/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/29/file8.html NN ----------------------------------------- : subscribe VV back JJ issues NNS search NN maps NNS July NP 2005 CD Contents NNS Korean JJ blues NNS United NP States NPS . SENT the DT slide NN to TO disorder NN My PP$ country NN , , tis NNS of IN thee NP EU NP . SENT democracy NN begins VVZ at IN home NN Europe NP s PP inflexible JJ bank NN Arab JJ spring NN . SENT late JJ and CC cold JJ Constructive JJ instability NN Iran NP and CC Iraq NP . SENT the DT limits NNS on IN Shia NP power NN Palestine NP . SENT the DT economy NN of IN despair NN A DT short JJ guide NN to TO the DT Shias NNS Syria NP . SENT a DT monopoly NN on IN democracy NN Kosovo NP s VVZ rival JJ histories NNS Cinema NN of IN the DT heart NN France NP . SENT return NN of IN the DT convicts VVZ The DT song NN of IN the DT T NN shirt NN The DT Middle NP East NP dossier NN A DT short JJ guide NN to TO the DT Shias NNS SHI NP ISM NN . SENT this DT is VBZ the DT main JJ dissident JJ branch NN of IN Islam NP . SENT Yet CC its PP$ divergences NNS from IN mainstream JJ Sunni NP Islam NP are VBP less RBR important JJ than IN what WP they PP have VHP in RB common JJ . SENT belief NN in IN one CD God NP and CC in IN the DT teachings NNS of IN Muhammad NP . SENT The DT Shia NP schism NN happened VVD over IN the DT succession NN to TO the DT prophet NN . SENT The DT first JJ rightly RB guided VVN caliphs NNS after IN Muhammad NP s PP death NN in IN 632 CD were VBD chosen VVN from IN among IN his PP$ close JJ companions NNS . SENT The DT fourth JJ and CC last JJ of IN them PP , , in IN office NN 656 CD 661 CD , , was VBD Ali NP , , first JJ cousin NN of IN Muhammed NP and CC husband NN of IN his PP$ favourite JJ daughter NN Fatima NP , , noted VVD for IN his PP$ piety NN . SENT He PP was VBD killed VVN during IN an DT uprising NN against IN his PP$ authority NN , , after IN which WDT the DT Shi NP at IN Ali NP party NN of IN Ali NP supported VVD his PP$ sons NNS , , Hassan NP and CC Hussein NP , , but CC were VBD not RB strong JJ enough RB to TO prevent VV Muawiya NP from IN becoming VVG caliph NN and CC founding VVG the DT Ummayad NP dynasty NN . SENT The DT imam NN . SENT plays VVZ an DT important JJ role NN in IN Shia NP Islam NP . SENT The DT rightful JJ leadership NN is VBZ held VVN to TO have VH passed VVN since IN Ali NP through IN a DT succession NN of IN imams NNS who WP interpret VVP the DT teachings NNS of IN the DT Qur NP an DT through IN divine JJ guidance NN . SENT The DT third JJ imam NN , , Hussein NP , , son NN of IN Ali NP , , plays VVZ a DT central JJ role NN in IN Shia NP Islam NP . SENT He PP was VBD surrounded VVN by IN Yazid NP , , the DT Ummayid NP caliph NN , , at IN Kerbala NP in IN 680 CD . SENT despite IN lack NN of IN water NN , , he PP and CC his PP$ 72 CD companions NNS resisted VVN until IN his PP$ death NN . SENT His PP$ martyrdom NN and CC resistance NN against IN the DT unrightful JJ caliph NN have VHP a DT crucial JJ role NN in IN Shia NP mythology NN . SENT Every DT year NN , , during IN the DT month NN of IN muharram NN , , there EX are VBP commemorative JJ passion NN plays NNS and CC penitential JJ processions NNS . SENT The DT Twelvers NP . SENT these DT are VBP the DT main JJ branch NN of IN Shia NP Islam NP in IN particular JJ in IN Iran NP , , but CC also RB Iraq NP and CC Lebanon NP . SENT They PP trace VV the DT line NN of IN imams NNS from IN Ali NP down RB to TO the DT twelfth JJ imam NN , , hence RB their PP$ name NN . SENT Their PP$ imams NNS provided VVD spiritual JJ guidance NN rather RB than IN claiming VVG political JJ power NN . SENT The DT 12 CD th NN imam NN is VBZ believed VVN to TO be VB not RB dead JJ but CC hidden JJ , , and CC will MD return VV as IN Mahdi NP to TO purify VV the DT world NN . SENT The DT Zaidis NP . SENT these DT survive VVP today NN only RB in IN Yemen NP . SENT They PP reject VVP the DT doctrine NN of IN the DT hidden JJ imam NN and CC the DT political JJ quietism NN of IN the DT Twelvers NP . SENT They PP take VVP their PP$ name NN from IN Zaid NP , , grandson NN of IN Hussein NP , , who WP argued VVD that IN a DT true JJ imam NN must MD claim VV the DT title NN publicly RB . SENT There EX have VHP been VBN various JJ Zaidi NP dynasties NNS , , notably RB in IN Sanaa NP , , Yemen NP , , from IN 1592 CD to TO 1962 CD . SENT The DT Ismailis NP . SENT these DT are VBP followers NNS of IN Ismail NP , , the DT sixth JJ imam NN , , excluded VVN from IN the DT succession NN by IN the DT Twelvers NP . SENT Their PP$ elitist NN doctrine NN gave VVD rise NN to TO successor NN movements NNS . SENT the DT Qarmatians NP Iraq NP , , ninth JJ century NN . SENT the DT Fatimids NP , , who WP proclaimed VVD themselves PP caliphs NNS in IN north JJ Africa NP and CC ruled VVN Egypt NP 969 CD 1171 CD . SENT the DT Nizaris NP , , known VVN as IN the DT Assassins NNS users NNS of IN hashish NN , , from IN which WDT the DT word NN assassin NN derives VVZ , , who WP conducted VVD guerrilla NN warfare NN against IN the DT Sunni NP Abbasid NP dynasty NN in IN the DT late JJ 11 CD th NN century NN from IN the DT Persian NP mountain NN fortress NN of IN Alamut NP . SENT the DT Alawis NP followers NNS of IN Ali NP in IN Syria NP . SENT the DT Druze NP in IN Lebanon NP . SENT Today NN the DT Aga NP Khan NP is VBZ head NN of IN the DT main JJ Ismaili NP community NN , , which WDT has VHZ a DT strong JJ following NN in IN Iran NP , , Afghanistan NP , , Tajikistan NP , , India NP , , Pakistan NP and CC Saudi NP Arabia NP . SENT Velayat NN e SYM faqih NP . SENT Who WP should MD guide VV the DT community NN of IN believers NNS while IN waiting VVG for IN the DT return NN of IN the DT hidden JJ imam NN who WP will MD restore VV a DT reign NN of IN justice NN to TO the DT world NN . SENT For IN Ayatollah NP Khomeini NP , , it PP was VBD the DT mullah NN theologian NN and CC the DT faqih NP expert NN in IN divine JJ law NN , , representatives NNS of IN the DT hidden JJ imam NN and CC of IN divine JJ sovereignty NN . SENT This DT doctrine NN of IN the DT guardianship NN of IN jurisprudence NN velayat NN e SYM faqih NP , , which WDT gives VVZ enormous JJ powers NNS to TO the DT mullahs NNS and CC guides NNS Iranian JJ politics NNS , , has VHZ been VBN and CC still RB is VBZ contested VVN by IN many JJ other JJ ayatollahs NNS . SENT From IN Alain NP Gresh NP and CC Dominique NP Vidal NP , , The DT New NP A NP Z NP of IN the DT Middle NP East NP , , IB NP Tauris NP , , 2004 RB See VV also RB Arab JJ spring NN . SENT late JJ and CC cold JJ , , by IN Gilbert NP Achcar NP Constructive JJ instability NN , , by IN Walid NP Charara NP Palestine NP . SENT the DT economy NN of IN despair NN , , by IN Benjamin NP Barthe NP Syria NP . SENT a DT monopoly NN on IN democracy NN , , by IN Samir NP Aita NP Iran NP and CC Iraq NP . SENT the DT limits NNS on IN Shia NP power NN , , by IN Ahmad NP Salamatian NP Translated VVN by IN Wendy NP Kristianasen NP English NP language NN editorial NN director NN . SENT Wendy NP Kristianasen NP all DT rights NNS reserved VVD 1997 CD 2005 CD Le NP Monde NP diplomatique NN . SENT