBN the DT young JJ who WP had VHD died VVN . SENT Whereas IN the DT old JJ might MD wish VV for IN a DT return NN to TO pre NP war NN conditions NNS , , the DT young JJ disagreed VVD . SENT The DT restrictions NNS of IN the DT Victorian JJ age NN were VBD swept VVN away RB . SENT the DT bright JJ young JJ things NNS , , having VHG survived VVN the DT slaughter NN , , were VBD determined VVN to TO enjoy VV life NN and CC they PP reacted VVD against IN all PDT the DT restrictions NNS of IN the DT past NN . SENT Ladies NNS dresses NNS , , which WDT throughout IN history NN no DT matter NN how WRB outrageous JJ the DT top JJ half NN had VHD always RB been VBN long RB enough JJ to TO cover VV the DT ankles NNS , , now RB rose VVD to TO above IN the DT knee NN , , achieving VVG a DT shortness NN not RB to TO be VB seen VVN again RB until IN the DT 1960 CD s PP . SENT Stockings NNS , , which WDT had VHD been VBN black JJ or CC grey JJ , , were VBD now RB daringly RB nude JJ or CC flesh NN coloured VVD . SENT Many JJ young JJ girls NNS accepted VVD the DT new JJ fashion NN for IN the DT boyish JJ look NN figures NNS were VBD flattened VVN , , the DT waist NN disappeared VVD , , tight JJ corsetting NN was VBD a DT thing NN of IN the DT past NN . SENT The DT Edwardian JJ hair NN style NN of IN elaborate JJ curls NNS disappeared VVD , , to TO be VB replaced VVN with IN the DT bob NN or CC even RB the DT Eton NP crop NN , , when WRB girls NNS had VHD their PP$ hair NN cut VVD very RB short JJ , , plastered VVN with IN Brilliantine NN to TO keep VV it PP flat JJ to TO the DT head NN . SENT Hats NNS , , from IN being VBG huge JJ creations NNS of IN feathers NNS and CC ribbons NNS requiring VVG careful JJ adjustment NN before IN a DT mirror NN , , were VBD replaced VVN by IN simple JJ pull NN on IN felt VVN hats NNS needing VVG no DT adjustment NN . SENT Make VV up RP was VBD now RB used VVN , , often RB in IN garish JJ colours NNS plum JJ reds NNS , , purples NNS , , even RB greens NNS and CC blues NNS girls NNS were VBD determined VVN to TO be VB noticed VVN as IN being VBG in IN revolt NN . SENT Smoking NN too RB became VVD a DT symbol NN of IN revolt NN , , often RB using VVG long JJ holders NNS so IN they PP had VHD to TO be VB noticed VVN . SENT Young JJ men NNS too RB were VBD in IN revolt NN . SENT in IN place NN of IN the DT tight JJ , , figure NN hugging NN suits NNS , , high RB starched VVN collars NNS , , heavy JJ pocket NN watch NN , , etc FW . SENT of IN the DT past NN , , there RB came VVD the DT soft JJ cotton NN shirt NN with IN turned VVN down RP collar NN , , the DT sports NNS jacket NN , , and CC the DT new JJ Oxford NP bags NNS wide JJ legged JJ trousers NNS with IN each DT leg NN up RB to TO 48 CD inches NNS in IN circumference NN , , followed VVD later RBR by IN plus JJ fours NNS , , worn VVN with IN brightly RB coloured VVN stockings NNS and CC a DT large JJ soft JJ cap NN , , and CC wearing VVG a DT wrist NN watch NN . SENT The DT full JJ evening NN dress NN of IN tails NNS , , white JJ tie NN and CC starched VVD shirt NN was VBD replaced VVN by IN the DT short JJ dinner NN jacket NN with IN black JJ tie NN and CC soft JJ shirt NN the DT Prince NP of IN Wales NP being VBG in IN the DT forefront NN of IN fashion NN made VVD this DT acceptable JJ . SENT Both DT sexes NNS enjoyed VVD the DT new JJ frenetic JJ dances NNS imported VVN from IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT the DT Foxtrot NN , , Charleston NP , , Black NP Bottom NP , , Bunny NP Hug NP all RB danced VVD to TO the DT music NN of IN the DT American NP South NP , , the DT negro NP based VVN music NN of IN jazz NN . SENT Older JJR people NNS looked VVN on IN horrified VVN but CC helpless JJ , , they PP no RB longer JJR had VHD the DT authority NN to TO impose VV their PP$ standards NNS . SENT Another DT effect NN of IN the DT war NN was VBD that IN domestic JJ servants NNS were VBD fewer JJR in IN number NN . SENT Young JJ girls NNS who WP had VHD entered VVN the DT factories NNS during IN the DT war NN enjoyed VVD the DT higher JJR wages NNS and CC greater JJR freedom NN this DT afforded VVN them PP . SENT new JJ industries NNS in IN electronics NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , offered VVD opportunities NNS for IN women NNS rather RB than IN men NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , what WP unemployment NN there EX was VBD usually RB suffered VVN by IN men NNS rather RB than IN women NNS . SENT Middle JJ class NN ladies NNS increasingly RB found VVD that IN they PP had VHD to TO do VV their PP$ own JJ housework NN , , or CC perhaps RB have VH a DT cleaning VVG lady NN in IN for IN two CD or CC three CD hours NNS a DT week NN . SENT This DT led VVD to TO a DT demand NN to TO make VV housework NN easier JJR , , and CC in IN the DT 1920 CD s NN we PP see VVP the DT growing VVG use NN of IN vacuum NN cleaners NNS , , washing VVG machines NNS , , gas NN or CC electric JJ fires NNS replacing VVG the DT difficult JJ to TO light JJ coal NN fires NNS , , convenience NN foods NNS ready RB made VVN cake NN mixtures NNS , , etc FW . SENT . SENT Domestic JJ service NN , , of IN course NN , , did VVD not RB end VV completely RB , , and CC I PP can MD remember VV walking VVG along IN Shrewsbury NP Road NP in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP and CC seeing VVG the DT housemaids NNS busily RB cleaning VVG the DT huge JJ houses NNS along IN that DT road NN when WRB war NN came VVD in IN 1939 CD , , most JJS of IN these DT wealthy JJ families NNS left VVD Birkenhead NP and CC did VVD not RB return VV , , the DT houses NNS were VBD turned VVN into IN flats NNS with IN a DT shifting VVG population NN , , and CC Christ NP Church NP lost VVD a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN its PP$ older JJR congregation NN . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT 1920 CD s PP were VBD a DT time NN of IN relative JJ prosperity NN as IN the DT world NN recovered VVD from IN the DT War NP and CC changed VVN from IN a DT war NN time NN to TO a DT peace NN time NN economy NN . SENT The DT techniques NNS of IN mass JJ production NN used VVN in IN the DT war NN now RB produced VVD the DT cars NNS , , radios NNS , , household NN goods NNS demanded VVD by IN the DT people NNS , , and CC at IN a DT lower JJR price NN . SENT There EX was VBD some DT unemployment NN in IN the DT old JJ heavy JJ industries NNS shipbuilding NN , , iron NN and CC steel NN , , and CC there EX was VBD also RB a DT surplus NN of IN coal NN as IN Europe NP tried VVD to TO export VV its PP$ coal NN into IN Britain NP . SENT To TO offset VV this DT threat NN , , the DT coal NN owners NNS believed VVN that IN huge JJ amounts NNS of IN cheap JJ British JJ coal NN would MD guard VV their PP$ market NN . SENT They PP proposed VVD therefore RB to TO force VV miners NNS to TO work VV longer JJR hours NNS for IN less JJR pay NN and CC this DT led VVN to TO the DT major JJ industrial JJ problem NN of IN the DT decade NN the DT General NP Strike NP . SENT Neither CC the DT Government NP nor CC the DT Trades VVZ Union NP Congress NP wanted VVD this DT to TO happen VV both DT sides NNS tried VVD to TO negotiate VV . SENT All DT attempts NNS failed VVN before IN the DT intransigent JJ attitudes NNS of IN both DT sides NNS . SENT The DT Prime NP Minister NP , , Stanley NP Baldwin NP , , said VVD he PP had VHD never RB met VVN anybody NN so IN obstinate JJ and CC so RB stupid JJ as IN the DT miners NNS leaders NNS until IN he PP met VVD the DT coal NN owners NNS . SENT To TO any DT offer NN to TO the DT miners NNS , , their PP$ president NN , , a DT dour JJ Yorkshireman NN , , Herbert NP Smith NP , , said VVD simply RB Nowt NN doin NNS . SENT their PP$ secretary NN , , A NP . SENT J NP . SENT Cook NP said VVD , , Not RB a DT penny NN off IN the DT pay NN , , not RB a DT minute NN on IN the DT day NN . SENT The DT miners NNS and CC the DT owners NNS both CC wanted VVD total JJ victory NN , , not RB a DT settlement NN . SENT the DT miners NNS expected VVD the DT rest NN of IN the DT British JJ workforce NN to TO support VV them PP . SENT In IN May NP 1926 CD , , with IN huge JJ stocks NNS of IN coal NN in IN hand NN and CC the DT coming VVG of IN summer NN , , the DT miners NNS were VBD locked VVN out RP . SENT Reluctantly RB the DT TUC NP brought VVD out RP the DT Railway NP workers NNS in IN support NN and CC soon RB all DT workers NNS affiliated VVN to TO the DT Trade NP Union NP movement NN . SENT To TO some DT , , this DT was VBD a DT direct JJ challenge NN by IN six CD million CD workers NNS to TO a DT democratically RB elected VVN government NN . SENT Winston NP Churchill NP wanted VVD to TO send VV in IN the DT Army NP his PP$ solution NN to TO any DT problem NN was VBD to TO fight VV which WDT made VVD him PP a DT great JJ war NN leader NN but CC a DT disaster NN in IN peacetime NN . SENT Baldwin NP , , a DT much RB wiser JJR man NN who WP had VHD a DT great JJ deal NN of IN sympathy NN for IN the DT miners NNS , , refused VVD , , giving VVG Churchill NP the DT task NN of IN editing VVG the DT British JJ Gazette NN , , the DT Government NP newspaper NN of IN the DT strike NN . SENT The DT strikers NNS were VBD restricted VVN because IN their PP$ printers NNS were VBD on IN strike NN and CC therefore RB they PP had VHD no DT papers NNS to TO put VV their PP$ point NN of IN view NN . SENT Most JJS workers NNS gave VVD only RB reluctant JJ support NN . SENT they PP could MD see VV that IN if IN the DT strike NN were VBD prolonged VVN then RB their PP$ own JJ employers NNS might MD be VB forced VVN into IN closure NN , , leading VVG to TO widespread JJ unemployment NN . SENT Also RB , , the DT strike NN had VHD little JJ impact NN at IN first JJ miners NNS should MD not RB strike VV in IN summer NN to TO win VV their PP$ case NN they PP were VBD to TO make VV the DT same JJ error NN in IN 1984 CD . SENT . SENT a DT great JJ deal NN of IN supplies NNS , , both CC of IN food NN and CC of IN fuel NN , , were VBD now RB able JJ to TO be VB sent VVN by IN road NN there EX were VBD plenty RB of IN volunteers NNS willing JJ to TO drive VV lorries NNS , , trains NNS and CC buses NNS there RB was VBD almost RB a DT holiday NN atmosphere NN . SENT Talk NN of IN revolution NN on IN the DT Russian JJ scale NN quickly RB disappeared VVD when WRB it PP was VBD learnt VVN that IN strikers NNS were VBD helping VVG to TO unload VV food NN supplies NNS for IN the DT poor JJ in IN the DT North NP East NP , , while IN on IN the DT Saturday NP of IN the DT strike NN football NN matches VVZ between IN strikers NNS and CC police NNS took VVD place NN Plymouth NP Argyle NP offered VVD the DT use NN of IN its PP$ ground NN and CC people NNS came VVD in IN free JJ of IN charge NN . SENT on IN the DT Sunday NP , , all DT took VVD their PP$ traditional JJ day NN off RP . SENT A DT face NN saving NN compromise NN was VBD arranged VVN between IN Owners NP and CC TUC NP leaders NNS , , the DT miners NNS refused VVD to TO accept VV and CC continued VVD on IN strike NN for IN a DT further JJR six CD months NNS , , until IN hunger NN and CC poverty NN forced VVD them PP to TO return VV . SENT The DT General NP Strike NP itself PP was VBD over RP after IN nine CD days NNS . SENT The DT Strike NP brought VVD in IN men NNS such JJ as IN Ernest NP Bevin NP and CC Walter NP Citrine NN , , who WP urged VVD working VVG with IN employers NNS , , conciliation NN rather RB than IN confrontation NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , even RB during IN the DT worst JJS of IN the DT 1930 CD s PP depression NN British JJ workers NNS who WP kept VVD their PP$ jobs NNS did VVD not RB see VV cuts NNS in IN pay NN as RB happened VVD elsewhere RB in IN Europe NP and CC the DT USA NP . SENT Employers NNS too RB preferred JJ to TO compromise VV rather RB than IN risk NN closure NN . SENT By IN 1929 CD wages NNS were VBD stable JJ , , but CC the DT cost NN of IN living NN had VHD fallen VVN by IN more JJR than IN 15 CD points NNS . SENT the DT British JJ working NN man NN was VBD buying VVG the DT radios NNS , , even RB the DT cheap JJ cars NNS now RB coming VVG onto IN the DT market NN , , and CC throughout IN the DT Thirties NNS prices NNS generally RB were VBD lower JJR than IN before IN 1914 CD . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN 1929 CD , , however RB , , the DT Great NP Depression NP began VVD . SENT Its PP$ causes NNS are VBP complicated VVN , , but CC put VVD very RB simply RB , , Europe NP , , since IN the DT War NP , , had VHD relied VVN on IN American JJ loans NNS . SENT America NP refused VVD to TO accept VV goods NNS as IN payments NNS for IN these DT loans NNS , , demanding VVG instead RB repayment NN in IN gold NN . SENT The DT result NN was VBD that IN though IN Europe NP seemed VVD to TO have VH full JJ employment NN , , countries NNS were VBD not RB becoming VVG richer JJR any DT surplus NN wealth NN was VBD sent VVN to TO the DT USA NP . SENT In IN 1929 CD , , America NP saw VVD her PP$ stock NN market NN collapse NN . SENT people NNS were VBD buying VVG stock NN , , seeing VVG it PP rise VVP in IN value NN , , selling VVG to TO make VV a DT profit NN , , then RB buying VVG more JJR stock NN , , assuming VVG it PP would MD always RB continue VV to TO rise VV . SENT In IN October NP 1929 CD , , prices NNS of IN shares NNS plummeted VVD , , people NNS who WP had VHD taken VVN out RP loans NNS could MD not RB repay VV , , banks NNS became VVD bankrupt JJ , , loans NNS to TO Europe NP ceased VVD , , so RB that IN by IN 1930 CD massive JJ unemployment NN developed VVN in IN Germany NP , , Italy NP , , France NP , , and CC , , to TO a DT lesser JJR degree NN , , Britain NP . SENT On IN Merseyside NN , , the DT 1930 CD s PP slump VVP is VBZ remembered VVN because IN there EX was VBD a DT fall NN in IN demand NN for IN shipping VVG on IN the DT Mersey NP , , Clyde NP , , Tyne NP , , wherever WRB ships NNS were VBD built VVN , , there EX were VBD huge JJ numbers NNS of IN unemployed JJ . SENT Often RB the DT only JJ people NNS working VVG in IN a DT home NN were VBD the DT women NNS , , who WP might MD have VH poorly RB paid VVN work NN in IN department NN stores NNS , , or CC as IN cleaning VVG ladies NNS . SENT Men NNS , , from IN being VBG the DT wage NN earner NN and CC home NN provider NN , , became VVD dependent JJ on IN the DT wife NN or CC daughter NN for IN weekly JJ spends VVZ or CC pocket NN money NN a DT most JJS humiliating VVG situation NN . SENT In IN the DT Midlands NP and CC the DT South NP , , where WRB the DT new JJ industries NNS in IN car NN manufacture NN and CC electronics NNS were VBD growing VVG , , there EX was VBD almost RB full JJ employment NN . SENT Fortunately RB , , Neville NP Chamberlain NP had VHD closed VVN the DT workhouses NNS , , so IN that WDT dole VVP money NN and CC Public NP Assistance NP was VBD paid VVN , , albeit IN in IN very RB small JJ amounts NNS and CC then RB only RB after IN the DT dreaded JJ humiliation NN of IN the DT Means NP Test NP . SENT This DT was VBD the DT age NN of IN the DT Jarrow NP March NP and CC other JJ hunger NN marches NNS , , until IN finally RB the DT Government NN realised VVD that DT help NN had VHD to TO be VB given VVN . SENT The DT opportunity NN came VVD with IN the DT new JJ outburst NN of IN nationalism NN in IN Europe NP . SENT the DT Depression NN had VHD led VVN to TO the DT dictatorships NNS in IN Italy NP , , and CC later RBR in IN Germany NP , , claiming VVG their PP$ superiority NN over IN others NNS by IN victories NNS in IN every DT sphere NN . SENT This DT was VBD shown VVN in IN the DT new JJ transatlantic JJ liners NNS being VBG built VVN . SENT Up RB to TO 1929 CD the DT Blue JJ Riband NN for IN the DT fastest JJS Atlantic JJ crossing VVG had VHD been VBN held VVN by IN the DT venerable JJ Cunarder NP Mauretania NP , , built VVN before IN the DT Great NP War NP . SENT Now RB , , the DT Italian NP Rex NP took VVD the DT title NN , , only RB to TO lose VV it PP shortly RB after IN to TO the DT German JJ Bremen NP . SENT The DT French NP replied VVD with IN the DT Normandie NN , , possibly RB the DT most RBS luxurious JJ liner NN ever RB to TO sail VV the DT Atlantic NP . SENT Britain NP seemed VVD out RP of IN the DT race NN . SENT Here RB was VBD the DT government NN s PP chance VVP . SENT the DT huge JJ 534 CD building NN on IN the DT Clyde NP was VBD given VVN government NN aid NN for IN its PP$ completion NN . SENT There EX is VBZ an DT interesting JJ story NN regarding VVG its PP$ name NN , , which WDT I PP am VBP assured VVN is VBZ true JJ . SENT Cunard NP had VHD always RB used VVN names NNS ending VVG in IN . SENT . SENT . SENT ia JJS for IN their PP$ ships NNS hence RB Lusitania NP , , Scythia NP , , etc FW , , and CC they PP decided VVD to TO call VV this DT ship NN Victoria NP . SENT They PP approached VVD the DT King NP and CC asked VVD if IN they PP could MD name VV their PP$ ship NN after IN the DT most RBS gracious JJ and CC beloved JJ Queen NP of IN this DT country NN . SENT The DT King NP , , George NP V NN , , replied VVD that IN he PP was VBD delighted VVN and CC that IN his PP$ wife NN would MD feel VV flattered VVN at IN the DT honour NN , , so RB it PP became VVD the DT Queen NP Mary NP , , which WDT on IN its PP$ first JJ voyage NN took VVD the DT record NN and CC held VVD it PP until IN the DT end NN of IN the DT 1960 CD s PP when WRB the DT record NN became VVD irrelevant JJ as IN air NN liners NNS took VVD over IN the DT Atlantic NP crossing VVG . SENT In IN Birkenhead NP , , a DT government NN grant NN led VVN to TO the DT building NN and CC completion NN of IN the DT huge JJ battlecruiser NN Renown NN a DT sister NN to TO Repulse VV , , beautiful JJ ships NNS , , but CC lacking VVG the DT armour NN to TO fight VV against IN a DT major JJ battleship NN . SENT This DT was VBD followed VVN by IN an DT order NN for IN the DT largest JJS liner NN built VVN in IN an DT English JJ shipyard NN , , the DT Mauretania NP , , the DT first JJ purpose NN built VVN aircraft NN carrier NN , , the DT Ark NP Royal NP . SENT and CC later RBR the DT great JJ battleship NN , , Prince NP of IN Wales NP . SENT I PP was VBD privileged JJ to TO see VV all DT of IN these DT ships NNS launched VVD . SENT To TO all DT intents NNS , , these DT orders NNS meant VVN that IN the DT slump NN in IN Birkenhead NP was VBD over RP . SENT To TO live VV in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP , , if IN one PP had VHD work NN , , was VBD a DT good JJ time NN to TO live VV . SENT Prices NNS were VBD in RB general JJ much RB lower JJR than IN in IN 1914 CD , , while IN wages NNS had VHD certainly RB risen VVN . SENT A DT new JJ house NN in IN the DT London NP suburbs NNS with IN three CD bedrooms NNS , , gardens NNS , , garage NN , , etc FW , , would MD cost VV 550 CD , , or CC 5 CD deposit NN and CC payments NNS of IN 12 CD 6 CD d SYM a DT week NN I PP will MD no RB longer RB translate VV into IN decimal JJ coinage NN that WDT is VBZ an DT exercise NN for IN those DT interested JJ . SENT An DT oak NN bedroom NN suite NN would MD cost VV 15 CD 15 CD or CC 9 CD a DT month NN . SENT Cigarettes NNS were VBD 6 CD d NN for IN ten CD , , beer NN 4 CD d SYM a DT pint NN . SENT Clothing NN was VBD cheap JJ Weaver NP to TO Wearer NN and CC the DT 50 CD Tailor NP had VHD shops NNS in IN Grange NP Road NP supplying VVG good JJ cheap JJ clothing NN to TO the DT people NNS . SENT For IN a DT best JJS suit NN , , one PP went VVD to TO Burton NP s PP , , where WRB a DT tailor NN made VVD suit NN with IN two CD pairs NNS of IN trousers NNS and CC waistcoat NN might MD cost VV as RB much RB as IN 6 CD 10 CD . SENT Ladies NNS clothing NN was VBD equally RB cheap JJ coats NNS for IN winter NN at IN 39 CD 11 CD d SYM , , shoes NNS 5 CD 6 CD d SYM , , silk VV stockings NNS 1 CD 6 CD d SYM rather RB expensive JJ and CC therefore RB a DT tragedy NN if IN they PP laddered VVD for IN everyday JJ wear NN , , lisle NN stockings NNS at IN 6 CD d SYM or CC 9 CD d SYM a DT pair NN were VBD preferred JJ . SENT A DT week NN s PP holiday NN in IN a DT boarding VVG house NN in IN North NP Wales NP , , full JJ board NN for IN a DT family NN of IN four CD , , was VBD 4 CD . SENT Even RB the DT longest JJS bus NN journey NN seldom RB cost VVD more JJR than IN 3 CD d SYM , , and CC most JJS people NNS travelled VVN by IN bus NN . SENT There EX were VBD cars NNS and CC they PP were VBD cheap JJ Austin NP and CC Morris NP both CC selling VVG cars NNS for IN the DT family NN at IN 100 CD . SENT Larger JJR saloon NN cars NNS built VVN by IN Vauxhall NP , , Riley NP , , Wolsey NP and CC others NNS might MD cost VV as RB much RB as IN 235 CD but CC they PP were VBD for IN the DT rich JJ . SENT In IN the DT whole JJ country NN there EX were VBD only RB about IN 2 CD million CD motor NN vehicles NNS , , and CC more JJR than IN 80 CD of IN these DT were VBD in IN the DT affluent JJ South NP . SENT The DT side NN roads NNS in IN Birkenhead NP seldom RB if IN ever RB saw VVD a DT motor NN car NN , , unless IN the DT doctor NN came VVD to TO call VV . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT streets NNS were VBD the DT children NNS s PP playground NN , , and CC I PP am VBP sure RB this DT will MD bring VV back RB fond JJ memories NNS . SENT Games NNS and CC pastimes NNS seldom RB seen VVN now RB filled VVN our PP$ playtime NN hours NNS . SENT bowling VVG a DT hoop NN through IN deserted VVN side NN streets NNS , , learning VVG to TO roller NN skate NN in IN total JJ safety NN , , skipping VVG two CD mums NNS would MD have VH a DT washing NN line NN stretched VVN across IN the DT street NN , , they PP would MD turn VV the DT rope NN and CC six CD or CC more JJR children NNS would MD skip VV in IN it PP together RB the DT skill NN , , which WDT I PP never RB achieved VVD , , was VBD to TO run VV in IN as IN the DT rope NN was VBD turning VVG and CC get VV into IN the DT rhythm NN of IN skipping VVG immediately RB , , marbles NNS alleys NNS in IN Birkenhead NP played VVD along IN the DT gutter NN . SENT and CC playing VVG two CD or CC ever RB three CD balls NNS against IN the DT wall NN chiefly RB for IN girls NNS , , who WP could MD master VV this DT skill NN much RB better RBR than IN boys NNS . SENT With IN these DT were VBD a DT whole JJ series NN of IN rhymes NNS and CC songs NNS to TO be VB used VVN whilst IN one CD was VBD skipping VVG or CC playing VVG ball NN . SENT I PP was VBD tempted VVN to TO include VV some DT here RB , , but CC space NN does VVZ not RB allow VV it PP . SENT but CC I PP do VVP feel VV that IN these DT should MD be VB written VVN down RP before IN they PP become VVP forgotten VVN a DT series NN for IN a DT future JJ magazine NN perhaps RB . SENT Street NP cricket NN with IN its PP$ own JJ very JJ strict JJ rules NNS one CD hand NN off IN the DT wall NN when WRB catching VVG was VBD out RB . SENT over IN a DT wall NN was VBD 6 CD and CC out IN the DT batsman NN having VHG the DT task NN of IN retrieving VVG the DT ball NN . SENT Knocking VVG and CC asking VVG if IN one PP knew VVD the DT householder NN , , more RBR daringly RB climbing VVG the DT wall NN if IN one CD was VBD unsure JJ of IN reception NN . SENT any DT unpleasant JJ person NN would MD be VB punished VVN by IN the DT ritual NN of IN ringing VVG the DT bell NN and CC running VVG away RB . SENT A DT corner NN house NN was VBD the DT traditional JJ meeting NN place NN where WRB games NNS would MD be VB planned VVN , , sides NNS picked VVD again RB , , more RBR rhymes VVZ for IN choosing VVG who WP would MD be VB it PP . SENT There EX were VBD seasons NNS for IN games NNS or CC activities NNS how WRB they PP started VVD nobody NN knew VVD , , but CC start VV they PP did VVD a DT time NN for IN top NN and CC whip NN , , for IN hopscotch NN , , marbles NNS , , bowling VVG of IN hoops NNS all RB were VBD cheap JJ , , all DT required JJ considerable JJ amounts NNS of IN energy NN . SENT There EX was VBD reading VVG the DT library NN was VBD free JJ and CC there EX were VBD the DT comics NNS . SENT For IN young JJ children NNS , , Tiger NP Tim NP s PP Weekly NP , , Enid NP Blyton NP s PP Sunny NP Stories NP , , the DT famous JJ 1 CD d SYM comics NNS of IN the DT previous JJ century NN Chips NP , , Comic JJ Cuts NNS , , Funny JJ Wonder NN , , but CC now RB joined VVD by IN the DT 2 CD d SYM comics NNS Film NP Fun NN , , Radio NP Fun NN , , and CC a DT whole JJ series NN of IN D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Thompson NP comics NNS Hotspur NN , , Rover NP , , Skipper NP , , Adventure NN , , Wizard NN . SENT Looking VVG again RB at IN my PP$ copies NNS I PP marvel VV at IN the DT amount NN of IN reading VVG matter NN at IN least JJS 26 CD pages NNS of IN close JJ print NN , , three CD columns NNS to TO the DT page NN , , with IN the DT most RBS wonderful JJ stories NNS Buffalo NP Bill NP s PP Schooldays NP , , The DT Traitor NN of IN the DT Team NN , , etc FW . SENT For IN girls NNS there EX was VBD Peg NP s PP Paper NP , , The DT Girl NN s PP Crystal NP , , again RB 5 CD or CC 6 CD stories NNS , , very RB few JJ pictures NNS . SENT In IN 1937 CD came VVD The DT Dandy NP and CC in IN 1938 CD The DT Beano NN both CC still RB in IN print NN , , but CC not RB as IN they PP were VBD . SENT Each DT had VHD at IN least JJS six CD small JJ print NN stories NNS , , plus CC the DT cartoon NN characters NNS who WP have VHP entered VVN our PP$ culture NN Keyhole NN Kate NP , , Desperate JJ Dan NP , , Hungry JJ Horace NP , , Lord NP Snooty JJ . SENT Nobody NN was VBD rich JJ enough RB to TO buy VV all PDT these DT comics NNS . SENT instead RB , , all RB of IN one CD s PP gang NN bought VVD one CD of IN them PP , , read VV it PP , , then RB began VVD the DT system NN of IN swaps NNS by IN the DT time NN all DT comics NNS had VHD been VBN circulated VVN the DT next JJ editions NNS were VBD on IN the DT market NN . SENT American JJ comics NNS could MD also RB be VB bought VVN at IN the DT Birkenhead NP Market NP and CC I PP was VBD fortunate JJ in IN having VHG an DT aunt NN in IN America NP who WP regularly RB sent VVD me PP the DT garish JJ comic JJ books NNS Batman NP , , Superman NN , , Captain NP Marvel NP these DT gave VVD me PP an DT awesome JJ status NN in IN the DT swapping VVG trade NN . SENT Newspapers NNS as IN always RB had VHD their PP$ circulation NN wars NNS . SENT in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP there RB were VBD about RB a DT dozen NN daily JJ papers NNS and CC on IN Sunday NP , , 10 CD papers NNS . SENT Apart RB from IN the DT Daily NP Mirror NP and CC the DT Daily NP Sketch NN , , all PDT the DT papers NNS were VBD broad JJ sheets NNS . SENT on IN Sunday NP , , the DT Sunday NP Pictorial NN was VBD the DT only JJ tabloid NN , , the DT rest NN were VBD broad JJ sheets NNS . SENT In IN addition NN , , there EX were VBD magazines NNS Everybody NN s PP Weekly NP , , John NP Bull NP , , Picture NP Post NP , , Illustrated NP . SENT Inorder NN to TO sell VV , , they PP all RB had VHD offers NNS at IN different JJ times NNS my PP$ bookshelf NN has VHZ the DT complete JJ works NNS of IN Dickens NP , , My NP Father NP in IN law NN has VHZ the DT Waverley NP Novels NNS of IN Sir NP Walter NP Scott NP . SENT I PP also RB have VHP the DT News NP Chronicle NP music NN book NN of IN Old NP Tyme NP Variety NN Songs NNS , , and CC the DT Daily NP Express NP edition NN of IN Songs NNS that WDT won VVD the DT War NP and CC I PP know VVP all DT of IN them PP for IN it PP was VBD my PP$ father NN s PP practice VV every DT Sunday NP afternoon NN to TO have VH my PP$ sister NN and CC I NN on IN his PP$ knee NN and CC together RB we PP would MD sing VV through IN the DT books NNS while IN Mum JJ made VVD the DT tea NN . SENT I PP m NN sure RB also RB that IN many JJ older JJR readers NNS will MD remember VV Lobby NN Lud NN the DT character NN created VVD I PP seem VVP to TO remember VV by IN the DT News NP Chronicle NP he PP would MD visit VV a DT different JJ seaside NN resort NN each DT day NN , , his PP$ silhouette NN would MD be VB in IN the DT paper NN , , and CC if IN recognised VVN , , one PP would MD have VH to TO have VH a DT copy NN of IN the DT newspaper NN in IN one CD s PP hand VV and CC approach VV him PP and CC say VVP You PP are VBP Lobby NN Lud NN and CC I PP claim VVP my PP$ 10 JJ it PP might MD have VH been VBN more JJR or CC less JJR , , I PP can MD t NN remember VV exactly RB . SENT I PP know VVP that IN we PP were VBD holidaying VVG in IN North NP Wales NP when WRB it PP was VBD reported VVN that IN he PP would MD be VB in IN Llandudno NP . SENT accordingly RB , , the DT whole JJ family NN went VVD to TO Llandudno NP for IN the DT day NN , , armed VVN with IN the DT Chronicle NP needless JJ to TO say VV we PP saw VVD nobody NN we PP could MD swear VV to TO be VB Lobby NN Lud NN , , though IN I PP am VBP sure RB many JJ innocent JJ and CC bemused JJ holidaymakers NNS were VBD accosted VVN . SENT Radio NP was VBD a DT major JJ home NN entertainment NN , , licence NN fee NN , , 10 CD 50 CD p NN the DT BBC NP , , under IN the DT genius NN of IN John NP Reid NP , , a DT dour JJ Scots JJ Presbyterian NN became VVD the DT most RBS respected JJ radio NN corporation NN in IN the DT world NN , , chiefly RB because IN Reid NP ignored VVD any DT government NN attempt NN to TO control VV his PP$ empire NN . SENT Unlike IN radio NN anywhere RB in IN Europe NP , , the DT BBC NP could MD be VB guaranteed VVN to TO speak VV the DT truth NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB unpopular JJ this DT might MD make VV it PP with IN the DT politicians NNS . SENT It PP also RB had VHD dignity NN when WRB George NP V NN was VBD dying VVG in IN January NP 1936 CD , , Reid NP s PP beautifully RB phrased VVD The DT King NP s PP life NN is VBZ drawing VVG peacefully RB to TO its PP$ close NN was VBD a DT sentence NN of IN sheer JJ poetry NN . SENT Compare VV it PP with IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN Poet NP Laureate NN A NP . SENT Austin NP s PP offering VVG on IN the DT illness NN of IN the DT Prince NP of IN Wales NP . SENT Across IN the DT wire NN the DT electric JJ message NN came VVD , , He PP is VBZ no RB better JJR , , he PP is VBZ much RB the DT same JJ . SENT and CC one PP can MD appreciate VV the DT contribution NN to TO our PP$ heritage NN of IN John NP Reid NP . SENT He PP disdained VVD to TO give VV people NNS what WP they PP might MD want VV this DT was VBD the DT problem NN in IN the DT USA NP where WRB commercial JJ radio NN catered VVD only RB for IN what WP was VBD popular JJ , , instead RB , , he PP gave VVD them PP what WP he PP thought VVD they PP should MD have VH . SENT A DT study NN of IN BBC NP programmes NNS shows VVZ a DT mix NN of IN light JJ variety NN early JJ broadcasts NNS were VBD from IN the DT Argyle NP Theatre NP , , Birkenhead NP , , symphony NN concerts NNS , , serious JJ talks NNS such JJ as IN The DT Brains NNS Trust NP , , regular JJ news NN bulletins NNS at IN set NN hours NNS . SENT suitable JJ programmes NNS for IN a DT Sunday NP were VBD cello NN quartets NNS , , symphony NN concerts NNS , , at IN least JJS two CD church NN services NNS and CC for IN light JJ relief NN , , and CC I PP am VBP sure RB many JJ will MD remember VV this DT , , Palm NP Court NP Hotel NP with IN Albert NP Sandler NP playing VVG the DT violin NN but CC this DT was VBD after IN 8 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT so RB that IN there EX was VBD no DT excuse NN to TO miss VV Evening NP Service NP . SENT On IN every DT weekday NN , , there EX was VBD Children NNS s PP Hour NN from IN 5 CD o NN clock NN with IN its PP$ uncles NNS and CC aunties NNS . SENT I PP still RB have VHP my PP$ Uncle NP Mac NP s PP Children NP s PP Hour NN Annual JJ with IN stories NNS about IN Larry NP the DT Lamb NP and CC articles NNS by IN Nomad NN concerning VVG the DT English JJ countryside NN . SENT We PP looked VVD forward RB eagerly RB to TO Monday NP Night NP at IN Eight CD which WDT included VVD Inspector NP Hornby NP Investigates VVZ the DT clue NN to TO solving VVG the DT mystery NN was VBD given VVN at IN the DT end NN . SENT one PP preened VVD oneself PP if IN the DT solution NN had VHD been VBN worked VVN out RP beforehand RB . SENT Outside JJ entertainment NN was VBD provided VVN by IN the DT cinema NN . SENT the DT movies NNS had VHD been VBN replaced VVN by IN the DT talkies NNS in IN 1927 CD and CC film NN stars NNS became VVD the DT new JJ aristocracy NN . SENT To TO go VV to TO the DT cinema NN was VBD sheer JJ escapism NN for IN 6 CD d SYM one NN was VBD admitted VVN to TO a DT sort NN of IN palace NN , , uniformed VVD servants NNS opened VVD the DT door NN for IN you PP , , another DT servant NN showed VVD you PP to TO your PP$ seat NN , , in IN the DT interval NN yet RB another DT servant NN brought VVD a DT tray NN of IN sweets NNS or CC ices NNS for IN you PP to TO choose VV , , and CC for IN two CD and CC a DT half NN hours NNS you PP could MD sit VV back RB in IN a DT plush JJ velvet NN seat NN and CC be VB entertained VVN . SENT Films NNS were VBD usually RB escapist NN light NN comedies NNS , , musicals NNS with IN a DT rags NN to TO riches NN story NN , , pleasant JJ foot NN tapping VVG songs NNS , , and CC one PP could MD be VB sure JJ that IN good NN always RB triumphed VVD , , nobody NN ever RB profited VVD from IN crime NN , , the DT baddies NNS were VBD obviously RB bad JJ , , the DT goodies NNS obviously RB good JJ . SENT In IN cowboy NN films NNS the DT hero NN never RB shot VVD a DT man NN in IN the DT back NN , , never RB hit VVN below IN the DT belt NN or CC kicked VVD , , and CC always RB gave VVD his PP$ opponent NN the DT chance NN to TO draw VV first JJ . SENT To TO us PP today NN , , they PP might MD appear VV naive JJ or CC unreal JJ , , but CC they PP were VBD simple JJ morality NN tales NNS for IN most JJS young JJ people NNS and CC they PP did VVD give VV us PP a DT standard NN to TO measure VV ourselves PP by IN , , and CC therefore RB should MD be VB admired VVN . SENT For IN children NNS , , there EX were VBD the DT Saturday NP afternoon NN matinees NNS usually RB a DT broad JJ comedy NN , , a DT cowboy NN film NN and CC always RB a DT serial JJ Flash NP Gordon NP was VBD a DT favourite NN and CC after IN the DT show NN it PP was VBD the DT custom NN to TO fasten VV one PP s PP blue JJ gaberdine NN mac NN at IN the DT throat NN as IN a DT sort NN of IN cloak NN and CC swagger NN along IN the DT street NN as IN Buster NP Crabbe NP had VHD done VVN in IN the DT role NN of IN Flash NP Gordon NP . SENT The DT cowboys NNS were VBD our PP$ heroes NNS Buck NP Jones NP and CC his PP$ horse NN , , Silver NP , , Tom NP Mix NP and CC his PP$ horse NN , , Tony NP . SENT , , the DT handsome JJ and CC much RB admired VVD Ken NP Maynard NP but CC we PP had VHD less JJR admiration NN for IN Gene NP Autrey NP because IN he PP would MD insist VV on IN singing VVG to TO the DT detriment NN of IN the DT action NN we PP demanded VVD . SENT Autrey NP died VVD in IN 1998 CD , , the DT last JJ of IN the DT 1930 CD s PP cowboys NNS . SENT At IN one CD time NN , , there EX were VBD 17 CD cinemas NNS in IN Birkenhead NP , , each DT often RB showing VVG two CD different JJ films NNS every DT week NN , , and CC all DT playing NN to TO packed JJ houses NNS , , particularly RB at IN weekends NNS Sport NP , , as RB always RB , , provided VVD entertainment NN . SENT In IN 1926 CD England NP won VVD the DT Ashes NNS , , with IN Jack NP Hobbs NP , , possibly RB the DT finest JJS batsman NN ever RB , , scoring VVG a DT century NN . SENT In IN the DT 1930 CD s PP the DT appearance NN of IN Don NP Bradman NP , , a DT run NN machine NN , , won VVD them PP back RB for IN Australia NP . SENT England NP regained VVD the DT Ashes NNS in IN the DT notorious JJ body NN line NN tour NN , , when WRB Larwood NP was VBD told VVN to TO bowl NN bouncers NNS at IN the DT Australians NNS , , who WP could MD not RB deal VV with IN them PP . SENT Such JJ was VBD the DT anger NN , , Australia NP threatened VVD to TO leave VV the DT Empire NN . SENT Ordered VVN to TO halt VV the DT onslaught NN , , Larwood NP still RB defeated VVD the DT Australians NNS and CC the DT Ashes NNS were VBD won VVN . SENT At IN the DT Oval NN in IN 1938 CD came VVD Hutton NP s PP magnificent JJ 364 CD in IN an DT England NP total NN of IN 903 CD for IN 7 CD to TO defeat VV Australia NP by IN an DT innings NN and CC 579 CD runs NNS I PP doubt VVP if IN we PP shall MD ever RB see VV the DT like IN again RB . SENT Ironically RB , , ten CD years NNS later RBR Hutton NP was VBD again RB England NP s VVZ highest JJS scorer NN at IN the DT Oval NN when WRB he PP scored VVD 30 CD in IN an DT England NP total NN of IN 52 CD . SENT This DT was VBD Bradman NP s PP last JJ match NN and CC he PP was VBD cheered VVN all PDT the DT way NN to TO the DT wicket NN only RB to TO be VB bowled VVN for IN 0 CD it PP was VBD said VVN that IN he PP could MD not RB see VV the DT ball NN for IN tears NNS . SENT In IN the DT thirties NNS , , Jules NP Rimet NP organised VVD the DT World NP Cup NP in IN Association NP Football NP England NP disdained VVD to TO enter VV , , preferring VVG to TO wait VV until IN the DT competition NN was VBD over RP , , then RB playing VVG the DT winners NNS and CC defeating VVG tem NN . SENT 1934 CD was VBD a DT great JJ year NN for IN English JJ tennis NN England NP won VVD both CC the DT Ladies NNS and CC the DT Men NPS s PP Championships NNS at IN Wimbledon NP when WRB Fred NP Perry NP and CC Dorothy NP Round NP both CC won VVD . SENT Perry NP was VBD to TO win VV again RB in IN 1935 CD and CC 1936 CD . SENT It PP appears VVZ unlikely JJ that IN England NP will MD ever RB produce VV such JJ players NNS again RB . SENT The DT 1920 CD s PP and CC 1930 CD s PP were VBD also RB the DT age NN when WRB aeroplanes NNS began VVD to TO make VV the DT headlines NNS with IN intrepid JJ flyers NNS undertaking VVG hazardous JJ trips NNS to TO far RB flung VVN parts NNS of IN the DT world NN to TO South NP Africa NP , , India NP and CC Australia NP . SENT Britain NP won VVD the DT Schneider NP Trophy NN outright RB in IN 1930 CD when WRB a DT plane NN designed VVN by IN R NP . SENT J NP . SENT Mitchell NP won VVD the DT trophy NN for IN seaplanes NNS for IN the DT third JJ time NN Mitchell NP used VVD the DT experience NN he PP gained VVD to TO design VV the DT Spitfire NN in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP . SENT I PP m NN sure RB many JJ will MD remember VV how WRB we PP used VVD to TO run VV outside IN if IN we PP heard VVD an DT aeroplane NN flying VVG overhead NN , , and CC this DT led VVN to TO the DT practice NN of IN sky NN writing VVG a DT small JJ bi NP plane NN would MD write VV a DT slogan NN across IN the DT sky NN , , usually RB a DT well RB known VVN article NN being VBG advertised VVN , , it PP was VBD most RBS effective JJ for IN hundreds NNS would MD watch VV trying VVG to TO guess VV the DT product NN as IN it PP was VBD written VVN , , and CC we PP would MD stand VV afterwards RB waiting VVG to TO see VV how WRB long JJ it PP took VVD before IN it PP disappeared VVD . SENT sky NN writing NN , , I NN m NN afraid JJ , , is VBZ now RB almost RB a DT lost JJ art NN . SENT But CC the DT one NN who WP won VVD the DT public JJ s NN attention NN was VBD a DT heroine NN Amy NP Johnson NP who WP in IN 1928 CD had VHD learned VVN to TO fly VV tiny JJ De NP Havilland NP Moths NNS , , paying VVG 2 CD an DT hour NN for IN her PP$ first JJ lessons NNS , , she PP also RB learned VVD to TO become VV an DT aitr NN mechanic NN , , maintaining VVG the DT planes NNS she PP flew VVD . SENT Her PP$ longest JJS flight NN after IN obtaining VVG her PP$ licence NN in IN 1929 CD was VBD from IN London NP to TO her PP$ home NN town NN of IN Hull NP , , but CC she PP had VHD her PP$ dreams NNS . SENT In IN 1930 CD , , she PP bought VVD a DT second JJ hand NN single JJ engined JJ Gipsy NP Moth NN which WDT she PP christened VVD Jason NP , , she PP taught VVD herself PP map VVP reading NN and CC basic JJ meteorology NN . SENT On IN Monday NP , , 5 CD th NN May NP 1930 CD , , she PP took VVD off RP from IN Croydon NP Aerodrome NN early RB on IN the DT morning NN , , arriving VVG in IN Vienna NP in IN time NN for IN tea NN , , and CC to TO huge JJ acclaim NN . SENT the DT next JJ day NN she PP headed VVD for IN Constantinople NP , , sustained VVN by IN a DT packet NN of IN sandwiches NNS and CC a DT thermos NN of IN tea NN . SENT Crossing VVG the DT middle JJ eastern JJ desert NN , , she PP ran VVD into IN a DT sand NN storm NN and CC had VHD to TO put VV down RP in IN the DT desert NN until IN the DT danger NN passed VVD , , she PP then RB flew VVD on RP to TO Baghdad NP and CC from IN there RB to TO Karachi NP , , beating VVG the DT previous JJ record NN for IN the DT flight NN to TO India NP by IN two CD days NNS . SENT She PP now RB flew VVD to TO Calcutta NP , , to TO Singapore NP , , to TO Java NP , , where WRB she PP had VHD to TO make VV an DT emergency NN landing NN on IN a DT sugar NN estate NN , , and CC where WRB bamboo NN made VVD holes NNS in IN the DT fabric NN of IN the DT plane's JJ wings NNS , , to TO be VB patched VVN up RP with IN sticking VVG plaster NN from IN her PP$ First NP Aid NP kit NN . SENT Two CD days NNS later RBR , , she PP was VBD in IN Australia NP , , to TO the DT plaudits NNS of IN the DT whole JJ world NN , , particularly RB from IN the DT British NP . SENT She PP returned VVD to TO Britain NP a DT heroine NN , , and CC to TO a DT cheque NN for IN 10 CD , , 000 CD . SENT We PP have VHP to TO remember VV that IN in IN those DT days NNS , , few JJ air NN fields NNS existed VVD , , and CC even RB fewer JJR had VHD qualified VVN mechanics NNS Amy NP Johnson NP had VHD to TO do VV all PDT her PP$ own JJ repairs NNS . SENT Also RB , , of IN course NN , , there EX were VBD none NN of IN the DT modern JJ navigational JJ aids NNS no DT radio NN , , no DT satellite NN links VVZ flyers NNS literally RB flew VVD by IN the DT seat NN of IN their PP$ pants NNS . SENT Throughout IN the DT 1930 CD s PP , , she PP continued VVD to TO make VV solo NN flights NNS to TO Cape NP Town NP and CC back RB again RB , , she PP married VVD another DT flyer NN , , Jim NP Mollinson NP , , though IN the DT marriage NN did VVD not RB last JJ . SENT When WRB war NN came VVD she PP ferried VVD planes NNS for IN the DT RAF NN and CC in IN January NP 1941 CD , , was VBD lost VVN over IN the DT Thames NP Estuary NN , , an DT ironic JJ end NN for IN a DT woman NN who WP had VHD flown VVN over IN the DT uncharted JJ , , shark NN infested VVD waters NNS of IN the DT Coral NP Sea NP to TO die VV flying VVG over IN possibly RB the DT best RBS charted VVN waters NNS of IN the DT British NP Isles NP and CC well RB within IN the DT sight NN of IN land NN , , a DT fitting JJ end NN to TO a DT genuine JJ heroine NN . SENT her PP$ plane NN , , Jason NP , , can MD still RB be VB seen VVN in IN the DT Kensington NP Science NP Museum NP . SENT In IN 1936 CD the DT Olympic NP Games NPS were VBD held VVN in IN Berlin NP and CC for IN the DT first JJ time NN Nationalist NN politics NNS intruded VVD . SENT Until IN then RB , , the DT Games NPS had VHD been VBN , , in IN De NP Coubertin NP s PP words NNS , , for IN the DT glory NN of IN sport NN . SENT Now RB , , on IN Adolf NP Hitler NP s PP orders VVZ , , they PP were VBD for IN the DT glory NN of IN Germany NP . SENT Superbly RB organised VVN , , they PP were VBD spoilt VVN for IN Hitler NP when WRB an DT American NP Negro NP , , Jesse NP Owen NP , , won VVD four CD Gold NN medals NNS , , overshadowing VVG all PDT the DT achievements NNS of IN the DT German JJ athletes NNS who WP led VVD the DT medals NNS table NN . SENT Hitler NP was VBD to TO be VB equally RB furious JJ when WRB the DT German JJ Heavyweight JJ champion NN , , Max NP Schmelling NP , , was VBD knocked VVN out RP in IN the DT first JJ round NN by IN the DT American NP Negro NP , , Joe NP Louis NP . SENT The DT Master NP Race NP theory NN was VBD shown VVN to TO be VB nonsense JJ . SENT Other JJ stories NNS in IN the DT news NN in IN the DT 30 CD s PP were VBD the DT crash NN of IN the DT huge JJ airship NN R NP 101 CD , , which WDT burst VVP into IN flames NNS on IN its PP$ maiden JJ flight NN , , killing VVG most JJS on IN board NN and CC ending VVG for IN ever RB Britain NP s PP interest NN in IN airships NNS . SENT They PP had VHD been VBN seen VVN as IN the DT easiest JJS way NN of IN transporting VVG large JJ numbers NNS of IN passengers NNS quickly RB over IN long JJ distances NNS and CC indeed RB Germany NP persevered VVD with IN the DT huge JJ Hindenberg NP until IN that WDT too RB was VBD destroyed VVN by IN fire NN in IN 1938 CD . SENT In IN 1936 CD , , the DT Crystal NP Palace NP was VBD destroyed VVN by IN fire NN I PP can MD never RB understand VV how WRB a DT building NN of IN iron NN and CC glass NN could MD burn VV , , removing VVG one CD of IN the DT great JJ 19 CD th NN century NN marvels NNS . SENT In IN that DT same JJ year NN , , 1936 CD , , Britain NP was VBD rocked VVN by IN problems NNS with IN the DT Royal NP Family NP . SENT In IN January NP , , George NP V NN , , who WP had VHD celebrated VVD his PP$ Silver NP Jubilee NP the DT year NN before IN with IN great JJ rejoicing VVG , , street NN parties NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , died VVD . SENT He PP was VBD a DT much RB loved VVN Monarch NP , , the DT first JJ to TO make VV the DT now RB traditional JJ Christmas NP radio NN broadcast NN . SENT He PP was VBD succeeded VVN by IN the DT very RB popular JJ Edward NP , , Prince NP of IN Wales NP , , who WP became VVD Edward NP VIII NP . SENT Edward NP was VBD the DT most RBS travelled JJ prince NN in IN history NN , , loved VVD throughout IN the DT Empire NN . SENT However RB , , unknown JJ to TO the DT people NNS , , he PP had VHD formed VVN a DT liaison NN with IN an DT American JJ divorcee NN , , Mrs NN Wallis NP Simpson NP . SENT The DT friendship NN was VBD known VVN throughout IN the DT world NN , , but CC the DT British NP Press NP remained VVD silent JJ . SENT Therefore RB the DT shock NN to TO the DT people NNS was VBD immense JJ when WRB , , at IN the DT beginning NN of IN December NP , , it PP finally RB reached VVD the DT papers NNS after IN the DT Bishop NP of IN Bradford NP , , in IN a DT sermon NN , , criticised VVD the DT King NN s PP conduct VVP . SENT Edward NP believed VVD that IN his PP$ popularity NN with IN the DT people NNS would MD see VV him PP through RP , , but CC his PP$ Prime NP Minister NP , , Baldwin NP , , knew VVD that IN though IN the DT people NNS might MD accept VV a DT mistress NN hiding NN behind IN the DT euphemism NN of IN friend NN , , they PP would MD never RB accept VV a DT Queen NP Wallis NP , , nor CC would MD the DT Empire NN . SENT Edward NP had VHD a DT choice NN give VV up RP Mrs NN Simpson NP or CC give VV up RP the DT Throne NP . SENT It PP is VBZ remarkable JJ how WRB quickly RB children NNS react VVP to TO these DT situations NNS the DT news NN broke VVD on IN December NP 4 CD th NN and CC within IN two CD or CC three CD days NNS there RB was VBD a DT street NN rhyme NN . SENT Who WP s PP this DT coming VVG down RP the DT street NN . SENT Mrs NN Simpson NP , , sweaty JJ feet NNS , , She PP s PP been VBN married VVN twice RB before RB , , Now RB she PP s VVZ knocking VVG at IN Edward NP s PP door NN . SENT On IN Friday NP 11 CD th NN December NP , , having VHG signed VVN away RP the DT throne NN the DT day NN before RB , , the DT new JJ Prince NP Edward NP , , Duke NP of IN Windsor NP , , broadcast VVD to TO the DT nation NN and CC to TO the DT Empire NN stating VVG that IN he PP found VVD it PP impossible JJ to TO carry VV out RP the DT heavy JJ burden NN of IN responsibility NN . SENT . SENT . SENT without IN the DT help NN and CC support NN of IN the DT woman NN I PP love VVP . SENT His PP$ successor NN would MD be VB his PP$ brother NN George NP , , Duke NP of IN York NP , , who WP became VVD George NP VI NP . SENT Many JJ saw VVD the DT Abdication NN as IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT end NN of IN the DT monarchy NN . SENT instead RB , , it PP probably RB saved VVD it PP , , for IN the DT new JJ shy JJ king NN and CC his PP$ delightful JJ wife NN were VBD possibly RB the DT most RBS beloved JJ royals NNS ever RB to TO occupy VV the DT throne NN . SENT The DT Abdication NN seemed VVD to TO have VH another DT effect NN Edward NP had VHD been VBN the DT leader NN of IN the DT Bright NP Young NP Things NNS . SENT In IN 1936 CD , , he PP showed VVD that IN he PP was VBD a DT middle JJ aged VVN man NN who WP could MD not RB accept VV responsibility NN he PP had VHD , , in IN effect NN , , run VVN away RB . SENT The DT young JJ generation NN saw VVD the DT danger NN into IN which WDT they PP were VBD heading VVG , , they PP needed VVD to TO face VV facts NNS , , accept VV responsibility NN , , for IN the DT international JJ scene NN was VBD becoming VVG alarming JJ . SENT Throughout IN the DT 1930 CD s PP there RB were VBD growing VVG signs NNS of IN future JJ problems NNS . SENT the DT dictators NNS of IN Germany NP and CC Italy NP were VBD becoming VVG increasingly RB active JJ , , and CC in IN Britain NP Sir NP Oswald NP Moseley NP s PP British NP Union NP of IN Fascists NNS was VBD making VVG itself PP noticed VVD though RB never RB to TO the DT degree NN where WRB one PP was VBD ever RB elected VVN to TO Parliament NP . SENT Britain NP and CC France NP , , leaders NNS of IN the DT Free NP World NP , , tried VVD to TO ignore VV the DT dangers NNS , , their PP$ peoples NNS did VVD not RB want VV war NN , , which WDT they PP saw VVD as IN being VBG more RBR terrible JJ than IN the DT previous JJ slaughter NN . SENT In IN 1935 CD Hitler NP s PP Germany NP began VVD to TO re NN arm NN after IN leaving VVG the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS . SENT in IN 1936 CD Germany NP invaded VVD the DT Rhineland NP . SENT in IN 1938 CD Austria NP was VBD forced VVN into IN union NN with IN Germany NP . SENT In IN all PDT these DT matters NNS Britain NP and CC France NP did VVD nothing NN . SENT The DT new JJ policy NN was VBD Appeasement NN avoid VV war NN no DT matter NN what WP the DT price NN . SENT In IN 1936 CD , , the DT Spanish NP Civil NP War NP seemed VVD to TO herald VV what WP might MD happen VV to TO us PP should MD we PP become VV involved VVN the DT bombing NN of IN Guernica NP seemed VVD to TO underline VV the DT possible JJ dangers NNS if IN our PP$ own JJ cities NNS were VBD heavily RB bombed VVN from IN the DT air NN . SENT I PP well RB remember VVP Christmas NP 1937 CD when WRB a DT large JJ number NN of IN Spanish JJ children NNS came VVD here RB to TO escape VV , , temporarily RB , , the DT horrors NNS of IN civil JJ war NN in IN their PP$ own JJ country NN . SENT They PP came VVD to TO accept VV and CC to TO enjoy VV whatever WDT their PP$ friendly JJ hosts NNS provided VVD unfortunately RB they PP had VHD never RB experienced VVN the DT full JJ horror NN of IN an DT English JJ children NNS s PP party NN . SENT Quickly RB they PP realised VVD , , as IN they PP politely RB ate VVD the DT sandwiches NNS provided VVD , , that IN English JJ children NNS saw VVD these DT not RB as IN food NN but CC as IN ammunition NN to TO throw VV at IN all DT and CC sundry JJ . SENT jellies NNS in IN those DT small JJ paper NN cases NNS we PP used VVD to TO have VH were VBD an DT especially RB effective JJ weapon NN and CC perfect JJ missiles NNS as IN they PP splattered VVD most RBS satisfactorily RB into IN faces NNS and CC hair NN . SENT Add VV to TO this DT one NN of IN my PP$ uncles NNS who WP had VHD never RB grown VVN up RP and CC who WP took VVD great JJ delight NN in IN sticking VVG jam NN tarts NNS on IN any DT unprotected JJ nose NN and CC one PP can MD understand VV why WRB , , after IN the DT meal NN , , all DT were VBD covered VVN with IN crumbs NNS , , jelly NN , , jam NN cake NN etc NN . SENT and CC looking VVG somewhat RB shell NN shocked VVD . SENT But CC of IN course NN , , there EX was VBD worse JJR to TO come VV organised VVN games NNS . SENT Whatever WDT game NN was VBD played VVN , , it PP always RB degenerated VVD into IN complete JJ mayhem NN . SENT one CD I PP remember VVP was VBD Oranges NNS and CC Lemons NP where WRB , , as IN we PP all RB know VVP , , when WRB caught VVD one PP chose VVD to TO be VB an DT orange NN or CC a DT lemon NN . SENT It PP ended VVD with IN most JJS of IN the DT Spanish JJ children NNS on IN one CD side NN , , and CC the DT English NP on IN the DT other JJ , , but CC with IN a DT significant JJ difference NN the DT English NNS knew VVD what WP to TO do VV , , the DT Spaniards NNS didn NN t NN . SENT . SENT The DT two CD lines NNS began VVD the DT traditional JJ tug NN of IN war NN , , except IN of IN course NN that IN the DT English NP knew VVD exactly RB when WRB to TO release VV the DT hold NN and CC stop VV pulling VVG immediately RB , , all DT of IN the DT Spanish JJ children NNS were VBD left VVN sprawlng NN on IN the DT floor NN where WRB once RB again RB they PP were VBD attacked VVN with IN any DT missiles NNS available JJ . SENT I PP am VBP quite RB certain JJ that IN they PP were VBD glad JJ to TO return VV to TO the DT relative JJ peace NN and CC normality NN of IN their PP$ civil JJ war NN . SENT Equally RB , , I PP often RB wonder VVP if IN any DT of IN these DT they PP will MD be VB in IN the DT late JJ 60 CD s PP or CC 70 CD s PP now RB remember VVP that DT party NN possibly RB it PP will MD help VV them PP to TO understand VV the DT excesses NNS of IN the DT English JJ holidaymaker NN in IN Spain NP today NN . SENT In IN September NP 1938 CD Hitler NP turned VVD his PP$ attention NN to TO Czechoslovakia NP , , demanding VVG the DT province NN of IN Sudetenland NP . SENT France NP had VHD an DT alliance NN to TO defend VV the DT Czechs NNS if IN attacked VVN , , Britain NP was VBD France NP s PP ally NN . SENT At IN Munich NP , , in IN September NP 1938 CD , , Britain NP and CC France NP agreed VVD to TO give VV Germany NP what WDT she PP asked VVD on IN condition NN that IN she PP would MD make VV no DT further JJR demands NNS . SENT The DT policy NN of IN Appeasement NN was VBD in IN full JJ flow NN but CC politicians NNS too RB often RB fail VV to TO realise VV that DT appeasement NN can MD only RB work VV from IN a DT position NN of IN strength NN show VVP the DT potential JJ trouble NN maker NN that IN you PP are VBP the DT master NN , , then RB agree VVP to TO concessions NNS , , stressing VVG to TO the DT other JJ side NN that IN these DT are VBP concessions NNS which WDT can MD be VB withheld VVN if IN there EX is VBZ any DT dispute NN . SENT When WRB agreeing VVG to TO concessions NNS from IN a DT position NN of IN weakness NN , , there EX is VBZ always RB the DT probability NN that IN the DT aggressor NN will MD continue VV to TO demand VV more RBR . SENT Chamberlain NP came VVD home NN to TO a DT hero NN s PP welcome VVP he PP has VHZ since RB been VBN condemned VVN , , but CC we PP have VHP to TO remember VV that IN both DT Labour NN and CC Conservatives NNS had VHD refused VVN to TO arm VV Britain NP in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP and CC in IN 1938 CD Britain NP was VBD in IN no DT condition NN to TO fight VV a DT major JJ European JJ war NN . SENT Also RB , , Chamberlain NP was VBD doing VVG what WP the DT people NNS manifestly RB wanted VVD he PP gave VVD them PP peace NN . SENT He PP also RB gained VVD an DT extra JJ year NN for IN Britain NP to TO re NN arm NN , , and CC Britain NP did VVD at IN last JJ modernise VV her PP$ forces NNS . SENT Unemployment NN in IN the DT ship NN yards NNS fell VVD away RB as IN Admiralty NP orders NNS were VBD received VVN I PP m NN sure JJ that IN many JJ will MD remember VV the DT tragedy NN of IN the DT Thetis NP in IN June NP 1939 CD when WRB a DT Laird NP s PP built VVN submarine NN was VBD lost VVN in IN Liverpool NP Bay NP because IN of IN a DT careless JJ oversight NN with IN the DT painting NN , , which WDT had VHD blocked VVN a DT tiny JJ inspection NN hole NN . SENT More JJR than IN 40 CD Laird NP s NN workers NNS were VBD lost VVN with IN the DT crew NN . SENT I PP can MD remember VV the DT lights NNS burning VVG late RB in IN a DT neighbour NN s PP house VVP that IN first JJ Saturday NP in IN June NP as IN a DT wife NN and CC daughter NN waited VVD for IN news NN of IN a DT father NN and CC son NN both CC aboard IN the DT submarine NN , , and CC the DT awful JJ announcement NN on IN the DT radio NN The DT Admiralty NP regrets VVZ . SENT . SENT . SENT In IN March NP 1939 CD Hitler NP had VHD broken VVN the DT Munich NP Agreement NP and CC most JJS realised VVD that DT war NN was VBD now RB probably RB certain JJ . SENT Cigarette NN cards NNS advised VVD how WRB to TO make VV a DT room NN gas NN proof NN , , how WRB to TO dig VV a DT trench NN against IN aerial JJ attack NN , , taught VVD basic JJ first JJ aid NN . SENT We PP speak VVP glibly RB about IN Britain NP muddling VVG through RP , , but CC in IN 1939 CD plans NNS were VBD made VVN to TO issue VV everybody NN with IN gas NN masks NNS , , to TO evacuate VV all DT schoolchildren NN to TO places NNS of IN safety NN , , to TO construct VV suitable JJ shelters NNS for IN those DT who WP wanted VVD them PP all RB of IN these DT were VBD successfully RB put VVN into IN operation NN as RB soon RB as IN war NN came VVD . SENT The DT great JJ fears NNS were VBD of IN attack NN from IN the DT air NN the DT bomber NN will MD always RB get VV through IN was VBD accepted VVN belief NN , , and CC Germany NP had VHD a DT huge JJ bomber NN fleet NN . SENT Gas NN was VBD the DT other JJ great JJ fear NN . SENT It PP had VHD been VBN used VVN devastatingly RB in IN the DT Great NP War NP in IN the DT trenches NNS . SENT how WRB much RB worse RBR it PP would MD be VB in IN Britain NP s PP over IN crowded JJ cities NNS . SENT In IN the DT event NN , , neither DT side NN used VVD gas NN as IN a DT weapon NN but CC the DT fear NN was VBD there RB . SENT Gas NN was VBD a DT very RB real JJ fear NN and CC it PP says VVZ much RB to TO the DT credit NN of IN the DT government NN that IN there EX were VBD sufficient JJ gas NN masks NNS for IN all PDT the DT population NN . SENT I PP well RB remember VVP an DT auntie NN with IN a DT young JJ baby NN who WP had VHD been VBN issued VVN with IN a DT baby NN respirator NN a DT large JJ rubber NN contrivance NN into IN which WDT the DT baby NN had VHD to TO be VB inserted VVN and CC fastened VVN in IN , , then RB air NN was VBD filtered VVN in IN via IN a DT hand NN bellows NNS . SENT Understandably RB , , the DT struggling VVG child NN was VBD unwilling JJ to TO be VB put VVN into IN a DT smelly JJ , , hot JJ container NN and CC she PP fought VVD violently RB . SENT my PP$ poor JJ auntie NN was VBD in IN tears NNS as IN she PP contemplated VVD the DT prospect NN of IN trying VVG to TO put VV the DT baby NN into IN its PP$ respirator NN , , ensuring VVG it PP was VBD airtight JJ by IN restricting VVG the DT violently RB kicking VVG limbs NNS which WDT kept VVD forcing VVG open RP the DT fastenings NNS , , putting VVG on IN her PP$ own JJ mask NN and CC pumping VVG filtered VVN air NN to TO keep VV the DT baby NN alive RB and CC all RB of IN this DT during IN a DT terrifying JJ gas NN attack NN . SENT Fortunately RB , , the DT danger NN never RB manifested VVD itself PP gas NN was VBD never RB used VVN . SENT In IN August NP 1939 CD Hitler NP made VVD an DT agreement NN with IN his PP$ arch NN enemy NN , , Communist NP Russia NP . SENT Poland NP was VBD helpless JJ between IN them PP . SENT On IN 1 CD st NP September NP Poland NP was VBD invaded VVD and CC Britain NP sent VVD an DT ultimatum NN , , which WDT ran VVD out RP at IN 11 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT on IN the DT 3 CD rd NN September NP . SENT I PP m NN sure RB many JJ will MD remember VV that DT sad JJ voice NN of IN Neville NP Chamberlain NP as IN he PP announced VVD at IN 11 CD . SENT 15 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT no DT such JJ undertaking NN has VHZ been VBN received VVN and CC consequently RB this DT country NN is VBZ at IN war NN with IN Germany NP . SENT On IN that DT weekend NN at IN the DT beginning NN of IN September NP , , more JJR than IN one CD and CC a DT half JJ million CD children NNS , , many JJ with IN their PP$ mothers NNS , , were VBD evacuated VVN . SENT again RB , , the DT organisation NN was VBD incredible JJ inevitably RB , , there EX were VBD moments NNS of IN confusion NN , , but CC in IN general JJ these DT evacuees NNS were VBD moved VVN hundreds NNS of IN miles NNS from IN the DT industrial JJ towns NNS to TO places NNS of IN safety NN and CC accommodation NN found VVD for IN them PP . SENT and CC all DT of IN this DT in IN a DT matter NN of IN a DT few JJ days NNS . SENT Again RB , , for IN the DT most JJS part NN , , the DT new JJ homes NNS found VVD provided VVN kindness NN and CC shelter NN , , though RB again RB there EX were VBD stories NNS of IN cruelty NN and CC insensitivity NN these DT are VBP the DT stories NNS which WDT are VBP heard VVN , , the DT millions NNS of IN those DT who WP found VVD welcome NN and CC kindness NN do VVP not RB make VV good JJ stories NNS in IN the DT popular JJ press NN . SENT Evacuation NN was VBD not RB compulsory JJ it PP was VBD left VVN to TO the DT parents NNS to TO decide VV . SENT My PP$ parents NNS had VHD decided VVN that IN my PP$ sister NN and CC I PP should MD go VV to TO a DT place NN of IN safety NN and CC on IN the DT evening NN of IN September NP 2 CD , , knowing VVG that IN we PP were VBD going VVG away RP the DT next JJ day NN , , we PP were VBD somewhat RB subdued VVN . SENT My PP$ closest JJS school NN friend NN and CC his PP$ parents NNS came VVD over RP to TO wish VV us PP well RB , , and CC in IN talking VVG with IN my PP$ parents NNS they PP said VVD how WRB they PP intended VVD to TO keep VV their PP$ son NN at IN home NN whereupon IN the DT lad NN had VHD a DT satisfied JJ smirk NN on IN his PP$ face NN , , until IN they PP added VVD , , if IN we PP re IN going VVG to TO die VV , , we PP ll VVZ all RB die VV together RB , , whereupon IN the DT smile NN vanished VVD and CC a DT look NN of IN real JJ dismay NN replaced VVD it PP he PP was VBD not RB too RB keen JJ on IN dying VVG with IN or CC without IN parents NNS . SENT The DT first JJ months NNS of IN the DT war NN became VVD known VVN as IN the DT phoney JJ war NN because IN of IN the DT lack NN of IN fighting VVG indeed RB , , I PP would MD suggest VV that IN there EX was VBD more JJR fighting NN between IN the DT English NP and CC the DT Welsh JJ children NNS in IN the DT village NN where WRB I PP was VBD evacuated VVN than IN there EX was VBD on IN the DT Western NP Front NP . SENT I PP remember VVP a DT report NN in IN the DT newspaper NN that IN the DT Minister NP for IN Air NP , , Sir NP Kingsley NP Wood NP , , forbade VVD the DT bombing NN of IN German JJ forests NNS with IN incendiary JJ bombs NNS as IN this DT might MD damage VV private JJ property NN . SENT We PP all RB took VVD the DT war NN very RB seriously RB . SENT I PP remember VVP in IN the DT town NN where WRB we PP were VBD evacuated VVN that IN there EX would MD be VB a DT practice NN Air NP Raid NP alert NN at IN midday NN at IN the DT appointed VVN time NN , , most JJS of IN the DT people NNS were VBD gathered VVN outside IN the DT Market NP Hall NP where WRB the DT Air NP Raid NP siren NN was VBD installed VVN . SENT We PP were VBD told VVN that IN when WRB the DT alarm NN sounded VVD , , we PP were VBD to TO return VV to TO our PP$ homes NNS and CC take VV shelter NN under IN the DT table NN , , none NN of IN the DT houses NNS in IN this DT part NN of IN Wales NP having VHG shelters NNS . SENT The DT chairman NN of IN the DT Parish NP Council NP , , accompanied VVN by IN the DT local JJ policemen NNS marched VVD up RP to TO the DT Hall NP to TO press VV the DT alarm NN . SENT Then RB came VVD that IN undulating VVG wailing VVG with IN which WDT we PP were VBD all RB to TO become VV so IN familiar JJ later RBR in IN the DT war NN . SENT we PP duly RB clapped VVD this DT evidence NN of IN efficiency NN then RB returned VVD home NN to TO our PP$ shelter NN and CC this DT I PP find VVP now RB as RB completely RB bizarre JJ my PP$ sister NN and CC I PP , , with IN our PP$ landlady NN proceeded VVD , , in IN all DT seriousness NN , , to TO sit VV under IN the DT table NN to TO eat VV our PP$ lunch NN , , seeing VVG nothing NN ridiculous JJ in IN our PP$ situation NN . SENT The DT war NN gave VVD new JJ opportunities NNS to TO those DT who WP revelled VVD in IN officiousness NN the DT Air NP Raid NP warden NN in IN Dad NP s PP Army NP was VBD a DT fair JJ picture NN of IN many JJ at IN this DT time NN . SENT Again RB , , in IN our PP$ small NN welsh VV town NN , , there EX was VBD one CD warden NN only RB and CC to TO him PP the DT black NN out RB was VBD a DT heaven NN sent VVD chance NN to TO underline VV his PP$ power NN . SENT he PP would MD be VB seen VVN prowling VVG the DT streets NNS after IN dark NN , , peering VVG closely RB at IN the DT windows NNS . SENT Any DT sign NN of IN a DT glimmer NN of IN light NN , , probably RB totally RB invisible JJ beyond IN three CD feet NNS , , and CC only RB visible JJ if IN one PP crouched VVD down RB to TO spot VV it PP under IN the DT thick JJ curtains NNS which WDT most JJS people NNS had VHD , , and CC he PP would MD hammer VV on IN the DT door NN and CC demand NN that IN a DT member NN of IN the DT household NN come VVN out RP to TO view VV the DT offence NN , , with IN threats NNS of IN official JJ action NN if IN such PDT an DT occurrence NN happened VVD again RB . SENT As IN the DT light NN could MD not RB even RB be VB seen VVN from IN the DT edge NN of IN the DT pavement NN , , the DT chances NNS of IN its PP$ being VBG seen VVN by IN a DT German JJ plane NN flying VVG at IN several JJ thousand CD feet NNS were VBD remote JJ , , nevertheless RB we PP had VHD to TO comply VV it PP was VBD his PP$ moment NN of IN glory NN . SENT To TO attempt VV to TO give VV the DT history NN of IN the DT war NN would MD be VB impossible JJ . SENT suffice VV to TO say VV that IN both DT Britain NP and CC France NP tried VVD to TO re NN run VV the DT Great NP War NP , , whereas IN Germany NP used VVD new JJ tactics NNS . SENT France NP had VHD built VVN the DT Maginot NP Line NP , , a DT magnificent JJ system NN of IN trenches NNS and CC heavy JJ guns NNS . SENT Like IN a DT battleship NN on IN land NN , , said VVD one CD British JJ general NN , , and CC just RB as RB useless JJ . SENT They PP refused VVD to TO believe VV that DT nobody NN wins VVZ a DT war NN by IN sitting VVG still RB and CC waiting VVG for IN the DT enemy NN to TO attack VV . SENT In IN 1940 CD the DT Germans NPS simply RB went VVD round NN and CC over IN it PP , , the DT British NP were VBD forced VVN to TO retreat VV at IN Dunkirk NP , , and CC France NP was VBD forced VVN to TO accept VV an DT armistice NN . SENT Apart RB from IN a DT wonderful JJ victory NN over IN the DT Italians NNS , , Britain NP suffered VVD a DT series NN of IN defeats NNS until IN August NP 1942 CD . SENT By IN then RB it PP was VBD truly RB a DT World NP War NP involving VVG Russia NP , , the DT USA NP , , Japan NP , , as RB well RB as IN the DT European JJ powers NNS . SENT Britain NP was VBD near JJ defeat NN on IN the DT Nile NP , , on IN the DT borders NNS of IN India NP , , and CC at IN sea NN where WRB the DT German JJ U NP Boats NNS were VBD sinking VVG up RB to TO 600 CD , , 000 CD tons NNS of IN shipping VVG each DT month NN Britain NP was VBD close JJ to TO starvation NN . SENT So RB often RB we PP would MD hear VV the DT high JJ pitched JJ sirens NNS of IN destroyers NNS or CC corvettes NNS announcing VVG that IN another DT convoy NN had VHD come VVN into IN the DT Mersey NP and CC if IN we PP went VVD down RP to TO the DT river NN we PP would MD often RB see VV the DT merchant NN ships NNS damaged VVN by IN gun NN fire NN , , or CC even RB by IN torpedoes NNS , , but CC still RB afloat RB . SENT Yet CC we PP survived VVD , , indeed RB were VBD healthier JJR on IN our PP$ rations NNS than IN before IN 4 CD oz NP of IN butter NN , , 4 CD oz NP margarine NN , , 1 CD d SYM worth NN of IN meat NN a DT small JJ piece NN of IN expensive JJ meat NN , , or CC more JJR of IN the DT cheaper JJR cuts NNS , , 1 CD egg NN a DT fortnight NN , , 2 CD oz NP tea NN , , 12 CD oz NP sugar NN . SENT Bread NN and CC vegetables NNS were VBD unrationed JJ throughout IN the DT war NN and CC many JJ other JJ goods NNS sweets NNS , , tinned JJ fruits NNS , , tinned JJ meats NNS , , etc FW . SENT were VBD on IN points NNS if IN you PP bought VVD a DT tin NN of IN Spam NN you PP would MD be VB unable JJ to TO buy VV a DT tin NN of IN pineapple NN . SENT Children NNS and CC expectant JJ mothers NNS were VBD given VVN more JJR milk NN , , eggs NNS and CC orange JJ juice NN containing VVG cod NN liver NN oil NN . SENT Clothing NN was VBD also RB rationed VVN and CC was VBD utility NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT it PP followed VVD strictly RB standard JJ patterns NNS to TO save VV cloth NN , , buttons NNS , , everything NN . SENT Fish NN was VBD not RB rationed VVN , , but CC was VBD in IN short JJ supply NN , , and CC many JJ will MD remember VV the DT custom NN of IN queuing VVG a DT very RB British JJ way NN of IN ensuring VVG a DT sort NN of IN fairness NN one NN of IN the DT great JJ crimes NNS was VBD to TO jump VV the DT queue NN . SENT Nobody NN starved VVN and CC certainly RB the DT eating NN of IN less JJR meat NN and CC more JJR vegetables NNS meant VVD a DT healthier JJR population NN generally RB . SENT Air NP raids NNS brought VVD their PP$ own JJ impact NN many JJ houses NNS had VHD their PP$ own JJ air NN raid NN shelter NN , , either CC an DT Anderson NP a DT metal NN shelter NN sunk VVN into IN the DT ground NN , , a DT Morrison NP a DT metal NN shelter NN inside IN the DT house NN which WDT could MD serve VV as IN a DT table NN , , or CC a DT brick NN shelter NN in IN the DT street NN . SENT Others NNS went VVD to TO the DT underground JJ stations NNS Hamilton NP Square NP had VHD its PP$ regular JJ nightly JJ visitors NNS . SENT We PP learned VVD to TO live VV , , even RB enjoy VVP , , the DT camaraderie NN of IN the DT shelters NNS , , and CC we PP had VHD the DT practice NN for IN Merseyside NN , , after IN London NP , , was VBD the DT most RBS important JJ port NN in IN Britain NP and CC was VBD therefore RB , , after IN London NP , , the DT most RBS heavily RB bombed VVN . SENT Christ NP Church NP School NP was VBD destroyed VVN in IN March NP 1941 CD , , and CC sustained JJ bombing NN continued VVD until IN it PP culminated VVD in IN the DT great JJ May NP Blitz NP . SENT When WRB the DT school NN was VBD bombed VVN , , for IN a DT time NN we PP had VHD nowhere RB to TO go VV , , but CC in IN the DT April NP we PP moved VVD into IN the DT church NN hall NN , , always RB known VVN then RB as IN the DT schoolroom NN attending VVG school NN on IN Monday NP , , Wednesday NP and CC Friday NP mornings NNS only RB . SENT we PP had VHD no DT books NNS , , no DT blackboards NNS , , no DT chalk NN , , literally RB nothing NN we PP sat VVD in IN circles NNS around IN the DT teacher NN who WP had VHD to TO contrive VV oral JJ lessons NNS with IN several JJ classes NNS all RB in IN the DT same JJ room NN together RB . SENT . SENT it PP was VBD then RB that IN I PP began VVD to TO admire VV teachers NNS for IN their PP$ kindness NN and CC adaptability NN . SENT At IN that DT time NN I PP was VBD living VVG in IN Tranmere NP , , our PP$ house VV having VHG been VBN one CD of IN the DT casualties NNS in IN April NP , , and CC I PP remember VVP standing NN in IN Mersey NP Park NP looking VVG across IN at IN Liverpool NP , , seeing VVG the DT whole JJ length NN of IN the DT Liverpool NP Docks NNS blazing VVG from IN end NN to TO end VV , , with IN similar JJ infernos NNS on IN the DT Birkenhead NP and CC Wallasey NP side NN . SENT I PP suppose VVP that DT everybody NN has VHZ his PP$ or CC her PP$ personal JJ memory NN of IN the DT blitz NN but CC there EX are VBP a DT few JJ I PP can MD certainly RB remember VV an DT Aunt NN , , of IN somewhat RB corpulent JJ size NN , , used VVN to TO return VV to TO her PP$ home NN in IN Rock NP ferry NN at IN the DT height NN of IN the DT air NN raid NN . SENT My PP$ father NN asked VVD her PP if IN she PP felt VVD nervous JJ with IN the DT bombs NNS falling VVG . SENT Oh UH no UH , , she PP replied VVD , , I NN shelter NN under IN the DT trees NNS in IN the DT park NN . SENT Because IN of IN her PP$ size NN , , she PP refused VVD to TO use VV her PP$ Andersen NP shelter NN in IN the DT garden NN , , claiming VVG she PP could MD not RB get VV through IN the DT door NN . SENT Indeed RB , , many JJ of IN us PP preferred VVD to TO take VV our PP$ chances NNS in IN the DT warmth NN and CC safety NN of IN the DT house NN rather RB than IN the DT discomfort NN of IN a DT cold JJ , , damp JJ shelter NN the DT story NN spread VVD that IN if IN you PP could MD hear VV the DT bomb NN coming VVG down RP , , then RB it PP would MD not RB hit VV you PP it PP was VBD the DT bomb NN which WDT you PP could MD not RB hear VV which WDT was VBD the DT danger NN . SENT I PP can MD remember VV Christmas NP 1940 CD , , sitting VVG beside IN the DT fire NN reading VVG a DT comic JJ , , with IN an DT air NN raid NN in IN progress NN outside NN . SENT Mum JJ and CC dad NN were VBD listening VVG to TO the DT wireless NN , , Granddad NN was VBD smoking VVG his PP$ pipe NN . SENT Suddenly RB there EX was VBD the DT sound NN of IN breaking VVG glass NN , , the DT bricks NNS fell VVD down RP the DT chimney NN , , we PP heard VVD slates NNS falling VVG from IN the DT roof NN to TO crash VV outside JJ , , soot NN swept VVD into IN the DT room NN . SENT my PP$ father NN grabbed VVD me PP with IN one CD hand NN , , my PP$ sister NN with IN the DT other JJ , , and CC my PP$ mother NN with IN another DT I PP still RB don VV t NN know VV how WRB he PP managed VVD it PP and CC threw VVD us PP all RB under IN the DT table NN , , my PP$ granddad NN continued VVD to TO smoke VV his PP$ pipe NN , , confining VVG himself PP to TO saying VVG Scissors NN the DT most RBS extreme JJ oath NN he PP would MD ever RB allow VV himself PP . SENT That DT s VVZ our PP$ house NN gone VVN , , said VVD dad NN he PP went VVD to TO investigate VV and CC found VVD instead RB that IN it PP was VBD a DT house NN across IN the DT street NN . SENT There EX lived VVD a DT young JJ mother NN with IN her PP$ baby NN and CC mother NN , , while IN her PP$ husband NN was VBD away RB in IN the DT forces NNS . SENT They PP had VHD been VBN sheltering VVG in IN a DT street NN shelter NN when WRB the DT baby NN began VVD to TO cry VV for IN a DT feed NN . SENT too RB embarrassed JJ to TO feed VV the DT child NN before IN strangers NNS the DT three CD had VHD gone VVN back RB into IN the DT house NN where WRB all DT were VBD killed VVN , , my PP$ father NN helped VVD to TO bring VV the DT baby NN s PP body NN out RP . SENT He PP then RB insisted VVD that IN in IN future NN , , no DT matter NN what WP the DT discomfort NN , , we PP should MD all RB go VV to TO the DT shelter NN when WRB there EX was VBD a DT raid NN in IN progress NN . SENT We PP would MD sit VV there RB during IN the DT very RB heavy JJ bombing NN of IN 1941 CD , , and CC every DT so RB often RB , , granddad NN would MD say VV , , There EX goes VVZ our PP$ house NN , , whereupon IN he PP would MD glance VV out RP of IN the DT door NN and CC say VVP , , the DT back JJ wall NN is VBZ still RB standing VVG . SENT Once RB he PP went VVD in IN for IN some DT tea NN when WRB the DT raid NN seemed VVD to TO be VB slackening VVG off RP , , and CC when WRB we PP came VVD in IN he PP was VBD sitting VVG in IN his PP$ chair NN with IN his PP$ tea NN , , with IN the DT remains VVZ of IN the DT hearth NN rug NN smouldering VVG at IN his PP$ feet NNS he PP had VHD come VVN in RP to TO find VV the DT house NN ablaze RB , , had VHD put VVN out RP the DT fire NN and CC made VVD his PP$ tea NN he PP had VHD his PP$ priorities NNS right RB . SENT . SENT It PP was VBD about IN this DT time NN that IN he PP gave VVD up RP the DT drinking NN of IN beer NN not RB because IN he PP became VVD teetotal JJ but CC because RB of IN the DT price NN . SENT Always RB , , on IN Friday NP , , when WRB he PP drew VVD his PP$ pension NN , , he PP and CC his PP$ friend NN would MD go VV to TO the DT Argyle NP pub NN and CC buy VV each DT other JJ a DT pint NN . SENT Asking VVG for IN two CD pints NNS , , he PP put VVD down RB 1 CD . SENT Another DT 2 CD d NN please VVP Tom NP , , said VVD the DT barmaid NN , , It PP s VVZ 7 CD d NN 3 CD p NN a DT pint NN now RB . SENT 7 CD d SYM a DT pint NN for IN beer NN , , said VVD granddad NN , , then RB that IN s PP the DT last JJ pint NN I PP ll VVZ ever RB buy VV . SENT He PP was VBD true JJ to TO his PP$ word NN , , he PP never RB entered VVD a DT public JJ house NN again RB . SENT A DT story NN concerning VVG the DT Queen NP Mother NP may MD be VB inserted VVN here RB . SENT as IN Queen NP , , she PP was VBD living VVG at IN Windsor NP during IN the DT worst JJS of IN the DT blitz NN . SENT A DT cousin NN in IN the DT Coldstream NP Guards VVZ a DT traitor NN , , for IN both CC my PP$ father NN and CC I PP had VHD been VBN Grenadiers NNS was VBD on IN sentry NN duty NN when WRB her PP$ Majesty NN came VVD up RP to TO him PP and CC asked VVD about IN his PP$ family NN he PP replied VVD that IN he PP came VVD from IN Merseyside NN where WRB his PP$ mother NN and CC sister NN still RB lived VVD . SENT A DT few JJ weeks NNS later RBR , , Merseyside NN suffered VVD its PP$ May NP Blitz NP and CC when WRB the DT Queen NP next JJ saw VVD him PP , , she PP came VVD to TO him PP to TO ask VV if IN his PP$ family NN were VBD safe JJ she PP had VHD remembered VVN an DT ordinary JJ soldier NN and CC his PP$ family NN several JJ weeks NNS after IN she PP had VHD first RB spoken VVN to TO him PP . SENT From IN that DT time NN onward RB , , he PP was VBD devoted VVN to TO her PP and CC remains VVZ so RB to TO this DT day NN . SENT We PP were VBD finally RB forced VVN to TO leave VV our PP$ house NN in IN April NP 1941 CD , , when WRB there EX was VBD no DT roof NN , , no DT windows NNS , , and CC a DT large JJ hole NN in IN the DT wall NN fortunately RB we PP had VHD our PP$ relatives NNS to TO give VV us PP accommodation NN , , others NNS were VBD not RB so RB lucky JJ . SENT Our PP$ furniture NN had VHD to TO be VB put VVN in IN storage NN and CC unfortunately RB almost RB all DT of IN our PP$ more JJR precious JJ belongings NNS were VBD stolen VVN mother NN at IN this DT time NN was VBD more RBR concerned VVN with IN our PP$ safety NN and CC the DT fact NN that IN dad NN had VHD collapsed VVN and CC was VBD shortly RB to TO die VV material NN possessions NNS seemed VVD to TO be VB of IN little JJ importance NN . SENT Morale NN generally RB was VBD very RB high JJ during IN the DT war NN , , I NN cannot NN remember VVP any DT feeling NN that IN we PP might MD lose VV . SENT a DT cousin NN who WP worked VVD on IN the DT railways NNS was VBD a DT member NN of IN the DT Home NP Guard NP in IN 1941 CD , , before IN he PP was VBD drafted VVN into IN the DT army NN proper JJ . SENT He PP was VBD detailed JJ to TO guard VV the DT railway NN line NN near IN the DT Hooton NP signal NN box NN armed VVN with IN a DT . SENT 303 CD rifle NN and CC 5 CD rounds NNS of IN ammunition NN . SENT when WRB his PP$ guard NN duty NN ended VVD , , he PP would MD solemnly RB hand VV over IN the DT rifle NN to TO the DT next JJ man NN on IN duty NN , , with IN the DT clip NN of IN bullets NNS intact JJ . SENT They PP knew VVD how WRB to TO load VV the DT rifle NN the DT only JJ one NN the DT platoon NN owned VVN , , but CC they PP had VHD never RB fired VVN it PP the DT 5 CD bullets NNS were VBD the DT sum NN total NN of IN their PP$ defence NN and CC could MD only RB be VB fired VVN on IN the DT direct JJ orders NNS of IN an DT officer NN . SENT Radio NP was VBD a DT great JJ morale NN booster NN Bandwagon NN at IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT war NN was VBD the DT first JJ regular JJ comedy NN show NN on IN BBC NP radio NN . SENT it PP was VBD followed VVN by IN a DT series NN of IN shows NNS , , all DT of IN which WDT had VHD their PP$ own JJ popular JJ catch NN phrases NNS Jack NP Warner NP in IN Garrison NP Theatre NP with IN his PP$ mind NN my PP$ bike NN , , and CC talking VVG of IN his PP$ little JJ gel NN . SENT Happidrome NP broadcast VVD every DT Sunday NP evening NN with IN Mr NP . SENT Lovejoy NP , , Ramsbottom NP and CC Enoch NP their PP$ phrase NN was VBD Let VV me PP tell VV you PP The DT most RBS famous JJ , , of IN course NN , , was VBD ITMA NP with IN the DT Liverpool NP comedian NN , , Tommy NP Handley NP . SENT Every DT character NN had VHD his PP$ or CC her PP$ catchphrase NN can MD I PP do VVP you PP now RB sir NN . SENT I PP don VV t NN mind NN if IN I PP do VVP , , After IN you PP Claude NP , , no RB after IN you PP Cecil NP , , and CC as IN they PP were VBD introduced VVN and CC the DT phrase NN was VBD spoken VVN , , so RB the DT audience NN erupted VVD into IN applause NN and CC laughter NN . SENT There EX was VBD never RB any DT bad JJ language NN or CC innuendo NN , , no DT smutty JJ jokes NNS . SENT the DT most RBS outrageous JJ comedian NN , , Max NP Miller NP won VVD his PP$ laughs NNS by IN not RB voicing VVG the DT punch NN line NN , , he PP allowed VVD the DT audience NN to TO supply VV that IN while IN he PP viewed VVD them PP with IN puzzled VVN innocence NN , , or CC a DT knowing VVG grin NN and CC raised VVN eyebrows NNS . SENT The DT 9 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT news NN was VBD listened VVN to TO by IN all DT , , and CC the DT BBC NP won VVD a DT reputation NN for IN truthfulness NN which WDT was VBD respected VVN the DT world NN over RP . SENT The DT government NN also RB played VVD its PP$ part NN by IN not RB hiding VVG any DT disasters NNS from IN the DT people NNS . SENT In IN May NP 1941 CD I PP can MD remember VV the DT radio NN programme NN being VBG interrupted VVN by IN an DT announcement NN that IN the DT Admiralty NP regrets VVZ the DT loss NN of IN HMS NP Hood NP the DT Mighty NP Hood NP was VBD seen VVN as IN the DT embodiment NN of IN British JJ sea NN power NN we PP did VVD not RB realise VV its PP$ basic JJ weaknesses NNS as IN a DT war NN ship NN but CC this DT truthfulness NN and CC honesty NN in IN reporting VVG bad JJ news NN meant VVN that IN when WRB therer JJR was VBD good JJ news NN to TO be VB reported VVN , , we PP knew VVD it PP to TO be VB true JJ . SENT In IN Germany NP , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , where WRB unpleasant JJ truths NNS were VBD often RB hidden VVN , , and CC the DT war NN seemed VVD to TO be VB a DT constant JJ stream NN of IN victories NNS , , when WRB the DT defeats NNS began VVD they PP were VBD kept VVN from IN the DT people NNS who WP were VBD therefore RB all PDT the DT more RBR shocked JJ when WRB the DT truth NN began VVD to TO appear VV they PP were VBD not RB prepared VVN for IN it PP , , whereas IN in IN Britain NP we PP became VVD so RB accustomed VVN to TO defeat VV in IN the DT early JJ years NNS of IN the DT war NN , , we PP could MD accept VV any DT setback NN and CC simply RB carry VV on RP . SENT In IN 1942 CD the DT Americans NPS began VVD to TO arrive VV and CC Arrowe NP Park NP became VVD a DT huge JJ U NP . SENT S NP . SENT transit NN camp NN . SENT To TO many JJ these DT might MD have VH borne VVN out RP the DT saying NN , , Overpaid VVD , , over IN sexed VVN , , and CC over IN here RB , , but CC to TO children NNS they PP were VBD the DT most RBS friendly JJ and CC generous JJ of IN allies NNS . SENT A DT new JJ phrase NN entered VVD our PP$ language NN Any DT gum NN , , chum NN . SENT and CC invariably RB the DT sticks NNS of IN gum NN would MD be VB produced VVN . SENT I PP tried VVD the DT question NN on IN a DT G NP . SENT I PP . SENT and CC he PP , , having VHG no DT gum NN , , offered VVD me PP a DT chew VVP of IN his PP$ chewing VVG tobacco NN . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , it PP was VBD not RB an DT experience NN I PP repeated VVD chewing VVG tobacco NN is VBZ an DT acquired JJ taste NN . SENT Once IN America NP was VBD our PP$ ally NN victory NN was VBD certain JJ , , for IN once RB America NP sets VVZ its PP$ mind NN to TO a DT task NN it PP is VBZ unbeatable JJ they PP still RB have VHP the DT initiative NN and CC self NN confidence NN that IN Britain NP had VHD in IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN , , but CC which WDT we PP seem VVP now RB to TO have VH largely RB lost VVN . SENT I PP can MD remember VV the DT excitement NN at IN school NN when WRB we PP saw VVD a DT huge JJ fleet NN of IN more JJR than IN 100 CD Liberator NN bombers NNS flying VVG over RP . SENT There EX was VBD no DT way NN that IN Germany NP could MD match VV this DT output NN . SENT Christmas NP 1944 CD saw VVD the DT beginning NN of IN the DT end NN of IN the DT blackout NN when WRB restricted JJ lighting NN was VBD allowed VVN in IN the DT streets NNS and CC shops NNS . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , church NN bells NNS were VBD once RB again RB allowed VVN to TO ring VV out RP , , it PP being VBG felt VVN that IN the DT danger NN of IN invasion NN was VBD past IN my PP$ mother NN was VBD in IN tears NNS as IN she PP heard VVD them PP that IN Christmas NP morning NN . SENT As IN the DT war NN neared VVD its PP$ end NN , , the DT civilised JJ world NN was VBD profoundly RB horrified VVN by IN the DT pictures NNS which WDT began VVD to TO emerge VV of IN the DT German JJ concentration NN camps NNS I NN m NN sure RB many JJ who WP saw VVD these DT images NNS on IN the DT news NN reels VVZ at IN the DT cinema NN will MD remember VV how WRB the DT whole JJ audience NN became VVD silent JJ , , punctuated VVD now RB and CC again RB by IN gasps NNS of IN sheer JJ horror NN . SENT I PP feel VVP that IN it PP was VBD not RB the DT Germans NPS who WP were VBD being VBG condemned VVN though IN many JJ did VVD imply VV that IN only RB in IN Germany NP i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT the DT baddies NNS could MD such JJ cruelty NN exist VVP , , rather RB it PP was VBD mankind NN generally RB these DT acts NNS had VHD been VBN committed VVN by IN men NNS and CC women NNS who WP , , according VVG to TO many JJ reports NNS , , were VBD normal JJ , , kindly RB people NNS once IN they PP were VBD off IN duty NN . SENT they PP were VBD simply RB obeying VVG orders NNS . SENT John NP Donne NP had VHD said VVD in IN the DT 17 CD th NN century NN , , No DT man NN is VBZ an DT island NN what WP had VHD happened VVN in IN Germany NP could MD happen VV anywhere RB and CC this DT in IN a DT country NN which WDT had VHD produced VVN Beethoven NP , , Brahms NP , , Goethe NP , , Schiller NP a DT country NN which WDT had VHD been VBN a DT Christian JJ country NN for IN more JJR than IN a DT thousand CD years NNS . SENT Belsen NP , , Ravensbruck NP , , Auschwitz NP , , Dachau NP were VBD blots VVZ on IN humanity NN not RB only RB on IN Germany NP never RB again RB could MD Europeans NNS hold VV themselves PP up RP as IN the DT models NNS of IN civilisation NN . SENT It PP did VVD reinforce VV the DT belief NN that IN the DT 2 CD nd NN World NP War NP was VBD a DT just JJ war NN we PP were VBD fighting VVG against IN a DT very RB real JJ evil NN in IN Naziism NN but CC what WP had VHD happened VVN in IN Germany NP could MD happen VV anywhere RB , , and CC this DT must MD give VV us PP food NN for IN thought NN nad NP also RB that IN extra JJ vigilance NN that IN we PP never RB surrender VV our PP$ hard JJ won NN liberties NNS of IN freedom NN of IN speech NN and CC thought VVD to TO demagogues NNS , , no DT matter NN how WRB plausible JJ their PP$ speeches NNS may MD be VB always RB must MD we PP be VB ready JJ to TO question NN , , to TO argue VV , , to TO criticize VV . SENT In IN May NP 1945 CD the DT European JJ war NN was VBD over RP . SENT In IN June NP , , to TO the DT astonishment NN of IN many JJ , , Churchill NP s PP government NN was VBD defeated VVN and CC Labour NN swept VVN to TO power NN with IN a DT massive JJ majority NN . SENT In IN August NP two CD atomic JJ bombs NNS on IN Japan NP meant VVD the DT end NN of IN the DT Pacific NP War NP after IN nearly RB six CD years NNS , , the DT world NN was VBD at IN peace NN . SENT Britain NP alone RB had VHD fought VVN from IN the DT first JJ day NN to TO the DT last JJ and CC she PP was VBD exhausted VVN and CC virtually RB bankrupt JJ . SENT The DT years NNS 1945 CD to TO 1949 CD are VBP usually RB called VVN the DT Years NNS of IN Austerity NN . SENT Labour NN had VHD a DT huge JJ programme NN of IN social JJ reform NN , , including VVG the DT introduction NN of IN the DT National NP Health NP Service NP and CC the DT need NN to TO rebuild VV after IN the DT bombing NN . SENT There EX were VBD still RB world NN problems NNS which WDT demand VVP our PP$ forces NNS intervention NN , , for IN it PP quickly RB became VVD obvious JJ that IN whilst IN the DT USA NP was VBD eager JJ to TO withdraw VV from IN Europe NP and CC was VBD rapidly RB demobilising VVG its PP$ forces NNS , , the DT Soviet NP Union NP was VBD expanding VVG into IN Eastern NP Europe NP . SENT Britain NP stopped VVD them PP taking VVG over IN Greece NP , , but CC in IN 1948 CD Churchill NP warned VVD the DT world NN that IN an DT Iron NP Curtain NN had VHD fallen VVN across IN Europe NP and CC the DT Cold NP War NP began VVD . SENT Our PP$ Empire NN , , too RB , , was VBD disintegrating VVG noting VVG Britain NP s PP financial JJ weakness NN , , African JJ colonies NNS and CC our PP$ Far NP Eastern NP Empire NP , , led VVN by IN India NP , , were VBD demanding VVG freedom NN from IN British JJ rule NN . SENT The DT greatest JJS Empire NN in IN history NN was VBD breaking VVG up RP India NP and CC Pakistan NP leading VVG the DT way NN . SENT Life NN after IN the DT War NN was VBD , , to TO many JJ , , harder RBR than IN the DT War NN itself PP the DT people NNS felt VVD they PP had VHD earned VVN an DT easier JJR life NN , , but CC rationing VVG continued JJ for IN another DT eight CD years NNS the DT government NN would MD buy VV nothing NN which WDT was VBD not RB absolutely RB essential JJ . SENT Even RB bread NN was VBD rationed VVN after IN the DT War NP , , something NN which WDT had VHD never RB been VBN considered VVN during IN it PP . SENT 1947 CD saw VVD the DT hardest JJS winter NN for IN years NNS , , not RB helped VVN by IN a DT dock NN strike NN which WDT forced VVD the DT Labour NN government NN to TO send VV in IN the DT army NN . SENT Newsreels NNS showed VVD the DT Guards NNS marching VVG into IN the DT docks NNS , , but CC this DT was VBD only RB for IN the DT cameras NNS . SENT the DT Pioneer NP Corps NP had VHD been VBN unloading VVG hours NNS before IN we PP arrived VVD , , but CC we PP looked VVD good JJ on IN camera NN . SENT Britain NP and CC Europe NP were VBD saved VVN by IN the DT generosity NN of IN the DT USA NP Marshall NP Aid NP poured VVD millions NNS of IN dollars NNS into IN Europe NP to TO rebuild VV the DT shattered JJ economies NNS so RB that IN the DT countries NNS would MD have VH the DT strength NN to TO face VV the DT Communist JJ regime NN of IN Russia NP . SENT Britain NP did VVD have VHP some DT advantages NNS after IN America NP she PP was VBD the DT world NN s VVZ greatest JJS car NN producer NN and CC was VBD the DT world NN leader NN in IN the DT production NN of IN motor NN bikes NNS . SENT She PP had VHD a DT television NN industry NN , , transmitting VVG having VHG begun VVN in IN 1936 CD and CC restarted VVN after IN the DT War NN indeed RB , , after IN America NP Britain NP was VBD the DT only JJ producer NN of IN radios NNS , , and CC we PP exported VVD television NN sets NNS to TO the DT USA NP . SENT One PP can MD speculate VV where WRB we PP have VHP gone VVN wrong JJ to TO lose VV that DT ascendancy NN , , but CC space NN here RB does VVZ not RB allow VV it PP . SENT In IN sport NN , , though IN Britain NP could MD hold VV her PP own JJ at IN golf NN Henry NP Cotton NP became VVD the DT Open NP Champion NP for IN the DT third JJ time NN she PP was VBD out RP of IN her PP$ depth NN in IN athletics NNS only RB 4 CD silver NN medals NNS at IN the DT 1948 CD London NP Olympics NPS , , tennis NN , , where WRB the DT Americans NPS carried VVD all RB before IN them PP , , and CC even RB football NN was VBD showing VVG weaknesses NNS , , only RB able JJ to TO draw VV against IN Moscow NP Dynamo NN even RB though IN the DT English JJ team NN had VHD Mathews NP , , Mortensen NP , , Finney NP and CC Lawton NP in IN its PP$ forward JJ line NN and CC the DT great JJ Frank NP Swift NP in IN goal NN . SENT We PP had VHD high JJ hopes NNS in IN cricket NN when WRB the DT Middlesex NP twins NNS , , Compton NP and CC Edrich NP , , both CC scored VVD more JJR than IN 3 CD , , 000 CD runs NNS in IN 1947 CD , , but CC the DT 1948 CD Australian JJ team NN , , with IN Bradman NP and CC bowlers NNS Lindwall NP and CC Miller NP , , went VVD the DT whole JJ tour NN unbeaten JJ , , soundly RB defeating VVG England NP in IN four CD Test NN matches VVZ , , with IN one CD drawn VVN . SENT The DT heavyweight JJ champion NN was VBD a DT Yorkshire NP man NN , , Bruce NP Woodcock NP and CC we PP had VHD high JJ hopes NNS that IN he PP could MD challenge VV for IN the DT world NN championship NN until IN he PP met VVD the DT Americans NPS . SENT He PP was VBD destroyed VVN by IN a DT giant NN of IN a DT man NN , , Joe NP Baksi NP , , who WP himself PP was VBD swiftly RB despatched VVN by IN the DT great JJ Joe NP Louis NP , , the DT Brown NP Bomber NN . SENT Years NNS later RBR , , I PP met VVD Woodcock NP in IN Doncaster NP where WRB he PP ran VVD a DT public JJ house NN , , his PP$ battered JJ face NN told VVD its PP$ own JJ story NN of IN the DT difference NN between IN a DT brave JJ no DT hoper NN and CC the DT superbly RB fit JJ Americans NNS . SENT In IN one CD area NN , , however RB , , there EX was VBD revolt NN against IN austerity NN in IN 1947 CD Christian NP Dior NP brought VVD in IN the DT New NP Look VV longer RBR feminine JJ dresses NNS , , wasp NN waists NNS , , rounded JJ shoulders NNS rather RB than IN the DT square JJ military JJ look NN of IN the DT war NN years NNS . SENT As IN one CD fashion NN writer NN noted VVD , , the DT swish NN of IN petticoats NNS was VBD heard VVN again RB . SENT The DT New NP Look NN and CC the DT immensely RB popular JJ wedding NN of IN Princess NP Elizabeth NP in IN 1947 CD and CC the DT birth NN of IN her PP$ son NN in IN 1948 CD seemed VVD to TO herald VV the DT possibility NN that IN life NN was VBD going VVG to TO improve VV , , that IN there EX was VBD a DT cheerful JJ future NN to TO look VV forward RB to TO . SENT In IN one CD custom NN where WRB the DT war NN made VVD a DT profound JJ difference NN which WDT I PP had VHD not RB fully RB realised VVN until IN recently RB when WRB my PP$ sister NN and CC I PP went VVD to TO church NN in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP and CC 1940 CD s PP , , it PP was VBD a DT firm JJ rule NN that IN all DT ladies NNS wore VVD both DT hat NN and CC gloves NNS , , all DT boys NNS and CC gentlemen NNS wore VVD their PP$ best JJS suits NNS . SENT I PP keep VVP to TO that DT tradition NN still RB , , though IN I PP have VHP no DT objection NN to TO other JJ modes NNS of IN dress NN . SENT it PP is VBZ the DT ladies NNS who WP have VHP changed VVN in IN church NN recently RB , , there EX was VBD nobody NN wearing VVG either DT hat NN or CC gloves NNS . SENT Only RB for IN weddings NNS do VVP ladies NNS now RB seem VVP to TO wear VV a DT hat NN for IN church NN , , and CC after IN the DT ceremony NN it PP is VBZ put VVN away RB until IN found VVN by IN the DT grandchildren NNS to TO be VB used VVN for IN dressing VVG up RP . SENT Such JJ was VBD the DT price NN paid VVN for IN clothes NNS rationing VVG when WRB the DT rules NNS were VBD relaxed VVN . SENT Once RB a DT change NN has VHZ taken VVN place NN , , very RB seldom RB is VBZ there RB a DT return NN to TO former JJ ways NNS . SENT In IN 1949 CD Christ NP Church NP was VBD 100 CD years NNS old JJ . SENT It PP had VHD seen VVN the DT change NN of IN Britain NP from IN the DT richest JJS and CC most RBS powerful JJ country NN to TO being VBG a DT debtor JJ nation NN . SENT Two CD World NP Wars NNS had VHD robbed VVN Britain NP of IN her PP$ wealth NN and CC power NN , , but CC she PP still RB had VHD her PP$ pride NN . SENT Her PP$ great JJ empire NN might MD be VB disintegrating VVG , , India NP and CC Pakistan NP had VHD won VVN independence NN in IN 1948 CD , , but CC unlike IN the DT empires NNS of IN other JJ countries NNS , , there EX was VBD no DT hatred NN of IN Britain NP s PP rule VVP , , indeed RB most RBS colonies NNS which WDT won VVD their PP$ freedom NN continued VVD to TO accept VV the DT monarch NN as IN their PP$ head NN of IN state NN , , and CC all RB wanted VVD to TO be VB members NNS of IN the DT new JJ Commonwealth NP . SENT Britain NP was VBD still RB a DT leading JJ member NN of IN the DT United NP Nations NPS and CC had VHD respect NN throughout IN the DT world NN , , so RB that IN at IN the DT end NN of IN our PP$ fourth JJ period NN we PP can MD say VV that IN there EX was VBD a DT real JJ hope NN that WDT perhaps RB things NNS would MD improve VV in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP , , we PP would MD earn VV the DT rewards NNS of IN our PP$ past JJ endeavours NNS . SENT There EX was VBD an DT air NN of IN optimism NN as IN we PP approached VVD the DT half NN century NN mark NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN Century NN . SENT 5 LS 1949 CD 1974 CD Top NP of IN Page NP I PP find VVP that IN as IN I PP approach VVP the DT present JJ day NN , , the DT writing NN of IN this DT short JJ series NN becomes VVZ harder RBR not RB because IN more JJR is VBZ happening VVG the DT need NN to TO select VV what WP should MD be VB included VVN or CC ignored VVN remains NNS as IN frustrating VVG as IN ever RB , , but CC because IN I PP feel VVP that IN I PP am VBP too RB close JJ to TO events NNS and CC I NN cannot NN put VVD them PP into IN perspective NN . SENT Consequently RB , , my PP$ own JJ likes NNS and CC dislikes NN , , my PP$ prejudices NNS if IN you PP like VVP , , keep VVP intruding VVG . SENT If IN I PP upset JJ anybody NN , , I PP beg VV forgiveness NN you PP are VBP free JJ to TO disagree VV and CC to TO replace VV them PP with IN your PP$ own JJ judgements NNS . SENT The DT period NN after IN the DT 2 CD nd NN World NP War NP was VBD a DT strange JJ time NN in IN Britain NP . SENT there EX was VBD , , for IN a DT time NN , , real JJ hope NN and CC optimism NN that IN the DT new JJ Labour NN Government NN , , elected VVN with IN a DT massive JJ majority NN in IN 1945 CD , , would MD make VV life NN fairer JJR and CC easier JJR for IN all DT . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT National NP Health NP Service NP , , introduced VVN in IN 1948 CD , , is VBZ one CD of IN the DT great JJ social JJ reforms NNS of IN the DT 20 CD th NN Century NN . SENT Governments NNS , , however RB , , no DT matter NN what WP their PP$ political JJ complexion NN , , never RB have VHP the DT power NN to TO make VV men NNS equal JJ , , because IN human JJ frailty NN means VVZ that IN some DT will MD always RB be VB losers NNS , , others NNS will MD be VB winners NNS , , and CC the DT great JJ majority NN will MD continue VV to TO face VV their PP$ lives NNS dealing VVG with IN setbacks NNS and CC opportunities NNS as IN they PP occur VVP . SENT Only RB in IN Alice NP in IN Wonderland NN is VBZ there RB a DT race NN where WRB everybody NN wins VVZ a DT prize NN , , for IN in IN that DT Caucus NN Race NP all DT run NN in IN a DT circle NN there EX is VBZ no DT beginning NN and CC no DT end NN , , and CC runners NNS can MD stop VV or CC start VV whenever WRB they PP wish VVP . SENT By IN 1949 CD it PP was VBD obvious JJ that IN the DT hoped VVN for IN Golden NP Age NP had VHD not RB come VVN the DT Cold NP War NP was VBD now RB an DT unpleasant JJ reality NN the DT Russian JJ blockade NN of IN Berlin NP showed VVD that IN our PP$ former JJ ally NN was VBD a DT bitter JJ enemy NN . SENT The DT Berlin NP Airlift NN ended VVD , , but CC there EX was VBD still RB a DT need NN for IN armed JJ guards NNS to TO patrol NN the DT trains NNS as IN they PP passed VVD through IN East NP Germany NP to TO West NP Berlin NP . SENT I PP had VHD the DT doubtful JJ privilege NN of IN serving VVG as IN one CD of IN these DT train NN guards NNS , , travelling VVG each DT night NN from IN Hanover NP to TO Berlin NP , , stopping VVG at IN Magdeburg NP to TO be VB inspected VVN by IN armed JJ Russian JJ soldiers NNS . SENT We PP stood VVD with IN our PP$ . SENT 303 CD rifles NNS and CC 50 CD rounds NNS of IN ammunition NN to TO face VV whatever WDT the DT 60 CD divisions NNS of IN the DT Russian NP Army NP could MD throw VV at IN us PP . SENT the DT western JJ world NN could MD sleep VV easily RB in IN its PP$ beds NNS knowing VVG its PP$ defence NN was VBD in IN safe JJ hands NNS . SENT I PP have VHP to TO say VV that IN I PP was VBD not RB impressed VVN by IN the DT Russian JJ soldiers NNS , , they PP seemed VVD to TO be VB without IN initiative NN , , possibly RB it PP was VBD fear NN if IN they PP showed VVD any DT friendliness NN towards IN a DT western JJ soldier NN any DT offer NN of IN a DT cigarette NN or CC chocolate NN on IN our PP$ part NN was VBD swiftly RB refused VVN . SENT their PP$ uniforms NNS were VBD extremely RB dirty JJ , , with IN a DT line NN of IN grease NN along IN the DT collar NN , , but CC their PP$ heavy JJ automatic JJ weapons NNS looked VVD very RB businesslike JJ . SENT I PP remember VVP , , however RB , , as IN we PP waited VVD at IN the DT station NN , , two CD small JJ German JJ boys NNS crawling VVG from IN under IN the DT wheels NNS of IN the DT train NN asking VVG for IN cigarettes NNS . SENT Cigarettes NNS for IN the DT British JJ soldier NN cost VVD 1 CD 5 CD p NN for IN 20 CD , , and CC I PP threw VVD them PP 20 CD Capstan NN with IN a DT swift JJ Danke NP , , they PP disappeared VVD into IN the DT night NN . SENT In IN Berlin NP itself PP the DT difference NN between IN East NP and CC West NP was VBD most RBS marked VVN in IN the DT West NP , , bomb NN damaged VVD buildings NNS were VBD being VBG cleared VVN and CC new JJ buildings NNS put VVD up RP . SENT in IN the DT East NNS there EX was VBD little JJ attempt NN to TO remove VV the DT scars NNS of IN war NN . SENT Rationing VVG continued VVN and CC was VBD to TO do VV so RB until IN 1953 CD , , eight CD years NNS after IN the DT war NN ended VVD longer RB even RB than IN in IN defeated VVN Germany NP , , and CC long RB after IN the DT liberated JJ countries NNS of IN Europe NP had VHD returned VVN to TO normal JJ . SENT People NNS had VHD money NN but CC could MD not RB spend VV it PP even RB if IN one PP travelled VVD abroad RB , , there EX was VBD a DT limit NN of IN 50 CD in IN currency NN which WDT could MD be VB taken VVN out RP of IN the DT country NN . SENT Luxury NN goods NNS such JJ as IN radios NNS , , televisions NNS which WDT were VBD now RB appearing VVG in IN the DT shops NNS , , cars NNS , , etc FW . SENT were VBD largely RB for IN export NN . SENT Massive JJ U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Aid NN given VVN to TO Europe NP in IN the DT Marshall NP Plan NP was VBD used VVN by IN Germany NP to TO rebuild VV its PP$ shattered JJ economy NN , , to TO replace VV worn JJ out IN machinery NN . SENT In IN Britain NP it PP was VBD largely RB used VVN to TO fund VV the DT social JJ policies NNS of IN the DT Government NP British NP industry NN continued VVD to TO use VV machinery NN which WDT had VHD come VVN to TO the DT end NN of IN its PP$ useful JJ life NN . SENT It PP is VBZ ironic JJ to TO reflect VV that IN Britain NP was VBD offered VVN the DT Volkswagen NP Car NP Factory NP in IN Germany NP after IN the DT war NN , , but CC refused VVD it PP because IN it PP would MD require VV huge JJ investment NN . SENT Volkswagen NP now RB owns VVZ huge JJ swathes NNS of IN the DT British JJ car NN industry NN which WDT in IN 1949 CD was VBD second JJ only RB to TO America NP in IN production NN . SENT There EX was VBD a DT great JJ demand NN for IN housing NN as IN newly RB returned VVN servicemen NNS married VVN and CC had VHD families NNS , , but CC unless IN one PP was VBD lucky JJ enough RB to TO acquire VV a DT prefab NN hastily RB erected VVD factory NN produced VVD houses NNS , , some DT of IN which WDT are VBP still RB occupied VVN more JJR than IN 50 CD years NNS later RBR young JJ married JJ couples NNS either CC paid VVN inflated JJ rents NNS for IN a DT couple NN of IN rooms NNS , , or CC shared VVD their PP$ parents NNS home NN . SENT Some DT became VVD squatters NNS , , taking VVG over IN empty JJ houses NNS or CC even RB former JJ army NN camps NNS , , forcing VVG authorities NNS to TO take VV notice NN and CC deal NN with IN their PP$ plight NN . SENT The DT new JJ estates NNS which WDT were VBD planned VVN and CC built VVN were VBD designed VVN to TO take VV the DT poor JJ from IN the DT mean NN over IN crowded JJ streets NNS of IN the DT inner JJ towns NNS and CC give VV them PP proper JJ homes NNS . SENT But CC the DT planners NNS were VBD concerned VVN with IN building VVG housing NN units NNS , , not RB homes NNS and CC communities NNS . SENT The DT Woodchurch NP Estate NP , , offered VVN as IN a DT paradise NN of IN open JJ spaces NNS , , gardens NNS , , modern JJ houses NNS , , at IN the DT beginning NN had VHD no DT shops NNS , , no DT schools NNS , , no DT church NN and CC no DT public JJ house NN . SENT There EX was VBD an DT excellent JJ bus NN service NN to TO enable VV people NNS to TO escape VV to TO their PP$ old JJ familiar JJ areas NNS , , but CC nothing NN for IN them PP where WRB they PP lived VVD . SENT To TO the DT great JJ majority NN of IN the DT people NNS who WP moved VVD there EX , , it PP was VBD a DT dream NN come VVN true JJ at IN first JJ people NNS who WP had VHD never RB had VHN a DT garden NN now RB took VVD a DT pride NN in IN their PP$ lawns NNS , , flower NN beds NNS , , hedges NNS . SENT While IN the DT children NNS were VBD small JJ , , they PP enjoyed VVD the DT open JJ freedom NN of IN the DT grassed VVN areas NNS , , but CC as IN they PP grew VVD older JJR , , so IN boredom NN set VVN in IN with IN no DT focal JJ point NN , , the DT estate NN had VHD nowhere RB to TO take VV pride NN in IN , , there EX was VBD no DT community NN spirit NN such JJ as IN had VHD existed VVN in IN the DT tiny JJ streets NNS they PP had VHD left VVN . SENT at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , town NN centres NNS became VVD dead JJ areas NNS with IN no DT life NN after IN 6 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT Add VV to TO this DT the DT growing VVG number NN of IN cars NNS for IN which WDT no DT garages NNS were VBD available JJ it PP was VBD never RB considered VVN likely JJ that IN working VVG men NNS would MD ever RB own VV cars NNS in IN significant JJ numbers NNS and CC which WDT were VBD thus RB parked VVN in IN the DT road NN and CC car NN crime NN became VVD a DT major JJ problem NN on IN many JJ estates NNS . SENT One CD major JJ way NN in IN which WDT this DT post NN war NN period NN differed VVD from IN the DT earlier RBR one PP was VBD , , at IN first JJ , , the DT absence NN of IN revolt NN among IN the DT young JJ . SENT Decades NNS have VHP their PP$ labels NNS the DT naughty JJ nineties NNS , , the DT roaring NN twenties NNS , , the DT swinging VVG sixties NNS these DT might MD be VB called VVN the DT conforming VVG fifties NNS . SENT Young JJ people NNS did VVD not RB resent VV their PP$ elders NNS , , knowing VVG that IN they PP too RB had VHD suffered VVN in IN the DT war NN as RB much RB as IN the DT young JJ . SENT They PP listened VVD to TO similar JJ music NN Bing NP Crosby NP , , in IN his PP$ 50 CD s NN , , was VBD as RB popular JJ with IN the DT young JJ as RB with IN their PP$ parents NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT heart NN throbs VVZ of IN these DT years NNS was VBD a DT short JJ , , tubby JJ , , middle JJ aged VVN singer NN who WP had VHD sung VVN at IN the DT Argyle NP Theatre NP in IN the DT 1920 CD s PP Donald NP Peers NP sang VVD syrupy JJ ballads NNS in IN a DT pleasant JJ tenor NN and CC was VBD rewarded VVN with IN a DT screaming VVG army NN of IN fans NNS , , while IN the DT mothers NNS of IN those DT girls NNS smiled VVD as IN they PP remembered VVD doing VVG the DT same JJ a DT quarter NN of IN a DT century NN before RB . SENT Clothes NNS rationing VVG meant VVN that IN the DT young JJ wore VVD similar JJ clothing NN to TO their PP$ parents NNS , , indeed RB most JJS clothing NN conformed VVD to TO the DT wartime NN utility NN fashions NNS which WDT allowed VVD no DT extra JJ frills NNS . SENT Another DT reason NN for IN conformity NN was VBD possibly RB fear VVP the DT world NN had VHD entered VVN the DT atomic JJ age NN , , every DT newsreel NN seemed VVD to TO show VV pictures NNS of IN that DT menacing VVG mushroom NN cloud NN overshadowing VVG our PP$ lives NNS there EX was VBD the DT fear NN that IN the DT cold JJ war NN could MD become VV a DT hot JJ war NN , , and CC this DT could MD mean VV the DT end NN of IN civilisation NN as IN we PP knew VVD it PP . SENT All DT young JJ men NNS had VHD to TO serve VV in IN the DT armed JJ forces NNS , , and CC in IN 1950 CD many JJ of IN them PP found VVD themselves PP involved VVD in IN war NN in IN Korea NP . SENT Fighting NP took VVD place NN also RB in IN Malaya NP , , Palestine NP , , Kenya NP , , Cyprus NP , , as IN Britain NP s PP world NN wide JJ empire NN began VVD to TO shrink VV . SENT In IN 1952 CD , , Britain NP joined VVD the DT nuclear JJ club NN when WRB she PP exploded VVD an DT atomic JJ bomb NN at IN Montebello NP , , joined VVD shortly RB after IN by IN Russia NP and CC France NP . SENT The DT world NN nuclear JJ powers NNS believed VVN that IN having VHG the DT bomb NN gave VVD them PP a DT voice NN in IN world NN affairs NNS , , though IN the DT world NN recognised VVD only RB two CD super JJ powers NNS the DT USA NP and CC Soviet NP Russia NP . SENT In IN America NP , , McCarthyism NN saw VVD communism NN in IN every DT sphere NN of IN government NN and CC entertainment NN . SENT Men NNS and CC women NNS suspected VVN of IN socialist JJ leanings NNS were VBD dismissed VVN from IN their PP$ work NN if IN they PP refused VVD to TO testify VV the DT ideals NNS of IN free JJ speech NN and CC freedom NN from IN arrest NN were VBD ignored VVN . SENT Even RB the DT President NP , , Truman NP , , was VBD accused VVN because IN he PP refused VVD to TO drop VV the DT atomic JJ bomb NN on IN China NP at IN the DT height NN of IN the DT Korean JJ War NN . SENT When WRB fear NN is VBZ in IN the DT air NN people NNS forget VVP their PP$ differences NNS and CC draw VV closer RBR together RB the DT young JJ people NNS were VBD not RB inspired VVN to TO revolt NN . SENT In IN 1951 CD , , Britain NP organised VVD the DT Festival NP of IN Britain NP on IN the DT South NP Bank NP of IN the DT Thames NP . SENT A DT huge JJ Dome NP of IN Discovery NP was VBD built VVN showing VVG a DT plethora NN of IN new JJ designs NNS for IN the DT 50 CD s PP some RB may MD remember VV the DT Skater NN s PP Trails VVZ carpet NN patterns NNS , , bright JJ wall NN papers NNS , , often RB orange NN contrasted VVN with IN any DT other JJ colour NN , , contemporary JJ furniture NN with IN spindly JJ splayed VVN legs NNS . SENT We PP saw VVD the DT new JJ action NN painting NN pure JJ colour NN rather RB than IN stylised VVN objects NNS . SENT To TO most RBS people NNS it PP was VBD a DT case NN of IN I PP don VV t NN know VV much RB about IN art NN , , but CC I PP know VVP what WP I PP like VVP , , and CC these DT welcomed VVD Annigoni NP s PP modern JJ old JJ master NN of IN the DT Queen NP in IN her PP$ Garter NN robes NNS . SENT The DT 1950 CD s PP saw VVD the DT beginnings NNS of IN new JJ architecture NN Le NP Corbusier NP , , Frank NP Lloyd NP Wright NP , , Sir NP Hugh NP Casson NP being VBG the DT new JJ designers NNS . SENT The DT Shell NP Building NP in IN London NP , , a DT great JJ slab NN of IN concrete NN and CC glass NN , , was VBD purely RB functional JJ to TO produce VV as IN much JJ office NN space NN as IN regulations NNS would MD allow VV . SENT The DT new JJ Coventry NP Cathedral NP was VBD in IN complete JJ contrast NN to TO the DT mediaeval JJ marvel VV it PP replaced VVD . SENT in IN Liverpool NP , , Scott NP s PP grandiose JJ dream NN for IN the DT new JJ catholic JJ cathedral NN was VBD replaced VVN by IN the DT present JJ concrete JJ structure NN The DT Mersey NP Wigwam NN or CC the DT Mersey NP Funnel VV . SENT As IN it PP became VVD known VVN . SENT When WRB I PP took VVD parties NNS of IN boys NNS to TO the DT two CD Liverpool NP Cathedrals NNS , , they PP were VBD mildly RB interested VVN in IN the DT Metropolitan NP Cathedral NP but CC were VBD awe NN struck VVN by IN the DT grandeur NN of IN the DT Anglican NP cathedral NN . SENT It PP seemed VVD that IN architects NNS no RB longer RB needed VVN to TO train VV in IN their PP$ skills NNS the DT ownership NN of IN a DT pencil NN , , a DT ruler NN , , and CC a DT box NN of IN Lego NP would MD be VB sufficient JJ . SENT Every DT city NN suddenly RB found VVD its PP$ wonderful JJ legacy NN of IN 18 CD th NN and CC 19 CD th NN Century NN buildings NNS dwarfed VVN by IN huge JJ grey JJ concrete JJ blocks NNS dominating VVG its PP$ skyline NN . SENT The DT disease NN spread NN to TO housing NN the DT curse NN of IN the DT planners NNS hit VVD our PP$ towns NNS huge JJ blocks NNS of IN flats NNS rising VVG to TO 15 CD or CC more JJR storeys NNS won VVD awards NNS for IN their PP$ designers NNS , , who WP steadfastly RB refused VVD to TO live VV in IN them PP , , and CC caused VVD untold JJ misery NN for IN their PP$ occupiers NNS . SENT Often RB cynically RB named VVN Gardens NPS remember VVP Oak NP and CC Eldon NP Gardens NPS in IN Birkenhead NP . SENT , , they PP were VBD devoid JJ of IN greenery NN , , parents NNS dared VVD not RB let VV their PP$ children NNS play VVP out IN they PP were VBD too RB far RB away RB for IN safety NN , , their PP$ lifts NNS broke VVD down RB , , their PP$ unlit NN stairwells NNS became VVD places NNS of IN danger NN the DT small JJ back NN to TO back VV houses NNS built VVN in IN the DT 19 CD th NN Century NN where WRB the DT housewife NN could MD talk VV over IN the DT garden NN wall NN , , and CC watch VV her PP$ children NNS playing VVG in IN the DT street NN as IN she PP gossiped VVD , , and CC where WRB every DT street NN had VHD its PP$ small JJ general JJ store NN on IN the DT corner NN , , were VBD replaced VVN by IN a DT new JJ slum NN where WRB families NNS felt VVD that IN they PP were VBD imprisoned VVN . SENT Within IN twenty CD years NNS these DT new JJ slums NNS were VBD being VBG demolished VVN before IN the DT huge JJ loans NNS raised VVD to TO build VV them PP had VHD been VBN repaid VVN . SENT Changes NNS began VVD to TO come VV to TO the DT lives NNS of IN the DT people NNS in IN the DT early JJ 50 CD s PP , , slowly RB at IN first JJ , , then RB with IN increasing VVG and CC , , to TO many JJ , , worrying JJ speed NN . SENT In IN 1951 CD the DT Conservatives NNS , , under IN Winston NP Churchill NP , , came VVD to TO government NN . SENT The DT great JJ war NN leader NN was VBD now RB an DT old JJ tired JJ man NN in IN his PP$ seventies NNS he PP often RB fell VVD asleep RB during IN cabinet NN meetings NNS , , but CC Britain NP was VBD able JJ to TO benefit VV from IN the DT restraint NN of IN the DT past JJ six CD years NNS . SENT Gradually RB , , controls NNS were VBD removed VVN , , goods NNS became VVD more RBR plentiful JJ , , there EX was VBD full JJ employment NN , , so RB that IN the DT call NN went VVD out RP to TO the DT Empire NN to TO send VV workers NNS to TO take VV on IN the DT jobs NNS that IN the DT English NP did VVD not RB want VV West NP Indians NPS , , Indians NPS , , Pakistanis NNS , , came VVD to TO Britain NP to TO work VV on IN the DT railways NNS , , the DT buses NNS , , to TO clean VV the DT hospitals NNS , , etc FW . SENT In IN 1952 CD the DT King NN , , George NP VI NP , , died VVD in IN his PP$ sleep NN , , A DT much RB loved VVN monarch NN because IN of IN his PP$ courage NN and CC devotion NN to TO duty NN shown VVN at IN his PP$ accession NN and CC during IN the DT war NN , , he PP had VHD been VBN a DT sick JJ man NN for IN a DT long JJ time NN . SENT I PP remember VVP at IN the DT 1951 CD Trooping VVG of IN the DT Colour NN he PP had VHD been VBN forced VVN to TO attend VV riding VVG in IN a DT barouche NN rather RB than IN on IN his PP$ horse NN , , heavily RB made VVN up RP to TO hide VV the DT signs NNS of IN suffering VVG on IN his PP$ face NN . SENT He PP was VBD succeeded VVN by IN the DT young JJ Princess NP Elizabeth NP , , which WDT brought VVD forward JJ dreams NNS of IN a DT new JJ Elizabethan JJ age NN . SENT In IN 1953 CD Joseph NP Stalin NP died VVD and CC there EX was VBD a DT feeling NN that IN perhaps RB the DT new JJ Russian JJ leaders NNS , , vying VVG with IN each DT other JJ for IN power NN , , would MD be VB more RBR amenable JJ than IN Stalin NP . SENT The DT 1953 CD Coronation NN was VBD heralded VVN with IN news NN of IN the DT conquest NN of IN Everest NN by IN a DT British JJ Expedition NN led VVN by IN John NP Hunt NP . SENT there EX was VBD a DT real JJ air NN of IN optimism NN that IN things NNS were VBD changing VVG . SENT The DT rationing VVG of IN food NN , , clothing NN , , petrol NN , , all RB ended VVN . SENT suddenly RB people NNS could MD buy VV what WP they PP wanted VVD at IN reasonable JJ prices NNS , , and CC they PP had VHD the DT money NN to TO do VV it PP . SENT In IN 1955 CD , , a DT film NN , , The DT Blackboard NN Jungle NN , , came VVD to TO Britain NP , , and CC with IN it PP came VVD a DT new JJ music NN rock NN and CC roll NN , , played VVN by IN a DT portly JJ band NN leader NN , , Bill NP Haley NP . SENT In IN 1956 CD , , an DT American JJ singer NN , , Elvis NP Presley NP , , was VBD forbidden VVN to TO sing VV and CC dance VV on IN television NN , , accused VVN of IN being VBG immoral JJ . SENT Suddenly RB , , the DT young NN had VHD their PP$ music NN and CC they PP had VHD their PP$ hero NN . SENT Young JJ people NNS also RB had VHD their PP$ fashion NN the DT Edwardian JJ look NN , , with IN narrow JJ drainpipe NN trousers NNS , , long JJ jackets NNS with IN velvet NN collars NNS , , and CC brightly RB coloured VVN fluorescent JJ socks NNS in IN greens NNS , , yellows NNS or CC pink JJ . SENT Girls NNS had VHD pencil NN skirts VVZ , , winkle VV picker NN shoes NNS and CC bee NN hive NN hair NN styles NNS . SENT A DT new JJ word NN entered VVD the DT language NN teenager NN . SENT The DT old JJ and CC that WDT meant VVD those DT in IN their PP$ mid JJ twenties NNS and CC onward RB were VBD separated VVN from IN the DT rising VVG generation NN by IN new JJ customs NNS , , music NN , , language NN , , and CC dress NN . SENT Even RB the DT dear RB old JJ BBC NP was VBD affected VVN . SENT Radio NP still RB dominated VVD , , but CC even RB here RB the DT young JJ and CC old JJ listened VVD to TO different JJ programmes NNS . SENT the DT old JJ continued VVD to TO enjoy VV the DT traditional JJ BBC NP programmes NNS , , but CC the DT young JJ listened VVD to TO pop VV music NN to TO find VV out RB which WDT tune NN was VBD in IN the DT charts NNS . SENT The DT Goon NP Show NP introduced VVD a DT new JJ form NN of IN manic JJ humour NN almost RB incomprehensible JJ to TO the DT elders NNS as IN their PP$ children NNS answered VVD them PP in IN the DT language NN of IN Eccles NP or CC Bluebottle NN . SENT Young JJ people NNS were VBD becoming VVG independent JJ in IN ways NNS never RB seen VVN before IN , , not RB even RB in IN the DT heady JJ days NNS of IN the DT 20 CD s PP . SENT Then RB , , those DT in IN revolt NN had VHD been VBN the DT ones NNS who WP had VHD fought VVN and CC suffered VVN in IN the DT Great NP War NP . SENT from IN 1955 CD , , it PP was VBD those DT who WP had VHD been VBN born VVN in IN the DT war NN but CC had VHD little JJ memory NN of IN the DT fighting NN who WP had VHD become VVN exasperated VVN at IN the DT restrictions NNS of IN the DT late JJ 1940 CD s PP and CC early RB 1950 CD s PP and CC now RB began VVD to TO throw VV off RP those DT restraints NNS . SENT In IN 1955 CD , , Churchill NP resigned VVD as IN Prime NP Minister NP , , to TO be VB succeeded VVN by IN Anthony NP Eden NP , , who WP immediately RB called VVD an DT election NN , , won VVN by IN the DT Conservatives NNS with IN an DT increased JJ majority NN . SENT It PP did VVD seem VV that DT prosperity NN was VBD going VVG to TO continue VV and CC Britain NP could MD face VV the DT future NN with IN confidence NN . SENT However RB , , in IN 1956 CD this DT complacency NN was VBD to TO be VB rudely RB shattered VVN . SENT In IN Russia NP , , the DT new JJ leader NN , , Kruschev NP , , denounced VVD Stalin NP , , shaking VVG the DT communist JJ world NN to TO its PP$ foundations NNS and CC causing VVG the DT people NNS of IN East NP Germany NP and CC Hungary NP to TO attempt VV to TO throw VV off RP communist JJ rule NN . SENT Very RB quickly RB the DT world NN saw VVD that IN the DT new JJ Russian JJ leaders NNS were VBD the DT equal JJ in IN brutality NN to TO Stalin NP Russian NP tanks NNS moved VVD in IN to TO Hungary NP , , crushed VVN the DT people NNS and CC the DT leaders NNS were VBD executed VVN . SENT The DT pitiful JJ pleas NNS for IN help NN from IN Hungarian JJ radio NN were VBD not RB answered VVN by IN the DT West NP , , for IN we PP had VHD our PP$ own JJ problems NNS . SENT In IN the DT summer NN of IN 1956 CD , , President NP Nasser NP of IN Egypt NP took VVD over IN the DT Suez NP Canal NP from IN its PP$ French JJ and CC British JJ owners NNS , , intending VVG to TO use VV its PP$ revenues NNS to TO build VV the DT Aswan NP Dam NP the DT USA NP , , having VHG promised VVN the DT money NN , , had VHD held VVN back RB when WRB Nasser NP had VHD refused VVN to TO join VV the DT American JJ anti JJ Russian JJ camp NN . SENT Anthony NP Eden NP , , supported VVN by IN France NP and CC Israel NP , , determined VVN to TO put VV Nasser NP in IN his PP$ place NN . SENT By IN agreement NN , , Israel NP invaded VVD Egypt NP , , whereupon IN Britain NP and CC France NP sent VVD their PP$ forces NNS to TO protect VV the DT canal NN . SENT Nasser NP immediately RB blocked VVD the DT canal NN with IN ships NNS , , and CC the DT British JJ action NN was VBD roundly RB condemned VVN throughout IN the DT world NN not RB only RB by IN the DT communists NNS , , but CC also RB by IN the DT USA NP it PP seemed VVD that IN Eden NP had VHD acted VVN without IN asking VVG American JJ permission NN . SENT More RBR worrying VVG was VBD the DT condemnation NN by IN our PP$ known VVN friends NNS Canada NP , , Australia NP and CC New NP Zealand NP they PP would MD not RB support VV the DT mother NN country NN in IN this DT action NN . SENT Britain NP made VVD a DT humiliating VVG withdrawal NN , , a DT very RB sick JJ Eden NP resigned VVD , , and CC the DT British NP were VBD forced VVN to TO accept VV that IN their PP$ country NN was VBD no RB longer RB the DT major JJ world NN power NN able JJ to TO act VV alone RB in IN defiance NN of IN world NN opinion NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT sobering JJ experience NN for IN all DT who WP had VHD known VVN her PP$ supremacy NN in IN the DT past JJ and CC which WDT I PP have VHP mentioned VVN so RB often RB in IN these DT articles NNS . SENT One CD of IN the DT results NNS of IN the DT Suez NP Crisis NN was VBD the DT formation NN of IN the DT Organisation NP for IN Nuclear NP Disarmament NN . SENT Young JJ people NNS believed VVN that IN the DT world NN was VBD in IN danger NN from IN the DT continuing VVG enmity NN between IN the DT super JJ powers NNS . SENT In IN Britain NP , , now RB that IN her PP$ weakness NN had VHD been VBN revealed VVN , , there EX was VBD a DT feeling NN that IN she PP no RB longer RB needed VVN the DT luxury NN of IN atomic JJ weapons NNS , , or CC indeed RB of IN any DT substantial JJ forces NNS if IN she PP could MD not RB use VV them PP unilaterally RB . SENT They PP took VVD as IN their PP$ symbol NN a DT design NN based VVN on IN the DT semaphore NN signs NNS for IN N NP D NP the DT D NP shows VVZ the DT flag NN raised VVD vertically RB , , and CC N NP has VHZ the DT two CD flags NNS in IN an DT inverted JJ V NN . SENT Many JJ thousands NNS marched VVD on IN the DT nuclear JJ laboratories NNS at IN Aldermaston NP , , and CC it PP is VBZ ironic JJ that IN at IN Christmas NP 1958 CD young JJ people NNS were VBD imprisoned VVN for IN protesting VVG about IN war NN at IN a DT time NN when WRB conventional JJ Britain NP sang VVD carols NNS about IN peace NN on IN earth NN and CC goodwill NN towards IN men NNS . SENT In IN reality NN Nuclear JJ Disarmers NNS were VBD idealists NNS living VVG in IN an DT unreal JJ world NN . SENT most JJS people NNS realised VVN that IN the DT bomb NN could MD not RB be VB uninvented VVN , , it PP was VBD a DT fact NN of IN life NN . SENT In IN 1956 CD , , the DT Americans NPS exploded VVD the DT Hydrogen NN bomb NN , , followed VVD swiftly RB by IN Russia NP , , then RB by IN Britain NP in IN 1957 CD , , and CC France NP in IN 1960 CD . SENT New JJ language NN entered VVD the DT vocabulary NN overkill NN , , take VV out RP a DT city NN . SENT strategic JJ weapons NNS were VBD massive JJ bombs NNS designed VVN to TO wipe VV out RP whole JJ areas NNS , , tactical JJ weapons NNS were VBD smaller JJR devices NNS , , equal JJ to TO the DT Hiroshima NP bomb NN , , to TO kill VV only RB a DT limited JJ number NN provided VVD , , as RB one CD General NP remarked VVD , , the DT wind NN was VBD in IN the DT right JJ direction NN and CC did VVD not RB blow VV the DT fall NN out RP over IN one CD s PP own JJ forces NNS . SENT Neville NP Shute NP s PP novel NN , , On IN the DT Beach NP , , was VBD a DT horrifying VVG tale NN of IN total JJ nuclear JJ destruction NN caused VVN by IN the DT action NN of IN a DT small JJ country NN over IN a DT relatively RB trivial JJ matter NN . SENT The DT leader NN of IN the DT Disarmament NN cause NN , , Bertrand NP Russell NP , , used VVD his PP$ mathematics NNS to TO show VV that IN with IN two CD countries NNS with IN the DT bomb NN there EX could MD be VB the DT danger NN of IN one PP quarrel VV . SENT with IN 4 CD owners NNS , , there EX could MD be VB a DT possible JJ 6 CD quarrels NNS . SENT and CC as RB more RBR joined VVD the DT nuclear JJ club NN , , so RB the DT danger NN would MD grow VV . SENT He PP reminded VVD the DT world NN that IN only RB a DT few JJ years NNS before RB , , a DT great JJ power NN had VHD been VBN led VVN by IN an DT insane JJ dictator NN . SENT The DT historian NN , , A NP . SENT J NP . SENT P NN . SENT Taylor NP , , listed VVD the DT probable JJ effects NNS of IN a DT nuclear JJ explosion NN with IN regard NN to TO casualties NNS , , long JJ term NN suffering NN , , destruction NN of IN habitat NN , , etc FW . SENT and CC asked VVD his PP$ audience NN , , Would MD any DT of IN you PP do VVP that IN to TO your PP$ fellow JJ man NN . SENT After IN total JJ silence NN , , he PP demanded VVD Then RB why RB are VBP we PP making VVG the DT damned RB thing NN then RB . SENT The DT old JJ certainties NNS of IN trust NN and CC obedience NN to TO our PP$ political JJ masters NNS was VBD ending VVG for IN ever RB . SENT people NNS , , even RB whey NN they PP did VVD not RB agree VV with IN the DT protesters NNS , , could MD sympathise VV with IN their PP$ actions NNS and CC distrusted VVD the DT honeyed JJ words NNS of IN their PP$ leaders NNS . SENT a DT new JJ cynicism NN , , particularly RB among IN the DT young JJ , , began VVD to TO appear VV . SENT This DT cynicism NN took VVD the DT form NN of IN satire NN in IN revues NNS such JJ as IN Beyond IN the DT Fringe NN , , starring VVG Peter NP Cook NP , , Jonathan NP Miller NP , , Alan NP Bennett NP and CC Dudley NP Moore NP , , when WRB Britain NP s PP courage NN and CC unflappability NN in IN the DT war NN , , the DT stiff JJ upper JJ lip NN tradition NN , , all RB became VVD targets NNS for IN the DT new JJ university NN educated VVN breed NN of IN comedian NN . SENT On IN the DT television NN , , That DT Was VBD The DT Week NN That DT Was VBD each DT week NN mocked VVN the DT Establishment NN and CC drew VVD huge JJ audiences NNS . SENT The DT Government NN , , under IN the DT leadership NN of IN Harold NP Macmillan NP , , possibly RB the DT most RBS astute JJ politician NN ever RB to TO hold VV office NN , , easily RB rode VVD the DT mocking VVG criticism NN . SENT Macmillan NP had VHD pulled VVN the DT Conservative JJ Party NN back RB from IN the DT Suez NP disaster NN and CC in IN 1959 CD had VHD won VVN an DT unprecedented JJ third JJ period NN of IN office NN for IN the DT Tories NPS . SENT His PP$ secret NN was VBD his PP$ air NN of IN good JJ humoured VVN calm NN in IN the DT face NN of IN criticism NN when WRB at IN the DT United NP Nation NP Kruschev NP had VHD roared VVN and CC ranted VVN and CC had VHD beaten VVN his PP$ desk NN with IN his PP$ shoe NN , , leaving VVG most JJS of IN the DT delegates NNS ashen JJ faced VVD , , Macmillan NP was VBD heard VVN to TO ask VV in IN his PP$ upper JJ class NN drawl NN , , Does NP anybody NN have VHP a DT translation NN of IN that DT . SENT The DT roar NN of IN laughter NN which WDT followed VVD deflated VVD the DT Russian JJ leader NN and CC won VVD for IN Macmillan NP the DT admiration NN of IN the DT Americans NPS . SENT In IN the DT 1959 CD election NN he PP made VVD the DT statement NN Some DT of IN our PP$ people NNS have VHP never RB had VHD it PP so RB good RB later RBR used VVN by IN his PP$ critics NNS as IN You PP ve NN never RB had VHD it PP so RB good JJ . SENT Most RBS failed VVN to TO remember VV his PP$ next JJ remark NN . SENT Is VBZ it PP too RB good JJ to TO last VV . SENT Basking VVG in IN the DT prosperity NN of IN the DT time NN , , Britain NP ignored VVD the DT fact NN that IN while IN our PP$ productivity NN had VHD grown VVN by IN 40 CD in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP , , Germany NP s PP had VHD grown VVN by IN 150 CD and CC Japan NP s PP by IN 400 CD . SENT Wages NNS had VHD risen VVN , , but CC productivity NN remained VVD low JJ , , we PP were VBD paying VVG ourselves PP more JJR to TO produce VV less RBR . SENT Britain NP had VHD ignored VVN the DT chance NN to TO join VV the DT European JJ Union NN and CC establish VV favourable JJ terms NNS , , she PP was VBD no DT longer RBR the DT premium NN trading NN nation NN , , in IN fact NN was VBD rapidly RB slipping VVG into IN the DT second JJ league NN . SENT Gambling NN became VVD a DT growing VVG obsession NN betting VVG shops NNS became VVD legal JJ , , Premium JJ Bonds NNS were VBD introduced VVN offering VVG the DT modest JJ chance NN of IN winning VVG 1 CD , , 000 CD for IN 1 CD , , with IN odds NNS of IN its PP$ happening NN at IN several JJ millions NNS to TO one CD . SENT Football NN Pools NNS grew VVD in IN popularity NN , , with IN the DT offer NN of IN a DT 75 CD , , 000 CD prize NN most JJS winners NNS saying VVG that IN it PP would MD not RB change VV their PP$ lives NNS , , which WDT makes VVZ one CD wonder NN why WRB they PP bothered VVD to TO do VV it PP in IN the DT first JJ place NN . SENT Two CD films NNS , , I NN m NN Alright RB Jack NP and CC Heaven NN s PP Above IN , , catch VV the DT mood NN of IN the DT times NNS . SENT in IN the DT first JJ , , the DT greed NN and CC stupidity NN of IN both DT workers NNS and CC management NN lead NN to TO near JJ collapse NN of IN industry NN and CC consequent JJ unemployment NN . SENT in IN the DT second JJ , , the DT problems NNS of IN a DT C NP of IN E NP Vicar NP trying VVG to TO put VV Christianity NN into IN action NN by IN giving VVG to TO the DT poor JJ and CC trusting VVG in IN the DT goodness NN of IN his PP$ fellow JJ men NNS leads VVZ to TO chaos NN , , near IN riot NN by IN greedy JJ demands NNS , , and CC his PP$ subsequent JJ dismissal NN by IN the DT Church NP hierarchy NN for IN his PP$ foolishness NN . SENT What WP was VBD needed VVN was VBD some DT idealism NN and CC this DT seemed VVD to TO come VV in IN 1960 CD with IN the DT election NN of IN John NP Kennedy NP as IN President NP of IN the DT USA NP . SENT Here RB was VBD a DT leader NN born VVN in IN this DT century NN , , who WP it PP was VBD felt VVN understood VVD the DT needs NNS of IN the DT young JJ and CC its PP$ latent JJ unselfishness NN . SENT Ask VV not RB , , what WP can MD my PP$ country NN do VVP for IN me PP , , but CC what WP can MD I PP do VVP for IN my PP$ country NN . SENT His PP$ words NNS struck VVD a DT chord NN with IN the DT young JJ again RB there EX was VBD a DT feeling NN of IN hope NN in IN the DT air NN . SENT In IN 1962 CD , , he PP had VHD the DT courage NN to TO outface VV Krushchev NP in IN the DT Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN , , when WRB the DT world NN came VVD to TO the DT brink NN of IN war NN . SENT Following VVG that DT episode NN , , relations NNS between IN Russia NP and CC the DT USA NP improved VVD , , the DT hotline NP was VBD established VVN to TO avoid VV the DT danger NN of IN a DT nuclear JJ strike NN , , disarmament NN talks NNS began VVD . SENT Russia NP s PP weak JJ position NN was VBD revealed VVN when WRB East NP Germany NP was VBD forced VVN to TO erect VV a DT wall NN in IN Berlin NP to TO stop VV people NNS escaping VVG from IN the DT Socialist NP Paradise NP of IN Eastern NP Europe NP never RB before RB had VHD any DT country NN been VBN forced VVN to TO take VV such JJ measures NNS to TO preserve VV its PP$ regime NN . SENT When WRB Kennedy NP was VBD assassinated VVN in IN 1963 CD , , it PP was VBD felt VVN by IN many JJ that IN the DT world NN had VHD lost VVN its PP$ innocence NN . SENT Subsequent JJ revelations NNS show VVP that IN Kennedy NP had VHD his PP$ faults NNS the DT huge JJ build VV up RP of IN American JJ troops NNS in IN Vietnam NP , , his PP$ private JJ life NN , , his PP$ links NNS with IN organised VVN crime NN . SENT but CC at IN the DT time NN he PP was VBD a DT symbol NN of IN hope NN and CC it PP is VBZ said VVN with IN some DT truth NN that IN everybody NN remembers VVZ where WRB they PP were VBD when WRB they PP heard VVD of IN his PP$ death NN , , such JJ was VBD his PP$ impact NN . SENT In IN Britain NP , , the DT Conservative NP Government NP was VBD coming VVG to TO its PP$ end NN after IN 13 CD years NNS of IN rule NN . SENT the DT Profumo NP Affair NP when WRB a DT Minister NP lied VVD to TO the DT House NP , , Macmillan NP s PP illness NN and CC retirement NN , , the DT vicious JJ in IN fighting VVG among IN those DT who WP hoped VVD to TO succeed VV him PP , , led VVN , , in IN 1964 CD , , to TO the DT election NN of IN Harold NP Wilson NP s PP Labour VV Government NP and CC the DT dawn NN , , it PP was VBD believed VVN , , of IN the DT White NP Heat NP of IN Technology NP plus CC the DT campaign NN by IN many JJ of IN I PP m NN backing VVG Britain NP , , which WDT unfortunately RB took VVD the DT form NN of IN the DT Union NP Flag NN on IN carrier NN bags NNS and CC even RB on IN underwear NN . SENT The DT wish NN was VBD there RB , , but CC the DT drive NN and CC leadership NN were VBD conspicuously RB lacking VVG . SENT This DT was VBD the DT beginning NN of IN the DT Swinging VVG Sixties NNS . SENT Britain NP seemed VVD to TO become VV the DT focus NN of IN world NN fashion NN and CC music NN . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT phenomenon NN of IN the DT Beatles NP Liverpool NP lads NNS introduced VVD a DT new JJ style NN of IN music NN which WDT swept VVD the DT world NN . SENT In IN London NP , , Mary NP Quant NP s PP fashion NN designs NNS brought VVN in IN the DT mini JJ skirt NN . SENT Suddenly RB , , to TO be VB young JJ was VBD the DT most RBS exciting JJ time NN of IN life NN . SENT young JJ girls NNS in IN particular JJ gained VVD a DT new JJ self NN confidence NN as IN they PP allowed VVD their PP$ skirts NNS to TO rise VV higher JJR than IN ever RB before RB in IN history NN and CC the DT introduction NN of IN the DT contraceptive JJ pill NN gave VVD them PP a DT freedom NN never RB experienced VVD before RB . SENT Unfortunately RB , , far RB from IN giving VVG young JJ girls NNS control VVP over IN their PP$ lives NNS , , The DT Pill NP seemed VVD to TO take VV away RP their PP$ freedom NN to TO resist VV promiscuous JJ behaviour NN they PP no RB longer JJR had VHD the DT excuse NN of IN fear NN of IN pregnancy NN to TO resist VV a DT boy NN s PP attentions NNS . SENT It PP became VVD the DT accepted VVN belief NN that IN if IN a DT girl NN had VHD a DT baby NN outside IN marriage NN then RB it PP was VBD her PP$ fault NN , , for IN she PP now RB could MD control VV conception NN . SENT boys NNS seemed VVD to TO disregard VV any DT responsibility NN . SENT The DT result NN was VBD a DT growth NN in IN unmarried JJ pregnancy NN , , single JJ mothers NNS and CC irresponsible JJ fathers NNS hardly RB the DT brave JJ new JJ world NN hoped VVN for IN . SENT 1966 CD saw VVD England NP win VV the DT World NP Cup NP in IN football NN for IN the DT first JJ time NN it PP produced VVD a DT great JJ feeling NN of IN euphoria NN . SENT Footballers NNS became VVD the DT new JJ sporting NN heroes NNS , , earning VVG huge JJ salaries NNS . SENT In IN 1960 CD , , following VVG the DT end NN of IN a DT set VVN wage NN for IN footballers NNS about IN 20 CD a DT week NN and CC tied VVN to TO the DT club NN by IN contract NN , , a DT victory NN won VVD by IN Jimmy NP Hill NP on IN behalf NN of IN his PP$ fellow JJ professionals NNS , , Johnny NP Haynes NP of IN Fulham NP and CC the DT then JJ England NP captain NN was VBD paid VVN 100 CD a DT week NN a DT huge JJ sum NN for IN those DT days NNS . SENT We PP pay VVP it PP because IN he PP is VBZ worth JJ it PP , , said VVD the DT Fulham NP chairman NN , , comedian NN , , Tommy NP Trinder NP . SENT By IN the DT mid JJ sixties NNS , , most JJS First NP Division NP players NNS were VBD being VBG paid VVN very RB high JJ wages NNS , , football NN ceased VVD to TO be VB a DT sport NN and CC became VVD big JJ business NN , , with IN players NNS being VBG bought VVN and CC sold VVN at IN huge JJ transfer NN fees NNS only RB the DT richest JJS clubs NNS could MD pay VV , , and CC then RB only RB if IN they PP could MD enjoy VV long JJ runs NNS and CC , , hopefully RB , , victories NNS , , in IN the DT many JJ cup NN competitions NNS which WDT now RB began VVD . SENT The DT FA NN Cup NP was VBD joined VVN with IN the DT League NP Cup NP , , the DT European NP Cup NP , , the DT Cup NP Winners NNS Cup NP , , and CC probably RB more RBR that IN I PP have VHP forgotten VVN . SENT Britain NP needed VVD her PP$ sporting NN heroes NNS , , for IN she PP no RB longer RB led VVN the DT world NN in IN sport NN . SENT To TO win VV one CD or CC two CD Gold NN Medals NNS in IN the DT Olympics NPS was VBD seen VVN as IN a DT triumph NN . SENT the DT Games NPS were VBD dominated VVN by IN athletes NNS from IN USA NP , , the DT USSR NN , , and CC Eastern NP Europe NP . SENT Mary NP Rand NP , , a DT most RBS feminine JJ English JJ athlete NN , , was VBD downcast JJ at IN winning VVG a DT Silver NP Medal NP in IN the DT long JJ jump NN she PP was VBD comforted VVN by IN the DT Russian JJ Shot NN Putt NP champion NN , , Irina NP Press NP , , who WP kissed VVD her PP , , Mary NP felt VVD the DT harsh JJ bristles VVZ on IN the DT Russian JJ girl NN s PP face VVP as IN she PP had VHD forgotten VVN to TO shave VV that DT morning NN . SENT When WRB random JJ drug NN testing NN came VVD in IN 1972 CD , , many JJ East JJ European JJ athletes NNS were VBD never RB seen VVN competing VVG again RB . SENT Against IN this DT , , Britain NP s PP very RB amateur JJ approach NN stood VVD very RB little JJ chance NN . SENT By IN 1968 CD , , the DT Beatles NP had VHD almost RB become VVN respectable JJ awarded VVN the DT MBE NP by IN Harold NP Wilson NP , , only RB their PP$ long JJ hair NN aroused VVN mixed JJ feelings NNS . SENT their PP$ music NN was VBD recognised VVN as IN being VBG special JJ and CC their PP$ cheerful JJ irreverence NN earned VVD them PP an DT appearance NN on IN the DT Royal NP Command NP Performance NP . SENT The DT young JJ therefore RB turned VVN to TO a DT more RBR controversial JJ group NN the DT Rolling NP Stones NP , , who WP were VBD not RB approved VVN of IN by IN their PP$ parents NNS and CC who WP sang VVD raucous JJ , , dangerous JJ songs NNS , , openly RB flaunting VVG their PP$ drug NN taking VVG and CC generally RB frightening JJ the DT disapproving VVG parents NNS of IN their PP$ many JJ fans NNS . SENT By IN 1970 CD there RB were VBD many JJ groups NNS copying VVG The DT Stones NPS , , the DT Beatles NP came VVD under IN the DT influence NN of IN the DT Maharishi NP in IN India NP , , there EX was VBD revolt NN in IN the DT air NN . SENT 1968 NP had VHD seen VVN a DT young JJ revolution NN in IN France NP and CC the DT fall NN of IN De NP Gaulle NP . SENT The DT Vietnam NP War NP was VBD pulling VVG in IN more JJR and CC more JJR US NP troops NNS and CC this DT led VVN to TO widespread JJ and CC sometimes RB violent JJ demonstrations NNS against IN US NP policy NN . SENT At IN times NNS it PP seemed VVD that IN young JJ people NNS were VBD in IN open JJ revolt NN in IN their PP$ dress NN , , their PP$ behaviour NN and CC in IN their PP$ beliefs NNS . SENT Flower NP Power NP , , make VVP love VVP not RB war VV , , drop VV out RP , , became VVD the DT new JJ slogans NNS of IN the DT young JJ . SENT One CD of IN my PP$ favourite JJ memories NNS was VBD the DT sight NN of IN the DT grim JJ State NN Troopers NNS guarding VVG the DT White NP House NP as IN a DT peace NN march NN took VVD place NN , , and CC young JJ girls NNS in IN flowing VVG dresses NNS , , with IN flower NN patterns NNS on IN their PP$ faces NNS , , gently RB putting VVG flowers NNS into IN the DT rifles NNS of IN the DT soldiers NNS . SENT The DT new JJ anthem NN was VBD John NP Lennon NP s PP song NN , , Give VV Peace NN a DT Chance NP . SENT Added VVD to TO the DT Peace NN Protests NNS were VBD the DT Civil JJ Rights NP marches NNS as IN thousands NNS of IN coloured JJ people NNS made VVD their PP$ peaceful JJ demands NNS for IN equality NN . SENT Unfortunately RB all DT turned VVN sour JJ State NP Troopers NNS opened VVD fire NN on IN students NNS at IN Kent NP University NP , , Ohio NP . SENT the DT peace NN loving JJ Martin NP Luther NP King NP was VBD assassinated VVN . SENT Robert NP Kennedy NP was VBD assassinated VVN . SENT race NN riots NNS broke VVD out RP in IN the DT Watts NP district NN of IN Los NP Angeles NP . SENT Russia NP crushed VVN the DT Czech JJ bid NN for IN freedom NN with IN its PP$ tanks NNS . SENT Charles NP Manson NP s PP Flower NP Power NP followers NNS committed VVD the DT most RBS obscene JJ murders NNS in IN the DT USA NP . SENT in IN Vietnam NP , , more JJR bombs NNS were VBD dropped VVN than IN on IN Germany NP in IN the DT 2 CD nd NN World NP War NP , , and CC the DT use NN of IN napalm NN against IN helpless JJ peasants NNS horrified VVD the DT world NN as IN it PP became VVD obvious JJ that IN the DT mighty JJ USA NP could MD not RB prevail VV over IN simple JJ peasants NNS . SENT The DT end NN of IN the DT 1960 CD s PP was VBD a DT time NN of IN unrest NN , , of IN protest NN , , idols NNS of IN the DT young JJ like IN Jimmy NP Hendrix NP , , Jim NP Morrison NP and CC others NNS were VBD dying VVG of IN drug NN overdoses NNS . SENT people NNS talked VVD glibly RB about IN rights NNS , , very RB few JJ talked VVN about IN responsibilities NNS the DT debt NN one NN owed VVN to TO others NNS or CC to TO society NN . SENT In IN 1970 CD , , the DT voting NN age NN was VBD lowered VVN to TO 18 CD . SENT it PP was VBD cynically RB suggested VVN that IN Harold NP Wilson NP had VHD done VVN this DT believing VVG that IN the DT young JJ would MD therefore RB automatically RB support VV the DT Left VVN rather RB than IN the DT Right NP in IN politics NNS . SENT all PDT the DT indicators NNS of IN the DT time NN seemed VVD to TO show VV that IN young JJ people NNS were VBD wholly RB disenchanted VVN with IN the DT Establishment NN and CC those DT who WP seemed VVD to TO represent VV it PP in IN Parliament NP , , but CC in IN the DT election NN called VVN in IN June NP the DT Tories NNS were VBD elected VVN and CC Edward NP Heath NP became VVD Prime NP Minister NP . SENT He PP faced VVD many JJ problems NNS British JJ industry NN was VBD in IN decline NN . SENT strikes NNS in IN the DT car NN industry NN . SENT the DT collapse NN of IN motor NN cycle NN production NN . SENT the DT collapse NN in IN ship NN building NN leading VVG to TO the DT closure NN of IN the DT mighty JJ John NP Brown NP Shipyard NN which WDT had VHD built VVN the DT great JJ Cunard NP Queens NP . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT fate NN of IN these DT proud JJ ships NNS is VBZ symbolic JJ of IN Britain NP s PP rapid JJ decline NN the DT Queen NP Mary NP was VBD sold VVN to TO become VV a DT tourist NN attraction NN in IN California NP many JJ Americans NPS assumed VVD she PP was VBD an DT American JJ ship NN they PP could MD not RB envisage VV Britain NP ever RB having VHG the DT skill NN or CC initiative NN to TO build VV such PDT a DT liner NN . SENT . SENT the DT Queen NP Elizabeth NP suffered VVD a DT sadder JJR fate NN sold VVN to TO a DT business NN man NN in IN Hong NP Kong NP , , she PP was VBD totally RB destroyed VVN by IN fire NN in IN 1972 CD . SENT The DT phrase NN Lame NP Duck NP appeared VVD to TO describe VV so RB many JJ areas NNS of IN British JJ industry NN which WDT were VBD demanding VVG that DT taxpayers NNS help VVP to TO face VV foreign JJ competition NN . SENT People NNS were VBD dispirited VVN , , knowing VVG that IN leaders NNS in IN all DT parties NNS seemed VVD not RB to TO have VH the DT courage NN or CC the DT vision NN to TO make VV changes NNS which WDT were VBD so RB obviously RB needed VVN . SENT Union NN demands NNS for IN rises NNS were VBD invariably RB met VVN , , with IN no DT corresponding JJ request NN for IN improved JJ production NN . SENT inflation NN began VVD to TO rise VV as IN the DT wages NNS tried VVD to TO catch VV up RP with IN ever RB rising VVG prices NNS , , leaving VVG those DT who WP did VVD not RB have VH the DT industrial JJ strength NN pensioners NNS , , teachers NNS , , nurses NNS , , etc FW . SENT to TO fall VV behind RB . SENT Northern NP Ireland NP was VBD a DT nightmare NN of IN civil JJ unrest NN , , with IN daily JJ bombings NNS , , shootings NNS , , and CC generalised VVD hatred NN between IN two CD terrified VVN communities NNS . SENT Internment NN without IN trial NN , , trial NN by IN judges NNS rather RB than IN by IN jury NN , , intimidation NN , , hunger NN strikes VVZ the DT list NN was VBD growing VVG and CC most JJS people NNS were VBD wholly RB pessimistic JJ about IN the DT future NN . SENT The DT decision NN to TO enter VV the DT European JJ Common JJ Market NN in IN 1973 CD was VBD not RB greeted VVN with IN any DT enthusiasm NN , , indeed RB many RB feared VVN the DT loss NN of IN freedom NN , , but CC it PP was VBD hoped VVN that IN possibly RB Europe NP could MD pull VV us PP out RP of IN our PP$ difficulties NNS , , it PP being VBG obvious JJ that IN we PP could MD not RB do VV it PP ourselves PP . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN 1973 CD a DT Miners NP Strike NP led VVD to TO the DT Three NP Day NP Week NP , , with IN power NN cuts NNS and CC the DT early JJ end NN to TO evening NN television NN . SENT It PP has VHZ to TO be VB said VVN that IN in IN a DT perverse JJ way NN the DT people NNS enjoyed VVD the DT crisis NN my PP$ children NNS cheered VVD when WRB the DT lights NNS went VVD out RP and CC we PP had VHD our PP$ meals NNS by IN candlelight NN . SENT To TO many DT older JJR people NNS it PP brought VVD back RB memories NNS of IN the DT war NN which WDT brought VVD out RP the DT best JJS in IN people NNS . SENT my PP$ auntie NN , , armed VVN with IN her PP$ bus NN and CC rail NN pass NN was VBD able JJ to TO travel VV freely RB around IN Merseyside NN seeking VVG for IN candles NNS and CC anything NN else RB in IN short JJ supply NN she PP loved VVD it PP when WRB she PP came VVD home RB triumphant JJ with IN her PP finds VVZ . SENT We PP still RB have VHP a DT large JJ supply NN of IN the DT candles NNS she PP bought VVD then RB . SENT Also RB , , production NN actually RB rose VVD in IN the DT three CD day NN week NN there RB was VBD no DT problem NN with IN the DT people NNS , , all DT that WDT was VBD missing VVG was VBD strong JJ leadership NN and CC courage NN . SENT In IN America NP , , another DT leader NN was VBD facing VVG problems NNS Richard NP Nixon NP , , leader NN of IN the DT Western NP World NP , , was VBD embroiled VVN in IN the DT Watergate NP scandal NN . SENT Members NNS of IN the DT Committee NP to TO Re NP Elect VV the DT President NP bizarrely RB given VVN the DT acronym NN CREEP VV had VHD been VBN caught VVN burgling VVG Democratic JJ Headquarters NN in IN the DT Watergate NP Hotel NP . SENT In IN the DT subsequent JJ investigation NN , , many JJ members NNS of IN the DT President NP s PP staff NN , , including VVG his PP$ Attorney NP General NP , , were VBD imprisoned VVN . SENT His PP$ Vice NP President NP , , Spiro NP Agnew NP , , resigned VVD over IN tax NN evasion NN , , and CC in IN 1974 CD Nixon NP himself PP resigned VVD rather RB than IN face NN a DT trial NN by IN the DT Senate NP . SENT Leadership NN of IN the DT West NP fell VVD to TO the DT well RB meaning VVG but CC hopelessly RB inexperienced JJ Gerald NP Ford NP , , a DT man NN described VVN by IN Lyndon NP Johnson NP as IN being VBG unable JJ to TO do VV two CD things NNS at IN once RB like IN walk NN and CC chew VV . SENT A DT description NN my PP$ wife NN cruelly RB applies VVZ to TO me PP . SENT In IN Vietnam NP , , the DT USA NP realised VVD its PP$ helplessness NN and CC was VBD preparing VVG the DT most JJS humiliating VVG retreat NN by IN a DT great JJ power NN flying VVG its PP$ personnel NNS out RP by IN helicopter NN and CC simply RB throwing VVG the DT machines NNS into IN the DT sea NN , , such JJ was VBD the DT panic NN to TO escape VV , , and CC abandoning VVG all PDT those DT Vietnamese NNS who WP had VHD trusted VVN and CC depended VVN on IN them PP . SENT In IN 1974 CD Labour NN returned VVN to TO power NN with IN a DT minority NN government NN , , dependent JJ on IN Liberal JJ support NN to TO remain VV in IN office NN , , to TO face VV the DT myriad JJ problems NNS facing VVG Britain NP in IN Northern NP Ireland NP , , in IN industry NN , , with IN rampant JJ inflation NN and CC a DT dispirited VVN people NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ so RB much RB I PP have VHP had VHD to TO omit VV from IN this DT period NN the DT growth NN of IN television NN after IN the DT Coronation NN do VVP you PP remember VV an DT advert NN for IN Gibbs NP S NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Toothpaste NN showing VVG a DT tube NN embedded VVN in IN ice NN . SENT you PP should MD do VV , , for IN it PP was VBD the DT first JJ advert NN ever RB shown VVN on IN British JJ TV NN , , in IN 1954 CD . SENT Television NN saw VVD the DT temporary JJ collapse NN of IN the DT film NN industry NN Birkenhead NP had VHD 17 CD cinemas NNS in IN 1949 CD , , but CC only RB two CD in IN 1974 CD . SENT In IN the DT 1960 CD s NN we PP saw VVD the DT first JJ episodes NNS of IN Coronation NN Street NP , , now RB the DT longest JJS lived VVN soap NN on IN television NN . SENT The DT Arab JJ Israeli JJ Wars NNS of IN 1967 CD and CC 1973 CD with IN the DT west NN forced VVN to TO take VV sides NNS and CC leading VVG once RB again RB to TO an DT oil NN crisis NN and CC a DT sharp JJ rise NN in IN petrol NN prices NNS I PP can MD remember VV warning VVG my PP$ pupils NNS that IN one CD day NN they PP might MD see VV petrol NN rise NN to TO 1 CD a DT gallon NN but CC I PP could MD see VV the DT looks NNS of IN disbelief NN on IN their PP$ faces NNS , , within IN a DT few JJ months NNS it PP had VHD become VVN reality NN . SENT the DT conquest NN of IN space NN and CC the DT first JJ man NN on IN the DT moon NN in IN 1969 CD and CC the DT feeling NN afterwards RB of IN so IN what WP . SENT as IN future JJ landings NNS failed VVD to TO stir VV the DT people NNS . SENT the DT many JJ hi NP jackings NNS of IN airliners NNS . SENT terrorist JJ attacks NNS not RB only RB by IN the DT Irish JJ but CC by IN so RB many JJ others NNS who WP saw VVD violence NN and CC terror NN as IN a DT means NN of IN winning VVG the DT Munich NP Olympics NPS spring NN to TO mind VV when WRB Arab JJ terrorists NNS murdered VVN several JJ Israeli JJ athletes NNS . SENT racial JJ tension NN and CC often RB racial JJ hatred NN in IN the DT Inner NP Cities NPS . SENT Idi NP Amin NP and CC the DT expulsion NN of IN Ugandan JJ Asians NPS . SENT the DT ending NN of IN the DT death NN penalty NN . SENT OPEC NP and CC the DT huge JJ rise NN in IN oil NN prices NNS petrol NN rising VVG from IN under IN 5 CD 25 CD p NN a DT gallon NN to TO 1 CD and CC higher JJR in IN 1974 CD . SENT the DT huge JJ rise NN in IN the DT number NN of IN cars NNS and CC the DT need NN to TO build VV motorways NNS to TO accommodate VV them PP but CC the DT increase NN always RB outstripping VVG the DT available JJ road NN space NN . SENT the DT obsession NN with IN planned JJ shopping NN centres NNS and CC huge JJ super JJ markets NNS which WDT made VVD every DT town NN and CC city NN centre NN identical JJ and CC destroyed VVN the DT individuality NN of IN the DT little JJ shops NNS . SENT I PP shall MD end VV this DT with IN a DT note NN of IN nostalgia NN we PP shall MD never RB smell VVP again RB that IN scent NN of IN smoked VVD bacon NN , , rich JJ fruit NN cake NN and CC cheese NN in IN shops NNS with IN sawdust NN covered VVN floors NNS , , and CC little JJ overhead JJ trolleys NNS carrying VVG our PP$ money NN along IN wires NNS to TO a DT central JJ point NN , , or CC via IN a DT vacuum NN tube NN when WRB a DT cylinder NN was VBD mysteriously RB sucked VVN up RP to TO an DT unknown JJ destination NN , , to TO be VB returned VVN shortly RB with IN change NN and CC receipt NN , , making VVG shopping VVG a DT time NN of IN interest NN and CC excitement NN for IN the DT young JJ rather RB than IN the DT boring JJ chore NN it PP has VHZ become VVN . SENT I PP regret VVP the DT disappearance NN of IN Irwins NP , , Woodsons NP , , The DT Maypole NN . SENT I PP miss VVP Robb NP s PP Grange NP Road NP Store NP and CC its PP$ bentwood NN chairs NNS for IN customers NNS as IN they PP waited VVD to TO be VB served VVN . SENT I PP do VVP not RB enjoy VV the DT long JJ aisles NNS in IN ASDA NP , , Sainsbury NP s PP , , Tesco NP , , with IN their PP$ plastic JJ foods NNS in IN plastic JJ wrappers NNS . SENT I PP miss VVP the DT atmosphere NN of IN the DT old JJ Birkenhead NP Market NP , , destroyed VVN by IN fire NN in IN the DT 1970 CD s PP the DT market NN patter NN of IN the DT outside JJ salesmen NNS was VBD a DT source NN of IN real JJ entertainment NN today NN we PP see VVP only RB glum JJ stall NN holders NNS waiting VVG for IN people NNS to TO buy VV , , rather RB than IN selling VVG their PP$ wares NNS by IN raucous JJ advertising NN . SENT But CC there EX , , I PP m NN revealing VVG my PP$ own JJ prejudices NNS and CC living VVG in IN the DT past NN a DT sure JJ sign NN of IN approaching VVG old JJ age NN . SENT 6 CD 1974 CD 1999 CD . SENT Top JJ of IN Page NP . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP now RB come VVP to TO the DT last JJ of IN this DT short JJ series NN , , bringing VVG us PP to TO the DT present JJ day NN . SENT Again RB , , the DT same JJ problems NNS confront VVP us PP what WP is VBZ important JJ , , what WP can MD be VB safely RB omitted VVN . SENT As IN I PP write VVP , , we PP have VHP heard VVN of IN the DT death NN of IN King NP Hussein NP of IN Jordan NP will MD this RB be VB a DT significant JJ historical JJ event NN in IN the DT history NN of IN the DT Near NP East NP why WRB do VV people NNS persist VV in IN calling VVG the DT area NN the DT Middle NP East NP , , which WDT logically RB is VBZ the DT Indian JJ sub NN continent NN and CC Pakistan NP . SENT , , or CC will MD it PP be VB a DT mere JJ footnote NN of IN history NN . SENT An DT argument NN is VBZ raging VVG concerning VVG Genetically RB Modified VVN foods NNS will MD they PP prove VV to TO be VB a DT blessing NN or CC a DT scourge NN for IN mankind NN . SENT I PP am VBP not RB a DT scientist NN and CC therefore RB can MD give VV no DT opinion NN on IN the DT matter NN , , but CC more RBR worrying JJ is VBZ the DT fact NN that IN the DT scientists NNS themselves PP do VVP not RB know VV the DT answers NNS , , though IN this DT has VHZ not RB stopped VVN them PP from IN voicing VVG opinions NNS as IN facts NNS , , and CC being VBG supported VVN by IN some DT political JJ leaders NNS who WP themselves PP know VVP nothing NN , , but CC who WP must MD take VV the DT ultimate JJ responsibility NN . SENT Thomas NP Jefferson NP said VVD of IN political JJ leaders NNS , , When WRB a DT man NN assumes VVZ a DT public JJ trust NN , , he PP should MD assume VV himself PP as IN public JJ property NN no DT political JJ leader NN has VHZ the DT right NN to TO ignore VV the DT wishes NNS of IN the DT people NNS who WP have VHP given VVN him PP power NN , , and CC at IN the DT moment NN , , in IN general NN , , with IN the DT memory NN of IN the DT BSE NP Scandal NN more RBR of IN this DT later RBR fresh JJ in IN their PP$ minds NNS , , the DT people NNS want VVP more RBR concrete JJ evidence NN that IN GM NP foods NNS are VBP safe JJ . SENT No DT minister NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB strong JJ his PP$ popularity NN , , has VHZ the DT right NN to TO ignore VV the DT wishes NNS of IN the DT people NNS this DT is VBZ the DT essence NN of IN democracy NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB the DT task NN of IN another DT chronicler NN in IN 2049 CD or CC 2099 CD to TO evaluate VV these DT events NNS I PP can MD only RB record VV them PP . SENT Similar JJ fears NNS are VBP raised VVN by IN the DT possibility NN of IN gene NN manipulation NN it PP is VBZ as RB if IN mankind NN is VBZ saying VVG that IN it PP can MD improve VV on IN God NP s PP creation NN . SENT alternatively RB , , it PP may MD be VB that IN God NP has VHZ given VVN us PP knowledge NN and CC skills NNS which WDT can MD benefit VV mankind NN again RB , , I NN cannot NN know VVP the DT answers NNS but CC I PP do VVP feel VV that DT extreme JJ caution NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ events NNS in IN our PP$ period NN which WDT give VVP cause NN for IN concern NN how WRB easily RB we PP forget VVP what WP was VBD headline NN news NN only RB a DT short JJ time NN ago RB . SENT In IN 1974 CD , , an DT explosion NN at IN the DT chemical JJ complex NN at IN Flixborough NP killed VVD 28 CD and CC injured VVN several JJ hundred CD as IN clouds NNS of IN poisonous JJ gases NNS escaped VVN into IN the DT atmosphere NN . SENT a DT similar JJ explosion NN took VVD place NN at IN Seveso NP in IN Italy NP in IN 1976 CD , , and CC another DT in IN Switzerland NP in IN 1986 CD , , poisoning NN the DT River NP Rhine NP and CC the DT surrounding VVG area NN . SENT In IN 1984 CD , , at IN Bhopal NP in IN India NP , , more JJR than IN 2 CD , , 000 CD died VVD and CC close VV to TO 200 CD , , 000 CD suffered VVD major JJ breathing NN problems NNS when WRB a DT chemical NN factory NN exploded VVD in IN the DT night NN . SENT How WRB many JJ more JJR similar JJ time NN bombs NNS are VBP waiting VVG to TO explode VV . SENT Add VV to TO these DT the DT disaster NN at IN Three NP Mile NP Island NP in IN the DT USA NP , , when WRB there EX was VBD a DT potential JJ nuclear JJ meltdown NN , , threatening VVG the DT lives NNS of IN many JJ . SENT Fortunately RB the DT USA NP is VBZ relatively RB efficient JJ in IN handling VVG potential JJ disasters NNS and CC there EX was VBD no DT loss NN of IN life NN . SENT Not RB so IN Russia NP , , where WRB the DT Chernobyl NP meltdown NN contaminated VVN much RB of IN Northern NP Europe NP and CC caused VVD an DT unknown JJ number NN of IN deaths NNS . SENT we PP are VBP unsure JJ of IN the DT final JJ consequences NNS of IN this DT incident NN in IN 1986 CD . SENT We PP hear VVP of IN frequent JJ leaks NNS from IN our PP$ own JJ Sellafield NP reactor NN and CC their PP$ effects NNS on IN the DT Irish JJ Sea NP . SENT We PP know VVP that IN many JJ Nuclear NP Plants NP , , seen VVN as IN the DT brave JJ new JJ future NN when WRB they PP were VBD built VVN in IN the DT 1950 CD s PP and CC 1960 CD s PP , , are VBP now RB potential JJ hazards NNS for IN centuries NNS in IN the DT future NN . SENT We PP also RB know VVP that IN the DT bankrupt JJ Soviet NP Union NP has VHZ neither RB the DT skill NN nor CC the DT finances NNS to TO deal VV with IN their PP$ ageing VVG reactors NNS and CC nuclear JJ submarines NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ our PP$ legacy NN for IN future JJ generations NNS , , requiring VVG huge JJ sums NNS of IN money NN to TO put VV right RB , , but CC for IN which WDT few JJ politicians NNS of IN any DT party NN will MD accept VV the DT responsibility NN for IN swift JJ and CC immediate JJ action NN the DT threat NN of IN higher JJR taxes NNS with IN no DT immediate JJ political JJ benefit NN does VVZ not RB win VV votes NNS at IN elections NNS . SENT Not RB surprisingly RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT general JJ distrust NN of IN politicians NNS and CC this DT perhaps RB was VBD reflected VVN in IN the DT years NNS 1974 CD 1979 CD by IN the DT young JJ people NNS , , who WP seemed VVD to TO embrace VV anarchy NN and CC to TO revolt NN against IN all DT authority NN and CC government NN . SENT This DT was VBD the DT period NN of IN Punk NN music NN and CC dress VV I PP use VV the DT word NN music NN in IN a DT very RB broad JJ sense NN , , for IN here RB was VBD no DT rhythm NN or CC melody NN , , it PP was VBD anarchic JJ sound NN , , literally RB spitting VVG defiance NN at IN good JJ taste NN , , at IN authority NN . SENT The DT gap NN between IN young JJ and CC old JJ became VVD most RBS marked VVN in IN the DT dress NN . SENT The DT older JJR generations NNS those DT over IN 25 CD dressed VVN fairly RB soberly RB , , but CC the DT young JJ indulged VVN in IN the DT most RBS bizarre JJ fashion NN imaginable JJ . SENT Denim NN jeans NNS had VHD long RB been VBN the DT uniform NN of IN the DT young JJ , , but CC now RB it PP was VBD adopted VVN by IN their PP$ elders NNS , , making VVG it PP less RBR acceptable JJ to TO their PP$ children NNS . SENT I PP remember VVP a DT friendly JJ discussion NN with IN some DT of IN my PP$ 6 CD th NN Formers NNS who WP criticized VVD my PP$ conventional JJ sports NNS coat NN and CC flannels NNS , , or CC subfusc JJ suit NN always RB worn VVN with IN shirt NN and CC tie NN , , which WDT they PP saw VVD as RB far RB too RB conventional JJ . SENT They PP were VBD very RB upset VVN when WRB I PP pointed VVD out RP that IN they PP too RB were VBD the DT essence NN of IN convention NN , , even RB more JJR than IN I PP was VBD , , for IN they PP had VHD to TO wear VV their PP$ uniforms NNS of IN denim NN jeans NNS with IN long JJ hair NN if IN they PP were VBD to TO be VB accepted VVN by IN their PP$ fellows NNS . SENT When WRB older JJR people NNS tried VVD to TO copy VV them PP and CC how WRB ridiculous JJ some DT looked VVN with IN their PP$ greying VVG balding JJ heads NNS with IN wispy JJ hair NN reaching VVG to TO their PP$ shoulders NNS and CC a DT growing VVG middle JJ age NN paunch NN in IN tight JJ flared VVN trousers NNS the DT young JJ went VVD a DT step NN further RBR , , wearing VVG jeans NNS which WDT were VBD deliberately RB ripped VVN at IN the DT knee NN or CC across IN the DT seat NN , , shaving VVG their PP$ heads NNS , , bald JJ apart RB from IN a DT spiky JJ arrangement NN in IN weird JJ colours NNS green JJ , , orange JJ , , purple JJ , , blue JJ , , red JJ , , and CC stiffened VVD with IN some DT form NN of IN glue NN . SENT Add VV to TO this DT body NN piercing VVG using VVG studs NNS , , rings NNS and CC even RB safety NN pins NNS , , chalk NN white NN faces VVZ , , black JJ framed VVN eyes NNS and CC very RB often RB chains NNS linking VVG their PP$ bodies NNS to TO their PP$ clothes NNS , , and CC we PP have VHP perhaps RB the DT strangest JJS fashions NNS the DT western JJ world NN has VHZ ever RB seen VVN though IN what WP might MD scandalise VV us PP in IN the DT future NN I PP have VHP no DT idea NN , , but CC am VBP sure JJ it PP will MD happen VV for IN the DT young JJ will MD always RB try VV to TO shock VV their PP$ elders NNS , , it PP is VBZ a DT part NN of IN growing VVG up RP . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT mistake NN on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT elders NNS to TO try VV to TO understand VV and CC to TO copy VV them PP to TO show VV how WRB with IN it PP they PP are VBP . SENT the DT whole JJ point NN of IN being VBG young JJ is VBZ to TO disagree VV with IN one CD s PP elders NNS . SENT How WRB frustrating JJ it PP must MD be VB to TO find VV the DT enemy NN joining VVG with IN them PP in IN their PP$ revolt NN , , the DT only JJ answer NN is VBZ to TO go VV even RB further RBR , , to TO achieve VV a DT distinct JJ difference NN between IN the DT generations NNS , , one CD which WDT the DT elders NNS dare VVP not RB copy VV . SENT In IN 1974 CD , , Harold NP Wilson NP s PP Labour VV Government NP won NN office NN and CC held VVD it PP in IN a DT second JJ election NN in IN the DT Autumn NP . SENT The DT problems NNS were VBD those DT of IN the DT past JJ years NNS notably RB Ireland NP . SENT Sadly RB , , the DT frequent JJ bombings NNS in IN that DT unhappy JJ country NN no RB longer RB made VVN headline NN news NN it PP was VBD the DT Irish JJ problem NN , , nobody NN had VHD a DT solution NN , , therefore RB it PP was VBD enough RB simply RB to TO contain VV it PP it PP was VBD something NN which WDT happened VVD over RP there RB . SENT This DT attitude NN was VBD rudely RB shattered VVN in IN 1974 CD when WRB bombs NNS exploded VVD on IN the DT English JJ Mainland JJ at IN Guildford NP and CC at IN Birmingham NP . SENT The DT Guildford NP 4 CD and CC the DT Birmingham NP 6 CD were VBD arrested VVN and CC duly RB imprisoned VVN for IN long JJ periods NNS . SENT In IN the DT 1990 CD s NN we PP were VBD both CC horrified VVN and CC alarmed VVN to TO discover VV hat NN these DT convictions NNS were VBD unsafe JJ , , there RB seemed VVD evidence NN of IN police NN malpractice NN , , a DT distorting VVG of IN the DT evidence NN in IN order NN to TO obtain VV a DT conviction NN . SENT In IN 1975 CD , , Edward NP Heath NP , , having VHG lost VVN two CD elections NNS was VBD replaced VVN by IN Margaret NP Thatcher NP as IN Conservative NP Leader NP , , the DT first JJ woman NN in IN the DT western JJ world NN to TO lead VV a DT political JJ party NN if IN one PP ignores VVZ Golda NP Meir NP of IN Israel NP . SENT Perhaps RB the DT major JJ event NN of IN that DT year NN was VBD the DT first JJ Referendum NN ever RB held VVN in IN the DT United NP Kingdom NP , , to TO decide VV whether IN we PP should MD remain VV a DT member NN of IN the DT European NP Community NP . SENT Because IN this DT was VBD a DT unique JJ occasion NN though IN now RB referenda NNS seem VVP to TO be VB rapidly RB replacing VVG Parliamentary JJ Government NN a DT worrying JJ trend NN in IN a DT democracy NN I PP kept VVD the DT leaflets NNS issued VVN for IN our PP$ guidance NN . SENT They PP make VVP interesting JJ reading NN now RB after IN almost RB a DT quarter NN of IN a DT century NN . SENT The DT No NP leaflet NN says VVZ that IN the DT fundamental JJ question NN is VBZ whether IN we PP remain VVP free JJ to TO rule VV ourselves PP in IN our PP$ own JJ way NN . SENT the DT fear NN would MD be VB the DT merging VVG of IN Britain NP into IN a DT single JJ state NN with IN France NP , , Germany NP , , etc FW . SENT , , we PP would MD lose VV the DT right NN to TO decide VV policies NNS on IN food NN , , fishing NN rights NNS , , trade NN , , employment NN . SENT we PP would MD be VB ruled VVN by IN un NP elected VVN commissioners NNS appointed VVN by IN governments NNS . SENT The DT chief JJ fear NN , , among IN others NNS , , was VBD that IN Britain NP would MD be VB a DT mere JJ province NN of IN a DT united VVN Europe NP . SENT The DT Yes NP leaflet NN asserts VVZ that IN our PP$ traditions NNS are VBP safe JJ , , our PP$ Law NN Courts NNS will MD remain VV unaffected JJ . SENT Community NP Law NP will MD apply VV only RB to TO commercial JJ and CC industrial JJ matters NNS , , we PP would MD also RB have VH secure JJ food NN at IN fair JJ prices NNS . SENT The DT Government NN recommended VVD that IN we PP should MD stay VV a DT member NN its PP$ leaflet NN declares VVZ that IN the DT threat NN of IN Economic NP and CC Monetary NP union NN which WDT would MD force VV us PP to TO accept VV fixed JJ exchange NN rates NNS for IN the DT pound NN and CC put VV jobs NNS at IN risk NN had VHD been VBN removed VVN . SENT VAT NN on IN foodstuffs NNS would MD not RB be VB imposed VVN . SENT there EX was VBD no DT fear NN of IN having VHG to TO obey VV laws NNS passed VVN by IN un NP elected VVD faceless JJ bureaucrats NNS in IN Brussels NP . SENT The DT result NN was VBD an DT overwhelming JJ vote NN in IN favour NN of IN remaining VVG in IN Europe NP . SENT One PP wonders VVZ whether IN the DT vote NN would MD be VB equally RB overwhelming JJ if IN taken VVN today NN , , and CC whether IN the DT arguments NNS would MD have VH changed VVN . SENT In IN that DT same JJ year NN the DT Khmer NP Rouge NP was VBD slaughtering VVG the DT people NNS of IN Cambodia NP , , there EX was VBD a DT terrible JJ famine NN in IN Ethiopia NP and CC General NP Franco NP died VVD in IN Spain NP the DT last JJ European JJ dictator NN , , generally RB condemned VVN as IN a DT friend NN of IN Hitler NP and CC Mussolini NP , , had VHD kept VVN Spain NP out IN of IN the DT war NN , , had VHD made VVN the DT country NN both CC peaceful JJ and CC prosperous JJ by IN encouraging VVG holiday NN makers NNS and CC investment NN in IN industry NN , , and CC at IN his PP$ death NN arranged VVD the DT transition NN to TO a DT stable JJ parliamentary JJ democracy NN and CC constitutional JJ monarchy NN based VVN on IN the DT British JJ pattern NN . SENT The DT Olympic NP Games NPS in IN Montreal NP pointed VVD the DT way NN for IN the DT future NN their PP$ growing VVG cost NN was VBD so RB horrendous JJ that IN no DT city NN could MD stage VV them PP without IN massive JJ support NN from IN Big NP Business NP , , which WDT of IN course NN would MD require VV to TO make VV a DT profit NN on IN its PP$ outlay NN . SENT On IN a DT lighter JJR note NN , , the DT phenomenon NN of IN streaking VVG appeared VVN at IN sporting VVG fixtures NNS few JJ , , I PP feel VVP , , were VBD shocked VVN . SENT most RBS laughed VVN and CC anything NN which WDT cheers NNS people NNS up RB is VBZ to TO be VB welcomed VVN so RB long RB as IN it PP is VBZ not RB taken VVN to TO extremes NNS or CC becomes VVZ stale JJ with IN repetition NN . SENT In IN 1976 CD , , Harold NP Wilson NP suddenly RB announced VVD his PP$ retirement NN the DT cause NN was VBD almost RB certainly RB the DT onset NN of IN Alzheimer NP s PP Disease NP which WDT was VBD eventually RB to TO cause VV his PP$ death NN . SENT He PP was VBD succeeded VVN by IN James NP Callaghan NP , , one CD of IN the DT few JJ men NNS to TO have VH held VVN each DT of IN the DT great JJ offices NNS of IN state NN he PP had VHD been VBN Home NP Secretary NP , , Foreign NP Secretary NP , , Chancellor NP , , and CC now RB Prime NP Minister NP . SENT Unfortunately RB his PP$ period NN in IN office NN coincided VVD with IN continuing VVG decline NN in IN British JJ industry NN , , strikes NNS , , high JJ inflation NN . SENT The DT year NN saw VVD the DT break NN up RB of IN the DT marriage NN of IN Princess NP Margaret NP and CC the DT Earl NP of IN Snowdon NP the DT first JJ royal JJ divorce NN since IN Henry NP VIII NP , , unfortunately RB not RB to TO be VB the DT last JJ . SENT In IN 1977 CD the DT Queen NP celebrated VVD her PP$ Silver NP Jubilee NP to TO widespread JJ rejoicing VVG . SENT the DT monarchy NN still RB held VVD a DT very RB special JJ place NN in IN the DT hearts NNS of IN the DT people NNS . SENT While IN the DT Queen NP was VBD receiving VVG overwhelming JJ love NN from IN her PP$ subjects NNS , , the DT King NP died VVD at IN Gracelands NP , , . SENT Elvis NP Presley NP , , the DT Icon NN of IN the DT young JJ , , had VHD degenerated VVN into IN a DT bloated JJ , , drug NN addicted JJ wreck NN , , and CC died VVD at IN the DT early JJ age NN of IN 42 CD . SENT The DT legend NN began VVD sales NNS of IN his PP$ songs NNS continue VVP to TO earn VV a DT fortune NN for IN some DT , , and CC the DT belief NN among IN some DT of IN his PP$ worshippers NNS that IN he PP was VBD not RB dead JJ has VHZ led VVN to TO the DT continuing VVG joke NN that IN he PP had VHD been VBN spotted VVN in IN the DT most RBS unlikely JJ venues NNS stacking VVG shelves NNS at IN Tesco NP being VBG the DT most RBS bizarre JJ I PP can MD recall VV . SENT 1978 CD is VBZ remembered VVN as IN the DT year NN of IN the DT three CD Popes NNS Paul NP VI NP , , John NP Paul NP I NP , , followed VVD very RB swiftly RB by IN John NP Paul NP II NP , , the DT first JJ non JJ Italian JJ Pope NP since IN the DT Middle NP Ages NPS . SENT It PP also RB saw VVD the DT Winter NPS of IN Discontent NN , , with IN widespread JJ strikes NNS in IN public JJ services NNS , , so RB that IN in IN 1979 CD the DT Labour NN Government NN was VBD turned VVN out RP of IN office NN and CC Margaret NP Thatcher NP became VVD the DT first JJ woman NN Prime NP Minister NP of IN this DT country NN . SENT The DT new JJ Prime NP Minister NP quickly RB made VVD her PP$ mark NN on IN the DT country NN . SENT in IN one CD of IN her PP$ early JJ speeches NNS she PP used VVD the DT words NNS , , There EX Is VBZ No DT Alternative NP , , giving VVG her PP the DT soubriquet NN TINA NP . SENT She PP also RB averred VVD in IN reply NN to TO criticism NN of IN her PP$ policies NNS , , You PP turn VVP if IN you PP want VVP to TO , , but CC the DT lady NN s PP not RB for IN turning VVG . SENT Margaret NP Thatcher NP was VBD admired VVN rather RB than IN loved VVN , , for IN most JJS people NNS realised VVN that IN the DT country NN needed VVD strong JJ leadership NN . SENT Britain NP had VHD become VVN the DT Sick NP Man NP of IN Europe NP and CC strong JJ , , often RB unpleasant JJ , , medicine NN was VBD needed VVN for IN the DT cure NN . SENT Unemployment NN rose VVD inexorably RB as IN businesses NNS which WDT could MD not RB survive VV were VBD allowed VVN to TO crumble VV . SENT there EX was VBD no DT government NN help NN forthcoming JJ . SENT Inflation NN was VBD slowly RB brought VVN under IN control NN , , falling VVG from IN more JJR than IN 20 CD to TO single JJ figures NNS . SENT Unions NNS which WDT over IN the DT past JJ few JJ years NNS had VHD expected VVN to TO be VB consulted VVN over IN the DT economy NN were VBD now RB side NN lined VVD . SENT the DT Government NN governed VVD . SENT There EX were VBD strikes NNS , , but CC few JJ of IN them PP were VBD successful JJ . SENT New JJ legislation NN meant VVN that IN Unions NNS now RB had VHD to TO ballot NN their PP$ members NNS before IN a DT strike NN could MD be VB called VVN , , and CC generally RB the DT members NNS , , at IN a DT time NN of IN rising VVG unemployment NN , , preferred JJ to TO avoid VV confrontation NN where WRB their PP$ jobs NNS might MD be VB at IN risk NN . SENT Perhaps RB the DT confrontation NN which WDT more RBR than IN any DT other JJ gives VVZ a DT picture NN of IN these DT years NNS is VBZ the DT Miners NP Strike NP of IN 1984 CD 5 CD . SENT In IN 1973 CD , , the DT Miners NP had VHD won VVN considerable JJ public JJ support NN when WRB they PP had VHD forced VVN a DT three CD day NN week NN on IN the DT Heath NP government NN . SENT In IN the DT subsequent JJ election NN , , Edward NP Heath NP had VHD failed VVN to TO win VV a DT majority NN and CC Arthur NP Scargill NP , , the DT newly RB elected VVN leader NN of IN the DT miners NNS , , had VHD declared VVN that IN he PP Heath NP had VHD been VBN beaten VVN by IN NUM NP . SENT This DT was VBD a DT nonsense NN . SENT it PP was VBD the DT British JJ electorate NN who WP had VHD defeated VVN Heath NP , , not RB the DT miners NNS . SENT Nevertheless RB , , Scargill NP continued VVD to TO declare VV his PP$ victory NN until IN he PP began VVD to TO believe VV in IN its PP$ truth NN . SENT In IN 1984 CD , , with IN proposals NNS to TO close VV uneconomic JJ pits NNS , , he PP called VVD his PP$ union NN out RP on IN strike NN without IN calling VVG the DT necessary JJ ballot NN . SENT His PP$ action NN split VVD the DT union NN the DT moderate JJ Midland NP pits NNS , , which WDT were VBD till IN relatively RB economically RB viable JJ , , continued VVD to TO work VV . SENT The DT older JJR pit NN areas NNS in IN Scotland NP , , Durham NP , , Yorkshire NP and CC south RB Wales NP came VVD out RP , , though RB many JJ , , particularly RB in IN Lancashire NP , , were VBD reluctant JJ . SENT The DT strike NN began VVD in IN March NP 1984 CD with IN the DT approach NN of IN Summer NP and CC with IN massive JJ coal NN stocks NNS at IN the DT power NN stations NNS . SENT The DT rail NN unions NNS and CC the DT transport NN workers NNS did VVD not RB support VV the DT strike NN so IN coal NN stocks NNS continued VVD to TO move VV , , the DT summer NN was VBD warm JJ and CC the DT winter NN which WDT followed VVD , , and CC on IN which WDT Scargill NP had VHD pinned VVN his PP$ hopes NNS , , was VBD one CD of IN the DT mildest JJS on IN record NN . SENT There EX was VBD no DT short JJ time NN working NN , , no DT power NN cuts NNS . SENT there EX was VBD violence NN , , intimidation NN , , even RB deaths NNS , , but CC at IN the DT end NN the DT strikers NNS failed VVD completely RB . SENT The DT NUM NP , , once RB the DT powerhouse NN of IN British NP Trade NP Unionism NN , , was VBD emasculated VVN , , no DT Union NP would MD ever RB challenge VV the DT Government NN in IN that DT way NN again RB . SENT Even RB the DT Labour NN Party NN , , under IN its PP$ new JJ leader NN Neil NP Kinnock NP , , a DT South NP Wales NP M NP . SENT P NN . SENT , , had VHD failed VVN to TO give VV support NN . SENT The DT message NN was VBD clear JJ the DT heady JJ days NNS of IN Union NP power NN and CC influence NN in IN government NN were VBD over RP . SENT there EX is VBZ little JJ sign NN that IN they PP will MD return VV . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB to TO say VV that DT Unions NNS are VBP wrong JJ or CC outdated JJ , , they PP are VBP a DT vital JJ link NN between IN workers NNS and CC management NN , , but CC their PP$ primary JJ task NN must MD be VB to TO protect VV and CC to TO advance VV the DT welfare NN of IN their PP$ members NNS that WDT is VBZ what WP they PP were VBD originally RB intended VVN to TO do VV . SENT they PP have VHP no DT part NN in IN the DT day NN to TO day NN government NN of IN the DT country NN . SENT they PP must MD eschew VV politics NNS and CC be VB ready JJ to TO work VV with IN whatever WDT party NN is VBZ elected VVN . SENT Hopefully RB , , most RBS modern JJ management NN sees VVZ the DT need NN to TO co NP operate VV with IN its PP$ workforce NN rather RB than IN risk NN confrontation NN but CC it PP has VHZ to TO be VB added VVN that IN there EX are VBP still RB old JJ style NN bosses NNS as RB well RB as IN old JJ style NN Union NN leaders NNS all PDT the DT faults NNS are VBP certainly RB not RB on IN the DT Union NP side NN . SENT Mrs NN Thatcher NP was VBD given VVN the DT nickname NN Iron NP Lady NP by IN the DT Russians NPS and CC by IN her PP$ colleagues NNS in IN Europe NP . SENT Stories NNS were VBD told VVN of IN her PP$ handbagging NN any DT of IN her PP$ Cabinet NP who WP disagreed VVD with IN her PP . SENT Her PP$ government NN seemed VVD to TO be VB composed VVN of IN old JJ one CD nation NN Tories NNS , , known VVN as IN the DT Wets NNS , , and CC a DT new JJ , , harsher JJR breed NN , , supporting VVG Mrs NN Thatcher NP devotedly RB , , known VVN obviously RB as IN the DT Dry NP s PP . SENT She PP had VHD a DT close JJ and CC friendly JJ working VVG relationship NN with IN the DT kindly RB , , though IN occasionally RB confused VVN , , President NP of IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Ronald NP Reagan NP , , and CC was VBD both DT feared VVN and CC respected VVN by IN her PP$ European JJ colleagues NNS . SENT In IN 1982 CD , , she PP was VBD perhaps RB at IN the DT height NN of IN her PP$ powers NNS . SENT In IN that DT year NN , , at IN Easter JJR , , news NN began VVD to TO filter NN in IN of IN Argentine JJ movement NN towards IN South NP Georgia NP in IN the DT Antarctic NP . SENT This DT was VBD followed VVN by IN an DT invasion NN of IN the DT Falkland NP Islands NP long RB claimed VVD by IN Argentina NP . SENT A DT debate NN on IN the DT situation NN on IN the DT Saturday NP showed VVD the DT House NP Of IN Commons NPS at IN its PP$ best RBS its PP$ Members NNS listening VVG quietly RB , , speeches NNS were VBD considered VVN and CC not RB party NN biased VVN . SENT The DT Foreign NP Secretary NP , , Lord NP Carrington NP , , resigned VVD , , having VHG accepted VVN full JJ responsibility NN for IN the DT situation NN possibly RB the DT last JJ Minister NP to TO offer VV voluntary JJ resignation NN without IN having VHG to TO be VB forced VVN out RP of IN office NN . SENT There EX were VBD many JJ who WP believed VVD that IN Britain NP should MD surrender VV the DT Islands NPS . SENT others NNS believed VVD that IN it PP should MD be VB dealt VVN with IN totally RB by IN the DT United NP Nations NPS . SENT there EX were VBD doubts NNS that IN Britain NP could MD effectively RB fight VV a DT war NN 12 CD , , 000 CD miles NNS away RB . SENT Mrs NN Thatcher NP , , knowing VVG that IN she PP had VHD the DT support NN of IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , which WDT gave VVD its PP$ full JJ co NP operation NN with IN its PP$ satellite NN surveillance NN , , and CC the DT general JJ support NN of IN many JJ countries NNS in IN South NP America NP , , offered VVD to TO talk VV to TO Argentina NP only RB on IN condition NN that IN they PP pull VVP out RP from IN the DT Islands NPS she PP refused VVN to TO talk VV as RB long RB as IN they PP persisted VVD in IN what WP she PP deemed VVD an DT illegal JJ act NN of IN aggression NN . SENT It PP is VBZ interested JJ to TO note VV that IN our PP$ companions NNS in IN Europe NP took VVD the DT Argentinian JJ side NN against IN Britain NP Spain NP , , Italy NP and CC France NP in IN particular JJ condemning VVG British JJ action NN . SENT A DT task NN force NN of IN ships NNS , , planes NNS and CC soldiers NNS was VBD assembled VVN and CC sailed VVD for IN the DT South NP Atlantic NP . SENT Many DT will MD remember VV the DT feeling NN of IN despair NN as IN news NN came VVD of IN the DT losses NNS of IN British JJ ships NNS , , but CC I PP can MD remember VV also RB a DT feeling NN of IN some DT pity NN for IN the DT Argentinian JJ soldiers NNS mere JJ conscripts NNS facing VVG the DT hardened JJ professionals NNS of IN the DT Marines NPS and CC the DT Guards NNS . SENT Once RB the DT task NN force NN was VBD in IN position NN , , the DT result NN was VBD seldom RB in IN doubt NN . SENT A DT new JJ word NN entered VVD the DT language NN yomping VVG to TO describe VV the DT advance NN across IN the DT Island NP to TO Port NP Stanley NP . SENT Within IN two CD months NNS of IN the DT conflict NN s PP starting VVG it PP was VBD all RB over RB , , with IN the DT total JJ surrender NN of IN the DT occupying JJ army NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT strange JJ war NN in IN many JJ ways NNS there EX was VBD a DT BBC NP reporter NN and CC a DT sizeable JJ British JJ populace NN living VVG freely RB and CC reporting VVG from IN Argentina NP . SENT In IN Britain NP , , Ossie NP Ardiles NP , , an DT Argentine JJ footballer NN , , was VBD allowed VVN to TO play VV for IN Tottenham NP with IN no DT apparent JJ ill JJ will NN shown VVN the DT war NN did VVD seem VV to TO be VB detached VVN from IN normal JJ everyday JJ life NN , , it PP did VVD not RB impinge VV on IN us PP in IN any DT way NN . SENT The DT victory NN and CC its PP$ completeness NN gave VVD Britain NP an DT enormous JJ restoration NN of IN pride NN , , and CC a DT winning NN of IN real JJ respect NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT effects NNS was VBD that IN in IN the DT 1983 CD Election NN the DT Falkland NP Factor NP played VVD a DT great JJ part NN in IN Mrs NN Thatcher NP s PP second JJ Election NN victory NN . SENT She PP was VBD to TO win VV again RB in IN 1987 CD , , the DT first JJ Prime NP Minister NP in IN history NN to TO win VV three CD consecutive JJ terms NNS of IN office NN . SENT Her PP$ final JJ years NNS in IN office NN were VBD marred VVN by IN struggles NNS within IN her PP$ party NN for IN the DT best JJS way NN forward RB tight RB monetary JJ controls NNS , , or CC a DT slackening VVG of IN the DT reins NNS . SENT closer JJR ties NNS with IN Europe NP or CC a DT holding NN back RB and CC trying VVG to TO go VV it PP alone RB . SENT join VV the DT increasing VVG drive NN to TO monetary JJ union NN with IN Europe NP , , or CC keep VV control NN of IN our PP$ finances NNS . SENT In IN 1989 CD she PP made VVD one CD of IN her PP$ real JJ mistakes NNS as IN a DT politician NN when WRB she PP introduced VVD the DT Poll NP Tax NP the DT first JJ attempt NN to TO impose VV a DT uniform JJ tax NN on IN all DT , , regardless RB of IN income NN or CC wealth NN , , since IN the DT reign NN of IN Richard NP II NP in IN the DT 14 CD th NN Century NN . SENT Then RB , , it PP had VHD led VVN to TO the DT Peasant NP s PP Revolt NN and CC the DT virtual JJ end NN of IN the DT Feudal JJ System NN . SENT This DT time NN it PP led VVD to TO widespread JJ Poll NP Tax NP riots NNS , , the DT worst JJS coming VVG in IN 1990 CD when WRB London NP was VBD invaded VVD by IN thousands NNS of IN demonstrators NNS fighting VVG pitched JJ battles NNS with IN the DT police NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , there EX was VBD some DT unease NN at IN Mrs NN Thatcher NP s VVZ determination NN to TO privatise VV state NN owned VVN industries NNS . SENT British NP Telecom NP , , Water NP , , Gas NP , , Electricity NP , , British NP Rail NP what WP the DT aged VVN ex JJ PM NP Harold NP Macmillan NP called VVD the DT family NN jewels NNS were VBD sold VVN on IN the DT Stock NP Exchange NP at IN what WP many JJ thought NN were VBD far RB below IN their PP$ true JJ value NN . SENT By IN the DT end NN of IN 1990 CD , , with IN former JJ ministerial JJ colleagues NNS like IN Nigel NP Lawson NP and CC Geoffrey NP Howe NP in IN open JJ opposition NN to TO her PP , , with IN her PP$ former JJ strong JJ allies NNS Norman NP Tebbitt NP and CC Cecil NP Parkinson NPS in IN semi NN retirement NN , , she PP appeared VVD isolated VVN . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN the DT year NN , , Michael NP Heseltine NP opposed VVD her PP for IN the DT leadership NN . SENT She PP won VVD on IN the DT first JJ ballot NN , , but CC without IN the DT overwhelming JJ majority NN needed VVD . SENT She PP was VBD warned VVN that IN she PP would MD probably RB lose VV the DT second JJ ballot NN and CC therefore RB , , with IN her PP$ own JJ Cabinet NP colleagues NNS distancing VVG themselves PP , , she PP resigned VVD as IN leader NN in IN November NP 1990 CD , , the DT most RBS remarkable JJ premiership NN of IN this DT century NN had VHD ended VVN . SENT The DT Leader NP of IN one CD of IN the DT newspapers NNS supporting VVG her PP summed VVD her PP up RP in IN these DT words NNS . SENT She PP led VVD this DT country NN out RP of IN the DT slough NN of IN despond NN . SENT She PP shook VVD up RP a DT nation NN in IN decline NN . SENT She PP nagged VVD and CC bullied VVD and CC inspired VVD its PP$ recovery NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Margaret NP Thatcher NP kicked VVD the DT sick JJ man NN of IN Europe NP out IN of IN bed NN and CC made VVD him PP walk VVP . SENT She PP was VBD succeeded VVN by IN John NP Major NP , , the DT youngest JJS Prime NP Minister NP , , at IN the DT age NN of IN 47 CD , , this DT century NN . SENT His PP$ rise NN had VHD been VBN meteoric JJ elected VVN in IN 1979 CD , , with IN no DT family NN connections NNS within IN the DT Conservative NP Party NP , , he PP had VHD become VVN Senior NP Whip NP in IN 1985 CD , , Minister NP of IN State NP at IN the DT Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Social NP Security NP in IN 1986 CD , , Foreign NP Secretary NP in IN 1989 CD and CC Chancellor NP in IN October NP of IN that DT year NN just RB over IN one CD year NN before IN becoming VVG Prime NP Minister NP . SENT His PP$ task NN was VBD to TO unite VV the DT party NN after IN the DT major JJ splits NNS and CC differences NNS of IN the DT past JJ years NNS . SENT This DT was VBD not RB to TO be VB for IN a DT brief JJ time NN there EX was VBD unity NN during IN the DT honeymoon NN period NN and CC particularly RB during IN the DT Gulf NP War NP which WDT came VVD in IN 1991 CD when WRB Britain NP and CC the DT USA NP fought VVD to TO drive VV Iraq NP out RP of IN Kuwait NP , , but CC the DT attempt NN to TO tie VV Britain NP s PP currency NN to TO a DT fixed JJ rate NN with IN the DT German JJ Mark NN as IN a DT step NN towards IN possible JJ common JJ currency NN led VVN to TO a DT run NN on IN sterling NN and CC the DT near JJ collapse NN of IN the DT pound NN . SENT Britain NP s PP economy NN was VBD able JJ to TO withstand VV the DT pressure NN , , but CC was VBD forced VVN to TO leave VV the DT European JJ Monetary NP System NP . SENT Immediately RB the DT party NN splits VVZ re IN emerged VVN as IN the DT pro JJ and CC anti JJ Europeans NPS waged VVD bitter JJ battles NNS . SENT Despite IN these DT setbacks NNS , , Major NP led VVD the DT Conservatives NNS to TO a DT record JJ 4 CD th NN Election NN victory NN in IN 1993 CD no DT Party NN had VHD ever RB won VVN four CD elections NNS in IN succession NN since IN the DT 18 CD th NN Century NN , , when WRB voting NN was VBD very RB different JJ . SENT Troubles NNS now RB came VVD thick JJ and CC fast RB a DT new JJ word NN enters VVZ the DT language NN . SENT sleaze NN . SENT MPs NP , , including VVG Ministers NPS , , were VBD involved VVN in IN inappropriate JJ dealings NNS with IN extra JJ marital JJ affairs NNS , , cash NN for IN questions NNS , , Parliamentary JJ lobbying NN for IN favours NNS , , each DT marked VVD by IN a DT refusal NN to TO accept VV the DT guilt NN of IN their PP$ actions NNS and CC refusing VVG to TO resign VV until IN forced VVN by IN public JJ opinion NN . SENT In IN 1997 CD , , the DT conservatives NNS , , after IN 18 CD years NNS in IN power NN , , were VBD swept VVN from IN office NN by IN the DT greatest JJS Labour NN landslide NN this DT century NN , , the DT greatest JJS Tory NP defeat NN for IN almost RB two CD centuries NNS . SENT Major NP resigned VVD , , to TO be VB succeeded VVN by IN William NP Hague NP , , who WP had VHD been VBN a DT boy NN at IN school NN when WRB the DT Tories NNS were VBD last JJ in IN opposition NN and CC whose WP$ inexperience NN was VBD to TO be VB obvious JJ to TO all PDT the DT old JJ leaders NNS of IN the DT party NN were VBD either RB out RB of IN Parliament NP , , or CC too RB old JJ or CC unwilling JJ to TO serve VV with IN him PP . SENT At IN the DT present JJ time NN , , there EX seems VVZ little RB organised VVN opposition NN to TO a DT revived VVN labour NN Party NP , , whose WP$ leader NN Tony NP Blair NP now RB holds VVZ the DT record NN as IN the DT youngest JJS Prime NP Minister NP since IN William NP Pitt NP the DT Younger NP . SENT The DT Royal NP Family NP was VBD also RB too RB often RB in IN the DT news NN during IN these DT years NNS . SENT Following VVG the DT triumph NN of IN the DT Queen NP s PP Silver NP Jubilee NP in IN 1977 CD , , the DT spotlight NN turned VVD on IN her PP$ children NNS . SENT Princess NP Anne NP had VHD married VVN in IN 1973 CD , , her PP$ husband NN , , Captain NP Mark NP Phillips NP , , refusing VVG to TO take VV a DT title NN . SENT In IN 1981 CD , , Prince NP Charles NP became VVD engaged VVN to TO Lady NP Diana NP Spencer NP and CC the DT marriage NN took VVD place NN in IN July NP of IN that DT year NN to TO universal JJ rejoicing VVG . SENT It PP seemed VVD that DT everybody NN fell VVD in IN love NN with IN the DT beautiful JJ Princess NP who WP became VVD a DT crowd NN favourite NN wherever WRB she PP went VVD because IN of IN her PP$ obvious JJ enjoyment NN at IN being VBG close JJ to TO people NNS . SENT I PP can MD remember VV some DT of IN my PP$ 6 CD th NN Formers NNS being VBG hopelessly RB in IN love NN with IN her PP , , to TO the DT disadvantage NN of IN her PP$ husband NN who WP seemed VVD a DT gloomy JJ crank VV in IN the DT background NN . SENT In IN 1982 JJ their PP$ son NN , , William NP , , was VBD born VVN , , followed VVN in IN 1983 CD by IN a DT second JJ son NN , , Harry NP . SENT in IN theory NN , , their PP$ happiness NN should MD have VH been VBN complete JJ . SENT Unhappily RB all DT was VBD not RB well RB . SENT what WP we PP had VHD were VBD two CD very JJ kind NN and CC caring JJ people NNS who WP were VBD totally RB unsuited VVN to TO each DT other JJ . SENT Charles NP had VHD been VBN brought VVN up RP in IN a DT stiff JJ and CC formalised VVN court NN , , he PP loved VVD the DT countryside NN , , he PP played VVD the DT cello NN , , he PP enjoyed VVD the DT solitary JJ hobby NN of IN painting NN . SENT Diana NP was VBD a DT young JJ girl NN who WP had VHD grown VVN up RP in IN a DT more JJR relaxed VVN family NN , , fond JJ of IN pop NN music NN , , one NN who WP loved VVD children NNS and CC people NNS and CC who WP enjoyed VVD a DT hands NNS on IN approach NN . SENT There EX should MD be VB no DT condemnation NN of IN either RB , , instead RB we PP should MD sympathise VV with IN their PP$ obvious JJ unhappiness NN as IN the DT relationship NN deteriorated VVD . SENT The DT marriage NN of IN Andrew NP , , Duke NP of IN York NP , , to TO Sarah NP Ferguson NP was VBD not RB seen VVN as IN something NN serious JJ the DT two CD were VBD so RB obviously RB children NNS living VVG for IN the DT moment NN . SENT The DT very JJ fact NN that IN the DT Duchess NN was VBD almost RB always RB referred VVN to TO as IN Fergie NP showed VVD that IN there EX was VBD little RB real JJ respect NN for IN her PP . SENT The DT birth NN of IN two CD daughters NNS did VVD not RB strengthen VV the DT marriage NN . SENT By IN the DT end NN of IN the DT decade NN it PP was VBD obvious JJ to TO all DT that IN both DT marriages NNS were VBD in IN trouble NN . SENT Princess NP Anne NP had VHD already RB separated VVN from IN her PP$ husband NN and CC divorced VVN , , now RB both CC of IN the DT Queen NP s PP sons NNS went VVD through IN the DT same JJ sad JJ process NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , it PP was VBD a DT most RBS hurtful JJ and CC undignified JJ time NN for IN both DT . SENT Friends NNS persisted VVD in IN leaking VVG the DT most RBS damaging JJ and CC embarrassing JJ information NN about IN both DT marriages NNS particularly RB that IN of IN Charles NP and CC Diana NP , , and CC both DT made VVD the DT supreme JJ mistake NN of IN talking VVG to TO reporters NNS on IN television NN . SENT The DT end NN , , when WRB it PP came VVD , , was VBD sad JJ and CC dispiriting JJ Diana NP was VBD stripped VVN of IN her PP$ title NN of IN Royal NP Highness NN , , but CC continued VVD to TO claim VV her PP$ position NN of IN Queen NP of IN Hearts NNS . SENT Prince NP Charles NP who WP had VHD done VVN more RBR for IN the DT poor JJ and CC disadvantaged JJ than IN she PP had VHD , , but CC in IN a DT much RB less RBR public JJ way NN , , was VBD cast VVN as IN the DT heartless JJ villain NN , , which WDT he PP most RBS certainly RB was VBD not RB . SENT The DT only JJ redeeming JJ feature NN was VBD that IN the DT old JJ hurts VVZ and CC anger NN were VBD fading VVG and CC I PP am VBP sure JJ that IN in IN time NN a DT mutual JJ friendship NN would MD have VH returned VVN between IN the DT two CD , , for IN both CC adored VVD their PP$ children NNS . SENT This DT was VBD not RB to TO be VB at IN the DT end NN of IN August NP 1997 CD Diana NP was VBD killed VVN in IN a DT car NN crash NN to TO the DT utter JJ horror NN of IN the DT British JJ people NNS , , who WP had VHD lost VVN an DT icon NN . SENT The DT public JJ hysteria NN over IN her PP$ death NN took VVD all RB by IN surprise NN . SENT What WP I PP found VVD more RBR upsetting VVG was VBD the DT demand NN by IN the DT tabloid JJ press NN for IN the DT Royal NP Family NP to TO appear VV in IN public NN to TO show VV its PP$ grief NN . SENT The DT dignity NN and CC composure NN of IN the DT two CD young JJ princes NNS with IN their PP$ father NN when WRB they PP came VVD to TO meet VV the DT people NNS , , forced VVN by IN a DT rabid JJ press NN to TO appear VV in IN public NN when WRB their PP$ hearts NNS must MD have VH been VBN breaking VVG , , and CC their PP$ conduct NN at IN the DT funeral NN itself PP , , when WRB they PP had VHD to TO walk VV for IN over IN a DT mile NN behind IN their PP$ mother NN s PP coffin NN through IN the DT streets NNS , , augers NNS well RB for IN their PP$ future NN and CC for IN the DT future NN of IN the DT Royal NP Family NP they PP both CC seem VVP to TO have VH a DT well RB balanced JJ strength NN of IN character NN to TO help VV them PP through IN difficult JJ times NNS . SENT The DT divorce NN of IN the DT Yorks NP does VVZ not RB concern VV us PP in IN the DT same JJ way NN it PP seemed VVD an DT irrelevant JJ marriage NN , , and CC as IN the DT two CD continue VVP to TO share VV the DT same JJ house NN , , an DT irrelevant JJ divorce NN redeemed VVN again RB by IN their PP$ love NN for IN their PP$ children NNS . SENT The DT conduct NN of IN the DT Press NP , , of IN the DT Papparazi NP , , and CC their PP$ hounding VVG of IN the DT younger JJR members NNS of IN the DT Royal NP Family NP , , reveals VVZ a DT worrying JJ trend NN in IN 20 CD th NN Century NN life NN what WP might MD be VB called VVN yobbishness NN on IN the DT part NN of IN society NN generally RB . SENT Language NN which WDT might MD have VH been VBN commonplace JJ in IN the DT barrack VV room NN is VBZ now RB featured VVN regularly RB in IN BBC NP and CC ITV NP drama NN and CC in IN the DT headlines NNS of IN newspapers NNS , , so RB that IN swearing VVG and CC insulting VVG gestures NNS have VHP now RB become VVN an DT everyday JJ factor NN for IN the DT younger JJR element NN , , even RB young JJ children NNS still RB at IN school NN . SENT How WRB often RB do VV we PP see VV the DT public JJ standing NN in IN silence NN when WRB a DT funeral JJ cortege NN passes VVZ . SENT People NNS view VVP me PP with IN surprise NN when WRB I PP hold VVP a DT swing NN door NN of IN a DT shop NN open JJ for IN others NNS it PP seldom RB lasts VVZ for IN more JJR than IN 5 CD seconds NNS and CC I PP can MD afford VV that DT amount NN of IN time NN for IN others NNS , , and CC the DT reward NN is VBZ generally RB a DT smile NN of IN thanks NNS , , particularly RB from IN older JJR people NNS who WP remember VVP it PP as IN the DT custom NN in IN the DT past NN . SENT The DT same JJ bad JJ attitude NN is VBZ seen VVN in IN the DT behaviour NN of IN lager NN louts NNS , , usually RB young JJ men NNS who WP cannot NN hold VV their PP$ drink NN , , determined VVN to TO be VB as RB offensive JJ as IN possible JJ in IN language NN and CC behaviour NN in IN order NN to TO be VB considered VVN tough JJ . SENT This DT was VBD seen VVN very RB clearly RB in IN the DT behaviour NN of IN football NN crowds NNS in IN the DT 1970 CD s PP and CC 1980 CD s PP . SENT I PP have VHP my PP$ own JJ theory NN of IN this DT those DT who WP have VHP to TO prove VV their PP$ toughness NN are VBP those DT who WP are VBP not RB sure JJ in IN their PP$ own JJ minds NNS that IN they PP have VHP that DT manly JJ quality NN . SENT a DT truly RB strong JJ person NN never RB needs VVZ to TO prove VV it PP , , he PP knows VVZ it PP already RB . SENT As IN England NP s PP domination NN of IN world NN football NN faltered VVD so RB that IN we PP struggled VVD even RB to TO qualify VV for IN world NN tournaments NNS we PP did VVD not RB expect VV to TO win VV them PP , , so RB the DT behaviour NN of IN the DT fans NNS deteriorated VVD . SENT Home NN games NNS were VBD frequently RB disrupted VVN by IN armies NNS of IN fans NNS invading VVG a DT pitch NN to TO fight VV battles NNS with IN the DT police NN and CC their PP$ opponents NNS . SENT Match NN days NNS between IN major JJ teams NNS were VBD times NNS of IN terror NN for IN local JJ shopkeepers NNS as IN armies NNS of IN police NNS tried VVD to TO keep VV the DT two CD armies NNS apart RB . SENT In IN general JJ , , if IN a DT team NN was VBD winning VVG , , the DT fans NNS behaved VVD . SENT if IN there EX was VBD a DT possibility NN of IN losing VVG , , then RB trouble NN could MD begin VV . SENT We PP had VHD the DT humiliating VVG sight NN of IN football NN pitches NNS fenced VVD off RP , , as RB if IN the DT crowds NNS were VBD wild JJ animals NNS as IN in IN fact NN many RB were VBD . SENT The DT nadir NN for IN English JJ football NN came VVD on IN 29 CD th NN May NP 1985 CD when WRB a DT Liverpool NP crowd NN attacked VVD their PP$ Italian JJ opponents NNS at IN the DT Heysel NP Stadium NP in IN Brussels NP , , causing VVG the DT death NN of IN nearly RB 50 CD people NNS and CC injuring VVG hundreds NNS . SENT England NP was VBD banned VVN from IN competition NN , , English JJ clubs NNS were VBD kept VVN out RP of IN Europe NP . SENT To TO this DT day NN , , there EX is VBZ still RB apprehension NN when WRB it PP is VBZ known VVN that IN an DT English JJ team NN is VBZ due JJ to TO play VV , , and CC all DT police NNS leave VVP is VBZ stopped VVN . SENT In IN 1989 CD , , there RB came VVD the DT tragedy NN of IN Hillsborough NP , , when WRB almost RB 100 CD fans NNS were VBD crushed VVN behind IN the DT protective JJ fencing NN at IN Sheffield NP . SENT The DT police NNS have VHP received VVN most JJS of IN the DT blame NN for IN lack NN of IN control NN or CC understanding NN , , but CC again RB , , there EX was VBD the DT element NN of IN drinking NN by IN fans NNS before IN the DT match NN , , and CC then RB forcing VVG their PP$ way NN into IN an DT overcrowded VVN ground NN . SENT In IN cricket NN , , where WRB once RB there EX was VBD good JJ sportsmanship NN , , the DT clapping VVG of IN a DT good JJ stroke NN , , no DT matter NN who WP made VVD it PP , , now RB there EX is VBZ a DT continuous JJ cacophony NN of IN shouting NN , , jeering VVG , , horns NNS blowing VVG , , whistling VVG the DT pleasure NN of IN enjoyment NN of IN sport NN for IN its PP$ own JJ sake NN has VHZ gone VVN , , even RB worse JJR , , is VBZ the DT practice NN of IN sledging VVG when WRB players NNS openly RB verbally RB abuse VV their PP$ opponents NNS . SENT In IN the DT 1940 CD s PP , , Denis NP Compton NP could MD play VV against IN Keith NP Miller NP and CC Ray NP Lindwall NP and CC go VV out RP with IN them PP at IN night NN to TO celebrate VV as IN best JJS of IN friends NNS . SENT In IN 1953 CD , , when WRB it PP was VBD obvious JJ that IN England NP were VBD about RB to TO regain VV the DT Ashes NNS , , the DT Australian JJ captain NN , , Lindsay NP Hasset NP put VVD himself PP on IN to TO bowl NN so RB that IN the DT winning JJ runs NNS were VBD scored VVN from IN a DT boundary NN off IN his PP$ bowling NN and CC afterwards RB he PP led VVD the DT applause NN for IN England NP s PP victory NN . SENT Ian NP Botham NP seems VVZ to TO have VH been VBN the DT last JJ player NN to TO enjoy VV his PP$ cricket NN , , playing VVG with IN a DT swashbuckling JJ style NN and CC able JJ afterwards RB to TO share NN friendship NN with IN his PP$ Australian JJ opponents NNS , , but CC walking VVG out RP of IN a DT bar NN in IN protest NN when WRB some DT Australians NNS began VVD to TO insult VV the DT Queen NP . SENT Rugby NP Union NP has VHZ become VVN a DT professional JJ game NN with IN the DT top JJ players NNS selling VVG themselves PP to TO the DT highest JJS bidder NN , , and CC we PP see VVP a DT growing VVG number NN of IN dirty JJ tricks NNS on IN the DT field NN as IN a DT result NN it PP has VHZ become VVN more RBR important JJ to TO win VV than IN to TO play VV well RB in IN the DT true JJ spirit NN of IN the DT game NN . SENT The DT Olympic NP Games NPS , , started VVN by IN Baron NP de NP Coubertin NP for IN the DT glory NN of IN sport NN , , have VHP now RB become VVN corrupted VVN by IN the DT buying NN of IN the DT Olympic NP Committee NP , , those DT appointed VVN to TO watch VV over RP the DT purity NN of IN the DT Games NPS expensive JJ bribes NNS are VBP not RB only RB offered VVN but CC expected VVN by IN those DT who WP make VVP the DT final JJ choice NN . SENT Britain NP s PP representative NN , , Princess NP Anne NP , , who WP refuses VVZ to TO accept VV any DT gift NN , , is VBZ almost RB a DT lone JJ voice NN in IN her PP$ condemnation NN of IN the DT practice NN . SENT for IN the DT rest NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT richest JJS country NN the DT one NN with IN the DT greatest JJS commercial JJ backing NN , , which WDT will MD win VV the DT Games NPS so RB that IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A NP . SENT has VHZ staged VVN them PP twice RB in IN the DT past JJ few JJ years NNS , , and CC their PP$ commercial JJ sponsors NNS have VHP insisted VVN on IN the DT events NNS taking VVG place NN when WRB the DT greatest JJS TV NN advertising NN coverage NN is VBZ available JJ and CC as IN world NN or CC Olympic JJ records NNS draw VVP greater JJR viewers NNS and CC earn VV athletes NNS greater JJR rewards NNS , , so RB the DT use NN of IN drugs NNS has VHZ become VVN more RBR prevalent JJ those DT caught VVN not RB now RB being VBG banned VVN for IN life NN as IN in IN the DT past NN , , but CC simply RB for IN one CD or CC two CD years NNS , , after IN which WDT they PP can MD resume VV their PP$ careers NNS as RB before RB . SENT It PP is VBZ reaching VVG the DT stage NN where WRB the DT only RB valid JJ , , corruption NN free JJ competition NN is VBZ the DT BBC NP s PP One NP Man NP and CC his PP$ Dog NP and CC even RB that WDT is VBZ now RB being VBG taken VVN off RP our PP$ screens NNS while IN the DT pseudo JJ violence NN of IN the DT Gladiators NNS continues VVZ sport NN has VHZ lost VVN its PP$ innocence NN . SENT I PP spoke VVD earlier RBR of IN the DT lack NN of IN trust NN in IN our PP$ leaders NNS , , which WDT is VBZ a DT phenomenon NN which WDT did VVD not RB apply VV in IN the DT days NNS of IN Gladstone NP , , Disraeli NP , , Lord NP Salisbury NP , , Asquith NP , , Churchill NP , , Atlee NP . SENT One CD of IN the DT drives NNS of IN the DT 1980 CD s PP was VBD the DT getting VVG of IN wealth NN self NN interest NN was VBD seen VVN as IN the DT great JJ driving NN force NN to TO pull VV the DT country NN out RP of IN its PP$ slump NN . SENT Undoubtedly RB , , to TO some DT degree NN it PP did VVD work NN , , but CC we PP must MD remember VV that DT everything NN has VHZ its PP$ price NN . SENT people NNS were VBD encouraged VVN to TO invest VV in IN the DT market NN , , a DT new JJ breed NN of IN finance NN trader NN appeared VVD where WRB massive JJ fortunes NNS could MD be VB made VVN and CC lost VVN in IN hours NNS . SENT Those DT successful JJ became VVD millionaires NNS , , often RB whilst IN still RB in IN their PP$ twenties NNS the DT secret NN seemed VVD not RB to TO be VB knowledge NN and CC experience NN but CC the DT ability NN to TO gamble VV . SENT There EX was VBD a DT setback NN in IN 1987 CD when WRB over IN speculation NN in IN the DT stock NN market NN caused VVD it PP to TO crash VV , , but CC it PP has VHZ since RB risen VVN again RB . SENT We PP read VVP of IN young JJ men NNS who WP have VHP lost VVN billions NNS in IN my PP$ youth NN a DT billion CD was VBD hardly RB ever RB mentioned VVN , , now RB it PP is VBZ in IN every DT day NN use NN and CC this DT is VBZ almost RB accepted VVN as IN justifiable JJ risk NN he PP has VHZ been VBN unlucky JJ . SENT In IN the DT 1990 CD s PP the DT National NP Lottery NN began VVD , , promising VVG to TO make VV people NNS into IN millionaires NNS . SENT The DT success NN if IN that WDT is VBZ the DT right JJ word NN has VHZ been VBN phenomenal JJ . SENT the DT Pools NNS , , once RB seen VVN as IN the DT possible JJ if IN remote JJ road NN to TO riches NNS , , are VBP now RB unpopular JJ , , offering VVG prizes NNS of IN only RB 1 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD . SENT I PP heard VVD to TO my PP$ horror NN , , after IN a DT number NN of IN winners NNS shared VVD the DT weekly JJ prize NN , , Oh UH , , they PP ve VVZ only RB won VVN about IN 900 CD , , 00 CD each DT . SENT A DT man NN earning VVG a DT salary NN of IN 20 CD , , 000 CD a DT year NN would MD take VV 45 CD years NNS to TO earn VV that DT sum NN a DT lifetime NN of IN work NN . SENT Many JJ win VVP several JJ millions NNS and CC as IN the DT majority NN have VHP never RB had VHD more RBR than IN a DT few JJ hundreds NNS to TO spend VV they PP have VHP no DT idea NN what WP to TO do VV with IN it PP . SENT Once RB the DT house NN and CC the DT car NN have VHP been VBN bought VVN , , their PP$ millions NNS increase VV faster RBR than IN they PP can MD possibly RB spend VV it PP , , but CC few JJ are VBP prepared VVN to TO share VV their PP$ good JJ fortune NN with IN those DT in IN real JJ need NN . SENT . SENT When WRB people NNS become VVP more RBR affluent JJ , , they PP spend VVP their PP$ money NN on IN luxury NN goods NNS , , they PP seldom RB spend VVP more JJR on IN food NN . SENT So RB how WRB could MD the DT farmer NN tap VV into IN this DT new JJ found VVN affluence NN . SENT The DT answer NN seemed VVD to TO be VB to TO produce VV more JJR food NN at IN lower JJR prices NNS . SENT In IN the DT 1980 CD s PP this DT led VVD to TO the DT feeding NN of IN animal JJ proteins NNS to TO cattle NNS no RB longer RBR would MD the DT cattle NNS feed VVP on IN grass NN and CC hay NN . SENT The DT appearance NN of IN mad JJ cow NN disease NN began VVD to TO alarm NN experts NNS it PP seemed VVD so RB similar JJ to TO the DT disease NN scrapie NN which WDT had VHD infected VVN sheep NN for IN centuries NNS . SENT It PP was VBD revealed VVN that IN the DT cattle NNS were VBD in IN fact NN being VBG fed VVN with IN the DT chemically RB treated VVN , , laboratory NN produced VVD protein NN from IN animals NNS . SENT Diseases NNS cannot NN jump NN species NNS claimed VVD the DT experts NNS , , there EX is VBZ no DT danger NN to TO human JJ life NN , , they PP said VVD . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT , , and CC the DT Government NP supported VVD the DT claims NNS . SENT When WRB people NNS began VVD to TO die VV of IN a DT human JJ form NN of IN the DT disease NN , , then RB proper JJ inspection NN and CC tests NNS were VBD made VVN . SENT British JJ beef NN , , once RB the DT choice NN of IN the DT world NN , , was VBD banned VVN from IN sale NN . SENT the DT farmers NNS who WP had VHD gladly RB welcomed VVN the DT new JJ feed NN stuffs NNS now RB screamed VVD for IN compensation NN . SENT The DT true JJ tragedy NN was VBD for IN those DT farmers NNS who WP had VHD foresworn VVN profits NNS and CC had VHD continued VVN to TO raise VV beef NN in IN the DT traditional JJ way NN , , using VVG grass NN and CC hay NN . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , nobody NN accepted VVD responsibility NN or CC offered VVD their PP$ resignation NN . SENT Trust NN in IN our PP$ leaders NNS fell VVD to TO a DT new JJ low NN . SENT It PP is VBZ for IN this DT reason NN that IN most JJS people NNS are VBP wary JJ of IN new JJ ideas NNS , , particularly RB if IN they PP are VBP endorsed VVN by IN experts NNS who WP seem VVP invariably RB always RB to TO be VB wrong JJ in IN their PP$ forecasts NNS . SENT Fears NNS and CC doubts NNS occur VVP also RB in IN medicine NN there EX is VBZ unease NN at IN the DT high JJ incidence NN of IN abortion NN , , which WDT has VHZ become VVN simply RB another DT form NN of IN birth NN control NN . SENT the DT widespread JJ use NN of IN antibiotics NNS by IN farmers NNS to TO produce VV bigger JJR animals NNS has VHZ led VVN to TO resistant JJ strains NNS of IN infections NNS once RB routinely RB cured VVN by IN these DT wonder NN drugs NNS . SENT the DT demand NN by IN people NNS that IN happiness NN is VBZ a DT right NN has VHZ led VVN to TO the DT creation NN of IN drugs NNS to TO enhance VV well RB being JJ Valium NP , , Prozac NP and CC others NNS , , all DT of IN which WDT may MD have VH unfortunate JJ side NN effects NNS not RB understood VVD when WRB they PP were VBD first RB prescribed VVN . SENT the DT onset NN of IN AIDS NP seen VVN in IN the DT 1980 CD s PP as IN a DT world NN scourge NN threatening VVG the DT lives NNS of IN everybody NN is VBZ now RB viewed VVN in IN a DT less RBR hysterical JJ light NN , , being VBG largely RB confined VVN to IN those DT whose WP$ life NN styles NNS are VBP rather RB more RBR extreme JJ than IN the DT majority NN of IN the DT population NN , , but CC the DT danger NN is VBZ still RB there RB . SENT , , and CC it PP will MD remain VV a DT danger NN so RB long RB as IN people NNS refuse VVP to TO change VV their PP$ life NN style NN . SENT Current JJ ideas NNS concerning VVG the DT possible JJ cloning VVG of IN human JJ life NN raises VVZ new JJ fears NNS that WDT man VV s PP knowledge NN may MD be VB growing VVG beyond IN what WP is VBZ morally RB acceptable JJ . SENT We PP have VHP also RB , , unfortunately RB , , begun VVN to TO copy VV the DT American JJ practice NN of IN seeking VVG compensation NN whenever WRB events NNS clash VV with IN our PP$ wishes NNS . SENT nobody NN needs VVZ to TO take VV responsibility NN for IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ mistake NN , , nobody NN should MD experience VV anything NN but CC sweetness NN and CC light VV the DT result NN is VBZ that IN we PP have VHP soldiers NNS who WP object VVP if IN they PP are VBP required VVN to TO fight VV . SENT we PP have VHP ladies NNS who WP having VHG been VBN warned VVN that IN pregnancy NN is VBZ incompatible JJ with IN service NN in IN the DT armed JJ forces NNS demand NN and CC receive VV thousands NNS when WRB they PP are VBP required VVN to TO resign VV . SENT In IN 1966 CD , , at IN Aberfan NP , , the DT local JJ police NN led VVD the DT heart NN breaking VVG task NN of IN searching VVG for IN the DT broken JJ children NNS s PP bodies NNS buried VVN in IN the DT mud NN slide NN , , they PP saw VVD it PP as IN their PP$ duty NN , , it PP was VBD why WRB they PP had VHD become VVN policemen NNS . SENT following VVG the DT Hillsborough NP disaster NN of IN 1989 CD , , for IN which WDT it PP was VBD agreed VVN that IN the DT police NN were VBD partly RB responsible JJ , , millions NNS have VHP been VBN paid VVN in IN compensation NN to TO the DT police NNS who WP had VHD to TO deal VV with IN the DT casualties NNS . SENT The DT difference NN in IN attitudes NNS in IN such PDT a DT short JJ time NN is VBZ both DT startling JJ and CC worrying JJ . SENT Values NNS that IN we PP older JJR people NNS accepted VVN are VBP now RB questioned VVN , , but CC are VBP those DT values NNS so RB out RB dated VVN . SENT Has VHZ the DT use NN of IN the DT contraceptive JJ pill NN increased VVD the DT happiness NN and CC freedom NN of IN the DT female NN when WRB we PP see VVP the DT widespread JJ ignoring VVG of IN what WP were VBD basic JJ moral JJ values NNS . SENT Is VBZ a DT 12 CD year NN old JJ mother NN happier JJR than IN a DT child NN skipping VVG with IN her PP$ friends NNS and CC giggling VVG over IN their PP$ own JJ private JJ secrets NNS . SENT Today NN , , some DT young JJ girls NNS seem VVP to TO have VH no DT secrets NNS to TO share VV they PP have VHP become VVN young JJ women NNS before IN they PP have VHP enjoyed VVN childhood NN . SENT When WRB men NNS now RB expect VVP women NNS to TO surrender VV their PP$ bodies NNS where WRB once RB we PP were VBD content JJ merely RB to TO hold VV hands NNS and CC perhaps RB daringly RB plant VV a DT chaste JJ kiss NN , , the DT fun NN has VHZ gone VVN out RP of IN courtship NN . SENT So RB many JJ now RB live VVP together RB before IN marriage NN it PP has VHZ almost RB become VVN the DT norm NN yet RB these DT trial NN marriages NNS have VHP not RB produced VVN settled VVN happy JJ homes NNS , , instead RB , , the DT divorce NN rate NN has VHZ risen VVN to TO frightening JJ figures NNS the DT number NN of IN single JJ parent NN families NNS is VBZ now RB a DT major JJ factor NN for IN social JJ concern NN . SENT As IN a DT teacher NN of IN adolescent JJ boys NNS , , I PP know VVP of IN the DT importance NN of IN a DT male JJ figure NN to TO give VV direction NN and CC stability NN to TO these DT youngsters NNS they PP need VVP a DT man NN to TO set VV standards NNS , , even RB if IN often RB they PP try VVP to TO reject VV those DT standards NNS . SENT I PP do VVP worry VV that DT so RB many JJ children NNS do VVP not RB have VH that DT father NN figure VVP a DT person NN of IN some DT authority NN who WP will MD be VB respected VVN , , to TO be VB both DT admired VVN and CC as IN a DT standard NN of IN rectitude NN to TO rebel NN against IN when WRB an DT adolescent NN , , but CC to TO return VV to TO as IN one CD s PP friend NN , , guardian NN and CC rock NN of IN stability NN later RBR in IN life NN . SENT those DT young JJ men NNS who WP abandon VVP their PP$ children NNS lose VVP so RB much JJ pleasure NN in IN life NN their PP$ children NNS lose VVP so RB much RB more RBR Another DT area NN where WRB I PP feel VVP some DT concern NN is VBZ in IN the DT apparent JJ decline NN in IN educational JJ standards NNS of IN many JJ boys NNS , , in IN comparison NN with IN the DT girls NNS who WP now RB regularly RB top VV the DT exam NN league NN tables NNS , , so RB many JJ boys NNS seem VVP to TO have VH given VVN up RP . SENT My PP$ own JJ theory NN for IN this DT is VBZ the DT growth NN of IN co NP educational JJ schools NNS when WRB boys NNS competed VVD against IN each DT other JJ , , they PP did VVD have VH a DT real JJ competitiveness NN and CC it PP was VBD no DT disgrace NN to TO be VB overtaken VVN by IN another DT boy NN . SENT However RB , , no DT matter NN what WP sociologists NNS may MD say VV , , boys NNS do VVP not RB welcome VV competition NN with IN girls NNS to TO be VB beaten VVN by IN a DT girl NN is VBZ the DT depth NN of IN failure NN . SENT how WRB much RB easier JJR then RB for IN a DT boy NN to TO say VV , , I PP didn NN t NN really RB try VV , , if IN I PP had VHD done VVN so RB I PP would MD have VH won VVN . SENT Also RB , , again RB obvious JJ to TO my PP$ old JJ fashioned VVN views NNS , , teen JJ age NN boys NNS and CC girls NNS by IN their PP$ nature NN are VBP trying VVG to TO attract VV the DT opposite JJ sex NN , , and CC for IN a DT boy NN this DT involves VVZ a DT sort NN of IN macho JJ image NN . SENT he PP puts VVZ on IN an DT air NN of IN indifference NN to TO the DT opinions NNS of IN others NNS , , he PP is VBZ the DT tough JJ loner NN . SENT the DT boy NN who WP tries VVZ to TO work VV with IN the DT system NN is VBZ derided VVN as IN a DT crawler NN , , a DT swot NN . SENT I PP do VVP notice NN that IN where WRB there EX is VBZ a DT boys NNS only RB school VV the DT results NNS , , generally RB , , are VBP better JJR than IN for IN mixed JJ schools NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ significant JJ , , I PP feel VVP , , that IN what WP are VBP sometimes RB decreed VVN as IN primitive JJ societies NNS i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT they PP do VVP not RB conform VV to TO our PP$ ways NNS make VVP it PP a DT practice NN that IN when WRB boys NNS reach VVP adolescence NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT custom NN to TO separate VV them PP from IN their PP$ mothers NNS , , from IN other JJ children NNS , , and CC certainly RB from IN the DT young JJ girls NNS , , and CC they PP are VBP instructed VVN into IN the DT responsibilities NNS of IN manhood NN by IN tribal JJ elders NNS , , ready JJ to TO take VV their PP$ place NN as IN future JJ leaders NNS . SENT I PP find VVP it PP both DT arrogant JJ and CC insulting JJ on IN the DT part NN of IN our PP$ experts NNS that IN they PP feel VVP they PP can MD dismiss VV centuries NNS of IN practical JJ experience NN which WDT has VHZ served VVN people NNS well RB , , to TO replace VV it PP with IN a DT new JJ idea NN of IN very RB doubtful JJ provenance NN . SENT This DT is VBZ my PP$ theory NN , , but CC to TO prove VV its PP$ truth NN must MD mean VV that IN those DT who WP decreed VVN the DT changes NNS must MD accept VV that IN they PP might MD have VH made VVN a DT mistake NN and CC this DT is VBZ an DT almost RB impossible JJ admission NN for IN any DT person NN to TO make VV . SENT I PP began VVD this DT series NN with IN a DT picture NN of IN Britain NP in IN a DT gentler JJR age NN , , when WRB people NNS seemed VVD more RBR certain JJ that IN progress NN could MD only RB be VB good JJ . SENT It PP moved VVD on IN to TO where WRB Britain NP became VVD the DT centre NN of IN a DT world NN empire NN with IN a DT strength NN and CC wealth NN unequalled JJ in IN history NN . SENT At IN the DT beginning NN of IN the DT 20 CD th NN Century NN , , though IN there EX were VBD some DT fears NNS about IN our PP$ European JJ partners NNS , , there EX was VBD still RB real JJ confidence NN and CC some DT pride NN in IN Britain NP and CC people NNS did VVD feel VV hopeful JJ for IN the DT future NN . SENT Two CD World NP Wars NPS destroyed VVD our PP$ world NN dominance NN , , and CC this DT , , coupled VVN with IN a DT hesitant JJ and CC unsure JJ leadership NN from IN both DT politicians NNS and CC industrialists NNS who WP seem VVP to TO have VH lost VVN that DT self NN confidence NN which WDT was VBD such PDT a DT factor NN in IN Victorian JJ Britain NP , , has VHZ led VVN to TO our PP$ becoming VVG a DT small JJ off JJ shore NN island NN , , dependent JJ on IN others NNS for IN our PP$ industrial JJ base NN it PP would MD seem VV that IN the DT only JJ British JJ car NN firm NN now RB is VBZ the DT Robin NP Reliant JJ the DT rest NN are VBP owned VVN by IN Germany NP , , Japan NP , , or CC U NP . SENT S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Major JJ changes NNS have VHP taken VVN place NN women NNS have VHP achieved VVN a DT freedom NN undreamed JJ of IN 150 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT life NN expectancy NN has VHZ increased VVN . SENT we PP are VBP generally RB healthier JJR , , though RB too RB often RB , , now RB , , our PP$ ailments NNS are VBP those DT of IN affluence NN heart NN disease NN , , obesity NN , , etc FW . SENT rather RB than IN poverty NN . SENT It PP is VBZ so RB easy JJ to TO see VV only RB the DT negative JJ aspects NNS of IN our PP$ lives NNS , , taking VVG the DT good JJ things NNS for IN granted VVN , , but CC there EX are VBP still RB more RBR good JJ and CC happy JJ people NNS in IN the DT world NN than IN villains NNS , , our PP$ young JJ people NNS are VBP still RB as RB idealistic JJ and CC have VHP both CC the DT courage NN and CC the DT initiative NN to TO see VV what WP needs VVZ changing VVG and CC to TO set VV about IN doing VVG it PP There EX is VBZ a DT tendency NN , , when WRB getting VVG older JJR , , to TO see VV the DT past NN through RB rose VVD tinted VVN spectacles NNS , , as RB if IN everything NN in IN the DT old JJ days NNS was VBD part NN of IN a DT golden JJ age NN which WDT can MD never RB return VV . SENT Nostalgia NN is VBZ one CD of IN the DT great JJ pleasures NNS of IN increasing VVG years NNS we PP all RB long JJ to TO return VV to TO that DT age NN when WRB we PP were VBD fitter NN , , when WRB worries NNS and CC problems NNS seemed VVD so RB much RB less RBR important JJ than IN now RB . SENT This DT is VBZ understandable JJ , , one CD of IN the DT saving NN graces VVZ of IN memory NN is VBZ that IN we PP remember VVP the DT good JJ , , we PP forget VVP the DT bad JJ . SENT Throughout IN our PP$ 150 CD years NNS there RB have VHP always RB been VBN criminals NNS , , crime NN may MD have VH increased VVN slightly RB but CC the DT incidence NN of IN attacks NNS on IN people NNS has VHZ not RB significantly RB increased VVN since IN Victorian JJ times NNS indeed RB the DT number NN of IN murders NNS has VHZ remained VVN fairly RB constant JJ the DT difference NN now RB being VBG that IN whereas IN in IN the DT past NN the DT criminal NN was VBD almost RB certainly RB a DT local JJ man NN with IN limited JJ opportunities NNS to TO escape VV unseen JJ , , now RB a DT criminal NN in IN a DT car NN can MD target VV an DT area NN far RB away RB from IN his PP$ home NN and CC be VB several JJ hundred CD miles NNS away RB before IN the DT police NNS are VBP alerted VVD . SENT There EX was VBD disease NN in IN the DT past NN , , when WRB I PP was VBD at IN University NP , , I PP would MD work VV at IN the DT local JJ hospital NN in IN the DT long JJ vacation NN . SENT the DT biggest JJS ward NN , , always RB full JJ , , was VBD the DT tuberculosis NN ward NN by IN the DT time NN that IN I PP left VVD University NP , , that DT ward NN had VHD been VBN closed VVN along RP with IN so RB many JJ of IN the DT huge JJ sanatoriums NNS which WDT dotted VVD the DT country NN to TO minister NN to TO those DT with IN the DT disease NN . SENT not RB for IN nothing NN was VBD TB NN known VVN as IN the DT captain NN of IN death NN . SENT As IN a DT young JJ lad NN , , when WRB approaching VVG St NP . SENT James NP Hospital NP the DT Fever NN Hospital NN I PP would MD take VV a DT deep JJ breath NN 20 CD yards NNS from IN the DT gate NN and CC sprint NN past NN , , not RB drawing VVG breath NN until IN I PP was VBD 20 CD yards NNS past IN the DT gate NN , , rather RB than IN breathe VV polluted JJ air NN . SENT How WRB many JJ children NNS , , or CC for IN that DT matter NN , , their PP$ parents NNS , , know VVP the DT fears NNS of IN Scarlet NP Fever NN or CC Diptheria NP . SENT Diseases NNS such JJ as IN Polio NP , , or CC Infantile JJ Paralysis NN as IN we PP knew VVD it PP has VHZ been VBN eliminated VVN . SENT small JJ pox NN is VBZ no RB longer RBR a DT scourge NN all RB of IN these DT were VBD fears NNS and CC worries NNS for IN our PP$ parents NNS , , they PP are VBP worries NNS no RB longer RBR . SENT There EX was VBD unemployment NN in IN the DT past JJ and CC for IN the DT poor JJ it PP was VBD a DT time NN of IN real JJ hardship NN I PP was VBD fortunate JJ , , my PP$ father NN was VBD never RB unemployed JJ , , but CC I PP knew VVD many RB who WP were VBD those DT mothers NNS who WP bought VVD the DT cheapest JJS vegetables NNS at IN the DT market NN before IN closing VVG time NN on IN the DT Saturday NP evening NN for IN a DT few JJ coppers NNS , , a DT large JJ bag NN of IN cabbage NN leaves NNS , , old JJ carrots NNS , , onions NNS etc NN . SENT which WDT would MD not RB keep VV until IN Monday NP , , were VBD sold VVN to TO the DT needy JJ . SENT at IN the DT butchers NNS they PP would MD buy VV six CD pennorth NN of IN scrag NN end NN usually RB the DT scraps NNS of IN meat NN and CC fat NN trimmed VVN from IN the DT choicer JJR cuts NNS . SENT At IN home NN all RB of IN this DT would MD be VB put VVN into IN the DT pot NN to TO boil VV into IN a DT thick JJ , , rich JJ stew NN Scouse JJ each DT day NN after IN the DT first JJ rich JJ helping VVG , , the DT pot NN would MD be VB filled VVN with IN water NN so RB that IN the DT stew NN became VVD progressively RB thinner JJR , , until IN by IN the DT end NN of IN the DT week NN , , it PP would MD be VB mere JJ greasy JJ water NN , , called VVN soup NN eaten VVN with IN large JJ thick JJ slices NNS of IN bread NN , , until IN the DT dole VVP money NN enabled VVD the DT process NN to TO start VV again RB . SENT These DT children NNS never RB knew VVD a DT Summer NP holiday NN which WDT I PP took VVD for IN granted VVN . SENT One CD of IN the DT wealthiest JJS doctors NNS in IN the DT town NN in IN the DT 1890 CD s PP was VBD the DT Twopenny JJ Doctor NP who WP had VHD his PP$ rooms NNS in IN Grange NP Road NP , , where WRB Beatties NP now RB has VHZ its PP$ huge JJ store NN he PP was VBD the DT poor JJ people NNS s PP doctor NN , , every DT patient NN was VBD charged VVN 2 CD d NN , , plus CC extra JJ for IN any DT medicine NN which WDT he PP concocted VVN himself PP he PP had VHD more JJR patients NNS than IN all PDT the DT more RBR fashionable JJ doctors NNS combined VVN . SENT Other JJ doctors NNS charged VVD 5 CD for IN a DT consultation NN , , 7 CD 6 CD for IN a DT home NN visit NN . SENT The DT school NN dentist NN was VBD the DT one NN who WP won VVD the DT contract NN to TO treat VV children NNS at IN the DT lowest JJS possible JJ price NN and CC his PP$ treatment NN reflected VVD this DT . SENT School NN milk NN cost VVD a DT halfpenny NN in IN the DT 1930 CD s PP and CC I PP can MD remember VV teachers NNS buying VVG several JJ bottles NNS for IN those DT children NNS they PP knew VVD had VHD come VVN to TO school NN without IN breakfast NN there EX was VBD no DT food NN in IN the DT house NN . SENT We PP accepted VVD soot NN floating VVG down RP onto IN clean JJ clothes NNS , , limited JJ bathing VVG facilities NNS , , cold JJ houses NNS with IN a DT covering NN of IN ice NN on IN the DT bedroom NN window NN in IN the DT winter NN , , even RB the DT rich JJ did VVD not RB have VH central JJ heating NN . SENT Ah UH , , we PP were VBD hardier JJR in IN those DT days NNS , , it PP is VBZ often RB said VVN . SENT Undoubtedly RB the DT strong JJ did VVD survive VV , , but CC so RB many JJ of IN the DT weak JJ succumbed VVD , , . SENT today NN , , they PP live VVP . SENT Perhaps RB today NN is VBZ the DT Golden NP Age NP certainly RB it PP will MD be VB seen VVN to TO be VB so RB by IN our PP$ own JJ children NNS and CC grandchildren NNS . SENT I PP am VBP an DT optimist NN by IN nature NN , , and CC believe VVP that IN in IN general JJ the DT future NN will MD be VB better JJR than IN today NN , , but CC I PP have VHP to TO say VV also RB that IN I PP regret VVP the DT passing NN of IN so RB much RB I PP held VVD dear RB . SENT It PP is VBZ no DT bad JJ thing NN to TO be VB ready JJ to TO question VV those DT who WP claim VVP they PP know VV best JJS , , to TO be VB suspicious JJ of IN experts NNS in IN whom WP you PP might MD have VH guessed VVD I PP have VHP little JJ faith NN . SENT We PP still RB have VHP a DT Parliament NP which WDT has VHZ the DT power NN to TO question VV our PP$ leaders NNS , , rather RB than IN have VHP them PP expounding VVG policy NN on IN the DT Richard NP and CC Judy NP Show NP though IN I PP do VVP fear VV the DT possible JJ loss NN of IN power NN to TO a DT European JJ system NN which WDT tends VVZ not RB to TO question NN bureaucrats NNS . SENT I PP cannot NN know VV what WP the DT future NN holds VVZ , , certainly RB , , I PP am VBP not RB a DT good JJ example NN for IN progress NN had VHD I PP lived VVN in IN the DT Stone NP Age NP , , we PP would MD not RB have VH advanced JJ from IN using VVG stone NN axes NNS If IN it PP was VBD good JJ enough RB for IN my PP$ father NN , , it PP s PP good JJ enough RB for IN me PP I PP am VBP too RB conservative JJ with IN a DT small JJ c NN . SENT Progress NN comes VVZ from IN those DT who WP are VBP dissatisfied VVN , , those DT who WP believe VVP that IN things NNS can MD be VB better JJR so IN I PP must MD believe VV that IN the DT future NN it PP will MD be VB good JJ I PP shall MD close VV with IN this DT advice NN from IN Francis NP Bacon NP . SENT Men NNS must MD pursue VV things NNS which WDT are VBP just RB in IN present JJ , , and CC leave VV the DT future NN to TO the DT Divine NP Providence NP . SENT My PP$ apologies NNS for IN the DT many JJ omissions NNS , , but CC this DT has VHZ not RB been VBN a DT history NN it PP has VHZ simply RB been VBN an DT attempt NN to TO give VV a DT picture NN the DT general JJ trends NNS of IN the DT past JJ 150 CD years NNS . SENT I PP have VHP enjoyed VVN writing VVG it PP I PP hope VVP you PP have VHP enjoyed VVN reading VVG it PP . SENT . SENT The DT End NN Return NN to TO History NN page NN