/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/1/file_36.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Natural NP Hazards NNS Research NP and CC Applications NP Information NP Center NP University NP of IN Colorado NP 482 CD UCB NP Boulder NP , , CO NP 80309 CD 0482 CD Quick NP Response NP Report NP 135 CD We PP Want NP Work NP . SENT Rural JJ Women NNS in IN the DT Gujarat NN Drought NN and CC Earthquake NP Elaine NP Enarson NP E NP mail NN . SENT eenarson NN earthlink NN . SENT net JJ May NP 2001 CD Our PP$ bodies NNS are VBP our PP$ wealth NN Our PP$ houses NNS are VBP our PP$ workplace NN Our PP$ children NNS are VBP our PP$ future JJ Our NP lives NNS are VBP full JJ of IN crises NNS SEWA NP poster NN , , Ahmedabad NP , , Gujarat NN Return NN to TO the DT Hazards NNS Center NP Home NP Page NP Return NN to TO the DT Quick NP Response NP Report NP Index NP This DT material NN is VBZ based VVN upon IN work NN supported VVN by IN the DT National NP Science NP Foundation NP under IN Grant NP No NP . SENT CMS NP 0080977 CD . SENT Any DT opinions NNS , , findings NNS , , and CC conclusions NNS or CC recommendations NNS expressed VVN in IN this DT material NN are VBP those DT of IN the DT author NN s PP and CC do VVP not RB necessarily RB reflect VV the DT views NNS of IN the DT National NP Science NP Foundation NP or CC the DT Natural NP Hazards NNS Research NP and CC Applications NP Information NP Center NP . SENT Citation NP . SENT Elaine NP Enarson NP . SENT 2002 CD . SENT We PP Want NP Work NP . SENT Rural JJ Women NNS in IN the DT Gujarat NN Drought NN and CC Earthquake NN . SENT Quick NP Response NP Research NP Report NP 135 CD . SENT Boulder NP , , Colorado NP . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS Research NP and CC Applications NP Information NP Center NP , , University NP of IN Colorado NP . SENT URL NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT colorado NP . SENT edu NN hazards NNS qr NN qr NN 135 CD qr NN 135 CD . SENT html NN The DT Black NP Friday NP Earthquake NP . SENT Social JJ Context NN and CC Impacts NNS In IN the DT past JJ decade NN alone RB , , two CD damaging JJ cyclones NNS , , a DT malaria NN epidemic NN , , flooding NN , , and CC a DT prolonged JJ drought NN have VHP hit VVN the DT state NN of IN Gujarat NN in IN northwestern JJ India NP 2 CD . SENT In IN the DT early JJ morning NN hours NNS of IN a DT national JJ holiday NN January NP 26 CD , , a DT 7 CD . SENT 7 CD magnitude NN quake NN centered VVN in IN the DT town NN of IN Bhuj NP in IN Kutch NP district NN killed VVD at IN least JJS 20 CD , , 000 CD people NNS and CC injured JJ many JJ thousands NNS more RBR . SENT Second JJ only RB to TO the DT 1773 CD earthquake NN , , which WDT took VVD more JJR than IN 300 CD , , 000 CD lives NNS , , the DT two CD minute NN tremor NN caused VVD extensive JJ damage NN to TO houses NNS , , buildings NNS , , infrastructure NN , , livestock NN , , and CC natural JJ resources NNS . SENT The DT area NN of IN heaviest JJS impact NN was VBD the DT northwestern JJ district NN of IN Kutch NP , , where WRB few JJ structures NNS in IN the DT towns NNS of IN Bhuj NP , , Anjar NP , , Bhachau NP , , and CC Rajkot NP remained VVD habitable JJ . SENT Collapsing VVG buildings NNS 275 CD kilometers NNS away RB in IN Ahmedabad NP , , the DT state's JJ business NN and CC cultural JJ center NN , , killed VVD 750 CD . SENT Although IN Gujarat NP is VBZ one CD of IN India's NNS most RBS prosperous JJ and CC industrialized JJ states NNS , , more JJR than IN 60 CD of IN the DT population NN earns VVZ a DT living NN from IN the DT land NN , , and CC poverty NN is VBZ widespread JJ . SENT The DT earthquake NN destroyed VVN or CC damaged VVN more JJR than IN a DT million CD homes NNS , , leaving VVG some DT 600 CD , , 000 CD residents NNS homeless JJ months NNS before IN the DT coming JJ monsoons NNS . SENT Over IN 20 CD , , 000 CD cattle NNS died VVD . SENT Water NN harvesting NN systems NNS across IN the DT desert NN region NN were VBD extensively RB damaged VVN , , and CC abrupt JJ alternations NNS in IN the DT salinity NN of IN water NN were VBD reported VVN in IN some DT areas NNS . SENT Damage NN to TO public JJ facilities NNS was VBD extensive JJ . SENT Of IN 1 CD , , 359 CD schools NNS in IN Kutch NP , , 992 CD were VBD destroyed VVN . SENT 300 CD youngsters NNS were VBD crushed VVN when WRB their PP$ schools NNS collapsed VVD on IN them PP during IN a DT Republic NP Day NP parade NN . SENT Damage NN to TO hospitals NNS and CC clinics NNS took VVD the DT lives NNS of IN many JJ patients NNS and CC medical JJ staff NN , , and CC the DT four CD district NN centers NNS for IN mentally RB and CC physically RB disabled JJ residents NNS were VBD destroyed VVN Mistry NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Relief NN was VBD uneven JJ . SENT Despite IN recent JJ tremors NNS in IN nearby JJ Bhavnagar NP , , which WDT kept VVD 50 CD , , 000 CD people NNS sleeping VVG on IN the DT streets NNS for IN over IN a DT month NN Vasta NP , , 2001 CD , , no DT state NN disaster NN management NN plan NN or CC agency NN was VBD in IN place NN . SENT Remote JJ villages NNS throughout IN Kutch NP were VBD slow JJ to TO receive VV assistance NN , , as IN were VBD those DT in IN the DT surrounding VVG districts NNS of IN Patan NP , , Banaskantha NP , , and CC Surendranagar NP . SENT Panchayat NP local JJ government NN , , military JJ , , and CC state NN responses NNS were VBD hampered VVN by IN lack NN of IN institutional JJ capacity NN and CC emergency NN preparedness NN , , making VVG residents NNS spontaneous JJ search NN and CC rescue NN efforts NNS even RB more RBR critical JJ . SENT State NN governments NNS in IN India NP bear VVP primary JJ responsibility NN for IN emergencies NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT government NN of IN India NP soon RB intervened VVD in IN light NN of IN the DT scale NN of IN destruction NN and CC the DT weak JJ and CC chaotic JJ response NN of IN the DT nationalist JJ Bhartiya NP Janata NP Party NP BJP NP , , which WDT holds VVZ power NN in IN the DT state NN and CC leads VVZ the DT governing VVG coalition NN at IN the DT central JJ level NN Vatsa NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Offers NNS of IN foreign JJ assistance NN were VBD quickly RB accepted VVN , , including VVG those DT from IN Pakistan NP made VVD possible JJ through IN disaster NN diplomacy NN . SENT 3 CD Within IN two CD weeks NNS , , an DT estimated JJ 245 CD governmental JJ and CC nongovernmental JJ agencies NNS from IN India NP and CC around IN the DT world NN were VBD conducting VVG relief NN operations NNS in IN Gujarat NP . SENT The DT state NN government NN soon RB established VVD a DT new JJ agency NN for IN emergency NN management NN and CC developed VVD a DT number NN of IN recovery NN and CC reconstruction NN measures NNS , , including VVG direct JJ payments NNS to TO individuals NNS for IN housing NN damage NN , , personal JJ injuries NNS , , and CC livestock NN loss NN . SENT extension NN of IN existing VVG drought NN relief NN work NN to TO earthquake NN relief NN . SENT and CC the DT immediate JJ construction NN of IN nearly RB half PDT a DT million CD semi NN permanent JJ dwellings NNS . SENT 4 CD Black NP Friday NP hit VVD an DT extraordinarily RB diverse JJ people NNS who WP reside VV in IN a DT desert NN region NN of IN a DT nation NN shaped VVN by IN colonial JJ domination NN , , the DT forces NNS of IN globalization NN , , and CC the DT struggle NN against IN both DT . SENT In IN addition NN to TO political JJ tensions NNS between IN the DT BJP NP and CC the DT opposition NN Congress NP Party NP , , residents NNS are VBP divided VVN by IN caste NN , , social JJ class NN , , and CC religion NN . SENT Soon RB after IN the DT quake NN , , dalit JJ untouchable JJ and CC adavasi NNS tribal JJ , , or CC indigenous JJ leaders NNS protested VVD caste NN barriers NNS in IN the DT distribution NN of IN relief NN goods NNS , , water NN , , and CC land NN for IN temporary JJ encampments NNS . SENT Religious JJ divisions NNS apparently RB privileged JJ some DT survivors NNS over IN others NNS as IN emergency NN relief NN resources NNS controlled VVN by IN faith NN based VVN NGOs NNS were VBD distributed VVN first RB to TO believers NNS . SENT 5 CD As IN conditions NNS deteriorated JJ , , existing JJ and CC emergent JJ groups NNS organized VVN protests NNS , , for IN example NN against IN the DT slow JJ arrest NN of IN contractors NNS held VVN accountable JJ for IN unsafe JJ construction NN methods NNS . SENT A DT sit VVP in IN in IN one CD village NN shut VVD down RP a DT major JJ highway NN in IN protest NN over IN lack NN of IN water NN deliveries NNS by IN government NN tankers NNS . SENT Over IN 4 CD , , 000 CD residents NNS in IN Bhuj NP , , where WRB building NN destruction NN was VBD nearly RB total JJ , , demonstrated VVN against IN government NN plans NNS for IN their PP$ mandatory JJ relocation NN to TO a DT new JJ town NN site NN Times NP of IN India NP , , March NP 16 CD . SENT But CC media NNS attention NN soon RB shifted VVN to TO concurrent JJ financial JJ and CC political JJ crises NNS and CC an DT absorbing VVG scandal NN in IN the DT military JJ political JJ procurement NN process NN Times NP of IN India NP , , March NP 18 CD . SENT When WRB the DT government NN put VVD forward RB its PP$ annual JJ budget NN , , a DT national JJ tax NN surcharge NN but CC no DT direct JJ line NN of IN funding NN was VBD provided VVN for IN earthquake NN relief NN . SENT The DT relief NN efforts NNS of IN most JJS humanitarian JJ agencies NNS wound VVD down RP after IN three CD months NNS . SENT 6 CD Action NP research NN on IN poor JJ rural JJ women's NN livelihoods NNS It PP is VBZ in IN this DT context NN that IN the DT Ahmedabad NP based VVN Disaster NN Mitigation NN Institute NP DMI NP undertook VVD to TO assess VV the DT compound JJ effects NNS of IN sustained JJ drought NN and CC a DT major JJ earthquake NN on IN the DT livelihoods NNS of IN poor JJ women NNS in IN the DT district NN of IN Surendranagar NP . SENT Since IN the DT 1979 CD cyclones NNS , , active JJ in IN participatory NN research NN , , planning NN , , and CC action NN to TO reduce VV vulnerability NN , , DMI's NP work NN reflects VVZ an DT analysis NN of IN disasters NNS as IN unresolved JJ problems NNS arising VVG from IN the DT very JJ processes NNS of IN development NN Twigg NP and CC Bhatt NP , , 1998 CD , , p NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Women's NP livelihoods NNS in IN disaster NN vulnerable JJ regions NNS are VBP a DT particular JJ concern NN , , as IN the DT institute NN identifies VVZ women NNS as IN important JJ community NN actors NNS , , income NN earners NNS , , and CC stewards NNS of IN natural JJ resources NNS whose WP$ efforts NNS increase VVP the DT food NN , , water NN , , housing NN , , and CC fodder NN security NN of IN the DT rural JJ poor NN . SENT Noting VVG the DT invisibility NN of IN women NNS in IN relief NN operations NNS , , lack NN of IN gender NN specific JJ data NNS , , and CC inattention NN to TO women's NNS unique JJ needs NNS in IN disasters NNS , , a DT recent JJ DMI NP publication NN concluded VVD . SENT In IN addition NN , , women NNS are VBP active JJ workers NNS in IN South NP Asia NP . SENT Although IN the DT majority NN of IN work NN is VBZ home RB based VVN , , how WRB disasters NNS impact VV such JJ work NN is VBZ neither RB studied VVN nor CC known VVN . SENT 7 CD The DT research NN was VBD enabled VVN by IN DMI's NP established VVD presence NN in IN the DT quake NN and CC drought NN affected VVD regions NNS of IN Gujarat NN . SENT Since IN the DT late JJ 1980 CD s PP , , DMI NP has VHZ conducted VVN numerous JJ workshops NNS , , consultations NNS , , meetings NNS , , and CC focus VV groups NNS with IN highly RB vulnerable JJ villagers NNS . SENT 8 CD In IN the DT wake NN of IN the DT January NP quake NN , , the DT institute NN worked VVD through IN its PP$ organizational JJ and CC personal JJ networks NNS to TO help VV focus NN attention NN on IN the DT economic JJ survival NN of IN the DT poor JJ . SENT DMI NP director NN Mihir NP R NP . SENT Bhatt NP cautioned VVD that IN the DT significance NN of IN work NN , , 9 CD like IN damage NN outside IN the DT Kutch NP reason NN , , might MD be VB overlooked VVN Pathak NP , , 2000 CD . SENT We PP need VVP to TO get VV priorities NNS right NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , first JJ focus NN on IN work NN and CC livelihood NN . SENT Second JJ , , focus NN on IN water NN and CC community NN infrastructure NN . SENT And CC third JJ , , focus NN on IN shelter NN and CC services NNS . SENT Shelter NN without IN water NN and CC shelter NN without IN work NN makes VVZ limited JJ sense NN . SENT This DT report NN describes VVZ the DT major JJ findings NNS from IN a DT DMI NP study NN conducted VVN in IN March NP , , 2001 CD , , into IN the DT effects NNS of IN the DT twin JJ disasters NNS of IN drought NN and CC earthquake NN on IN village NN women NNS in IN northern JJ Surendranagar NP . SENT The DT following VVG sections NNS address VV , , in IN turn NN , , indicators NNS of IN gendered JJ vulnerability NN in IN India NP and CC Surendranagar NP . SENT guiding JJ research NN questions NNS . SENT research NN strategy NN and CC study NN site NN . SENT findings NNS and CC implications NNS . SENT research NN needs NNS and CC final JJ observations NNS . SENT The DT Social NP Construction NN of IN Gendered JJ Vulnerability NN Vulnerability NN analysis NN attributes VVZ the DT social JJ effects NNS of IN naturally RB occurring VVG events NNS to TO the DT social JJ relations NNS , , institutions NNS , , culture NN , , and CC power NN relations NNS of IN people NNS who WP reside VV in IN hazardous JJ built VVN and CC natural JJ environments NNS . SENT 10 CD As RB neither CC the DT routine JJ nor CC extreme JJ events NNS of IN life NN are VBP experienced VVN identically RB by IN women NNS and CC men NNS , , gender NN relations NNS have VHP come VVN under IN increasing VVG scrutiny NN . SENT 11 CD As IN a DT social JJ category NN cross NN cutting VVG class NN , , caste NN , , culture NN , , religion NN , , and CC age NN , , gender NN shapes VVZ men's NNS and CC women's NNS lives NNS in IN ways NNS that IN matter NN in IN disasters NNS . SENT 12 CD While IN gender NN differences NNS are VBP relevant JJ and CC need NN investigation NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , in IN women's NNS and CC men's NNS coping VVG strategies NNS , , the DT division NN of IN labor NN , , emotional JJ impacts NNS , , it PP is VBZ the DT subordination NN of IN women NNS that WDT puts VVZ girls NNS and CC women NNS at IN risk NN in IN disasters NNS around IN the DT world NN . SENT Indian JJ women NNS have VHP enjoyed VVN suffrage NN rights NNS since IN Independence NN under IN a DT constitution NN guaranteeing VVG many JJ kinds NNS of IN formal JJ equality NN . SENT The DT nation NN is VBZ committed VVN to TO a DT policy NN of IN increasing VVG women's NNS freedom NN and CC autonomy NN but CC gender NN inequality NN here RB , , as RB around IN the DT world NN , , is VBZ deeply RB rooted VVN . SENT Women's NNS social JJ , , economic JJ , , and CC political JJ status NN , , male NN dominated VVD cultural JJ systems NNS and CC social JJ institutions NNS , , interpersonal JJ relationships NNS , , and CC the DT reinforcing VVG constraints NNS of IN caste NN , , class NN , , and CC age NN leave VVP a DT great JJ many JJ girls NNS and CC women NNS poor JJ , , overworked VVD , , sick JJ , , illiterate JJ , , and CC silenced VVN see VV Table NN 1 CD below RB . SENT In IN the DT face NN of IN chronic JJ or CC sudden JJ disasters NNS , , these DT patterns NNS translate VVP into IN lack NN of IN economic JJ assets NNS savings NNS , , credit NN , , land NN , , tools NNS , , training NN , , personal JJ safety NN and CC nutrition NN , , health NN care NN maternal JJ and CC reproductive JJ , , social JJ security NN education NN , , child NN care NN , , insurance NN , , political JJ voice NN in IN the DT media NNS , , electoral JJ politics NNS , , village NN councils NNS , , households NNS , , and CC personal JJ relationships NNS , , education NN , , transportation NN , , and CC other JJ resources NNS vital JJ to TO survival NN and CC long JJ term NN recovery NN Walker NP , , 1994 CD . SENT Enarson NP and CC Morrow NP , , 1998 CD . SENT These DT gender NN patterns NNS were VBD conspicuously RB unexamined JJ in IN the DT aftermath NN of IN the DT January NP 26 CD earthquake NN , , in IN striking JJ contrast NN to TO the DT interest NN of IN the DT media NNS in IN caste NN based VVN inequalities NNS . SENT As IN misery NN is VBZ more RBR interesting JJ to TO report VV Chowdhury NP , , 1997 CD , , most JJS photojournalists NNS showcased VVD images NNS of IN grieving VVG and CC exhausted VVN women NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT Chakravarti NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Indeed RB , , Gujarati JJ women NNS were VBD victimized VVN by IN a DT damaging JJ earthquake NN occurring VVG in IN the DT second JJ year NN of IN a DT major JJ drought NN . SENT Many JJ thousands NNS lost VVD their PP$ lives NNS . SENT 13 CD As IN well RB as IN losing VVG housing NN , , employment NN , , and CC family NN members NNS , , poor JJ rural JJ women NNS lost VVD the DT child NN care NN centers NNS , , community NN centers NNS , , school NN buildings NNS , , and CC health NN centers NNS upon IN which WDT they PP depend VVP . SENT Many JJ anganwadi NN centers NNS providing VVG government NN assistance NN completely RB collapsed VVD , , leaving VVG an DT estimated JJ 1 CD . SENT 5 CD million CD women NNS and CC children NNS without IN nutrition NN support NN and CC health NN services NNS UN NP OCHA NP , , 2001 CD . SENT An DT increase NN in IN child NN labor NN due JJ to TO extreme JJ economic JJ need NN is VBZ feared VVN , , especially RB among IN girls NNS . SENT the DT NGO NP ActionAid NP 2001 CD has VHZ also RB cautioned VVD that IN young JJ girls NNS orphaned VVN by IN the DT earthquake NN or CC misrepresented VVD as IN orphans NNS may MD be VB at IN increased JJ risk NN of IN sex NN trafficking NN . SENT Table NN 1 CD Women NNS at IN risk NN . SENT indicators NNS of IN social JJ vulnerability NN These DT and CC other JJ indicators NNS of IN women's NP life NN chances NNS , , social JJ status NN , , and CC living VVG conditions NNS reduce VV the DT ability NN of IN girls NNS and CC women NNS to TO prepare VV for IN , , cope VV with IN , , and CC recover VV from IN disasters NNS . SENT a DT skewed JJ sex NN ratio NN 934 CD women NNS . SENT 1000 CD men NNS in IN Gujarat NP reflects VVZ conditions NNS prevailing VVG across IN India NP 927 CD . SENT 1000 CD . SENT an DT estimated VVN 25 CD million CD women NNS are VBP missing VVG due RB to TO sex NN specific JJ abortion NN , , femicide NN , , high JJ rates NNS of IN violence NN against IN women NNS , , nutrition NN and CC health NN care NN preferences NNS disadvantaging VVG girls NNS , , and CC other JJ factors NNS . SENT 65 CD of IN all DT Indian JJ women NNS report VV having VHG experienced VVN some DT form NN of IN domestic JJ violence NN , , with IN the DT highest JJS rates NNS reported VVD among IN women NNS employed VVN as IN agricultural JJ laborers NNS . SENT 54 CD of IN Gujarati JJ women NNS marry VV before IN the DT age NN of IN 18 CD . SENT marriages NNS are VBP often RB arranged VVN . SENT widows NNS rarely RB remarry VV , , especially RB in IN rural JJ areas NNS . SENT the DT average JJ Indian JJ woman NN is VBZ younger JJR than IN 22 CD when WRB she PP bears VVZ her PP$ first JJ child NN and CC lacks VVZ control NN over IN her PP$ own JJ fertility NN . SENT 45 CD of IN Gujarati JJ women NNS need VVP permission NN to TO go VV to TO the DT market NN and CC 49 CD to TO visit VV friends NNS and CC relatives NNS . SENT 29 JJ are VBP not RB involved VVN in IN decisions NNS even RB about IN their PP$ own JJ health NN and CC 10 CD about IN what WP to TO cook VV . SENT only RB one CD quarter NN have VHP access NN to TO household NN money NN . SENT fewer JJR women NNS 48 CD . SENT 6 CD than IN men NNS 73 CD . SENT 13 CD over IN six CD enjoy VVP functional JJ literacy NN . SENT literacy NN rates NNS are VBP lower JJR among IN adavasi NNS or CC tribal JJ women NNS 24 CD . SENT 20 CD and CC women NNS in IN the DT Scheduled VVN Castes NNS 45 JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT one CD in IN four CD girls NNS did VVD not RB attend VV school NN in IN Gujarat NN even RB before IN the DT earthquake NN destroyed VVD their PP$ schools NNS . SENT many JJ of IN these DT nowhere RB children NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB working VVG in IN the DT informal JJ sector NN . SENT the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN the DT nation's NNS women NNS earn VVP income NN through IN informal JJ work NN , , where WRB working JJ conditions NNS are VBP poor JJ and CC few JJ workers NNS are VBP organized VVN . SENT women NNS hold VVP fewer JJR than IN 8 CD of IN parliamentary JJ seats NNS , , 6 CD of IN cabinet NN positions NNS , , and CC 3 CD of IN administrative JJ and CC managerial JJ positions NNS in IN the DT nation NN . SENT Indian JJ women NNS earn VVP an DT average NN of IN 30 CD less JJR than IN men NNS . SENT 100 CD , , 000 CD 120 CD , , 000 CD women NNS across IN India NP die VVP every DT year NN due JJ to TO pregnancy NN related JJ problems NNS . SENT half NN of IN all DT married JJ women NNS suffer VVP from IN anemia NN . SENT most RBS Indian JJ women NNS do VVP not RB own VV any DT property NN in IN their PP$ own JJ names NNS and CC don't NN inherit VVP parental JJ property NN . SENT barely RB 2 CD of IN women NNS claim VVP their PP$ family NN property NN rights NNS . SENT Sources NNS . SENT Sen NP and CC Kumar NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Government NN of IN Gujarat NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Gender NN aware JJ Response NP and CC Reconstruction NN But CC neither DT disaster NN vulnerability NN nor CC women's NN lives NNS are VBP a DT simple JJ function NN of IN poverty NN or CC inequality NN . SENT Indian JJ women NNS have VHP long RB shared VVN a DT legacy NN of IN self NN organization NN , , professional JJ achievement NN , , and CC community NN leadership NN , , especially RB around IN issues NNS of IN environmental JJ protection NN and CC sustainable JJ development NN . SENT This DT social JJ history NN , , and CC experience NN gained VVD by IN women NNS in IN the DT Latur NP earthquake NN and CC other JJ disasters NNS Krishnaraj NP , , 1997 CD fostered VVD earthquake NN responses NNS that WDT were VBD more JJR gender NN aware JJ in IN vision NN and CC perhaps RB in IN practice NN than IN is VBZ generally RB the DT case NN . SENT 14 CD While IN these DT proposals NNS must MD be VB monitored VVN over IN time NN , , the DT Gujarat NP government's NP outreach NN to TO women NNS includes VVZ plans NNS for IN 200 CD child NN care NN centers NNS , , 50 CD short JJ stay NN homes NNS for IN women NNS and CC girls NNS lacking VVG social JJ support NN systems NNS , , 20 CD temporary JJ working VVG women NNS hostels NNS , , training VVG programs NNS for IN poor JJ women NNS , , and CC support VV to TO women's NP groups NNS working VVG toward IN the DT development NN of IN women NNS and CC children NNS . SENT 15 CD United NP Nations NPS affiliated JJ organizations NNS with IN gender NN and CC development NN programs NNS in IN the DT region NN soon RB targeted VVN women NNS and CC children NNS for IN services NNS ranging VVG from IN mobile JJ health NN vans NNS and CC food NN supplements NNS to TO vocational JJ training NN , , with IN a DT formal JJ commitment NN to TO ensuring VVG that IN gender NN issues NNS are VBP addressed VVN in IN designing VVG entitlements NNS grants NNS , , houses NNS , , land NN titles NNS , , and CC livelihood NN UN NP OCHA NP , , 2001 CD . SENT The DT tangible JJ and CC dramatic JJ losses NNS of IN over IN 20 CD , , 000 CD Kutch NP women NNS artisans NNS , , whose WP$ intricate JJ mirrored VVN embroidery NN work NN is VBZ highly RB prized VVN , , attracted VVD immediate JJ national JJ and CC international JJ attention NN . SENT Benefits NNS were VBD held VVN in IN Ahmedabad NP and CC across IN the DT nation NN to TO raise VV funds NNS for IN the DT construction NN of IN these DT women's NP livelihoods NNS and CC to TO protect VV this DT cultural JJ legacy NN . SENT Craft NN kits NNS provided VVN by IN women's NP organizations NNS to TO the DT craftworkers NNS housed VVN in IN tents NNS helped VVD many RB earn VV needed VVN income NN and CC regain VV some DT sense NN of IN control NN in IN their PP$ lives NNS Lak NP , , 2001 CD . SENT 16 CD In IN the DT public JJ sector NN , , the DT International NP Labor NP Organization NP has VHZ prioritized VVN the DT reconstruction NN of IN these DT women's NP homes NNS and CC livelihoods NNS . SENT 17 CD Contradicting VVG the DT victim NN paradigm NN , , women's NP grassroots NNS organizations NNS played VVD key JJ roles NNS in IN disaster NN response NN . SENT The DT Society NP for IN Promotion NP of IN Area NP Resource NP Center NP Swayam NP Shikshan NP Prayog NP SPARC NN SSP NP , , an DT NGO NN whose WP$ members NNS designed VVD houses NNS and CC monitored VVN construction NN after IN the DT 1993 CD Latur NP earthquake NN in IN Maharashtra NP , , proposes VVZ to TO sustain VV the DT self NN reliant JJ spirit NN and CC enterprise NN of IN local JJ communities NNS by IN collaborating VVG with IN mahila NN mandals NNS women's NP groups NNS to TO plan VV , , build VV , , and CC manage VVP 20 CD multipurpose JJ community NN centers NNS . SENT 18 CD The NP Self NP Employed VVN Women's NP Association NP SEWA NP and CC Kutch NP Mahila NP Vikas NP Sanghathan NP KMVS NP will MD work VV with IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Development NP Program NP UNDP NP to TO rebuild VV the DT markets NNS and CC assets NNS of IN Kutch NP craftworkers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS UNIC JJ Backgrounder NP , , April NP 10 CD . SENT The DT UNDP NP is VBZ also RB developing VVG an DT innovative JJ radio NN program NN to TO be VB produced VVN and CC broadcast VVN by IN local JJ women's NNS groups NNS in IN an DT effort NN to TO increase VV communication NN with IN women NNS during IN reconstruction NN UNDP NP Press NP Release NP , , April NP 21 CD . SENT Women's NP high JJ level NN of IN self NN organization NN at IN the DT local JJ level NN enables VVZ these DT partnerships NNS . SENT SEWA NP , , a DT trade NN union NN registered VVN since IN 1972 CD to TO represent VV low JJ income NN women NNS workers NNS in IN India's JJ vast JJ informal JJ sector NN , , is VBZ a DT case NN in IN point NN . SENT SEWA NP was VBD instrumental JJ in IN ensuring VVG that DT relief NN supplies VVZ reached VVN women NNS and CC immediately RB conducted VVN village NN level NN needs VVZ assessments NNS with IN its PP$ members NNS . SENT Funds NNS and CC networks NNS are VBP now RB being VBG directed VVN toward IN rebuilding VVG child NN care NN centers NNS , , health NN clinics NNS and CC other JJ facilities NNS that IN increase NN women's NNS social JJ security NN , , and CC toward IN participatory NN action NN planning NN that WDT integrates VVZ earthquake NN response NN with IN drought NN mitigation NN and CC the DT larger JJR goals NNS of IN gender NN equitable JJ sustainable JJ development NN . SENT 19 CD Other JJ groups NNS dedicated VVN to TO community NN based VVN mitigation NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , Seeds NP worked VVD through IN SEWA's NP local JJ family NN records NNS to TO distribute VV relief NN packets NNS directly RB to TO women NNS . SENT 20 CD SEWA NP is VBZ also RB collaborating VVG with IN DMI NP to TO train VV women NNS in IN earthquake NN resistant JJ masonry NN techniques NNS , , and CC is VBZ a DT DMI NP partner NN in IN gender NN aware JJ action NN research NN being VBG conducted VVN in IN Surendranagar NP , , Patan NP , , and CC Banaskantha NP . SENT Women's NP Livelihoods NNS in IN Surendranagar NP . SENT Key JJ Research NP Questions NNS With IN an DT overarching JJ interest NN in IN gauging VVG the DT synergistic JJ effects NNS of IN compound NN or CC embedded VVN disasters NNS , , DMI NP researchers NNS sought VVD to TO influence VV disaster NN reconstruction NN by IN answering VVG one CD essential JJ question NN . SENT What WP were VBD the DT immediate JJ impacts NNS of IN the DT earthquake NN on IN the DT livelihoods NNS of IN poor JJ rural JJ women NNS in IN a DT drought NN stricken JJ region NN . SENT This DT large JJ question NN implied VVD a DT need NN for IN more JJR knowledge NN both CC about RB how WRB rural JJ livelihood NN systems NNS are VBP impacted VVN by IN disasters NNS and CC about IN rural JJ women's NNS work NN , , as IN both DT bear NN on IN the DT capacity NN of IN households NNS and CC villages NNS to TO cope VV with IN the DT challenges NNS of IN embedded VVN disasters NNS . SENT Assessing VVG Economic JJ Vulnerability NN and CC Impacts NNS Physical JJ damage NN to TO housing NN stock NN , , industry NN , , agriculture NN , , and CC infrastructure NN is VBZ generally RB the DT yardstick NN for IN gauging VVG the DT economic JJ impacts NNS of IN disasters NNS , , resulting VVG in IN this DT case NN in IN an DT estimated JJ 1 CD . SENT 3 CD billion CD dollar NN loss NN US NP . SENT As IN Dennis NP Mileti NP has VHZ observed VVN of IN the DT US NP , , considerable JJ confusion NN exists VVZ about IN how WRB best RBS to TO measure VV economic JJ hazards NNS and CC impacts NNS in IN disasters NNS Mileti NP , , 1999 CD , , p NN . SENT 99 CD . SENT Disaster NN researchers NNS in IN developed JJ nations NNS tend VVP to TO concentrate VV on IN business NN recovery NN and CC insurance NN finance NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , Webb NP et CC al NP . SENT , , 2000 CD while IN development NN oriented JJ researchers NNS measure NN impacts NNS on IN deficits NNS and CC GDP NP in IN poor JJ countries NNS Otero NP and CC Marti NP , , 1995 CD . SENT Benson NP and CC Clay NP , , 2000 CD . SENT This DT reflects VVZ theoretical JJ and CC conceptual JJ disagreement NN where WRB do VVP disasters NNS begin VV and CC end VV . SENT how WRB do VVP disaster NN events NNS change VVP societies NNS over IN time NN , , or CC do VV they PP . SENT . SENT different JJ levels NNS of IN analysis NN international JJ economic JJ systems NNS . SENT national JJ debt NN and CC growth NN rates NNS . SENT the DT regional JJ labor NN force NN . SENT local JJ firms NNS . SENT . SENT and CC impacts NNS short JJ long JJ term NN , , direct JJ indirect JJ , , primary JJ secondary JJ measured VVN differently RB Mileti NP , , 1999 CD , , Chapter NP 3 CD . SENT Kreimer NP and CC Arnold NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Assessing VVG economic JJ impacts NNS in IN countries NNS like IN India NP certainly RB requires VVZ attention NN , , as IN Charlotte NP Benson NP and CC Edward NP Clay NP 2000 CD urge NN to TO state NN of IN development NN as RB well RB as IN type NN of IN hazard NN , , scale NN of IN impact NN , , structure NN of IN economy NN , , prevailing VVG economic JJ conditions NNS , , and CC stage NN of IN technical JJ and CC scientific JJ advancement NN . SENT Clearly RB , , developing VVG countries NNS pay VV the DT highest JJS price NN in IN terms NNS of IN lost JJ opportunities NNS and CC physical JJ damage NN to TO costly JJ infrastructure NN . SENT per IN capita NN losses NNS alone RB can MD be VB as RB much JJ as IN twenty CD times NNS higher JJR in IN developing VVG than IN in IN wealthy JJ industrial JJ nations NNS Clark NP and CC Munasinghe NP , , 1995 CD , , p NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Just RB as RB clearly RB , , economic JJ effects NNS mirror VVP past JJ decisions NNS about IN the DT use NN of IN private JJ and CC public JJ resources NNS , , as IN Stephen NP Bender NP has VHZ written VVN 1997 CD , , p NN . SENT 38 CD . SENT When WRB a DT natural JJ event NN such JJ as IN an DT earthquake NN , , hurricane NN , , or CC flood NN prompts VVZ a DT request NN for IN external JJ assistance NN , , the DT overall JJ course NN of IN development NN may MD be VB altered VVN for IN years NNS . SENT The DT disaster NN may MD create VV further JJR scarcity NN , , dependency NN , , and CC the DT loss NN of IN hard JJ earned VVN development NN gains NNS . SENT In IN any DT case NN , , disasters NNS reveal VVP that DT risk NN has VHZ been VBN preferred JJ to TO investment NN in IN vulnerability NN reduction NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Natural JJ disasters NNS are VBP no RB more RBR natural JJ than IN ecosystem NN degradation NN . SENT both DT result NN from IN choices NNS made VVN by IN societies NNS . SENT The DT economic JJ effects NNS of IN the DT Gujarat NN earthquake NN , , like IN any DT disaster NN , , will MD mirror VV these DT choices NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ estimated VVN that IN 60 CD of IN the DT poor JJ in IN Asia NP live VVP on IN marginal JJ land NN highly RB vulnerable JJ both CC to TO environmental JJ degradation NN and CC natural JJ disasters NNS . SENT While IN India NP is VBZ the DT world's JJ twelfth NN largest JJS industrial JJ power NN , , 63 CD of IN its PP$ people NNS depend VVP on IN agriculture NN for IN their PP$ livelihood NN . SENT In IN Gujarat NN , , as RB across IN the DT nation NN , , farmers NNS work VVP small JJ landplots NNS 2 CD . SENT 93 CD hectares NNS . SENT The DT state NN has VHZ a DT ratio NN of IN marginal JJ seasonal JJ irregular JJ to TO regular JJ workers NNS twice RB as RB high JJ as IN the DT Indian JJ average NN 6 CD . SENT The DT rural JJ poor NN here RB are VBP particularly RB exposed VVN to TO national JJ patterns NNS of IN low JJ life NN expectancy NN 63 CD years NNS , , child NN malnutrition NN 47 CD of IN the DT global JJ total NN and CC disease NN 40 CD of IN the DT global JJ polio NN cases NNS . SENT In IN addition NN , , low JJ rural JJ literacy NN rates NNS 53 CD and CC high JJ infant JJ mortality NN 64 CD per IN 1000 CD live JJ births NNS are VBP stark JJ indicators NNS of IN how WRB risky JJ even JJ normal JJ living NN conditions NNS are VBP for IN these DT rural JJ villagers NNS . SENT 21 CD The DT fragility NN of IN life NN is VBZ further RBR undermined VVN by IN India's NP recent JJ turn NN toward IN privatization NN , , which WDT has VHZ reduced VVN the DT production NN of IN local JJ grain NN crops NNS and CC undermined VVN food NN security NN Wisner NP , , 2001 CD . SENT 22 CD To TO earn VV a DT living NN in IN this DT environment NN , , the DT rural JJ poor NN depend VV primarily RB on IN wages NNS earned VVN through IN the DT physical JJ labor NN of IN household NN members NNS , , often RB including VVG children NNS . SENT they PP need VVP healthy JJ livestock NN , , sustainable JJ environmental JJ resources NNS , , good JJ health NN , , and CC social JJ support NN systems NNS . SENT Despite IN their PP$ larger JJR consequences NNS , , disasters NNS are VBP experienced VVN in IN the DT first JJ instance NN at IN the DT household NN level NN , , where WRB labor NN is VBZ profoundly RB shaped VVN by IN gender NN . SENT 23 RB The DT second JJ essential JJ research NN question NN , , therefore RB , , focused VVD on IN how WRB the DT drought NN and CC earthquake NN affected VVN women's NP livelihood NN strategies NNS in IN particular JJ . SENT Assessing VVG Impacts NNS on IN Women's NP Livelihoods NNS The DT cultural JJ fiction NN of IN women NNS as IN homemakers NNS and CC helpmates NNS to TO male JJ earners NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT the DT farmer NN and CC his PP$ wife NN shape NN public JJ discourse NN and CC policy NN decisions NNS following VVG disasters NNS . SENT In IN fact NN , , women's NP daily JJ lives NNS around IN the DT world NN are VBP structured VVN around IN a DT complex JJ web NN of IN work NN and CC responsibilities NNS to TO others NNS in IN the DT family NN and CC community NN , , to TO the DT household NN economy NN , , to TO employers NNS and CC , , for IN the DT poorest JJS women NNS , , to TO the DT natural JJ environment NN that WDT supports VVZ them PP . SENT The DT ability NN of IN poor JJ women NNS to TO earn VV money NN every DT day NN is VBZ vital JJ for IN their PP$ survival NN before IN , , during IN , , and CC after IN disasters NNS Varley NP , , 1994 CD . SENT Agarwal NP , , 1990 CD . SENT Jiggins NP , , 1986 CD , , yet RB women's NNS paid VVN and CC unpaid JJ work NN is VBZ still RB poorly RB understood VVN by IN students NNS of IN disaster NN and CC those DT who WP respond VVP to TO survivors NNS Enarson NP 2000 CD . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Despite IN the DT salience NN of IN women's NNS work VVP in IN development NN projects NNS , , women's NNS work VVP is VBZ not RB often RB addressed VVN in IN disaster NN contexts NNS , , in IN part NN because IN their PP$ income NN generating NN activities NNS do VVP not RB mirror VV those DT of IN most JJS men NNS . SENT At IN the DT close NN of IN the DT century NN , , nearly RB 90 CD of IN India's NNS working VVG poor NN were VBD women NNS employed VVN in IN the DT informal JJ sector NN Arunachalam NP , , 1995 CD . SENT In IN Gujarat NP , , a DT 1997 CD survey NN cited VVN in IN Sen NP and CC Kumar NP , , 2001 CD , , p NN . SENT 57 CD indicated VVN that IN 285 CD of IN every DT 1000 CD women NNS work VVP for IN wages NNS researchers NNS cautioned VVD that IN 17 CD of IN rural JJ women NNS were VBD undercounted VVN . SENT three CD quarters NNS work VVP as IN cultivators NNS 34 CD . SENT 2 CD or CC in IN other JJ forms NNS of IN agricultural JJ laborer NN 44 CD . SENT 9 CD , , earning VVG substantially RB lower JJR daily JJ wages NNS than IN their PP$ male JJ peers NNS 10 CD . SENT 65 CD Rs NP . SENT vs NP . SENT 14 CD . SENT 58 CD Rs NP . SENT . SENT Women's NP ability NN to TO earn VV income NN is VBZ an DT essential JJ survival NN strategy NN for IN families NNS living VVG close RB to TO the DT margin NN in IN disaster NN vulnerable JJ living NN conditions NNS and CC struggling VVG to TO cope VV with IN successive JJ economic JJ and CC environmental JJ crises NNS . SENT 24 CD In IN many JJ drought NN impacted VVN households NNS across IN Gujarat NP , , women's NN income NN alone RB now RB supports VVZ the DT family NN as IN declining VVG agricultural JJ production NN has VHZ forced VVN men NNS out RP of IN their PP$ home NN villages NNS in IN search NN of IN waged VVD labor NN . SENT As RB much RB as IN poor JJ rural JJ women NNS need VVP paid VVN work NN , , conflicts NNS with IN child NN care NN and CC other JJ domestic JJ work NN , , gender NN restrictions NNS on IN tasks NNS and CC occupations NNS , , low JJ wages NNS , , and CC hazardous JJ working VVG conditions NNS limit VV their PP$ ability NN to TO convert VV hard JJ work NN to TO income NN . SENT In IN the DT vicious JJ cycle NN all DT too RB familiar JJ to TO people NNS in IN hazardous JJ environments NNS , , disastrous JJ events NNS or CC conditions NNS rob VV women NNS of IN the DT time NN , , health NN , , autonomy NN , , and CC security NN they PP need VVP to TO survive VV the DT extreme JJ events NNS certain JJ to TO come VV . SENT Recognizing VVG that DT reconstruction NN planning NN and CC action NN must MD be VB guided VVN by IN knowledge NN about IN local JJ women's NNS livelihoods NNS and CC environments NNS , , DMI NP worked VVD collaboratively RB with IN low JJ income NN women NNS in IN Surendranagar NP to TO explore VV how WRB sustained JJ drought NN and CC a DT sudden JJ earthquake NN has VHZ changed VVN women's NNS paid VVN and CC unpaid JJ work NN . SENT Study NN Site NN and CC Methodology NN The DT study NN was VBD conducted VVN in IN the DT district NN of IN Surendranagar NP , , located VVN west NN of IN Ahmedabad NP and CC southeast JJ of IN Kutch NP . SENT Surendranagar NP was VBD identified VVN by IN the DT UN NP Disaster NN Assessment NP and CC Coordination NN Team NN as IN one CD of IN the DT four CD worst JJS affected JJ regions NNS , , in IN which WDT loss NN of IN life NN was VBD relatively RB low JJ 112 CD but CC damage NN widespread JJ 661 CD villages NNS were VBD affected VVN . SENT 29 CD , , 500 CD houses NNS destroyed VVD . SENT Pre NP quake NN Working VVG Conditions NNS A DT SEWA NP action NN research NN project NN conducted VVN in IN the DT late JJ 1990 CD s PP provides VVZ valuable JJ insight NN into IN the DT risky JJ living NN and CC working VVG conditions NNS of IN Surendranagar NP women NNS Bhatt NP , , 1998 CD . SENT 25 CD Resource NP based VVN livelihoods NNS and CC the DT constraints NNS of IN gender NN , , caste NN , , and CC class NN make VVP economic JJ insecurity NN a DT constant JJ , , exacerbated VVN by IN lack NN of IN rain NN in IN a DT rainfed NP agricultural JJ region NN . SENT Poor JJ rural JJ women NNS decried VVD their PP$ lack NN of IN good JJ land NN and CC water NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , barren JJ trees NNS , , dry JJ wells NNS , , the DT poor JJ health NN of IN their PP$ livestock NN , , their PP$ inability NN to TO purchase VV seeds NNS , , low RB waged VVD and CC irregular JJ work NN , , and CC their PP$ spiraling JJ indebtedness NN as IN they PP were VBD forced VVN to TO borrow VV money NN to TO meet VV the DT exigencies NNS of IN daily JJ life NN , , from IN food NN to TO funerals NNS . SENT Their PP$ neighbors NNS judged VVN that IN women NNS lacking VVG access NN to TO male JJ income NN or CC family NN entitlements NNS were VBD most RBS at IN risk NN of IN exploitation NN by IN employers NNS and CC money NN lenders NNS . SENT As IN the DT poorest JJS of IN the DT poor JJ , , adavasi NN women NNS facing VVG drought NN spoke VVD of IN living VVG like IN nomads NNS without IN a DT proper JJ roof NN over IN our PP$ heads NNS or CC a DT guarantee NN of IN our PP$ next JJ wage NN , , job NN or CC at IN times NNS even RB a DT meal NN Bhatt NP , , 1998 CD , , p NN . SENT 15 CD . SENT The DT insistent JJ need NN to TO earn VV income NN each DT day NN made VVD even RB more RBR difficult JJ the DT routine JJ tasks NNS filling VVG women's NNS lives NNS in IN Surendranagar NP . SENT caring VVG for IN children NNS . SENT cleaning VVG the DT house NN , , courtyard NN , , and CC cattleshed JJ . SENT attending VVG to TO the DT ill JJ and CC elderly JJ . SENT gathering VVG fuel NN wood NN , , water NN , , and CC fodder NN . SENT and CC tending VVG cattle NNS , , water NN buffalo NNS , , goats NNS , , and CC other JJ livestock NN . SENT As IN non JJ farm NN employment NN is VBZ extremely RB limited VVN outside IN the DT middle JJ class NN , , most RBS poor JJ rural JJ women NNS take VVP on IN paid VVN agricultural JJ work NN Bhatt NP , , 1998 CD , , p NN . SENT 18 CD . SENT Contrary JJ to TO the DT popular JJ perception NN of IN women NNS not RB doing VVG productive JJ jobs NNS , , we PP found VVD that IN they PP worked VVD on IN their PP$ own JJ as RB well RB as IN others NNS lands NNS in IN a DT variety NN of IN tasks NNS that WDT included VVD threshing VVG , , cleaning VVG , , drying VVG , , storing VVG and CC growing VVG vegetables NNS and CC winter NN crops NNS , , feeding VVG the DT cows NNS and CC poultry NN , , replastering VVG the DT huts NNS with IN mud NN , , stitching VVG and CC mending VVG quilts NNS and CC mats NNS , , and CC a DT host NN of IN other JJ jobs NNS . SENT Floods NNS or CC drought NN leave VVP them PP without IN this DT work NN and CC the DT income NN from IN it PP . SENT And CC in IN spite NN of IN such PDT a DT work NN load VV their PP$ food NN intake NN within IN the DT household NN is VBZ often RB minimal JJ , , even RB during IN the DT pre NP and CC post VV natal JJ periods NNS . SENT In IN addition NN to TO waged VVN agricultural JJ labor NN on IN land NN owned VVN by IN others NNS , , poor JJ rural JJ women NNS in IN Surendranagar NP frequently RB migrate VV with IN their PP$ families NNS to TO the DT Little NP Rann NP of IN Kutch NP desert NN , , where WRB 60 CD of IN the DT nation's JJ salt NN is VBZ produced VVN . SENT A DT SEWA NP study NN conducted VVN in IN 1990 CD with IN 150 CD agarias NNS contract NN salt NN workers NNS in IN Surendranagar NP found VVD most JJS living NN below IN the DT poverty NN line NN , , 98 CD illiterate JJ , , and CC 68 CD forced VVN to TO take VV their PP$ children NNS along RB with IN them PP to TO the DT distant JJ worksheet NN SEWA NP , , 2000 CD . SENT Families NNS work VVP for IN merchants NNS who WP hold VVP government NN leases NNS on IN salt NN mining NN operations NNS , , receiving VVG a DT fixed JJ payment NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT season NN . SENT Leaving VVG their PP$ native JJ villages NNS for IN as RB long JJ as IN eight CD months NNS September NP to TO March NP , , large JJ numbers NNS of IN salt NN farmers NNS from IN Surendranagar NP 12 CD , , 000 CD 15 CD , , 000 CD work NN under IN grueling JJ conditions NNS to TO mine NN the DT naturally RB saline JJ water NN and CC prepare VV it PP for IN processing NN . SENT Their PP$ makeshift JJ shelters NNS offer VVP little JJ protection NN from IN the DT elements NNS . SENT chronic JJ skin NN diseases NNS , , coughs NNS , , and CC tuberculosis NN are VBP common JJ , , education NN or CC health NN care NN for IN children NNS nonexistent JJ . SENT Child NN labor NN is VBZ common JJ as IN families NNS share NN daily JJ work NN shifts NNS at IN the DT salt NN pans VVZ . SENT Some DT poor JJ rural JJ women NNS in IN this DT region NN also RB earn VV income NN harvesting NN gum NN from IN babul NN trees NNS , , a DT hardy JJ tree NN surrounded VVN by IN thorny JJ bushes NNS painful JJ to TO harvesters NNS . SENT Except IN in IN areas NNS with IN women NNS run VVP cooperatives NNS , , the DT market NN is VBZ controlled VVN by IN private JJ wholesale JJ merchants NNS licensed VVN by IN the DT State NP Forest NP Development NP Corporation NP . SENT Most JJS gum NN harvesting NN is VBZ done VVN by IN Koli NP and CC other JJ low JJ caste NN workers NNS , , who WP may MD walk VV 10 CD kilometers NNS a DT day NN with IN children NNS in IN tow NN to TO reach VV the DT babul NN forests NNS , , leaving VVG before IN dawn NN for IN 12 CD hour NN work NN days NNS in IN hot JJ and CC humid JJ weather NN SEWA NP , , 2000 CD a DT . SENT 26 CD Shifting VVG market NN rates NNS for IN gum NN make VVP women's NNS wages NNS erratic JJ but CC most RBS earn VVP below IN poverty NN line NN wages NNS . SENT SEWA's NNS organizing VVG efforts NNS in IN rural JJ Gujarat NP 66 CD of IN their PP$ members NNS are VBP rural JJ have VHP brought VVN some DT improvement NN in IN working VVG conditions NNS and CC wages NNS . SENT for IN example NN , , 23 CD child NN care NN centers NNS are VBP now RB available JJ in IN the DT areas NNS to TO which WDT salt NN farmers NNS travel VVP for IN work NN . SENT Women NNS can MD also RB control VV their PP$ own JJ savings NNS and CC borrow VV money NN through IN the DT SEWA NP bank NN , , and CC purchase NN insurance NN against IN disaster NN losses NNS and CC other JJ risks NNS . SENT SEWA's NP Mahila NP Housing NP Trust NP MHT NP helps VVZ members NNS harvest VVP rainwater NN from IN roofs NNS for IN storage NN in IN underground JJ tanks NNS , , loans NNS women NNS money NN to TO repair VV or CC build VV homes NNS , , and CC offers VVZ technical JJ training NN in IN masonry NN skills NNS to TO women NNS . SENT Working VVG through IN federations NNS sponsored VVN by IN the DT state NN office NN for IN Development NP of IN Women NP and CC Children NP in IN Rural NP Areas NNS DWCRA NP , , SEWA NP buys VVZ nutritional JJ foods NNS in IN bulk NN and CC distributes VVZ and CC offers VVZ shakti NN food NN packets NNS to TO members NNS at IN affordable JJ rates NNS . SENT A DT recent JJ federation NN initiative NN in IN Surendranagar NP to TO train VV village NN women NNS to TO manage VV local JJ water NN supplies NNS enabled VVD the DT fast JJ restoration NN of IN water NN after IN the DT earthquake NN Sucharita NP , , 2001 CD . SENT 27 CD As IN important JJ as IN self NN organization NN is VBZ , , these DT living VVG and CC working VVG conditions NNS left VVD rural JJ women NNS in IN Surendranagar NP highly RB vulnerable JJ to TO the DT effects NNS of IN the DT January NP 26 CD earthquake NN , , as IN they PP have VHP long RB been VBN to TO the DT short JJ and CC long JJ term NN effects NNS of IN prolonged JJ drought NN . SENT Method NN Semi NN structured JJ discussions NNS were VBD conducted VVN through IN focus NN groups NNS in IN 37 CD villages NNS in IN the DT northern JJ region NN of IN Surendranagar NP during IN the DT second JJ week NN of IN March NP , , 2001 CD , , six CD weeks NNS after IN the DT January NP 26 CD earthquake NN . SENT Five CD DMI NP and CC five CD SEWA NP employees NNS worked VVD in IN small JJ research NN teams NNS to TO visit VV these DT remote JJ villages NNS in IN three CD talukas NNS counties NNS of IN northern JJ Surendranagar NP Patdi NP , , Dhangadhra NP , , Halvad NP . SENT They PP recorded VVD their PP$ observations NNS of IN physical JJ damage NN on IN a DT standardized JJ form NN , , and CC conducted VVN group NN discussions NNS lasting VVG an DT average NN of IN 90 CD minutes NNS . SENT Focus NN group NN members NNS were VBD selected VVN in IN a DT two CD step NN process NN . SENT First RB , , the DT local JJ SEWA NP representative NN was VBD asked VVN to TO identify VV three CD women NNS whose WP$ extensive JJ knowledge NN of IN village NN life NN allowed VVD them PP to TO generalize VV about IN the DT community NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT These DT three CD then RB suggested VVN other JJ women NNS to TO be VB invited VVN to TO participate VV in IN the DT study NN , , with IN whom WP the DT travelling VVG research NN team NN then RB met VVD to TO conduct VV focused JJ discussions NNS based VVN on IN semi NN structured JJ questions NNS asked VVN of IN residents NNS in IN other JJ affected JJ regions NNS . SENT The DT unit NN of IN analysis NN is VBZ the DT village NN . SENT No DT descriptive JJ sample NN data NNS are VBP available JJ , , but CC it PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN this DT innovative JJ strategy NN produced VVD a DT sample NN best JJS representing VVG socially RB engaged VVN , , long JJ term NN residents NNS . SENT as IN participants NNS were VBD identified VVN through IN SEWA NP , , most JJS respondents NNS were VBD themselves PP employed VVN and CC low JJ income NN . SENT The DT field NN team NN estimated VVN that IN over IN 90 CD of IN villages NNS are VBP Hindu NP , , many RB born VVN into IN caste NN based VVN work NN in IN agriculture NN and CC animal NN husbandry NN . SENT The DT survey NN elicited VVD information NN from IN village NN women NNS about IN the DT immediate JJ effects NNS of IN the DT earthquake NN and CC the DT overall JJ effects NNS of IN the DT two CD year NN drought NN on IN . SENT 1 CD housing NN . SENT 2 CD work NN . SENT 3 CD water NN resources NNS . SENT 4 CD livestock NN . SENT 5 CD natural JJ resources NNS , , and CC 6 CD social JJ and CC cultural JJ facilities NNS . SENT 28 CD For IN the DT Surendranagar NP study NN , , questions NNS were VBD added VVN to TO the DT existing JJ survey NN used VVN in IN other JJ DMI NP SEWA NP action NN research NN projects NNS . SENT Women NNS were VBD asked VVN to TO report VV on IN their PP$ collective JJ responses NNS to TO these DT two CD disasters NNS , , changes VVZ they PP sought VVD during IN reconstruction NN , , impacts NNS on IN household NN size NN , , and CC patterns NNS of IN vulnerability NN among IN village NN women NNS . SENT 29 CD Completed VVN surveys NNS and CC the DT field NN team's NNS empirical JJ observations NNS of IN damage NN are VBP the DT basis NN for IN findings NNS reported VVD below RB . SENT 30 CD Impacts NNS on IN Women's NP Work NP . SENT Findings NNS and CC Implications NNS Overall RB , , women NNS spoke VVD first JJ and CC most RBS strongly RB about IN the DT lack NN of IN paid VVN work NN , , a DT pre NP existing JJ problem NN made VVD acute JJ by IN the DT January NP earthquake NN . SENT a DT second JJ major JJ concern NN was VBD lack NN of IN housing NN , , especially RB for IN children NNS and CC others NNS still RB sleeping VVG outside IN as IN the DT rainy JJ season NN approached VVD . SENT third JJ , , women NNS cited VVD lack NN of IN water NN and CC water NN resources NNS . SENT Difficulty NN locating VVG nutritious JJ food NN and CC navigating VVG rural JJ roads NNS were VBD also RB concerns NNS . SENT Though IN no DT data NNS were VBD collected VVN on IN the DT point NN , , the DT field NN team NN reported VVD their PP$ sense NN that IN Surendranagar NP women NNS were VBD thinking VVG positively RB and CC focused VVN on IN the DT future NN , , and CC that DT close JJ living NN quarters NNS and CC mutual JJ aid NN appeared VVD to TO have VH increased VVN solidarity NN across IN caste NN lines NNS , , between IN women NNS and CC men NNS , , and CC among IN extended JJ families NNS brought VVD together RB by IN the DT quake NN . SENT Intersecting VVG Vulnerabilities NNS In IN any DT community NN , , some DT are VBP more RBR vulnerable JJ than IN others NNS to TO the DT unexpected JJ . SENT Age NN , , class NN , , and CC caste NN clearly RB differentiated VVD women's NNS experiences NNS during IN the DT drought NN and CC earthquake NN . SENT Regarding VVG social JJ class NN differences NNS , , which WDT cross VVP cut VV caste NN identities NNS , , women NNS from IN 23 CD villages NNS 62 RB observed VVD that DT low JJ income NN women NNS were VBD most RBS hurt VVN by IN the DT intersecting VVG effects NNS of IN the DT embedded VVN disasters NNS . SENT Among IN middle JJ class NN women NNS , , the DT quake NN appeared VVD to TO have VH more JJR impact NN than IN the DT drought NN . SENT Women NNS in IN Scheduled JJ and CC Backward RB Castes NNS linked VVN to TO low JJ status NN agricultural JJ labor NN and CC animal NN husbandry NN were VBD judged VVN by IN respondents NNS to TO be VB most RBS hard RB hit VVN . SENT Koli NP , , Bhervad NP , , and CC Dalit NP women NNS were VBD seen VVN as IN particularly RB affected VVN in IN more JJR than IN half PDT the DT villages NNS surveyed VVN . SENT these DT women NNS were VBD seen VVN to TO bear VV the DT brunt NN of IN drought NN 14 CD villages NNS , , or CC 38 CD and CC particularly RB of IN the DT recent JJ earthquake NN 24 CD villages NNS , , or CC 65 CD . SENT Regarding VVG age NN , , in IN some DT villages NNS young JJ girls NNS and CC elderly JJ widows NNS were VBD seen VVN as IN those DT most RBS heavily RB impacted VVN . SENT widows NNS as IN a DT group NN were VBD seen VVN as RB in IN great JJ need NN of IN paid VVN work NN as IN well RB as RB help VV repairing VVG their PP$ homes NNS . SENT However RB , , more JJR villagers NNS identified VVD middle JJ aged VVN women NNS as IN those DT most RBS impacted VVN , , presumably RB reflecting VVG their PP$ extensive JJ and CC life NN cycle NN related VVN roles NNS as IN family NN earners NNS and CC caregivers NNS . SENT Housing NN and CC Livestock NN Losses NNS Personal JJ injuries NNS were VBD reported VVN by IN women NNS in IN 19 CD villages NNS and CC deaths NNS in IN 5 CD . SENT most JJS women NNS reported VVD that IN people NNS in IN their PP$ village NN had VHD lost VVN personal JJ possessions NNS as RB well RB as IN livestock NN . SENT Respondents NNS from IN 21 CD villages NNS 57 RB reported VVD that IN more JJR than IN 70 CD of IN local JJ dwellings NNS were VBD damaged VVN or CC destroyed VVN , , including VVG 11 CD villages NNS in IN which WDT every DT structure NN sustained VVD damage NN exceeding VVG 70 CD Table NN 2 CD . SENT 31 CD Table NN 2 CD Damage NN to TO housing NN 20 CD or CC less JJR damageN NN 10 CD 27 CD 20 CD 70 CD damgageN NN 6 CD 16 CD Over IN 70 CD damageN NN 21 CD 57 CD Joghad NP n NN 570 CD Nimaknagar NP n NN 474 CD Koparani NP n NN 343 CD Virendragdha NP n NN 300 CD Surel NP n NN 645 CD Rozwa NP n NN 675 CD Kuda NP n NN 2376 CD Susvan NP n NN 386 CD Narichana NP n NN 519 CD Odu NP n NN 700 CD Thada NP n NN 570 CD Savlas NP n NN 550 CD Jinjuwada NP n NN 2100 CD Hadvad NP GIDC NP n NN 1200 CD Patadi NP n NN 4194 CD Jenabad NP n NN 1500 CD Kidi NP n NN 506 CD Chaldhra NP n NN 117 CD Old NP Devadia NP n NN 1125 CD Khod NP n NN 130 CD Ajitgath NP n NN 421 CD Miyani NP n NN 291 CD Tikar NP n NN 1621 CD Narali NP n NN 300 CD Moti NP Malvan NP n NN 1500 CD Mangalpur NP n NN 125 CD Bharuda NP n NN 572 CD Degam NP n NN 456 CD Sultanpur NP n NN 185 CD Kherva NP n NN 1100 CD Sedla NP n NN 500 CD Jesada NP n NN 500 CD Dhama NP n NN 314 CD Iesanpur NP n NN 433 CD Vusavadi NP n NN 441 CD Mithaghoda NP n NN 325 CD New NP Enjar NP n NN 230 CD Insufficient JJ Income NN In IN only RB one CD of IN these DT 37 CD villages NNS was VBD embroidery NN work NN common JJ , , in IN contrast NN to TO women's NP work NN in IN the DT district NN of IN Kutch NP . SENT Instead RB , , these DT villagers NNS earn VVP money NN primarily RB through IN a DT combination NN of IN salt NN farming NN , , farm NN labor NN , , gum NN collecting NN , , animal NN husbandry NN , , tree NN nursery NN work NN , , and CC construction NN . SENT Both CC the DT quake NN and CC the DT extended JJ drought NN appeared VVD to TO hit VV two CD groups NNS of IN women NNS especially RB . SENT women NNS who WP worked VVD as RB waged VVD agricultural JJ laborers NNS and CC women NNS employed VVN as IN salt NN farmers NNS . SENT The DT prevalence NN of IN women's NN occupations NNS in IN the DT village NN sample NN and CC disaster NN related VVN effects NNS on IN these DT occupations NNS are VBP summarized VVN in IN Table NN 3 CD . SENT Table NN 3 CD Impacts NNS on IN rural JJ women's NNS income NN generating NN activities NNS Type NN of IN work NN Women NNS do VVP this DT work NN in IN this DT village NN Women's NP work NN was VBD or CC is VBZ still RB interrupted VVN Waged VVD agricltural JJ labor NN 34 CD villages NNS 92 CD 14 CD villages NNS 38 CD Salt NP farming NN 33 CD villages NNS 89 CD 14 CD villages NNS 38 CD Other JJ e NN . SENT g NN . SENT soil NN digging NN , , masonry NN 21 CD villages NNS 57 CD 11 CD villages NNS 30 CD Gum NP collection NN 10 CD villages NNS 27 CD 6 CD villages NNS 16 CD Plantation NN nursery NN 9 CD villages NNS 24 CD 5 CD villages NNS 14 CD Dairy NN 7 CD villages NNS 19 CD 6 CD villages NNS 16 CD In IN seven CD villages NNS 19 CD , , salt NN farming NN stopped VVN and CC had VHD not RB restarted VVN at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT survey NN six CD weeks NNS after IN the DT earthquake NN . SENT in IN another DT seven CD villages NNS , , it PP stopped VVD and CC then RB resumed VVD . SENT Salt NN pans NNS used VVN for IN drying VVG saline JJ water NN were VBD cracked VVN and CC could MD not RB be VB used VVN reported VVN in IN 18 CD villages NNS , , or CC 49 CD . SENT borewells NNS through IN which WDT water NN was VBD drawn VVN to TO the DT surface NN were VBD damaged VVN five CD villages NNS . SENT and CC women NNS were VBD reluctant JJ to TO leave VV children NNS unattended JJ at IN home NN to TO travel VV to TO work VV three CD villages NNS . SENT The DT quake NN also RB had VHD dramatic JJ effects NNS on IN complex JJ underground JJ hydrological JJ systems NNS . SENT black JJ water NN generally RB contaminated VVN by IN salt NN was VBD reported VVN in IN five CD of IN these DT villages NNS , , though IN they PP were VBD located VVN far RB from IN the DT seismic JJ epicenter NN . SENT As IN these DT changes NNS significantly RB reduced VVD the DT demand NN for IN female JJ labor NN , , they PP have VHP significant JJ implications NNS for IN long JJ term NN regional JJ and CC household JJ economic JJ recovery NN . SENT Regarding VVG farm NN labor NN , , 14 CD villages NNS 38 RB reported VVD no DT work NN available JJ for IN women NNS following VVG the DT earthquake NN , , primarily RB due JJ to TO damage VV to TO land NN and CC crops NNS . SENT in IN six CD of IN these DT villages NNS , , work NN had VHD not RB yet RB resumed VVN at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT survey NN . SENT Though IN lack NN of IN rain NN , , seeds NNS , , crops NNS , , and CC money NN to TO purchase NN seeds NNS were VBD seen VVN as IN drought NN related VVN losses NNS that IN reduced JJ farm NN employment NN for IN women NNS well RB before IN the DT quake NN , , women NNS more RBR often RB spoke VVD of IN work NN stopping VVG due JJ to TO earthquake NN in IN 14 CD villages NNS than IN to TO drought NN in IN eight CD villages NNS . SENT Gum NN collection NN and CC plantation NN work NN were VBD also RB more RBR affected VVN by IN earthquake NN than IN drought NN . SENT data NNS were VBD not RB available JJ on IN this DT point NN regarding VVG salt NN farming NN and CC dairy NN work NN . SENT Women NNS also RB reportedly RB earned VVN money NN through IN relief NN work NN soil NN digging NN , , rubble NN clearing NN , , related VVN to TO the DT drought NN in IN 17 CD villages NNS and CC to TO the DT quake NN in IN 20 CD . SENT However RB , , these DT accounts NNS do VVP not RB distinguish VV between IN anticipated JJ relief NN work NN and CC relief NN work NN earning VVG impacted VVN women NNS money NN at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT survey NN . SENT 32 CD Deteriorating VVG Natural NP Resources NPS Drought NN conditions NNS in IN desert NN regions NNS like IN Surendranagar NP greatly RB extend VV the DT time NN women NNS must MD spend VV gathering VVG water NN and CC fodder NN . SENT When WRB water NN conservation NN systems NNS are VBP damaged VVN , , as IN they PP were VBD as IN a DT result NN of IN the DT drought NN and CC earthquake NN across IN Gujarat NN , , women's NNS work VVP increases NNS correspondingly RB . SENT Communal JJ village NN wells NNS , , present JJ in IN 30 CD of IN the DT 37 CD villages NNS , , were VBD damaged VVN by IN the DT quake NN in IN 11 CD cases NNS , , largely RB by IN cave NN ins NNS or CC increased JJ salinity NN . SENT Lack NN of IN rain NN had VHD already RB dried VVN up RP these DT wells NNS in IN l NN 0 CD villages NNS . SENT The DT quake NN also RB damaged VVN tankas NNS large JJ , , above IN ground NN storage NN tanks NNS provided VVN by IN the DT government NN to TO help VV collect VV and CC conserve VV rainwater NN . SENT These DT were VBD present JJ in IN 34 CD of IN the DT 37 CD villages NNS . SENT In IN 19 CD cases NNS 51 CD , , tankas NNS cracked VVD or CC were VBD otherwise RB damaged VVN by IN the DT earthquake NN . SENT in IN 11 CD cases NNS , , they PP were VBD unusable JJ due RB to TO drought NN . SENT Most JJS villages NNS 33 RB also RB maintain VV community NN ponds NNS used VVN by IN livestock NN . SENT The DT earthquake NN damaged VVN or CC destroyed VVN these DT ponds NNS in IN 10 CD cases NNS , , for IN example NN by IN cracking VVG pond NN linings NNS or CC damaging JJ bunds NNS embankments NNS . SENT These DT ponds NNS , , too RB , , had VHD deteriorated VVN due RB to TO lack NN of IN rain NN long RB before IN the DT earthquake NN . SENT in IN 15 CD villages NNS , , the DT pond NN was VBD completely RB dry JJ . SENT Standposts NNS and CC borewells NNS sustained VVD long JJ term NN and CC short JJ term NN damage NN from IN both CC the DT drought NN and CC quake NN . SENT In IN six CD villages NNS , , women NNS reported VVD that DT water NN from IN borewells NNS suddenly RB turned VVD saline NN after IN the DT quake NN . SENT in IN six CD villages NNS , , it PP was VBD saline JJ due RB to TO the DT drought NN . SENT Standposts NNS were VBD damaged VVN in IN 11 CD villages NNS by IN the DT earthquake NN . SENT drought NN caused VVD standposts NNS to TO stop VV providing VVG water NN in IN seven CD villages NNS . SENT Household JJ Changes NP Household NN coping VVG strategies NNS often RB include VVP migrating VVG for IN waged VVD labor NN and CC consolidating VVG the DT resources NNS of IN the DT extended JJ family NN . SENT Changes NNS in IN household NN size NN and CC residence NN were VBD reported VVN following VVG both CC the DT drought NN and CC quake NN . SENT While IN migration NN away RB from IN villages NNS to TO cities NNS was VBD attributed VVN to TO the DT earthquake NN in IN 12 CD villages NNS 32 CD , , in IN nearly RB half JJ of IN these DT communities NNS 18 CD villages NNS , , or CC 49 CD , , women NNS observed VVD city NN kin NN dealing VVG with IN quake NN losses NNS by IN returning VVG to TO their PP$ extended JJ families NNS in IN rural JJ Surendranagar NP . SENT This DT pattern NN was VBD reversed VVN regarding VVG drought NN . SENT Lack NN of IN rain NN caused VVD more JJR migration NN away RB from IN villages NNS to TO cities NNS reported VVN in IN 15 CD villages NNS , , or CC 41 CD than IN movement NN from IN cities NNS back RB to TO home NN villages NNS , , reported VVN in IN eight CD 22 CD of IN all DT villages NNS . SENT Family NN size NN was VBD seen VVN to TO increase VV more JJR in IN the DT wake NN of IN the DT quake NN reported VVD in IN 14 CD vilages NNS , , or CC 38 CD than IN as IN a DT result NN of IN the DT drought NN in IN 12 CD villages NNS , , or CC 32 CD . SENT Declining VVG Social NP Security NP Poor NP rural JJ women NNS in IN this DT region NN were VBD also RB hard RB hit VV when WRB these DT concurrent JJ disasters NNS disrupted VVD the DT few JJ existing JJ social JJ support NN systems NNS . SENT In IN 28 CD of IN 37 CD villages NNS 76 CD , , nutritional JJ shakti NN packets NNS were VBD available JJ to TO help VV low JJ income NN women NNS feed VVP their PP$ families NNS but CC were VBD temporarily RB disrupted VVN due JJ to TO the DT drought NN in IN four CD villages NNS and CC the DT earthquake NN in IN six CD villages NNS . SENT Savings NP groups NNS were VBD present JJ in IN 25 CD villages NNS but CC women's NNS access NN to TO the DT small JJ loans NNS they PP offer VVP declined VVD following VVG the DT quake NN in IN eight CD villages NNS . SENT in IN only RB two CD villages NNS were VBD they PP disrupted VVN by IN the DT drought NN . SENT Some DT degree NN of IN local JJ schooling NN was VBD available JJ in IN all DT 37 CD villages NNS . SENT women NNS in IN 27 CD villages NNS 73 RB reported VVD that DT schools NNS stopped VVD temporarily RB and CC then RB restarted VVN in IN makeshift JJ locations NNS , , despite IN the DT total JJ destruction NN of IN schools NNS in IN 17 CD villages NNS 46 CD . SENT In IN contrast NN , , the DT drought NN appears VVZ to TO have VH had VHN a DT less RBR immediate JJ impact NN on IN education NN , , and CC hence RB on IN future JJ earning NN power NN , , though IN families NNS have VHP had VHD to TO keep VV both DT girls NNS and CC boys NNS out RP of IN school NN to TO help VV with IN family NN earning VVG and CC caregiving VVG . SENT Girls NNS are VBP burdened VVN by IN increased JJ responsibility NN for IN the DT care NN of IN siblings NNS as IN mothers NNS search VVP for IN waged VVD work VV and CC work VV harder RBR at IN domestic JJ tasks NNS in IN living VVG conditions NNS made VVN much RB more RBR difficult JJ by IN the DT quake NN . SENT Health NN services NNS , , only RB available JJ in IN 20 CD of IN these DT villages NNS 54 CD before IN the DT earthquake NN , , stopped VVD entirely RB in IN six CD villages NNS . SENT again RB , , the DT drought NN had VHD a DT smaller JJR impact NN , , though IN services NNS did VVD stop VV entirely RB in IN one CD community NN . SENT The DT earthquake NN damaged VVN or CC destroyed VVN a DT great JJ many JJ community NN buildings NNS , , including VVG panchayat NN offices NNS , , community NN centers NNS , , and CC temples NNS . SENT Women NNS in IN 14 CD villages NNS lost VVD their PP$ local JJ temple NN . SENT in IN l NN 0 CD villages NNS , , government NN offices NNS were VBD destroyed VVN . SENT in IN six CD villages NNS , , the DT quake NN destroyed VVD the DT community NN centers NNS in IN which WDT many JJ local JJ activities NNS are VBP conducted VVN . SENT Increased JJ Community NP Work NN Asked VVD how WRB women NNS were VBD becoming VVG involved VVN in IN grassroots NNS disaster NN response NN , , respondents NNS in IN 21 CD villages NNS 57 RB observed VVD that DT women NNS were VBD already RB participating VVG in IN community NN meetings NNS about IN the DT quake NN . SENT in IN 18 CD villages NNS 49 CD , , they PP also RB meet VVP with IN other JJ villagers NNS to TO address VV drought NN issues NNS . SENT In IN 10 CD villages NNS , , women NNS noted VVD their PP$ contribution NN of IN information NN to TO previous JJ disaster NN studies NNS drought NN related VVN , , not RB including VVG the DT 37 CD villages NNS participating VVG in IN this DT study NN of IN earthquake NN effects NNS . SENT Women NNS envisioned VVN an DT array NN of IN possibilities NNS for IN post NN quake NN reconstruction NN . SENT In IN 15 CD villages NNS 41 CD , , they PP sought VVD improved JJ child NN care NN centers NNS that WDT could MD be VB rebuilt VVD closer RBR to TO their PP$ workplaces NNS and CC home NN villages NNS . SENT in IN 13 CD villages NNS 35 CD , , more JJR earthquake NN resistant JJ homes NNS built VVN from IN bricks NNS rather RB than IN stones NNS . SENT in IN 13 CD 35 CD , , more RBR collective JJ action NN to TO increase VV ways NNS for IN women NNS to TO earn VV income NN . SENT in IN 12 CD villages NNS 32 CD , , higher JJR wages NNS , , especially RB for IN salt NN farmers NNS . SENT and CC in IN 13 CD villages NNS 35 CD , , skills NNS training NN in IN masonry NN . SENT At IN the DT time NN of IN the DT survey NN , , women NNS in IN six CD villages NNS 16 JJ had VHD already RB received VVN masonry NN training NN . SENT Discussion NN and CC Implications NNS The DT research NN strategy NN employed VVN in IN this DT study NN lays VVZ a DT foundation NN for IN follow VV up RP evaluation NN of IN how WRB prolonged JJ lack NN of IN rain NN and CC the DT sudden JJ transformations NNS of IN a DT major JJ earthquake NN alter VV the DT economic JJ status NN of IN rural JJ women NNS in IN places NNS like IN Surendranagar NP . SENT At IN this DT point NN , , three CD conclusions NNS relevant JJ to TO reconstruction NN planning NN are VBP evident JJ . SENT First RB , , women's NNS unpaid JJ domestic JJ and CC community NN work NN greatly RB expanded VVN , , a DT pattern NN often RB observed VVD e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , Morrow NP and CC Enarson NP , , 1996 CD but CC rarely RB theorized VVD by IN analysts NNS focused VVN on IN business NN and CC labor NN impacts NNS . SENT Disasters NNS create VVP more JJR work NN for IN all DT survivors NNS , , but CC women's NNS time NN and CC energy NN are VBP especially RB impacted VVN by IN deteriorating VVG working VVG conditions NNS and CC new JJ needs NNS . SENT Larger JJR households NNS mean VVP more JJR people NNS with IN more JJR needs NNS , , and CC damage NN to TO water NN and CC fodder NN systems NNS increases VVZ the DT time NN women NNS must MD spend VV on IN daily JJ chores NNS . SENT Domestic JJ labor NN continues VVZ unabated JJ but CC under IN more JJR difficult JJ conditions NNS . SENT Women NNS must MD still RB provide VV food NN and CC water NN for IN the DT household NN and CC tend VVP animals NNS desperately RB in IN need NN of IN water NN and CC fodder NN . SENT they PP cook VV and CC clean VV in IN hot JJ tents NNS or CC under IN plastic JJ sheeting NN , , supervise VVP children NNS at IN play NN in IN rubble NN and CC studying VVG in IN makeshift JJ schools NNS , , and CC care NN for IN the DT ill JJ and CC injured VVN out RP of IN doors NNS , , without IN ready JJ water NN or CC food NN . SENT A DT DMI NP researcher NN commented VVD on IN gender NN labor NN in IN a DT disaster NN . SENT Men NNS have VHP the DT time NN to TO sit VV and CC think VV about RB but CC women NNS have VHP to TO start VV their PP$ activities NNS immediately RB . SENT Immediately RB after IN the DT earthquake NN , , she PP has VHZ to TO prepare VV foods NNS , , she PP has VHZ to TO gather VV water NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Women NNS do VVP not RB have VH this DT time NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Women NNS have VHP to TO do VV many JJ activities NNS men NNS have VHP to TO do VV only RB one CD or CC two CD activities NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT She PP starts VVZ from IN early JJ morning NN and CC goes VVZ to TO 8 CD or CC 9 CD at IN night NN . SENT Women's NP work NN continues VVZ . SENT The DT labor NN of IN women NNS and CC girls NNS cushions VVZ the DT shocks NNS to TO families NNS when WRB schools NNS , , child NN care NN centers NNS , , and CC health NN centers NNS close JJ , , whether IN due JJ to TO the DT sudden JJ losses NNS caused VVN by IN an DT extreme JJ weather NN event NN or CC the DT insidious JJ erosion NN of IN state NN spending NN due JJ to TO privatization NN . SENT 33 CD Women's NP already RB full JJ days NNS expand VVP to TO include VV political JJ work NN at IN the DT community NN level NN to TO deal VV with IN deteriorating VVG living NN conditions NNS , , for IN example NN drought NN and CC quake NN induced VVD loss NN of IN health NN and CC nutrition NN services NNS . SENT This DT , , too RB , , means VVZ more JJR work NN for IN women NNS , , whose WP$ unpaid JJ community NN labor NN is VBZ an DT essential JJ community NN resource NN in IN the DT best JJS of IN times NNS and CC vitally RB needed VVN in IN emergencies NNS . SENT Gender NN analysis NN of IN all DT relief NN , , recovery NN , , and CC reconstruction NN projects NNS is VBZ essential JJ in IN order NN to TO assess VV and CC monitor VV their PP$ direct JJ and CC indirect JJ impacts NNS on IN women's NN time NN and CC resources NNS . SENT Gender VV equitable JJ reconstruction NN is VBZ not RB possible JJ without IN this DT perspective NN on IN economic JJ recovery NN . SENT Second RB , , because IN rural JJ women's NNS work NN is VBZ so RB highly RB resource NN dependent JJ , , they PP suffer VVP immediate JJ unemployment NN and CC indirect JJ loss NN due JJ to TO the DT ripple JJ effects NNS of IN degraded VVN natural JJ resources NNS . SENT Water NN resources NNS are VBP a DT case NN in IN point NN . SENT Already RB undependable JJ water NN sources NNS were VBD rendered VVN useless JJ in IN some DT cases NNS by IN the DT earthquake NN , , while IN elsewhere RB the DT quality NN of IN water NN deteriorated VVN . SENT As IN women NNS are VBP responsible JJ for IN water NN gathering NN , , more RBR limited JJ water NN supplies NNS translates VVZ into IN less JJR time NN for IN income NN generating NN work NN . SENT Lack NN of IN water NN also RB obviously RB reduces VVZ women's NN opportunities NNS to TO earn VV money NN through RB waged VVD labor NN on IN local JJ farms NNS . SENT When WRB alterations NNS in IN hydrologic JJ systems NNS affect VVP salinized JJ water NN , , women NNS whose WP$ income NN depends VVZ on IN water NN may MD lose VV a DT reliable JJ , , if IN limited VVN , , source NN of IN income NN . SENT Women NNS salt NN farmers NNS , , who WP are VBP 50 CD of IN the DT migratory JJ labor NN force NN to TO the DT Little NP Rann NP , , are VBP at IN risk NN of IN long JJ lasting JJ economic JJ stress NN under IN these DT conditions NNS , , which WDT may MD force VV them PP out RP of IN villages NNS and CC into IN informal JJ work NN in IN cities NNS . SENT Women's NP local JJ knowledge NN and CC historical JJ perspective NN on IN natural JJ resource NN based VVN employment NN is VBZ an DT essential JJ asset NN to TO economic JJ planners NNS working VVG at IN the DT community NN level NN . SENT Their PP$ work NN as IN guardians NNS , , users NNS , , and CC managers NNS of IN scarce JJ natural JJ resources NNS positions VVZ them PP as IN experts NNS in IN the DT decisions NNS to TO come VV about IN how WRB to TO rebuild VV in IN ways NNS that WDT mitigate VV damage NN from IN future JJ disasters NNS . SENT Across IN castes NNS , , classes NNS , , and CC ages NNS , , women's NNS inside RB out IN perspectives NNS on IN environments NNS , , disasters NNS , , and CC development NN must MD be VB brought VVN to TO bear VV on IN the DT question NN of IN reconstructing VVG Gujarat's NP economy NN . SENT Third JJ , , these DT events NNS cost NN women NNS money NN they PP could MD not RB afford VV to TO lose VV , , leaving VVG them PP and CC those DT who WP depend VVP on IN their PP$ income NN at IN greater JJR risk NN in IN future JJ disasters NNS and CC complicating VVG their PP$ ability NN to TO move VV forward RB . SENT While IN their PP$ economic JJ need NN to TO work VV increased VVN , , women's NNS time NN and CC options NNS for IN waged VVD labor NN declined VVD . SENT This DT contradiction NN makes VVZ the DT chronic JJ economic JJ insecurity NN of IN poor JJ rural JJ women NNS an DT acute JJ condition NN , , a DT way NN of IN living NN that WDT must MD be VB addressed VVN in IN the DT process NN of IN developing VVG regional JJ economic JJ recovery NN strategies NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO recognize VV the DT economic JJ vulnerability NN of IN low JJ status NN workers NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , women NNS salt NN farmers NNS or CC gum NN harvesters NNS as RB well RB as IN those DT whose WP$ skills NNS are VBP more RBR colorful JJ and CC highly RB valued VVN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , women NNS artisans NNS . SENT More RBR positively RB , , women's NNS paid VVD work NN , , working VVG conditions NNS , , and CC worker NN associations NNS may MD come VV under IN scrutiny NN in IN communities NNS , , institutions NNS , , and CC relationships NNS where WRB routine JJ patterns NNS and CC expectations NNS have VHP been VBN so RB profoundly RB disrupted VVN . SENT To TO the DT degree NN that IN this DT window NN of IN opportunity NN is VBZ exploited VVN , , women NNS may MD benefit VV e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , through IN ILO NP initiatives NNS from IN skills NNS training NN and CC alternate JJ employment NN opportunities NNS Delaney NP and CC Shrader NP , , 2000 CD . SENT from IN gender NN equitable JJ housing NN design NN and CC ownership NN policies NNS Bari NP , , 1997 CD , , from IN more JJR women NNS friendly JJ features NNS in IN newly RB constructed VVN communities NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , better JJR and CC closer JJR child NN care NN centers NNS , , and CC perhaps RB from IN finding VVG new JJ avenues NNS of IN political JJ and CC cultural JJ expression NN Vaughan NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Enarson NP , , 2000 CD a DT . SENT Soares NP and CC Mullings NP , , 2001 CD . SENT Conversely RB , , disproportionate JJ emphasis NN on IN economic JJ losses NNS centered VVN on IN direct JJ losses NNS in IN the DT formal JJ sector NN will MD disadvantage NN women's NNS economic JJ recovery NN . SENT Research NN Needs NNS Community NN based VVN action NN research NN is VBZ an DT essential JJ planning NN tool NN for IN private JJ and CC public JJ responders NNS , , and CC a DT process NN that WDT can MD help VV give VV survivors NNS a DT voice NN in IN the DT fashioning VVG of IN the DT future NN . SENT At IN the DT state NN and CC national JJ level NN , , economic JJ reconstruction NN planning NN must MD be VB informed VVN by IN knowledge NN about IN the DT gendered JJ division NN of IN labor NN in IN the DT home NN , , in IN agriculture NN , , in IN formal JJ employment NN , , and CC in IN the DT informal JJ sector NN . SENT Clearly RB , , more JJR gender NN specific JJ data NNS are VBP needed VVN to TO anticipate VV , , mitigate VV , , and CC respond VV to TO the DT likely JJ economic JJ consequences NNS of IN disasters NNS on IN women NNS , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT regarding VVG wage NN rates NNS , , disability NN , , unemployment NN , , labor NN force NN participation NN rates NNS , , business NN recovery NN , , paid VVN relief NN work NN projects NNS , , and CC training NN programs NNS . SENT The DT major JJ findings NNS of IN this DT survey NN can MD and CC should MD be VB tested VVN using VVG different JJ methods NNS , , in IN other JJ populations NNS , , and CC over IN time NN in IN order NN to TO contribute VV substantively RB to TO gender VV equitable JJ reconstruction NN in IN Gujarat NP . SENT Qualitative JJ research NN strategies NNS allowing VVG survivors NNS to TO articulate VV their PP$ experiences NNS , , feelings NNS , , ideas NNS , , needs NNS , , and CC demands NNS are VBP essential JJ if IN disaster NN social JJ science NN is VBZ to TO generate VV knowledge NN and CC insight NN useful JJ to TO those DT most JJS at IN risk NN . SENT Comparative JJ analysis NN of IN these DT findings NNS is VBZ also RB needed VVN across IN regions NNS and CC nations NNS , , in IN urban JJ contexts NNS , , and CC between IN women NNS and CC men NNS Enarson NP , , 2001 CD . SENT This DT study NN helps VVZ fill VV a DT void NN about IN the DT particular JJ experiences NNS of IN vulnerable JJ women NNS , , who WP are VBP so RB severely RB impacted VVN and CC yet RB so RB systematically RB silenced VVN in IN disaster NN decision NN making NN . SENT Students NNS of IN disaster NN , , and CC disaster NN responders NNS also RB need VVP concrete JJ knowledge NN about IN gender NN issues NNS in IN men's JJ lives NNS , , for IN example NN disaster NN related VVN changes NNS in IN the DT division NN of IN labor NN , , men's NNS paid VVD and CC unpaid JJ work NN , , men NNS as IN caregivers NNS in IN disasters NNS , , interpersonal JJ violence NN , , and CC other JJ under IN investigated VVN topics NNS . SENT This DT study NN did VVD not RB speak VV to TO the DT question NN of IN indirect JJ or CC long JJ term NN economic JJ effects NNS or CC to TO disaster NN related JJ changes NNS in IN the DT gender NN division NN of IN labor NN , , but CC these DT are VBP important JJ issues NNS . SENT Longitudinal JJ study NN of IN gender NN , , work NN , , and CC reconstruction NN is VBZ essential JJ to TO grasp VV the DT long JJ term NN , , indirect JJ , , dynamic JJ , , and CC holistic JJ effects NNS of IN natural JJ disasters NNS on IN poor JJ rural JJ women NNS . SENT Clearly RB , , the DT snapshot NN profile NN afforded VVN by IN needs NNS assessment NN surveys VVZ cannot NN capture VV this DT knowledge NN . SENT Postdisaster JJR shifts NNS in IN women's NP income NN generating NN opportunities NNS in IN emerging VVG economies NNS , , and CC in IN the DT regional JJ and CC global JJ economies NNS to TO which WDT they PP are VBP tied VVN , , must MD also RB be VB monitored VVN as IN they PP will MD impact VV women's NN livelihoods NNS long RB after IN houses NNS and CC businesses NNS are VBP rebuilt VVD . SENT Organizational JJ and CC program NN evaluation NN research NN will MD also RB be VB needed VVN in IN Gujarat NP . SENT Monitoring VVG the DT short JJ and CC long JJ term NN effects NNS of IN housing NN , , economic JJ , , and CC community NN reconstruction NN projects NNS on IN women's NN income NN , , time NN , , and CC employment NN is VBZ an DT important JJ research NN topic NN . SENT Will MD homes NNS , , businesses NNS , , and CC communities NNS be VB reconstructed VVN in IN ways NNS that WDT reflect VVP an DT understanding NN of IN women's NNS working VVG lives NNS . SENT How WRB will MD women NNS workers NNS short JJ term NN needs NNS and CC long JJ term NN interests NNS as IN income NN earners NNS be VB monitored VVN and CC addressed VVN in IN the DT difficult JJ years NNS ahead RB . SENT How WRB transparent JJ , , accountable JJ , , timely JJ , , appropriate JJ , , and CC gender VV equitable JJ will NN economic JJ rehabilitation NN be VB in IN Gujarat NN . SENT 34 RB These DT questions NNS need VVP answers NNS if IN the DT region NN is VBZ to TO rebuild VV in IN ways NNS that WDT reduce VVP , , rather RB than IN reconstruct VV , , gendered JJ vulnerability NN . SENT Conclusion NN Finally RB , , the DT study NN invites VVZ some DT general JJ observations NNS . SENT First RB , , understanding VVG the DT economic JJ impacts NNS of IN disasters NNS demands NNS understanding VVG economic JJ vulnerability NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , what WP the DT root NN causes NNS are VBP that IN create VV living VVG conditions NNS leaving VVG the DT great JJ majority NN of IN the DT world's JJ people NNS without IN secure JJ food NN , , water NN , , housing NN , , or CC food NN , , and CC often RB without IN personal JJ safety NN or CC political JJ voice NN . SENT Both CC an DT historical JJ perspective NN and CC livelihoods NNS analysis NN are VBP needed VVN to TO do VV justice NN to TO the DT complex JJ and CC creative JJ ways NNS in IN which WDT ordinary JJ people NNS across IN the DT globe NN not RB only RB in IN developing VVG nations NNS or CC in IN rural JJ regions NNS like IN Surendranagar NP mix NN and CC mingle VV work NN with IN different JJ meanings NNS , , structure NN , , and CC conditions NNS . SENT 35 CD Secondly RB , , without IN gender NN analysis NN , , a DT good JJ deal NN of IN what WP is VBZ important JJ to TO know VV about IN disasters NNS may MD be VB missed VVN . SENT 36 CD Regarding VVG work NN , , a DT single NN minded VVD focus NN on IN losses NNS easy JJ to TO measure VV e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , GDP NP , , business NN closures NNS , , insurance NN payments NNS , , employment NN rates NNS directs VVZ attention NN to TO the DT formal JJ economy NN and CC the DT private JJ sector NN , , and CC hence RB to TO men NNS . SENT This DT constructs VVZ a DT knowledge NN gap NN about IN disasters NNS that WDT robs VVZ planners NNS of IN insight NN into IN women's NN role NN as IN food NN producers NNS , , their PP$ income NN generating NN activities NNS in IN the DT vibrant JJ informal JJ economy NN , , professional JJ women's NNS disaster NN relevant JJ skills NNS , , and CC the DT vulnerability NN of IN women NNS as IN contingent JJ workers NNS in IN national JJ economies NNS shaped VVN by IN continued JJ losses NNS from IN extreme JJ events NNS . SENT Women's NP struggle NN over IN time NN to TO cope VV with IN embedded VVN disasters NNS cannot NN otherwise RB be VB understood VVN . SENT Third JJ , , we PP have VHP learned VVN that IN mitigation NN , , crisis NN response NN , , and CC long JJ term NN reconstruction NN are VBP advanced JJ when WRB disaster NN impacted VVN neighborhoods NNS and CC communities NNS are VBP cohesive JJ , , integrated JJ , , and CC organized JJ Maskrey NP , , 1989 CD . SENT Comfort NP , , 1995 CD . SENT Berke NP and CC Beatley NP , , 1997 CD . SENT In IN disasters NNS , , as RB in IN development NN planning NN and CC organization NN , , grassroots NNS organizations NNS are VBP increasingly RB recognized VVN as IN resources NNS in IN crisis NN , , planning VVG partners NNS , , and CC leaders NNS in IN community NN based VVN mitigation NN . SENT We PP must MD also RB appreciate VV their PP$ role NN in IN creating VVG new JJ knowledge NN by IN , , about RB , , and CC for IN those DT people NNS most RBS at IN risk NN and CC most RBS engaged VVN in IN mitigating VVG and CC responding VVG to TO extreme JJ events NNS , , among IN them PP the DT rural JJ women NNS profiled VVN here RB . SENT This DT study NN was VBD possible JJ only RB because IN DMI NP and CC SEWA NP had VHD deep JJ roots NNS in IN the DT women's NP communities NNS they PP studied VVD and CC an DT understanding NN of IN how WRB action NN and CC inaction NN now RB will MD shape VV community NN vulnerability NN and CC resilience NN in IN the DT future NN . SENT Finally RB , , the DT economic JJ and CC social JJ impacts NNS of IN disasters NNS cannot NN be VB understood VVN if IN disasters NNS are VBP treated VVN conceptually RB as IN discrete JJ events NNS rather RB than IN as IN the DT social JJ processes NNS they PP are VBP sparked VVN by IN naturally RB occurring VVG events NNS , , but CC arising VVG from IN the DT social JJ organization NN , , history NN , , culture NN , , and CC physical JJ environment NN of IN people NNS and CC place NN . SENT Every DT disaster NN has VHZ a DT history NN , , and CC sets VVZ a DT future NN in IN motion NN . SENT Postdisaster NP reconstruction NN affords VVZ an DT opportunity NN to TO intervene VV in IN this DT future NN in IN ways NNS that WDT reduce VVP risk NN if IN disasters NNS are VBP seen VVN from IN the DT birds NNS eye NN view NN of IN vulnerable JJ people NNS . SENT Disaster NN research NN , , practice NN , , and CC planning NN that WDT is VBZ community NN based VVN , , gender VV sensitive JJ , , development NN driven VVN , , and CC mitigation NN oriented VVN can MD make VV a DT real JJ difference NN . SENT References NNS ActionAid JJ . SENT 2001 CD . SENT India NP Earthquake NP Update VV 02 CD Feb NN 2001 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN through IN ReliefWeb NP . SENT www JJ . SENT reliefweb NN . SENT int NP . SENT Agarwal NP , , B NP . SENT 1990 CD . SENT Social NP Security NP and CC the DT Family NP . SENT Coping VVG with IN Seasonality NN and CC Calamity NP in IN Rural NP India NP . SENT Journal NP of IN Peasant NP Studies NPS 17 CD 3 CD . SENT 341 CD 412 CD . SENT Anderson NP , , Mary NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Understanding VVG the DT Disaster NN Development NP Continuum NN . SENT Gender NN Analysis NN is VBZ the DT Essential JJ Tool NP . SENT Focus NN on IN Gender NN 2 CD 1 CD . SENT 7 CD 10 CD . SENT Ariyabandu NP , , Madhavi NP Malalgoda NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Impact NN of IN Hazards NNS on IN Women NP and CC Children NP . SENT Situation NN in IN South NP Asia NP . SENT Paper NN presented VVD to TO the DT conference NN on IN Reaching VVG Women NNS and CC Children NNS in IN Disasters NNS , , Miami NP , , Florida NP June NP . SENT Conference NN proceedings NNS available JJ on IN line NN through IN the DT Gender NN and CC Disaster NN Network NN . SENT www JJ . SENT anglia NP . SENT ac NNS . SENT uk NP geography NN gdn NN . SENT Arunachalam NP , , Jaya NP . SENT 1995 CD March NP 8 CD . SENT Remarks NNS from IN the DT National NP Union NP of IN Working NP Women NP President NP to TO the DT World NP Summit NP for IN Social NP Development NP . SENT Copenhagen NP , , Denmark NP . SENT Baldauf NP , , Scott NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Aftermath NN . SENT India NP Rises VVZ from IN Rubble NN with IN Old NP Social NP Divides VVZ . SENT Available JJ from IN the DT Christian NP Science NP Monitor NP through IN ReliefWeb NP . SENT www JJ . SENT reliefweb NN . SENT int NP . SENT Bari NP , , Farzani NP . SENT Gender NN , , Disaster NN , , and CC Empowerment NN . SENT A DT Case NP Study NP from IN Pakistan NP . SENT Pages NNS 125 CD 132 CD in IN Enarson NP and CC Morrow NP eds NPS . SENT , , The DT Gendered JJ Terrain NN of IN Disaster NN . SENT Westport NP , , Connecticut NP . SENT Greenwood NP Praeger NP . SENT Begum NP , , Rasheda NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Women NNS in IN Environmental JJ Disasters NNS . SENT The DT 1991 CD Cyclone NP in IN Bangladesh NP . SENT Focus NN on IN Gender NN 1 CD 1 CD . SENT 34 CD 39 CD . SENT Bender NP , , Stephen NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT A DT Matter NP of IN Choice NP . SENT Hemisphere NP 8 CD 1 CD . SENT 36 CD 40 CD . SENT Benson NP , , Charlotte NP and CC Edward NP Clay NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Developing VVG Countries NNS and CC the DT Economic NP Impacts NNS of IN Natural JJ Disasters NNS . SENT Pages NNS 11 CD 21 CD in IN Alcira NP Kreimer NP and CC Margaret NP Arnold NP eds NPS . SENT , , Managing VVG Disaster NN Risk NN in IN Emerging JJ Economies NNS . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT The DT World NP Bank NP . SENT Berke NP , , Philip NP and CC Timothy NP Beatley NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT After IN the DT Hurricane NP . SENT Linking VVG Recovery NN to TO Sustainable JJ Development NP in IN the DT Caribbean NP . SENT Baltimore NP , , Maryland NP . SENT Johns NP Hopkins NP University NP Press NP . SENT Bhatt NP , , Ela NP R NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Women NNS Victims NNS View NP of IN Urban NP and CC Rural NP Vulnerability NN . SENT Pp NP . SENT 12 CD 27 CD in IN Twigg NP and CC Bhatt NP eds NPS . SENT , , Understanding VVG Vulnerability NN . SENT South JJ Asian JJ Perspectives NNS . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Publications NPS Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT Bhatt NP , , Mihir NP R NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Maintaining VVG Families NNS in IN Drought NN . SENT India NP . SENT The DT Fodder NN Security NP System NP of IN the DT Banaskantha NP Women NP . SENT Pages NNS 35 CD 44 CD in IN Fernando NP and CC Fernando NP eds NPS . SENT , , South NP Asian NP Women NP . SENT Facing VVG Disasters NNS , , Securing VVG Life NP . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Can NN Vulnerability NN be VB Understood VVN . SENT Pages NNS 68 CD 77 CD in IN Twigg NP and CC Bhatt NP eds NPS . SENT , , Understanding VVG Vulnerability NN . SENT South JJ Asian JJ Perspectives NNS . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Publications NPS Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT Blaikie NP , , Piers NP , , Terry NP Cannon NP , , Ian NP Davis NP , , and CC Ben NP Wisner NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT At IN Risk NN . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS , , People's NP Vulnerability NN , , and CC Disasters NNS . SENT London NP . SENT Routledge NP . SENT Bolin NP , , Robert NP , , Martina NP Jackson NP , , and CC Allison NP Crist NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Gender NN Inequality NN , , Vulnerability NN , , and CC Disasters NNS . SENT Theoretical JJ and CC Empirical JJ Considerations NNS . SENT Pages NNS 27 CD 44 CD in IN Enarson NP and CC Morrow NP eds NPS . SENT , , The DT Gendered JJ Terrain NN of IN Disaster NN . SENT Westport NP , , Connecticut NP . SENT Greenwood NP Praeger NP . SENT Buvin NN c SYM , , Marya NP , , Gabriela NP Vega NP , , and CC Maruicio NP Bertrand NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Hurricane NP Mitch NP . SENT Women's NP Needs NNS and CC Contributions NNS . SENT Women NNS in IN Development NP Program NP Report NP . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT Inter NP American NP Development NP Bank NP . SENT Chakravarti NP , , Sudeep NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Hope NN in IN Hell NN . SENT India NP Today NP February NP 26 CD . SENT Chowdhury NP , , Afsan NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Misery NN is VBZ More RBR Interesting JJ to TO Report NP . SENT Pages NNS 25 CD 28 CD in IN Fernando NP and CC Fernando NP eds NPS . SENT , , South NP Asian NP Women NP . SENT Facing VVG Disasters NNS , , Securing VVG Life NP . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT Clarke NP , , Caroline NP and CC Mohan NP Munasinghe NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Economic JJ Aspects NNS of IN Disasters NNS and CC Sustainable JJ Development NP . SENT An DT Introduction NN . SENT Pages NNS 1 CD 9 CD in IN Munasinghe NP and CC Clark NP eds NPS . SENT , , Disaster NN Prevention NN for IN Sustainable JJ Development NP . SENT Economic NP and CC Policy NP Issues NPS . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT The DT World NP Bank NP . SENT Comfort NP , , Louise NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Self NP Organization NP in IN Disaster NN Response NP and CC Recovery NP . SENT The DT Maharashtra NP , , India NP Earthquake NP of IN September NP 30 CD , , 1993 CD . SENT Quick NP Response NP Report NP . SENT Boulder NP , , Colorado NP . SENT Natural NP Hazard NP Research NP and CC Applications NP Center NP . SENT Cutter NP , , Susan NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT The DT Forgotten VVN Casualties NNS . SENT Women NNS , , Children NNS , , and CC Environmental NP Change NP . SENT Global NP Environmental NP Change NP . SENT Human NP and CC Policy NP Dimensions NNS 5 CD 3 CD . SENT 181 CD 194 CD . SENT Delaney NP , , Patricia NP and CC Elisabeth NP Shrader NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Draft NN report NN January NP . SENT Gender NN and CC Post NP Disaster NN Reconstruction NN . SENT The DT Case NN of IN Hurricane NP Mitch NP in IN Honduras NP and CC Nicaragua NP . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT World NP Bank NP . SENT Disaster NN Mitigation NN Institute NP DMI NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Agenda NN for IN Drought NN Relief NP 2001 CD . SENT Community NN Based VVN Action NP Review NP of IN Drought NN Relief NP 2000 CD in IN Gujarat NN . SENT Experience NN Learning NP Series NP , , 6 CD . SENT Ahmedabad NP , , Gujarat NP , , India NP . SENT DMI NP . SENT Enarson NP , , Elaine NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Through IN Women's NP Eyes NNS . SENT A DT Gendered NP Research NP Agenda NP for IN Disaster NN Social NP Science NP . SENT Disasters NNS 22 CD 2 CD . SENT 157 CD 173 CD . SENT . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Violence NN Against IN Women NNS in IN Disasters NNS . SENT A DT Study NN of IN Domestic JJ Violence NN Programs NNS in IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT and CC Canada NP . SENT Violence NN Against IN Women NP 5 CD 7 CD . SENT 742 CD 768 CD . SENT . SENT 2000 CD . SENT A DT Gender NN Analysis NN of IN Work NP and CC Employment NP Issues NPS in IN Natural NP Disasters NNS . SENT Final JJ report NN prepared VVN for IN the DT InFocus NP Programme NN on IN Crisis NN and CC Reconstruction NN of IN the DT International NP Labour NN Organization NP , , August NP 2000 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ilo NP . SENT org NP . SENT . SENT 2000 CD a DT . SENT We PP Will MD Make VV Meaning VVG Out RB of IN This DT . SENT Women's NP Cultural NP Responses NNS to TO the DT Red NP River NP Valley NP Flood NP . SENT International NP Journal NP of IN Mass NP Emergencies NNS and CC Disasters NNS 18 CD 1 CD . SENT 39 CD 62 CD . SENT . SENT 2001 CD . SENT What WP Women NNS Do VVP . SENT Gendered JJ Disaster NN Work NN in IN the DT Red NP River NP Valley NP Flood NP . SENT Environmental JJ Hazards NNS 3 CD 1 CD , , 2001 CD forthcoming JJ . SENT Enarson NP , , Elaine NP and CC Maureen NP Fordham NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Lines NNS That IN Divide NP , , Ties VVZ That DT Bind NN . SENT Race NN , , Class NP , , and CC Gender NN in IN Women's NP Flood NP Experiences VVZ in IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT and CC Canada NP . SENT Australian NP Journal NP of IN Emergency NP Management NP 15 CD 4 CD . SENT 43 CD 52 CD . SENT Enarson NP , , Elaine NP and CC Betty NP Hearn NP Morrow NP eds NPS . SENT . SENT 1998 CD . SENT The DT Gendered JJ Terrain NN of IN Disaster NN . SENT Through IN Women's NP Eyes NNS . SENT Westport NP , , Connecticut NP . SENT Greenwood NP Praeger NP . SENT Available JJ in IN paper NN from IN the DT International NP Hurricane NP Center NP , , Florida NP International NP University NP , , Miami NP , , FL NP . SENT Enarson NP , , Elaine NP and CC Brenda NP Phillips NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Invitation NN to TO a DT New NP Feminist JJ Disaster NN Sociology NN . SENT Integrating VVG Feminist JJ Theory NN and CC Methods NNS . SENT Paper NN presented VVD to TO the DT International NP Sociological JJ Association NP Research NP Committee NP , , Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT , , August NP 2000 CD . SENT Fernando NP , , Priyanthia NP and CC Vijitha NP Fernando NP eds NPS . SENT . SENT 1997 CD . SENT South NP Asian NP Women NP . SENT Facing VVG Disasters NNS , , Securing VVG Life NP . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT Fordham NP , , Maureen NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Making VVG Women NNS Visible JJ in IN Disasters NNS . SENT Problematising VVG the DT Private JJ Domain NN . SENT Disasters NNS 22 CD 2 CD . SENT 126 CD 143 CD . SENT . SENT 2000 CD . SENT The DT Place NN of IN Gender NN in IN Earthquake NN Vulnerability NN and CC Mitigation NN . SENT Paper NN presented VVD at IN the DT Second NP Euro NP Conference NP on IN Global NP Change NP and CC Catastrophic NP Risk NP Management NP Earthquake NN Risks NNS in IN Europe NP . SENT Laxenburg NP , , Austria NP July NP 6 CD 9 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT anglia NP . SENT ac NNS . SENT uk NP geography NN radix NN . SENT Fothergill NP , , Alice NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Gender NN , , Risk NP , , and CC Disaster NN . SENT International NP Journal NP of IN Mass NP Emergencies NNS and CC Disasters NNS 14 CD 1 CD . SENT 33 CD 56 CD . SENT Government NN of IN Gujarat NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Gujarat NP and CC India NP Comparative JJ Statistics NNS at IN a DT Glance NP . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT ruraldev NP gujarat NP . SENT com NN glance NN glance NN . SENT htm NN . SENT Harding NP , , Luke NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Indian JJ Quake NN Widens VVZ Rift NN Between IN the DT Castes NNS . SENT Guardian NP Weekly NP February NP 22 CD 28 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Harrison NP , , Faye NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT The DT Gendered JJ Politics NN and CC Violence NN of IN Structural JJ Adjustment NN . SENT A DT View NP from IN Jamaica NP . SENT Pages NNS 425 CD 468 CD in IN Louise NP Lamphere NP , , Helena NP Ragone NP , , and CC Patricia NP Zavella NP eds NPS . SENT , , Situated VVN Lives NNS . SENT Gender NN and CC Culture NP in IN Everyday JJ Life NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Routledge NP . SENT HelpAge NP International NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT The DT Ageing VVG World NN and CC Humanitarian JJ Crises NNS . SENT Paper NN presented VVD by IN HelpAge NP International NP for IN the DT conference NN on IN Older JJR People NNS A DT Burden NP or CC a DT Resource NP . SENT Helsinki NP , , Finland NP September NP 16 CD , , 1999 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT helpage NN . SENT org NP members NNS index NN . SENT html NN . SENT Hewitt NP , , Kenneth NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Regions NNS of IN Risk NN . SENT A DT Geographical JJ Introduction NN to TO Disasters NNS . SENT Essex NP , , U NP . SENT K NP . SENT . SENT Longman NP . SENT Holloway NP , , Ailsa NP ed NP . SENT . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Risk NN , , Sustainable JJ Development NP Disasters NNS . SENT Southern JJ Perspectives NNS . SENT Cape NP Town NP , , South NP Africa NP . SENT Periperi NP Publications NPS . SENT Hossain NP , , Hameeda NP , , Cole NP Dodge NP , , and CC F NN . SENT H NP . SENT Abel NP eds NPS . SENT . SENT 1992 CD . SENT From IN Crisis NN to TO Development NP . SENT Coping VVG with IN Disasters NNS in IN Bangladesh NP . SENT Dhaka NP . SENT University NP Press NP Limited NP . SENT Ikeda NP , , Keiko NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Gender NN Differences NNS in IN Human JJ Loss NN and CC Vulnerability NN in IN Natural JJ Disasters NNS . SENT A DT Case NP Study NP from IN Bangladesh NP . SENT Indian NP Journal NP of IN Gender NN Studies NNS 2 CD 2 CD . SENT 171 CD 193 CD . SENT Jiggins NP , , Janice NP . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Women NNS and CC Seasonality NN . SENT Coping VVG with IN Crisis NN and CC Calamity NP . SENT IDS NP Bulletin NP 17 CD 3 CD . SENT Sussex NP , , U NP . SENT K NP . SENT . SENT Institute NP of IN Development NP Studies NPS . SENT Khondker NP , , Habibul NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Women NNS and CC Floods NNS in IN Bangladesh NP . SENT International NP Journal NP of IN Mass NP Emergencies NNS and CC Disasters NNS 14 CD 3 CD . SENT 281 CD 292 CD . SENT Kreimer NP , , Alcira NP and CC Margaret NP Arnold NP eds NPS . SENT . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Managing VVG Disaster NN Risk NN in IN Emerging JJ Economies NNS . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT The DT World NP Bank NP . SENT Kreimer NP , , Alcira NP and CC Mohan NP Munasinghe NP eds NPS . SENT . SENT 1992 CD . SENT Environmental NP Management NP and CC Urban NP Vulnerability NN . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT The DT World NP Bank NP . SENT Krishnaraj NP , , Maithreyi NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Gender NN Issues NNS in IN Disaster NN Management NN . SENT The DT Latur NP Earthquake NN . SENT Gender NN , , Technology NP and CC Development NP 1 CD 3 CD . SENT 395 CD 411 CD . SENT Lak NP , , Naniel NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Makeshift JJ Shops NPS Operate VVP Among IN the DT Ruins NNS . SENT BBC NP Front NP Line NP News NP February NP 10 CD . SENT www JJ . SENT news NN . SENT bbc NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP hi NP english NP world NN south JJ asia NP newsid NN 1163000 CD 1163204 CD . SENT stm NN . SENT Maskry NP , , Andrew NP . SENT 1989 CD . SENT Disaster NN Mitigation NN . SENT A DT Community NP Based VVN Approach NN . SENT Development NP Guidelines NNS 3 CD . SENT Oxford NP , , U NP . SENT K NP . SENT . SENT Oxfam NP . SENT Mileti NP , , Dennis NP ed NP . SENT . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Disasters NNS by IN Design NP . SENT A DT Reassessment NN of IN Natural JJ Hazards NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT Joseph NP Henry NP Press NP . SENT Mistry NP , , Mihir NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Handicapped NNS Have VHP Nowhere RB to TO Go VV in IN Kutch NP . SENT Times NNS of IN India NP March NP 12 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Mitti NP , , Godfrey NP and CC Dan NP Mullins NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Livelihoods NNS Analysis NN . SENT An DT Analytic JJ Framework NN for IN Understanding NN Livelihoods NNS and CC Vulnerability NN . SENT Pages NNS 41 CD 55 CD in IN Holloway NP ed NP . SENT , , Risk NP , , Sustainable JJ Development NP Disasters NNS . SENT Southern JJ Perspectives NNS . SENT Cape NP Town NP , , South NP Africa NP . SENT Periperi NP Publications NPS . SENT Morrow NP , , Betty NP Hearn NP and CC Elaine NP Enarson NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Hurricane NP Andrew NP Through IN Women's NP Eyes NNS . SENT Issues NPS and CC Planning NP Recommendations NNS . SENT International NP Journal NP of IN Mass NP Emergencies NNS and CC Disasters NNS 14 CD 1 CD . SENT 1 CD 22 CD . SENT Nelson NP , , Margaret NP and CC Joan NP Smith NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Working NP Hard NP and CC Making VVG Do VV . SENT Surviving VVG in IN Small NP Town NP America NP . SENT Berkeley NP , , California NP . SENT University NP of IN California NP Press NP . SENT New JJ Internationalist NN . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Country NN Profile NN . SENT India NP . SENT January NP February NP . SENT 48 CD . SENT Otero NP , , Romulo NP Caballeros NP and CC Ricardso NP Zapata NP Marti NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT The DT Impacts NNS of IN Natural JJ Disasters NNS on IN Developing VVG Economies NNS . SENT Implications NNS for IN the DT International NP Development NP and CC Disaster NN Community NN . SENT Pages NNS 1 CD 9 CD in IN Munasinghe NP and CC Clark NP eds NPS . SENT , , Disaster NN Prevention NN for IN Sustainable JJ Development NP . SENT Economic NP and CC Policy NP Issues NPS . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT The DT World NP Bank NP . SENT Pathak NP , , Anil NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Orphans NNS Can MD Be VB Adopted VVN , , Not RB Villages NNS . SENT DMI NP Director NP . SENT Times NNS of IN India NP February NP 2 CD . SENT Rozario NP , , Santi NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Disasters NNS and CC Bangladeshi JJ Women NNS . SENT Pages NNS 255 CD 268 CD in IN Lentin NP , , Ronit NP ed NP . SENT Gender NN and CC Catastrophe NN . SENT Zed NP . SENT London NP . SENT Schroeder NP , , Richard NP . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Gender NN Vulnerability NN to TO Drought NN . SENT A DT Case NN Study NN of IN the DT Hausa NP Social NP Environment NP . SENT Boulder NP , , Colorado NP . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS Information NP Center NP , , Institute NP of IN Behavioral JJ Science NP , , University NP of IN Colorado NP . SENT Self NN Employed VVN Women's NP Association NP SEWA NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Reclaiming VVG Childhood NN . SENT A DT Case NP Study NP of IN Child NP Care NP Centres VVZ for IN the DT Children NP of IN Salt NP Pan NP Workers NPS . SENT Research NP Report NP . SENT Ahmedabad NP , , Gujarat NP , , Inida NP . SENT SEWA NP Reception NN Center NP . SENT . SENT 2000 CD a DT . SENT The DT Gum NP Collectors NNS . SENT Struggling VVG to TO Survive VV in IN the DT Dry NP Areas NNS of IN Banaskantha NP . SENT Research NP Report NP . SENT Ahmedabad NP , , Gujarat NP , , India NP . SENT SEWA NP Reception NN Center NP . SENT Sen NP , , Kalynami NP Menon NP and CC A NP . SENT K NP . SENT Shiva NP Kumar NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Women NNS in IN India NP . SENT How WRB Free NP . SENT How WRB Equal NP . SENT Report NN for IN the DT Office NN of IN the DT Resident JJ Coordinator NP in IN India NP . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT un NP . SENT org NP . SENT in IN wii NN . SENT htm NN . SENT Shah NN , , Rajiv NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Relocation NN Dilemma NN Continues VVZ to TO Flummox VV State NP Government NP . SENT Times NNS of IN India NP March NP 10 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT Soares NP , , Judith NP and CC Audrey NP Mullings NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT A DT We PP Run VVP Tings NNS . SENT Women NNS Rebuilding VVG Montserrat NP . SENT Forthcoming JJ in IN G NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Howe NP and CC Howard NP Fergus NP eds NPS . SENT , , A DT Will NP to TO Survive VV . SENT Volcanic JJ Impact NN and CC Crisis NN Mitigation NN in IN Montserrat NP . SENT Sreenivas NP , , Janyala NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Dalits NP , , Kolis NP Migrate VV in IN Face NP of IN Discrimination NN Over IN Relief NP Package NN . SENT Indian NP Express NP March NP 12 CD . SENT 1 CD . SENT Sucharita NP , , Swati NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT These DT UnSung JJ Heroines NNS Believe VVP in IN Self NP Help NN . SENT Times NNS of IN India NP March NP 8 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Tichagwa NP , , Wilfred NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT The DT Effects NNS of IN Drought NN on IN the DT Condition NN of IN Women NP . SENT Focus NN on IN Gender NN 2 CD 1 CD . SENT 20 CD 25 CD . SENT Times NNS of IN India NP . SENT Voluntary JJ Agencies NNS Put VVD Caste NN Spin NN on IN Rehabilitation NP Work NP . SENT March NP 16 CD . SENT 5 LS . SENT . SENT Bhuj NP Locals NNS Voice NP Protest NN Against IN Rehab NP . SENT March NP 16 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT . SENT Tehelka NP Tremors NNS Overshadow VV Quake NN . SENT March NP 18 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT Twigg NP , , John NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Understanding NN Vulnerability NN An DT Introduction NN . SENT Pages NNS 1 CD 11 CD in IN Twigg NP and CC Bhatt NP eds NPS . SENT , , Understanding VVG Vulnerability NN . SENT South JJ Asian JJ Perspectives NNS . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Publications NPS Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Physician NN , , Heal NP Thyself NP . SENT The DT Politics NNS of IN Disaster NN Mitigation NN . SENT Contribution NN to TO conference NN on IN Natural JJ Hazards NNS and CC the DT No NP Risk NP Society NP . SENT University NP College NP , , London NP July NP 7 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN through IN the DT RADIX NN web NN site NN . SENT www JJ . SENT anglia NP . SENT ac NNS . SENT uk NP geography NN radix NN . SENT Twigg NP , , John NP and CC Mihir NP R NP . SENT Bhatt NP eds NPS . SENT . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Understanding NN Vulnerability NN . SENT South JJ Asian JJ Perspectives NNS . SENT Colombo NP , , Sri NP Lanka NP . SENT Intermediate NP Technology NP Publications NPS Duryog NP Nivaran NP . SENT United NP Nations NPS Development NP Programme NN UNDP NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT UNDAP NP and CC Norway NP to TO Work VV on IN Sustainable JJ Recovery NP and CC Vulnerabiltity NP Reduction NP in IN Gujarat NP . SENT Press NP Release NP , , 209 CD , , April NP 21 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT undp NN . SENT org NP . SENT in IN news NN press NN press NN 209 CD . SENT htm NN . SENT United NP Nations NPS Information NP Center NP UNIC NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Gujarat NP Earthquake NP . SENT Update VV on IN UN NP System's NP Response NP . SENT UNIC NP Backgrounder NP , , April NP 10 CD . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN . SENT www JJ . SENT un NP . SENT org NP . SENT in IN prles NP unicpr NP . SENT htm NN . SENT United NP Nations NPS Office NP for IN the DT Coordination NN of IN Humanitarian JJ Affairs NPS OCHA NP . SENT 2001 CD February NP 20 CD . SENT UN NP Disaster NN Assessment NP and CC Co NP ordination NN Team NP Bhuj NP Final NP Report NP . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN through IN OCHA NP . SENT www JJ . SENT reliefweb NN . SENT int NP . SENT Varley NP , , Anne NP ed NP . SENT . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Disasters NNS , , Development NP and CC Environment NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Wiley NP . SENT Vasta NP , , Krishna NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Government NP Response NP . SENT Report NN on IN the DT Gujarat NN Earthquake NN for IN the DT Earthquake NP Engineering NP Research NP Institute NP . SENT Available JJ on IN line NN at IN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT eeri NNS . SENT org NP Reconn NP bhuj NP India NP gujarat NP india NP 0101 CD . SENT html NN . SENT Vaughan NP , , M NP . SENT 1987 CD . SENT The DT Story NN of IN an DT African JJ Famine NN . SENT Gender NN and CC Famine NN in IN Twentieth JJ Century NP Malawi NP . SENT Cambridge NP . SENT Cambridge NP University NP Press NP . SENT Walker NP , , Bridget NP ed NP . SENT . SENT l NN 994 CD . SENT Women NNS and CC Emergencies NNS . SENT Oxford NP . SENT Oxfam NP . SENT Webb NP , , Gary NP , , Kathleen NP Tierney NP , , and CC James NP Dahlhamer NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Businesses NNS and CC Disasters NNS . SENT Empirical JJ Patterns NNS and CC Unanswered JJ Questions NNS . SENT Natural JJ Hazards NNS Review NP 1 CD 2 CD . SENT 83 CD 90 CD . SENT Wiest NP , , Raymond NP , , Jane NP Mocellin NP , , and CC D NP . SENT Thandiwe NP Motsisi NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT The DT Needs NNS of IN Women NNS in IN Disasters NNS and CC Emergencies NNS . SENT Report NN prepared VVN for IN the DT Disaster NN Management NP Training NP Programme NN of IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Development NP Programme NN and CC the DT Office NN of IN the DT United NP Nations NPS Disaster NN Relief NP Coordinator NP . SENT Winnipeg NP , , Manitoba NP . SENT The DT University NP of IN Manitoba NP Disaster NN Research NP Institute NP . SENT Wisner NP , , Ben NP . SENT 200 CD l NN . SENT Some DT Root NP Causes VVZ of IN Disaster NN Vulnerability NN in IN Gujarat NP . SENT January NP 31 CD Report NN for IN the DT American NP Friends NPS Service NP Committee NP . SENT www JJ . SENT reliefweb NN . SENT int NP . SENT Return NN to TO Top JJ Return NN to TO the DT Hazards NNS Center NP Home NP Page NP Return NN to TO the DT Quick NP Response NP Report NP Index NP June NP 11 CD , , 2001 CD hazctr NP colorado NP . SENT edu NP