/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/22/file_141.html NN ----------------------------------------- : NEWPORT NP UP RP . SENT AN DT ELLINGTON NP SUITE NN by IN Tomas NP P NN . SENT Fredell NP The DT late JJ critic NN Martin NP Williams NP wrote VVD in IN his PP$ influential JJ study NN The DT Jazz NN Tradition NN that IN Duke NP Ellington NP is VBZ probably RB the DT largest JJS and CC most RBS challenging JJ subject NN in IN American JJ music NN for IN our PP$ scholars NNS , , our PP$ critics NNS , , our PP$ musicologists NNS , , our PP$ music NN historians NNS . SENT 2 LS This DT paper NN addresses VVZ a DT fateful JJ episode NN in IN the DT lives NNS of IN Ellington NP and CC his PP$ nonpareil JJ band NN , , their PP$ appearance NN on IN July NP 7 CD , , 1956 CD at IN the DT American JJ Jazz NN Festival NP in IN Newport NP , , Rhode NP Island NP . SENT The DT historical JJ commonplace NN linking VVG Ellington's NP Newport NP sensation NN to TO a DT revitalized VVN late JJ career NN seems VVZ sound VV enough RB . SENT Surprisingly RB , , however RB , , one CD of IN the DT reasons NNS for IN the DT link NN has VHZ received VVN little JJ attention NN . SENT the DT interest NN of IN Duke NP Ellington NP and CC His PP$ Orchestra NN in IN the DT rhythm NN and CC blues NNS idiom NN that WDT has VHZ dominated VVN popular JJ music NN since IN the DT mid JJ 1950 CD s PP . SENT Blues NNS To TO Be VB There RB The DT years NNS from IN 1951 CD to TO 1956 CD represent VVP the DT lowest JJS point NN in IN Ellington's NP half NN century NN as IN a DT musical JJ institution NN . SENT 3 LS His PP$ was VBD the DT only JJ swing NN era NN big JJ band NN to TO survive VV America's NP post VV war NN transformations NNS relatively RB intact JJ , , but CC it PP was VBD not RB easy JJ . SENT Teenagers NNS who WP had VHD once RB stomped VVD at IN the DT Savoy NP and CC later RBR , , as IN soldiers NNS , , sailors NNS , , airmen NNS , , and CC defense NN workers NNS , , spent VVD plentiful JJ wartime NN dollars NNS in IN local JJ juke NN joints NNS and CC swank JJ downtown NN clubs NNS now RB stayed VVD home NN in IN the DT suburbs NNS , , raised VVD the DT kids NNS who WP would MD scream VV for IN the DT Beatles NP , , and CC ascended VVD through IN middle JJ management NN . SENT Radio NN networks NNS killed VVD live JJ music NN broadcasts NNS . SENT The DT new JJ mass NN medium NN of IN television NN , , leery JJ of IN Southern JJ reaction NN , , steered VVD clear JJ of IN black JJ music NN and CC black JJ faces NNS until IN the DT fall NN of IN 1956 CD , , when WRB NBC NP allotted VVD jazz NN pianist NN cum IN crooner NN Nat NP Cole NP a DT niggardly JJ 15 CD minutes NNS per IN week NN . SENT At IN decade's NNS start VVP solo RB pop VV singers NNS of IN the DT Doris NP Day NP and CC Rosemary NP Clooney NP variety NN ruled VVD the DT national JJ charts NNS . SENT A DT few JJ years NNS later RBR , , the DT likes NN of IN Bill NP Haley NP and CC Elvis NP Presley NP would MD shoulder VV them PP aside RP . SENT Black NP Americans NPS increasingly RB preferred JJ jump NN or CC rhythm NN and CC blues NNS artists NNS like IN Louis NP Jordan NP , , the DT Orioles NP , , Chuck NP Berry NP and CC Little NP Richard NP . SENT Jazz NN seemed VVD a DT small JJ combo NN affair NN dominated VVN by IN the DT cool JJ white JJ musicians NNS who WP attracted VVD mildly RB nonconformist NN college NN types NNS . SENT In IN short RB , , Duke NP Ellington NP and CC His PP$ Orchestra NN were VBD not RB a DT hot JJ commodity NN , , and CC they PP had VHD to TO adjust VV to TO a DT changed JJ world NN . SENT In IN true JJ American JJ fashion NN , , no DT Archbishop NN of IN Salzburg NP or CC government NN bureau NN was VBD about RB to TO subsidize VV the DT greatest JJS living NN exponent NN of IN the DT country's JJ greatest JJS indigenous JJ art NN form NN . SENT So IN Ellington NP set VVD aside RP the DT pursuit NN of IN beauty NN to TO concentrate VV on IN bookings NNS , , payroll NN , , and CC promotion NN . SENT In IN past JJ slack JJ times NNS he PP had VHD been VBN able JJ to TO fund VV the DT band NN with IN his PP$ substantial JJ composing VVG royalties NNS , , but CC by IN the DT early JJ 50 CD s NN he PP had VHD not RB topped VVN the DT charts NNS in IN a DT commercial JJ eon NN . SENT When WRB he PP left VVD Columbia NP Records NP in IN 1953 CD for IN the DT singles NNS oriented VVN Capitol NP , , he PP reportedly RB told VVD his PP$ new JJ producer NN Dave NP Dexter NP I PP want VVP a DT hit NN , , Dave NP . SENT Other JJ bands NNS make VVP hits NNS . SENT I PP want VVP to TO hear VV Ellington NP records NNS in IN the DT jukeboxes NNS , , and CC on IN the DT radio NN , , and CC playing VVG over IN the DT p NN . SENT a DT . SENT systems NNS in IN shops NNS and CC markets NNS . SENT 4 LS The DT execrable JJ upshot NN was VBD that IN the DT man NN who WP gave VVD Ko NP Ko NP to TO the DT world NN put VVD out RP an DT album NN aping VVG the DT current JJ mambo NN fad NN . SENT Mercifully RB , , it PP died VVD quickly RB . SENT The DT nadir NN came VVD two CD years NNS later RBR . SENT In IN the DT summer NN of IN 1955 CD Ellington NP booked VVD six CD weeks NNS at IN the DT Aquacades NNS show VVP in IN Flushing VVG Meadows NP . SENT Management NP excluded VVD four CD band NN members NNS who WP did VVD not RB carry VV local JJ union NN cards NNS , , and CC added VVD girl NN harpists NNS . SENT Ellington NP presented VVD medleys NNS of IN his PP$ moldy JJ hits NNS , , then RB left VVN while IN his PP$ peerless JJ musicians NNS played VVD background NN for IN the DT water NN skiers NNS . SENT It PP was VBD regular JJ employment NN , , trumpeter NN Clark NP Terry NP later RBR observed VVD laconically RB . SENT 5 CD Personnel NP turnover NN was VBD both DT cause NN and CC effect NN of IN Ellington's NP troubles NNS , , although IN it PP probably RB also RB contributed VVN to TO the DT band's JJ ultimate JJ salvation NN . SENT By IN 1950 JJ his PP$ famous JJ sidemen NNS knew VVD that IN , , in IN the DT short JJ run NN , , they PP could MD make VV more JJR money NN fronting VVG their PP$ own JJ small JJ groups NNS . SENT Tenor NN sax NN idol NN Ben NP Webster NP left VVD that DT year NN , , to TO be VB replaced VVN by IN Paul NP Gonsalves NP , , a DT relatively RB unknown JJ 29 CD year NN old JJ Cape NP Verdean NP from IN Pawtucket NP , , Rhode NP Island NP . SENT In IN 1951 CD Ellington NP lost VVD three CD musicians NNS with IN nearly RB 75 CD years NNS collective JJ experience NN in IN the DT band NN , , most RBS notably RB alto JJ sax NN man NN Johnny NP Hodges NP , , his PP$ single JJ sine NN qua IN non JJ player NN . SENT 6 CD The NP defections NNS meant VVD more RBR to TO Ellington NP , , of IN course NN , , than IN the DT loss NN of IN fine JJ artists NNS and CC friends NNS . SENT They PP adversely RB affected VVD his PP$ music NN . SENT He PP never RB wrote VVD for IN fungible JJ horns NNS or CC reeds NNS , , but CC for IN the DT character NN , , talents NNS and CC idiosyncracies NNS of IN a DT Hodges NP or CC Webster NP , , a DT Bubber NP Miley NP or CC Jimmy NP Blanton NP or CC Tricky JJ Sam NP Nanton NP . SENT It PP took VVD time NN to TO artistically RB reorient VV himself PP to TO different JJ players NNS . SENT Ellington NP tended VVD to TO replace VV the DT defectors NNS with IN energetic JJ younger JJR men NNS comfortable JJ with IN up RB to TO date NN music NN . SENT Both DT Gonsalves NP and CC trumpeter NN Willie NP Cook NP came VVD from IN Dizzy JJ Gillespie's NP big JJ band NN . SENT Clark NP Terry NP was VBD a DT noted VVN bop NN stylist NN . SENT In IN time NN , , the DT new JJ blood NN restimulated VVD and CC complimented VVD Ellington's NP compositional JJ talents NNS , , producing VVG , , for IN example NN , , Terry's NP boppish JJ Newport NP Up NP , , included VVD as IN the DT third JJ section NN of IN the DT Newport NP Jazz NN Festival NP Suite NP the DT band NN would MD premiere VV at IN the DT 1956 CD happening NN . SENT Hodges NP , , with IN renewed VVN respect NN for IN Ellington's NP bandleading NN skills NNS , , brought VVD his PP$ emotional JJ tone NN and CC lyrical JJ blues NNS sensibility NN back RB after IN the DT Aquacades NNS fiasco NN . SENT The DT band NN was VBD now RB split VVN into IN generational JJ cliques NNS , , with IN young JJ turks NPS like IN Gonsalves NP , , Terry NP , , and CC the DT rhythm NN section NN of IN drummer NN Sam NP Woodyard NP and CC bassist NN Jimmy NP Woode NP goading VVG musically RB and CC otherwise RB oldsters NNS like IN Hodges NP , , baritone NN sax NN great JJ Harry NP Carney NP , , and CC alto NN saxist NN clarinetist NN Russell NP Procope NP . SENT Those DT who WP heard VVD the DT results NNS in IN the DT early JJ months NNS of IN 1956 CD knew VVD that IN reports NNS of IN the DT band's NNS demise NN had VHD been VBN premature JJ . SENT Count NP Basie NP , , who WP had VHD reformed VVN his PP$ big JJ band NN in IN 1955 CD after IN a DT three CD year NN hiatus NN , , was VBD undoubtedly RB one CD of IN those DT in IN the DT know VVP about IN Ellington's NP resurgence NN . SENT In IN a DT downbeat JJ interview NN published VVN six CD weeks NNS before IN Newport NP , , Basie NP said VVD that IN his PP$ biggest JJS thrill NN as IN a DT listener NN came VVD on IN a DT 1951 CD evening NN when WRB Ellington NP and CC his PP$ band NN blew VVD away RP the DT so RB called VVN progressive JJ jazz NN mavens NNS on IN opening VVG night NN at IN Birdland NN . SENT The DT interviewer NN , , seeking VVG to TO clarify VV Basie's NP compliment NN that IN the DT greatest JJS band NN of IN all DT time NN was VBD Duke NP Ellington's NP , , wondered VVD whether IN it PP excluded VVD present JJ company NN . SENT Basie's NP response NN switched VVD to TO the DT present JJ tense JJ . SENT I PP mean VVP that IN Duke NP Ellington NP is VBZ the DT greatest JJS of IN them PP all RB . SENT 7 CD Jump NP For IN Joy NP The NP Duke NP Ellington NP Orchestra NN did VVD not RB keep VV extended JJ pieces NNS in IN repertoire NN indefinitely RB . 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SENT The DT 1937 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN is VBZ a DT dramatic JJ potpourri NN of IN shifting VVG tonality NN , , subtle JJ rhythms NNS , , irregular JJ measures NNS , , and CC inimitable JJ orchestration NN , , played VVN with IN swing NN era NN urbanity NN over IN a DT Cheshire NP Cat NP undertone NN reminiscent NN of IN Cotton NP Club NP exoticism NN . SENT The DT piece NN clocks VVZ in IN at IN just RB under IN six CD glorious JJ minutes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ so RB striking VVG that IN in IN 1987 CD Martin NP Williams NP chose VVD to TO include VV it PP in IN the DT Smithsonian's NP standard NN recorded VVD history NN of IN jazz NN . SENT Paul NP Gonsalves NP played VVD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN only RB once RB before IN 1956 CD , , at IN Birdland NN in IN the DT early JJ 50 CD s PP . SENT 8 CD At IN that DT time NN everyone NN in IN the DT band NN was VBD concerned VVN about IN dying VVG in IN a DT modern JJ house NN , , and CC as IN the DT resident NN modernist NN Gonsalves NP thought VVD it PP meet VVP to TO ask VV Ellington NP for IN a DT solo NN during IN the DT break NN between IN the DT two CD halves NNS of IN the DT work NN . SENT The DT leader NN assented VVD , , the DT tenor NN man NN got VVD up RP and CC blew VVD numerous JJ choruses NNS , , and CC the DT band NN left VVD the DT boppers NP standing NN on IN their PP$ chairs NNS . SENT 9 CD Ellington NP knew VVD that IN to TO shake VV the DT career NN doldrums NN , , and CC to TO land VV the DT contract NN he PP was VBD then RB negotiating VVG for IN his PP$ return NN to TO Columbia NP he PP had VHD left VVN Capitol NP without IN securing VVG another DT major JJ label NN recording NN deal NN he PP needed VVD a DT similar JJ triumph NN at IN Newport NP in IN July NP 1956 CD . SENT In IN two CD short JJ years NNS impresario NN George NP Wein NP , , sometime RB pianist NN and CC jazz NN instructor NN at IN Boston NP University NP , , as RB well RB as IN full JJ time NN proprietor NN of IN the DT Hub's NP Storyville NP nightclub NN , , had VHD built VVN his PP$ American JJ Jazz NN Festival NP at IN the DT sleepy JJ retreat NN of IN the DT Vanderbilt NP set NN into IN the DT music's JJ premier NN event NN . SENT Miles NP Davis NP had VHD cemented VVN his PP$ post NN heroin NN addiction NN comeback NN the DT first JJ of IN many JJ by IN conquering VVG Newport NP in IN 1955 CD . SENT National JJ media NNS and CC the DT parochial JJ jazz NN press NN alike RB blanketed VVD the DT 1956 CD proceedings NNS . SENT The DT Voice NP of IN America NP broadcast VVD the DT sounds NNS of IN freedom NN to TO benighted JJ foreigners NNS and CC all PDT the DT ships NNS at IN sea NN . SENT For IN the DT first JJ time NN ever RB at IN an DT outdoor JJ festival NN , , Columbia's NP engineers NNS would MD preserve VV every DT note NN for IN posterity NN on IN their PP$ state NN of IN the DT art NN remote JJ recording NN equipment NN . SENT Columbia NP browbeat VVD Wein NP into IN booking VVG Ellington NP to TO headline NN the DT event's JJ Saturday NP night NN finale NN , , despite IN the DT promoter's JJ protests NNS about IN the DT band's JJ diminished JJ drawing NN power NN . 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SENT The DT diehards NNS responded VVD politely RB to TO twenty CD five CD minutes NNS of IN well RB played VVN Newport NP Jazz NN Festival NP Suite NP , , followed VVN by IN Sophisticated JJ Lady NP and CC another DT pop NN tune NN . SENT Ellington NP then RB turned VVD to TO the DT Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN erroneously RB introduced VVD as IN 1938 CD vintage NN and CC set VV down RP a DT groove NN with IN Woodyard NP and CC Woode NP . SENT With IN a DT shout NN from IN Ellington NP , , the DT brass NN and CC reeds NNS roared VVN in IN . SENT The DT leader NN drove VVD his PP$ men NNS with IN more JJR shouts NNS and CC hand NN claps NNS , , until IN he PP signalled VVD Gonsalves NP to TO step VV forward RB and CC improvise VV over RP the DT unaccompanied JJ rhythm NN . SENT At IN about IN the DT soloist's NNS fifth JJ chorus NN the DT crowd NN began VVD to TO clap VV on IN the DT downbeats NNS . SENT A DT platinum NN blond JJ in IN a DT tight JJ black JJ strapless JJ stood VVD up RP in IN the DT expensive JJ boxes NNS and CC started VVD to TO twirl VV , , head VV thrown VVN back RB in IN abandon VV . SENT Jitterbugging NP broke VVD out RP all DT over IN the DT festival NN grounds NNS , , and CC couples NNS danced VVD down RP the DT aisles NNS toward IN the DT stage NN . SENT Ellington NP himself PP was VBD dancing VVG and CC yelling VVG at IN the DT piano NN , , still RB pushing VVG his PP$ tenor NN man NN . SENT Gonsalves NP , , encouraged VVN by IN his PP$ leader NN , , shouts VVZ from IN the DT band NN , , cheers NNS from IN his PP$ fellow JJ Rhode NP Islanders NNS in IN the DT crowd NN , , and CC a DT rolled VVD up RP Christian NP Science NP Monitor NP slapped VVD on IN the DT stage NN by IN Basie NP drummer NN Jo NP Jones NP half NN hidden VVN in IN the DT orchestra NN pit NN , , seemed VVD the DT paradigm NN of IN the DT passionate JJ jazz NN musician NN . SENT Wein NP , , spooked VVN by IN the DT possibility NN of IN a DT riot NN , , shouted VVD at IN Ellington NP from IN the DT wings NNS to TO wrap VV it PP up RP . SENT Ellington NP shouted VVD back RB Don't NP be VB rude JJ to TO the DT artists NNS , , and CC continued VVD to TO build VV the DT number NN . SENT Legs NNS together RB , , shoulders NNS swaying NN , , eyes NNS shut VVD and CC veins NNS popping VVG with IN intensity NN , , Gonsalves NP blew VVD twenty CD seven CD choruses NNS and CC more JJR than IN six CD minutes NNS without IN a DT squeak NN or CC honk NN . SENT The DT band NN flew VVD into IN the DT Crescendo NN with IN brio NN , , and CC the DT magic NN climaxed VVN amidst IN lusty JJ cheers NNS . SENT Ellington NP wisely RB calmed VVN the DT crowd NN with IN a DT ballad NN , , Hodges NP providing VVG the DT balm NN and CC the DT highlight NN of IN the DT entire JJ festival NN , , in IN purely RB musical JJ terms NNS with IN a DT transcendently RB beautiful JJ Jeep's NP Blues NP . SENT After IN two CD more JJR encores NNS the DT set NN ended VVD . SENT It PP was VBD past RB one CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT Duke NP Ellington NP and CC His PP$ Orchestra NN were VBD back RB on IN top NN of IN the DT jazz NN world NN . SENT As IN Ellington NP later RBR recalled VVD in IN his PP$ memoirs NNS , , that DT night NN caught VVD fire NN . SENT 13 CD It PP is VBZ even RB alleged VVN in IN some DT quarters NNS that IN the DT legendary JJ stone NN face NN of IN Johnny NP Hodges NP cracked VVD into IN a DT brief JJ smile NN on IN the DT bandstand NN . 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SENT This DT is VBZ not RB the DT place NN to TO address VV the DT difficult JJ issue NN of IN the DT later RBR extended JJ works NNS , , or CC to TO survey VV the DT widely RB divergent JJ opinions NNS of IN their PP$ merits NNS . SENT On IN balance NN it PP seems VVZ fair JJ to TO say VV that IN the DT post NN Newport NP Ellington NP outshone VVD his PP$ early JJ 1950 CD s PP incarnation NN , , even RB if IN he PP did VVD not RB routinely RB regain VV the DT heights NNS of IN the DT 1940 CD s PP . SENT One PP might MD suggest VV at IN any DT rate NN that IN a DT critic's JJ reception NN of IN the DT 1956 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN and CC what WP it PP stands VVZ for IN seems VVZ to TO function VV as IN a DT passable JJ indicator NN of IN his PP$ or CC her PP$ probable JJ orientation NN toward IN Ellington's NP late JJ music NN . SENT Ellington NP did VVD not RB hear VV his PP$ records NNS on IN the DT market NN p NN . SENT a DT . SENT immediately RB after IN Newport NP , , but CC he PP could MD read VV about IN himself PP at IN the DT checkout NN counter NN in IN the DT pages NNS of IN Saturday NP Review NP and CC Holiday NP . SENT On IN August NP 20 CD , , Time NP set VVD aside RP the DT gathering VVG Suez NP crisis NN to TO splash VV him PP across IN its PP$ cover NN in IN typical JJ garish JJ 50 CD s PP fashion NN , , immortalized VVN by IN binderies NNS everywhere RB between IN the DT 13 CD th's NNS Harry NP Truman NP and CC the DT 27 CD th's NNS Gamal NP Abdel NP Nasser NP . SENT The DT six CD page NN spread NN nestled VVN amongst IN an DT Andrea NP Doria NP post NN mortem NN , , gossip NN about IN Juan NP Peron NP and CC his PP$ nubile JJ secretary NN , , prognostication NN of IN Brooklyn's NP pennant NN chances NNS , , Jackson NP Pollock's NP obituary NN , , and CC ads NNS trumpeting VVG corporate JJ America's NP ability NN to TO kill VV millions NNS of IN Communists NPS very RB quickly RB indeed RB was VBD all DT Ellington NP could MD have VH asked VVN . SENT Or CC , , in IN fact NN , , had VHD asked VVN . SENT As IN biographer NN John NP Edward NP Hasse NP revealed VVD in IN 1993 CD , , a DT tape NN from IN the DT vast JJ cache NN of IN private JJ Ellingtonia NP son NN Mercer NP donated VVD to TO the DT Smithsonian NP several JJ years NNS ago IN shows NNS that WDT as RB far RB back RB as IN April NP the DT bandleader NN shrewdly RB advised VVD Time NP , , I PP think VVP it PP would MD be VB better JJR for IN you PP well RB , , for IN me PP , , too RB , , of IN course NN , , if IN we PP don't VVD get VV , , uh UH , , too RB historic JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP mean VVP , , it PP would MD do VV me PP a DT hell NN of IN a DT lot NN more RBR good JJ if IN if IN the DT reason NN for IN the DT goddamned JJ thing NN is VBZ has VHZ to TO do VV with IN now RB . SENT 14 CD Time NP led VVD off RP with IN a DT long JJ description NN of IN Newport NP as IN the DT turning VVG point NN in IN a DT career NN . 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SENT On IN August NP 8 CD Leonard NP Feather NP told VVD downbeat JJ readers NNS of IN his PP$ raptures NNS over IN Saturday's NP brilliant JJ crescendo NN in IN blue JJ , , while IN colleague NN Jack NP Tracy NP forestalled VVD any DT suspicion NN of IN the DT magazine's JJ mere JJ hero NN worship NN by IN eviscerating VVG Louis NP Armstrong's NP Friday NP performance NN . SENT 17 CD British JJ reviewer NN Albert NP McCarthy's NP comment NN that IN the DT performance NN served VVN as IN a DT reminder NN of IN what WP jazz NN was VBD like JJ before IN the DT cool JJ boys NNS ripped VVD out RP its PP$ heart NN circulated VVD widely RB on IN both DT sides NNS of IN the DT Atlantic NP . SENT 18 CD Critics NNS raved VVN again RB after IN Columbia NP rushed VVD the DT 3 CD . SENT 98 CD Ellington NP At IN Newport NP album NN into IN the DT stores NNS for IN Christmas NP . SENT downbeat's NP Nat NP Hentoff NP gave VVD it PP four CD and CC a DT half NN stars NNS , , a DT star NN or CC star NN and CC a DT half NN more RBR than IN other JJ Newport NP releases NNS from IN Armstrong NP , , fellow JJ Time NP cover NN alumnus NN Dave NP Brubeck NP class NN of IN 1954 CD , , and CC the DT Coleman NP Hawkins NP Buck NP Clayton NP All NP Stars NP . SENT High NP Fidelity's NP John NP Wilson NP noted VVD that DT t NN he PP welcome VVP resurgence NN of IN the DT Ellington NP band NN is VBZ inescapable JJ on IN the DT record NN . SENT 19 CD In IN Britain NP , , Jazz NN Journal NP hailed VVD some DT of IN the DT best JJS and CC meatiest JJS Ellington NP we PP have VHP had VHN for IN a DT long JJ time NN . SENT 20 CD As IN a DT result NN of IN all PDT the DT excitement NN , , for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN a DT decade NN Ellington NP returned VVD to TO the DT top NN of IN the DT charts NNS , , At IN Newport NP heading VVG downbeat's JJ Jazz NN Bestsellers NNS column NN for IN several JJ weeks NNS in IN January NP and CC February NP , , 1957 CD . SENT As RB late RB as IN June NP the DT record NN stood VVD at IN number NN four CD , , while IN his PP$ extended JJ work NN A DT Drum NP Is VBZ A DT Woman NP held VVD down RP the DT eighth JJ spot NN ahead RB of IN young JJ hotshot NN Miles NP Davis NP efforts NNS on IN Round NP About IN Midnight NN and CC Walkin JJ , , respectively RB numbers NNS seven CD and CC nine CD . SENT Eventually RB Ellington NP at IN Newport NP sold VVD hundreds NNS of IN thousands NNS of IN copies NNS , , a DT feat NN matched VVN by IN few JJ instrumental JJ jazz NN records NNS before IN Columbia's NP 45 CD r NN . SENT p NN . SENT m NN . SENT release NN of IN Brubeck's NP Take VV Five CD pushed VVN the DT music NN into IN the DT million CD seller NN range NN in IN 1962 CD . SENT The DT big JJ numbers NNS pleased JJ and CC impressed JJ Columbia NP enough NN for IN artist NN and CC label NN to TO work VV out RP a DT happy JJ modus NN vivendi NNS that WDT would MD continue VV well RB into IN the DT 1960 CD s PP . SENT Essentially RB they PP agreed VVD to TO alternate JJ uncompromising JJ aesthetic JJ statements NNS A DT Drum NP Is VBZ A DT Woman NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , Suite NP Thursday NP with IN more RBR commercially RB oriented VVN material NN that WDT often RB included VVD inspired VVN jazz NN and CC pop VV Ellington NP Indigos NNS , , Jazz NN Party NN , , collaborations NNS with IN Count NP Basie NP and CC Ella NP Fitzgerald NP . SENT Ellington's NP new JJ found VVN status NN as IN hitmaker NN also RB attracted VVD Hollywood NP , , always RB ready JJ to TO jump VV on IN a DT bandwagon NN . SENT Otto NP Preminger NP came VVD calling VVG in IN 1959 CD , , and CC Ellington's NP score VVP for IN Anatomy NN Of IN A DT Murder NN won VVD three CD Grammies NNS . SENT Bad JJ music NN often RB fools VVZ the DT public NN , , as IN any DT cynical JJ record NN producer NN will MD admit VV . SENT It PP is VBZ another DT thing NN entirely RB to TO fool VV one's JJ fellow JJ musicians NNS . SENT Jazzmen NNS were VBD not RB given VVN to TO the DT rhetoric NN of IN the DT professional JJ scribes NNS , , nor CC to TO the DT general JJ consumerism NN , , but CC they PP too RB sensed VVD some DT new JJ momentum NN in IN the DT Ellington NP launched VVD at IN Newport NP . SENT According VVG to TO Feather's NP on IN the DT spot NN account NN , , unidentified JJ elder JJR jazz NN statesmen NNS compared VVN the DT band's JJ energy NN and CC effect NN to TO the DT scene NN at IN Benny NP Goodman's NP 1936 CD Paramount NP Theater NP gigs VVZ . SENT 21 CD Even RB the DT heartless JJ cool JJ boys NNS were VBD impressed VVN . SENT Bill NP Crow NP , , bassist NN in IN the DT ultracool NN Gerry NP Mulligan NP Quartet NN , , who WP happened VVD to TO be VB filling VVG in IN with IN another DT group NN at IN Newport's NP 1956 CD Saturday NP finale NN , , admitted VVN that IN he PP danced VVD and CC carried VVD on RP to TO a DT band NN playing VVG exceptionally RB well RB . SENT 22 CD Brubeck NP alto NN saxist NN Paul NP Desmond NP told VVD Gonsalves NP later RBR that DT summer NN What WP you PP and CC the DT band NN played VVD was VBD the DT most RBS honest JJ statement NN that IN night NN . SENT 23 CD A NP surprising JJ effect NN of IN Ellington's NP return NN to TO form NN and CC increased JJ visibility NN after IN Newport NP was VBD the DT eagerness NN with IN which WDT young JJ jazz NN innovators NNS sought VVD his PP$ musical JJ company NN in IN the DT late JJ 50 CD s PP and CC early RB 60 CD s PP . SENT Of IN course NN the DT youngsters NNS respected VVN Ellington's NP historical JJ stature NN , , and CC no DT link NN can MD be VB established VVN directly RB to TO the DT festival NN sensation NN , , but CC it PP seems VVZ less RBR likely JJ that IN they PP would MD have VH sat VVN down RB seriously RB to TO create VV with IN the DT old JJ man NN absent VV the DT post NN Newport NP common JJ knowledge NN that IN he PP still RB had VHD something NN to TO say VV . SENT Particularly RB important JJ were VBD two CD off IN label NN 1962 CD efforts NNS , , Money NN Jungle NN with IN iconoclasts NNS Charles NP Mingus NP and CC Max NP Roach NP , , and CC Duke NP Ellington NP and CC John NP Coltrane NP with IN spiritualist NN Coltrane NP and CC intimidating JJ technician NN Elvin NP Jones NP . SENT The DT latter JJ Impulse NN album NN found VVN Ellington NP right NN in IN step NN with IN the DT messianic JJ tenor's NNS extended VVD soloing VVG , , as RB well RB as IN the DT Detroit NP drummer's NNS rhythmic JJ complexities NNS this DT from IN a DT man NN born VVN in IN 1899 CD who WP had VHD played VVN successfully RB with IN Sidney NP Bechet NP . SENT The DT Mingus NP Roach NP sessions NNS on IN Blue JJ Note NN featured VVN Ellington NP in IN the DT role NN of IN peacemaker NN when WRB his PP$ cohorts NNS fell VVD out RP violently RB in IN the DT studio NN over IN that DT hardy JJ perennial JJ , , artistic JJ differences NNS . SENT In IN a DT 1963 CD New NP Yorker NP review NN , , Whitney NP Balliett NP perceptively RB caught VVD the DT record's JJ warlike JJ ambience NN , , translating VVG the DT strident JJ call NN of IN Mingus NN bass NN to TO Ellington's NP massive JJ left JJ hand NN chording VVG as IN I PP revere VV you PP and CC I PP shall MD prove VV it PP by IN demolishing VVG you PP . SENT 24 CD In IN Balliett's NP view NN Ellington NP did VVD the DT demolishing VVG , , and CC dominated VVD the DT album NN . SENT English NP critic NN Max NP Harrison NP was VBD far RB more JJR kind NN to TO Mingus NN in IN a DT 1969 CD Jazz NN Journal NP piece NN on IN Ornette NP Coleman NP . SENT He PP saw VVD the DT astonishing JJ Money NN Jungle NN fretwork NN as IN a DT significant JJ signpost NN toward IN the DT freer JJR use NN of IN strings NNS in IN jazz NN , , a DT trend NN culminating VVG in IN Coleman's NNS wild JJ 60 CD s PP period NN piece NN We PP now RB interrupt VV for IN a DT commercial NN . SENT 25 CD The DT point NN is VBZ that IN , , good JJ , , bad JJ or CC indifferent JJ , , Ellington NP once RB again RB stood VVD in IN the DT thick JJ of IN what WP was VBD happening VVG in IN jazz NN . SENT It PP became VVD routine JJ in IN the DT 1960 CD s NN to TO connect VV him PP to TO such JJ antiestablishment NN figures NNS as IN Mingus NP , , Coleman NP , , Cecil NP Taylor NP , , and CC Sun NP Ra NP . SENT The DT following NN may MD be VB said VVN of IN the DT simultaneous JJ diminuendo NN and CC crescendo NN of IN praise NN surrounding VVG the DT later JJR efforts NNS of IN Duke NP Ellington NP and CC His PP$ Orchestra NN . SENT Virtually RB everyone NN agreed VVN after IN Newport NP that IN the DT band NN sounded VVD great JJ , , and CC they PP were VBD right JJ . SENT It PP was VBD still RB the DT best JJS in IN the DT business NN , , especially RB after IN wanderers NNS from IN the DT glory NN years NNS Laurence NP Brown NP , , Shorty NP Baker NP , , and CC Cootie NN Williams NP came VVD home NN to TO join VV the DT Newport NP contingent NN . SENT It PP is VBZ common JJ today NN to TO rank VV the DT early JJ 1960 CD s PP unit NN as IN second JJ only RB to TO the DT Blanton NP Webster NP 1940 CD band NN . SENT As RB for IN the DT new JJ Ellington NP pieces NNS these DT men NNS were VBD playing VVG , , little JJ doubt NN exists VVZ that IN the DT Newport NP breakout NN produced VVD at IN least JJS one CD masterpiece NN , , 1957 CD s PP witty JJ and CC at IN times NNS moving VVG programmatic JJ evocation NN of IN Shakespeare NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP . SENT Beyond IN this DT , , critical JJ judgments NNS exist VVP from IN every DT point NN in IN the DT spectrum NN . SENT What WP is VBZ interesting JJ for IN present JJ purposes NNS is VBZ that IN some DT nexus NN may MD exist VV between IN reactions NNS to TO the DT 1956 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN in IN Blue NP and CC to TO Ellington's NP later RBR serious JJ music NN . SENT Although IN the DT observation NN is VBZ schematic JJ , , generally RB those DT who WP like VVP the DT former JJ seem VVP to TO value VV the DT latter NN more RBR than IN those DT who WP denigrate VV Gonsalves NP wailing VVG interval NN as IN mere JJ show NN biz NN , , or CC worse JJR . SENT Naturally RB , , fandom NN sometimes RB determines VVZ this DT outlook NN . SENT downbeat JJ , , for IN instance NN , , has VHZ always RB been VBN something NN of IN an DT Ellington NP cheerleader NN . SENT In IN the DT magazine's JJ five CD star NN review NN of IN Ellington NP at IN Newport NP for IN its PP$ 55 CD th NN anniversary NN in IN 1989 CD , , Jack NP Sohmer NP filled VVD in IN the DT extra JJ half NN star NN denied VVN by IN Nat NP Hentoff NP in IN 1956 CD with IN an DT exclamation NN that IN the DT Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN performance NN must MD be VB heard VVN to TO be VB believed VVN . SENT 26 CD While IN the DT review NN may MD indeed RB be VB on IN the DT money NN , , it PP is VBZ instructive JJ to TO remember VV that DT downbeat NN also RB gave VVD five CD stars NNS to TO A DT Drum NP Is VBZ A DT Woman NP , , Ellington's NP almost RB embarrassingly RB juvenile JJ pastiche NN of IN jazz NN history NN for IN a DT forgettable JJ CBS NP television NN fantasy NN . SENT But CC it PP would MD oversimplify VV matters NNS to TO say VV that IN the DT loose JJ affinity NN between IN positive JJ views NNS of IN the DT Newport NP appearance NN and CC later JJR Ellington NP expressions NNS results NNS solely RB from IN an DT uncritical JJ attitude NN . SENT For IN example NN , , a DT decade NN ago IN a DT German JJ jazz NN writer NN of IN imposing VVG ponderousness NN lauded VVD Gonsalves NP and CC the DT band's NNS stimulating VVG 1956 CD workout NN , , while IN sharing VVG the DT transports NNS of IN his PP$ notoriously RB unmusical JJ countrymen NNS over IN the DT Second JJ Sacred NP Concert NN and CC the DT New NP Orleans NP Suite NP , , which WDT they PP rated VVD highly RB in IN 1969 CD and CC 1970 CD record NN of IN the DT year NN polls NNS . SENT 27 CD The NP New NP Yorker's NP Balliett NP has VHZ always RB maintained VVN objectivity NN despite IN his PP$ plain JJ affection NN for IN Ellington NP . SENT for IN him PP Newport NP was VBD a DT bravura NN performance NN , , and CC he PP found VVD David NP Danced VVD Before IN The DT Lord NP from IN the DT Second JJ Sacred NP Concert NN to TO be VB spectacular JJ music NN despite IN reservations NNS about IN the DT work NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT 28 RB The DT conservative JJ junta NN that WDT ran VVD the DT Classical JJ Jazz NN series NN at IN Lincoln NP Center NP in IN the DT late JJ 1980 CD s PP hardly RB lacked VVD for IN musical JJ and CC critical JJ chops NNS . SENT artistic JJ advisor NN Wynton NP Marsalis NP included VVD At IN Newport NP in IN an DT essential JJ Ellington NP discography NN for IN the DT June NP 1991 CD downbeat NN , , while IN his PP$ artistic JJ consultant NN Stanley NP Crouch NP is VBZ probably RB today's JJ foremost JJ exponent NN of IN works NNS like IN Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , Suite NP Thursday NP , , and CC Anatomy NN of IN A DT Murder NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT debate NN , , some DT certified JJ musical JJ heavyweights NNS dismissed VVD Newport NP and CC all DT that WDT came VVD after IN . SENT In IN their PP$ 1988 CD New NP Grove NP Dictionary NP of IN Jazz NN entry NN on IN Ellington NP , , composers NNS and CC musicologists NNS Andre NP Hodeir NP and CC Gunther NP Schuller NP did VVD not RB deign VV to TO notice VV the DT 1956 CD sensation NN , , while IN opining VVG that IN the DT subject's NNS creativity NN declined VVD substantially RB after IN the DT mid JJ 1940 CD s PP , , many JJ of IN the DT late JJ period NN extended VVD compositions NNS suffering VVG from IN a DT diminished JJ originality NN and CC hasty JJ work NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 29 CD One PP need VVP not RB guess VV at IN Hodeir's NP probable JJ disgust NN vis FW a DT vis FW the DT 1956 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN . SENT In IN the DT spring NN of IN that DT year NN , , between IN the DT Capitol NP and CC Columbia NP contracts NNS , , Ellington NP released VVD some DT reinterpretations NNS of IN his PP$ 1940 CD s NN classics NNS , , including VVG Ko NP Ko NP , , on IN a DT minor JJ label NN . SENT Hodeir NP responded VVD two CD years NNS later RBR in IN the DT French JJ journal NN Arts NNS , , with IN what WP has VHZ to TO be VB one CD of IN the DT most RBS tortured JJ polemics NNS in IN the DT annals NN of IN criticism NN . SENT The DT avowed JJ purpose NN of IN Why WRB Did VVD Ellington NP Remake VV His PP$ Masterpiece NP . SENT was VBD to TO put VV the DT reader NN on IN his PP$ guard NN against IN the DT enticements NNS of IN a DT once RB glorious JJ name NN which WDT now RB represents VVZ only RB an DT endless JJ succession NN of IN mistakes NNS . SENT 30 CD A DT list NN of IN translated VVN adjectives NNS one CD shudders NNS to TO think VV of IN the DT French NP includes VVZ criminal JJ , , hideous JJ , , atrocious JJ , , grotesque JJ , , insensitive JJ , , stupid JJ , , and CC decadent JJ . SENT 31 CD In IN a DT similar JJ vein NN , , in IN a DT 1991 CD piece NN on IN late JJ Ellingtonia NP , , Harrison NP termed VVD 1956 CD the DT rape NN and CC murder NN of IN the DT Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN . SENT 32 CD He PP found VVD Ellington's NP post NN Newport NP major JJ efforts NNS some RB of IN Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP excepted VVD structurally RB limited JJ and CC stylistically RB inconsistent JJ , , despite IN what WP abject JJ hagiographers NNS said VVD about IN one CD who WP might MD have VH become VVN one CD of IN our PP$ century's JJ greatest JJS composers NNS but CC who WP instead RB persisted VVD in IN leading VVG a DT band NN . SENT 33 CD Rockin NP In IN Rhythm NN No DT one NN with IN two CD ears NNS can MD believe VV that IN the DT 1956 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN on IN the DT Ellington NP at IN Newport NP album NN matches VVZ its PP$ original JJ 1937 CD incarnation NN . SENT The DT live JJ performance NN lacks VVZ the DT suave JJ airiness NN , , the DT mesmerizing VVG precision NN of IN antiphonal JJ brass NN and CC reed VV riffing VVG , , the DT tonal JJ careening VVG , , the DT sheer JJ , , stark JJ architectonic JJ craziness NN of IN its PP$ predecessor NN . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB to TO say VV that IN the DT 1956 CD outing NN is VBZ a DT bad JJ effort NN far RB from IN it PP . SENT The DT Newport NP version NN is VBZ no RB more RBR a DT rape NN and CC murder NN of IN earlier JJR perfection NN than IN is VBZ Ellington's NP swinging VVG 1937 CD update NN of IN his PP$ 1927 CD East NP St NP . SENT Louis NP Toodle NP Oo NP . SENT It PP is VBZ simply RB an DT effort NN to TO speak VV in IN a DT different JJ musical JJ language NN . SENT That DT language NN is VBZ rhythm NN and CC blues NNS rock NN and CC roll NN , , if IN one PP prefers VVZ the DT bugbear NN of IN 1950 CD s PP jazz NN purists NNS . SENT When WRB considered VVN as IN a DT rhythm NN and CC blues NNS inflected VVD performance NN , , it PP is VBZ easier JJR to TO fathom VV both CC the DT sensational JJ reaction NN to TO the DT Gonsalves NP showcase NN and CC the DT prejudice NN of IN some DT listeners NNS . SENT Ellington's NP rhythmic JJ attack NN at IN Newport NP was VBD symptomatic JJ of IN his PP$ larger JJR interest NN in IN the DT idiom NN , , an DT interest NN that WDT certainly RB contributed VVD to TO his PP$ revivified VVN career NN , , and CC perhaps RB to TO the DT aesthetic JJ quality NN of IN his PP$ later JJR compositions NNS . SENT That IN the DT Newport NP Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN is VBZ an DT R NP B NP piece NN becomes VVZ apparent JJ in IN the DT first JJ four CD choruses NNS , , when WRB Ellington's NP angular JJ chordal JJ stride NN in IN the DT bass NN register VVP his PP$ masterly JJ piano NN playing NN is VBZ arguably RB the DT only JJ improvement NN on IN the DT 1937 CD record NN lays VVZ down RP for IN the DT rhythm NN section NN what WP the DT funk NN masters NNS of IN the DT 1970 CD s PP would MD call VV a DT monster NN groove NN . SENT Thereafter RB , , the DT band NN makes VVZ an DT elementary JJ emotional JJ appeal NN amidst IN proliferating VVG devices NNS of IN the DT genre NN . SENT Ellington's NP syncopated VVD yelps VVZ , , growls VVZ and CC hand NN claps NNS , , two CD measures NNS of IN crosscut NN low RB down RB mean VV blues NNS piano NN , , the DT stuttering JJ trumpet NN intro NN to TO the DT Crescendo NN all RB heighten VV the DT rhythmic JJ tension NN . SENT Gonsalves NP solo NN itself PP contains VVZ many JJ recognizably RB R NP B NP figures NNS , , especially RB in IN the DT middle JJ and CC late JJ choruses NNS , , although IN his PP$ liquid JJ tone NN remains VVZ far RB more RBR articulate VV than IN that DT of IN the DT honking VVG King NP Curtis NP style NN rock NN and CC roll NN sax NN men NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT very JJ idea NN of IN the DT long JJ , , long JJ solo NN inside NN , , not RB over IN the DT beat NN through IN his PP$ entire JJ six CD minutes NNS Gonsalves NP stays VVZ within IN two CD octaves NNS of IN his PP$ initial JJ launch NN from IN Ellington's NP percussive JJ piano NN would MD become VV something NN of IN a DT rock NN cliche NN as IN the DT music NN matured VVN in IN the DT late JJ 1960 CD s PP . SENT In IN 1956 CD the DT jazz NN apotheosis NN of IN this DT approach NN in IN the DT work NN of IN Coltrane NP and CC Sonny NP Rollins NP was VBD still RB a DT few JJ years NNS away RB . SENT The DT character NN of IN the DT band's JJ Newport NP performance NN was VBD not RB lost VVN on IN contemporaries NNS . SENT Balliett NP told VVD Saturday NP Review's NP highbrow JJ subscribers NNS , , slumming VVG through IN his PP$ Newport NP account NN after IN the DT Robert NP Graves NP cover NN story NN and CC some DT typically RB button NN down IN Archibald NP MacLeish NP verse NN , , that IN Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN in IN Blue NP . SENT . SENT . SENT included VVN an DT extraordinary JJ ten CD minute NN sic JJ solo NN blues NNS interlude NN played VVN by IN Paul NP Gonsalves NP as IN honest JJ , , old JJ time NN rhythm NN and CC blues NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 34 CD Feather's NP downbeat JJ piece NN noted VVD that IN the DT crowd NN had VHD reacted VVN in IN a DT fashion NN usually RB associated VVN with IN rock NN n NN roll NN , , although IN he PP was VBD careful JJ to TO label VV Ellington's NP work NN as IN great JJ jazz NN . SENT 35 CD Time NP similarly RB raised VVD the DT specter NN of IN beat NN driven VVN rock NN n NN roll NN riot NN , , happily RB forestalled VVN by IN jazz NN artistry NN . SENT 36 CD It PP was VBD a DT canny JJ career NN move NN for IN Ellington NP to TO introduce VV something NN of IN this DT wider JJR sensibility NN at IN Newport NP . SENT During IN the DT festival's JJ Saturday NP afternoon NN Future JJ of IN Jazz NN panel NN discussion NN the DT talking VVG heads NNS generated VVD some DT heat NN about IN the DT beat's JJ necessity NN in IN jazz NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT prophetic JJ discussion NN , , and CC not RB solely RB because IN of IN the DT Ellington NP band's NP impending JJ blowout NN . SENT Cool NN was VBD about RB played VVN out RP in IN 1956 CD , , and CC jazz NN indeed RB stood VVD at IN a DT crossroads NNS over IN the DT issue NN of IN the DT beat NN . SENT Ornette NP Coleman NP and CC kindred JJ souls NNS would MD soon RB develop VV free JJ jazz NN complexly RB percussive JJ , , but CC pulseless JJ to TO the DT casual JJ ear NN . SENT Ellington NP would MD give VV a DT nascent JJ nod NN in IN the DT direction NN of IN this DT music NN on IN his PP$ Coltrane NP sessions NNS , , but CC swing NN was VBD his PP$ life's NNS blood NN . SENT Much RB more RBR to TO his PP$ taste NN and CC talents NNS was VBD the DT emerging VVG soul NN or CC funky JJ style NN associated VVN with IN his PP$ future JJ Money NN Jungle NN partner NN , , Charles NP Mingus NP , , and CC the DT hard JJ bop NN leanings NNS of IN players NNS like IN Art NP Blakey's NP Jazz NN Messengers NNS . SENT These DT expressions NNS , , like IN contemporary JJ Chuck NP Berry's NP , , often RB featured VVD a DT backbeat JJ one CD couldn't NN lose VVP . SENT Authentic JJ jazzmen NNS like IN Cannonball JJ Adderley NP and CC Horace NP Silver NP would MD soon RB produce VV crossover NN R NP B NP hits VVZ , , and CC it PP would MD not RB be VB long JJ before IN Miles NP Davis NP was VBD jamming NN with IN Jimi NP Hendrix NP . SENT So RB it PP may MD be VB that IN Ellington's NP 1956 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN represented VVD his PP$ claim NN for IN renewed JJ leadership NN in IN the DT jazz NN vanguard NN , , as RB well RB as IN a DT bid NN for IN practical JJ renewal NN . SENT Besides RB , , Ellington NP had VHD an DT expensive JJ aggregation NN of IN musicians NNS to TO support VV , , and CC people NNS liked VVD some DT R NP B NP spice NN on IN occasion NN . SENT More RBR specifically RB , , as IN Elliington NP no DT doubt NN knew VVD , , the DT people NNS in IN Newport NP , , Rhode NP Island NP on IN July NP 7 CD , , 1956 CD , , liked VVD it PP . SENT At IN that DT early JJ date NN the DT festival NN was VBD not RB yet RB the DT youth NN bacchanal NN that WDT would MD culminate VV in IN tear VV gas NN and CC National NP Guard NP intervention NN in IN 1960 CD , , but CC Robert NP Parent's NP photographs NNS for IN Time NP and CC downbeat JJ confirm VVP the DT impression NN that IN Ellington's NP lively JJ audience NN was VBD heavily RB weighted VVN toward IN college NN students NNS . SENT Their PP$ music NN , , of IN course NN , , was VBD rhythm NN and CC blues NNS . SENT Promoters NNS would MD soon RB incorporate VV this DT phenomenon NN into IN jazz NN events NNS . SENT The DT New NP York NP Post NP , , for IN example NN , , touted VVD Sarah NP Vaughn NP for IN one CD of IN its PP$ late JJ 50 CD s PP jazz NN shows NNS as IN the DT rock NN a DT dilly NN filly NN with IN the DT two CD octave JJ range NN . SENT 37 CD Similarly RB , , in IN 1958 CD the DT Newport NP program NN featured VVD along RP with IN Duke NP Ellington NP and CC His PP$ Orchestra NN jazzman NN cum IN soul NN innovator NN Ray NP Charles NP , , and CC a DT flamboyant JJ guitarslinger NN named VVN Chuck NP Berry NP , , onetime JJ disciple NN of IN Chick NP Webb's NP rocking VVG sax NN man NN Louis NP Jordan NP . SENT Ellington NP was VBD never RB adverse JJ to TO giving VVG an DT audience NN what WP it PP wanted VVD , , regardless RB of IN musical JJ category NN . SENT He PP would MD not RB have VH understood VVN George NP Wein's NP assertion NN fatuous JJ , , considering VVG the DT source NN at IN Newport's NP 1956 CD Friday NP seminar NN . SENT You PP must MD not RB go VV to TO hear VV what WP you PP want VVP to TO hear VV in IN jazz NN . SENT You PP must MD go VV to TO hear VV what WP the DT musicians NNS want VVP to TO play VV for IN you PP . SENT 38 CD Instead RB , , Ellington NP thought VVD that IN If IN a DT guy NN plays VVZ something NN and CC nobody NN digs VVZ it PP , , then RB he PP hasn't VVD communicated VVN with IN his PP$ audience NN . SENT And CC either RB he PP goes VVZ somewhere RB to TO an DT audience NN that WDT does VVZ dig VV him PP , , or CC else RB he PP adjusts VVZ what WP he's NNS doing VVG to TO the DT audience NN he PP has VHZ . SENT 39 CD In IN sum NN , , Newport's NP R NP B NP flavored VVD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN likely RB served VVD multiple JJ purposes NNS for IN Ellington NP . SENT commerce NN , , communication NN , , aesthetic JJ development NN . SENT Ellington NP , , who WP probably RB never RB read VV Andre NP Hodeir NP , , did VVD not RB share VV jazz NN purists NNS disdain NN of IN rhythm NN and CC blues NNS crudity NN . SENT as IN he PP enthusiastically RB rhymed VVD for IN downbeat NN in IN 1964 CD , , Into IN each DT life NN some DT jazz NN must MD fall VV With IN afterbeat NN gone VVN kickin NN . SENT With IN jive NN alive JJ , , a DT ball NN for IN all DT , , Let VV not RB the DT beat NN be VB chicken NN . SENT 40 CD He PP did VVD not RB of IN course NN believe VVP in IN the DT cynical JJ reduction NN of IN his PP$ band's JJ capabilities NNS along IN the DT lines NNS of IN Lionel NP Hampton's NP mindless JJ rock NN excursions NNS or CC the DT Buddy NP Rich NP Big NP Band's NP later JJR arrangements NNS of IN Sonny NP Cher NP . SENT Rather RB , , his PP$ effort NN was VBD to TO incorporate VV the DT potentialities NNS of IN rhythm NN and CC blues NNS into IN his PP$ own JJ ongoing JJ musical JJ odyssey NN and CC it PP was VBD some DT measure NN of IN worth NN if IN people NNS danced VVN and CC bought VVN records NNS . SENT In IN this DT regard NN his PP$ attitude NN during IN and CC after IN Newport NP echoed VVD his PP$ generous JJ assessment NN of IN another DT interesting JJ young JJ music NN a DT decade NN before RB . SENT Why WRB be VB surprised VVN that DT be VB bop NN is VBZ ridiculed VVN . SENT Jazz NN and CC swing NN got VVD the DT same JJ treatment NN in IN their PP$ early JJ days NNS , , too RB . SENT Anything NN that's NNS alive RB must MD progress VV and CC music NN is VBZ alive JJ . SENT There EX are VBP young JJ minds NNS , , wonderful JJ young JJ minds NNS working VVG on IN fresh JJ musical JJ ideas NNS . SENT These DT ideas NNS have VHP spread VVN and CC some DT part NN of IN them PP will MD be VB incorporated VVN into IN the DT music NN of IN tomorrow NN . SENT 41 CD Ellington's NP own JJ music NN of IN tomorrow NN could MD find VV room NN for IN raw JJ rhythm NN and CC blues NNS vitality NN what WP he PP termed VVD the DT most RBS raucous JJ form NN of IN jazz NN 42 CD as IN well RB as RB for IN Coltrane NP , , Mingus NP , , his PP$ Columbia NP pop NN sides NNS , , his PP$ new JJ classical JJ compositions NNS , , and CC widely RB divergent JJ readings NNS of IN his PP$ own JJ ouevre NN like IN the DT Gonsalves NP re NN working VVG of IN Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB surprising JJ then RB , , that IN in IN 1962 CD he PP benignly RB shared VVD a DT stage NN with IN both DT Sonny NP Rollins NP and CC Howlin NP Wolf NP , , icon NN of IN highly RB amplified VVN sledgehammer NN Chicago NP blues NNS . SENT Later RBR in IN the DT 1960 CD s NN he PP expressed VVD strong JJ admiration NN for IN Aretha NP Franklin NP , , and CC recorded VVD uncondescendingly RB witty JJ arrangements NNS of IN Beatles NP tunes NNS . SENT 43 CD For IN the DT fun NN of IN it PP , , he PP occasionally RB penned VVN throwaway JJ R NP B NP pieces NNS like IN 1956 CD s PP Rock NP n NN Roll NP Rhapsody NN , , 1966 CD s PP Imagine VV My PP$ Frustration NN , , 1971 CD s NN One CD More JJR Time NN , , and CC the DT score NN for IN the DT 1968 CD film NN Change VV of IN Mind NN . SENT Ellington NP found VVD willing JJ accomplices NNS among IN his PP$ associates NNS , , the DT band NN demonstrating VVG fine JJ flair NN for IN this DT sort NN of IN work NN . SENT Hodges NP , , for IN instance NN , , while IN unsurpassed JJ as IN a DT jazz NN balladeer NN , , had VHD proven VVN his PP$ mettle NN in IN 1951 CD on IN an DT R NP B NP hit NN called VVD Castle NP Rock NP , , recorded VVN under IN his PP$ own JJ name NN with IN several JJ Ellington NP sidemen NNS . SENT Not RB surprisingly RB , , Paul NP Gonsalves NP took VVD enough JJ time NN away RB from IN Ben NP Webster NP worship NN to TO develop VV a DT strong JJ R NP B NP affection NN . SENT He PP had VHD grown VVN up RP listening VVG to TO hillbilly NN records NNS and CC playing VVG guitar NN , , and CC his PP$ assimilation NN of IN Portuguese JJ folk NN music NN from IN the DT old JJ neighborhood NN , , the DT swing NN styles NNS of IN Lunceford NP and CC Ellington NP , , his PP$ tutor's NP Boston NP Conservatory NP repertoire NN , , and CC Dizzy VV Gillespie's NP big JJ band NN bop NN experiments NNS gave VVD him PP a DT uniquely RB ecumenical JJ musical JJ outlook NN . SENT He PP was VBD known VVN to TO disappear VV during IN intermissions NNS to TO catch VV a DT Memphis NP Slim NP or CC Willie NP Dixon NP when WRB they PP played VVD the DT same JJ venues NNS as IN the DT Ellington NP band NN . SENT Only RB the DT likes NN of IN Gunther NP Schuller NP and CC Andre NP Hodeir NP would MD fault VV Ellington NP and CC his PP$ men NNS for IN fooling VVG around RP with IN rhythm NN and CC blues NNS once RB in IN awhile RB . SENT After IN all DT , , at IN parties NNS Mozart NP was VBD known VVN to TO pound VV out RP a DT drinking NN song NN or CC two CD on IN his PP$ piano NN . SENT But CC the DT usual JJ late JJ period NN critical JJ divide NN appears VVZ over IN Ellington's NP considered VVD expressive JJ use NN of IN the DT idiom NN in IN his PP$ more JJR significant JJ compositions NNS . SENT 1971 CD s NN eight CD movement NN extravaganza NN Afro NP Eurasian NN Eclipse NP is VBZ shot VVN through IN with IN R NP B NP , , especially RB in IN tenor NN sax NN man NN Harold NP Ashby's NP showcase NN section NN , , Acht NP O'Clock RB Rock NP . SENT Village NP Voice NP critic NN Gary NP Giddins NP , , who WP was VBD fifteen CD when IN the DT Beatles NP landed VVD in IN New NP York NP , , effusively RB praised VVD the DT piece NN in IN 1976 CD , , but CC otherwise RB it PP has VHZ received VVN little JJ attention NN . SENT More RBR successful JJ , , perhaps RB , , was VBD Ashby's JJ moving VVG contribution NN to TO Ellington's NP 1970 CD New NP Orleans NP Suite NP . SENT Ashby NP understudied VVD for IN Gonsalves NP throughout IN the DT 1960 CD s PP , , finally RB taking VVG a DT permanent JJ second JJ tenor NN chair NN in IN 1968 CD . SENT He PP was VBD perhaps RB Ellington's JJ purest JJS rhythm NN and CC blues NNS player NN , , following VVG his PP$ obligatory JJ Ben NP Webster NP period NN with IN an DT early JJ 50 CD s PP stint NN as IN house NN tenor NN for IN Chicago's NP Chess NP Records NPS . SENT Ashby NP played VVD on IN many JJ of IN the DT seminal JJ electric JJ blues NNS recordings NNS of IN Willie NP Dixon NP , , Memphis NP Slim NP , , Otis NP Rush NP , , and CC Sonny NP Boy NP Williamson NP , , and CC Ellington NP eventually RB gravitated VVD toward IN him PP because IN , , as IN Ashby NP told VVD Chip NP Deffaa NP of IN the DT New NP York NP Post NP , , The DT sound NN that IN I PP had VHD was VBD , , you PP know VVP , , compatible JJ with IN their PP$ type NN of IN thing NN . SENT 44 CD Ashby's NP stripped VVD down RP , , keening VVG Delta NP blues NNS on IN the DT New NP Orleans NP Suite's NP Thanks NNS for IN the DT Beautiful JJ Land NN on IN the DT Delta NP , , effectively RB uses VVZ R NP B NP directness NN to TO illustrate VV Ellington's NP view NN , , expressed VVN in IN a DT magazine NN piece NN about IN Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , that WDT In IN the DT final JJ analysis NN , , whether IN it PP be VB Shakespeare NN or CC jazz NN , , the DT only JJ thing NN that WDT counts VVZ is VBZ the DT emotional JJ effect NN on IN the DT listener NN . SENT 45 CD The NP Englishman NN Max NP Harrison NP , , who WP characterized VVD the DT 1956 CD Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN as IN rape NN and CC murder NN , , found VVD the DT New NP Orleans NP Suite's NP rock NN tinged VVN effects NNS frightful JJ . SENT 46 CD Coda NP In IN celebration NN of IN Ellington's NP fortieth JJ year NN in IN the DT public JJ ear NN , , the DT New NP Yorker's NP Balliett NP wrote VVD that IN his PP$ originality NN , , grace NN , , durability NN , , and CC variety NN demand NN that IN he PP be VB considered VVN in IN relation NN to TO all DT American JJ music NN . SENT 47 CD The NP paths NNS leading VVG to TO and CC from IN Ellington's NP 1956 CD Newport NP experience NN illustrate VVP the DT justness NN of IN that DT demand NN . SENT Duke NP Ellington NP and CC His PP$ Orchestra NN created VVD the DT music NN of IN has VHZ beens NNS hustling VVG for IN a DT buck NN , , and CC of IN sleek JJ Columbia NP commercial JJ product NN . SENT They PP were VBD rock NN stars NNS and CC avant JJ gardists NNS and CC apostates NNS and CC priests NNS of IN Western JJ civilization NN . SENT They PP were VBD ordinary JJ men NNS facing VVG uncertainty NN , , decline NN and CC renewal NN . SENT With IN Newport NP at IN the DT fulcrum NN , , they PP expressed VVD the DT catholic JJ eclecticism NN of IN the DT maddeningly RB sprawling JJ , , vulgar JJ , , sublime JJ , , kinetic JJ America NP that WDT spawned VVD them PP . SENT And CC they PP made VVD the DT people NNS dance NN . SENT 1 CD Ezra NP Pound NP , , A NP . SENT B SYM . SENT C LS . SENT of IN Reading VVG London NP 1934 CD , , 61 CD . SENT 2 CD Martin NP Williams NP , , The DT Jazz NN Tradition NN New NP York NP 1993 CD , , 96 CD . SENT 3 CD To TO avoid VV footnote NN overkill NN , , this DT paper NN will MD minimize VV attribution NN of IN factual JJ assertions NNS other JJ than IN direct JJ quotations NNS . SENT Each DT section NN derives VVZ from IN a DT synthesis NN of IN sources NNS listed VVN in IN the DT Bibliography NN . SENT The DT best RBS concise JJ and CC readable JJ outline NN of IN the DT early JJ 1950 CD s PP and CC Ellington's NP 1956 CD performance NN at IN Newport NP appears VVZ in IN the DT biography NN Beyond IN Category NN by IN John NP Edward NP Hasse NP , , Smithsonian NP music NN curator NN and CC Renaissance NP man NN of IN jazz NN . SENT 4 CD Dave NP Dexter NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , Playback NP New NP York NP 1976 CD , , 138 CD . SENT 5 CD John NP Edward NP Hasse NP , , Beyond IN Category NN New NP York NP 1993 CD , , 317 CD . SENT 6 CD Id NP . SENT , , 305 CD . SENT 7 CD Don NP Freeman NP , , My PP$ Biggest JJS Thrill NP . SENT When WRB Duke NP Roared VVD Back RB . SENT Basie NP , , downbeat JJ February NP 1994 CD , , 31 CD reprinted VVN from IN May NP 16 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT 8 CD At IN least JJS that DT is VBZ what WP Gonsalves NP told VVD Stanley NP Dance NP in IN 1961 CD . SENT Stanley NP Dance NP , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP New NP York NP 1970 CD , , 173 CD . SENT An DT Englishman NN named VVN G NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Lambert NP wrote VVD that DT same JJ year NN that IN Gonsalves NP had VHD played VVN the DT piece NN in IN Pasadena NP in IN 1953 CD . SENT G NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Lambert NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP New NP York NP 1961 CD , , 28 CD . SENT Lambert's NP assertion NN appears VVZ in IN a DT 95 CD cent NN Kings NP of IN Jazz NN series NN paperback NN that WDT does VVZ not RB bowl VVP one PP over RP with IN scholarly JJ apparatus NN . SENT Hasse NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 320 CD says VVZ without IN documentation NN that IN the DT tenor NN man NN had VHD performed VVN his PP$ wailing VVG interval NN on IN several JJ occasions NNS before IN Newport NP . SENT It PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN the DT Birdland NN appearance NN mentioned VVN by IN Gonsalves NP is VBZ the DT same JJ one NN that IN Basie NP recalled VVD so RB fondly RB in IN 1956 CD . SENT Dance's NP liner NN notes NNS for IN the DT Ellington NP at IN Newport NP album NN give VVP the DT same JJ date NN for IN Gonsalves NP first RB extended VVD solo NN as IN that WDT recalled VVD by IN Basie NP , , 1951 CD . SENT Stanley NP Dance NP , , Ellington NP at IN Newport NP New NP York NP , , undated JJ , , 4 CD Columbia NP Jazz NN Masterpiece NP reissue NN number NN 40587 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT Basie NP appears VVZ even RB more RBR prescient JJ in IN his PP$ downbeat JJ interview NN if IN he PP was VBD in IN fact NN remembering VVG a DT performance NN of IN Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN in IN Blue NP to TO back VV his PP$ assertion NN of IN Ellington's NP preeminence NN . SENT 9 CD Dance NN , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP , , 173 CD . SENT 10 CD Nat NP Hentoff NP , , Jack NP Tracy NP and CC Leonard NP Feather NP , , Newport NP Festival NP , , downbeat JJ August NP 8 CD , , 1956 CD , , 17 CD . SENT 11 CD Hasse NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 319 CD . SENT 12 CD Don NP George NP , , Sweet NP Man NP New NP York NP 1981 CD , , 118 CD . SENT 13 CD Edward NP Kennedy NP Ellington NP , , Music NP Is VBZ My PP$ Mistress NN Garden NP City NP , , New NP York NP 1973 CD , , 241 CD . SENT 14 CD Hasse NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 319 CD . SENT It PP was VBD fortuitous JJ that IN the DT Time NP story NN followed VVN Newport NP . SENT It PP had VHD been VBN in IN the DT works NNS since IN the DT early JJ months NNS of IN the DT year NN . SENT Ellington NP sat VVD for IN his PP$ cover NN portrait NN in IN June NP . SENT So IN many JJ jazz NN writers NNS gloss VVP over IN this DT point NN in IN their PP$ inexplicable JJ need NN to TO establish VV that IN Newport NP caused VVD the DT Time NP cover NN , , that WDT it PP is VBZ too RB bothersome JJ to TO cite VV them PP all DT . SENT One PP might MD perhaps RB pick VV on IN Ellington NP confidante NN Stanley NP Dance NP , , who WP really RB ought MD to TO know VV better RBR . SENT In IN his PP$ notes NNS to TO one CD of IN the DT band's JJ Columbia NP pop NN albums NNS , , he PP states VVZ that IN Newport NP resulted VVD in IN Ellington's NP appearance NN on IN the DT cover NN of IN Time NP . SENT Stanley NP Dance NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP Indigos NNS New NP York NP 1989 CD , , 4 CD Columbia NP Jazz NN Masterpieces NNS reissue NN number NN 44444 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT The DT timing NN of IN the DT piece NN of IN course NN suggests VVZ that DT Ellington's NP comeback NN was VBD well RB underway JJ before IN Newport NP , , although IN the DT sensation NN there RB certainly RB updated VVN the DT feature's NNS original JJ historically RB oriented VVN conception NN . SENT 15 CD Mood NP Indigo NN Beyond NP , , Time NP August NP 20 CD , , 1956 CD , , 54 CD . SENT 16 CD Id NP . SENT 17 CD Hentoff NP , , Feather NP and CC Tracy NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 16 CD 18 CD . SENT 18 CD Quoted VVN in IN Max NP Harrison NP , , A DT Jazz NN Retrospect NN Newton NP Abbot NP , , England NP , , 1976 CD , , 124 CD . SENT 19 CD John NP S NP . SENT Wilson NP , , The DT Best JJS of IN Jazz NN , , High NP Fidelity NP February NP 1957 CD , , 92 CD . SENT 20 CD Sinclair NP Traill NP , , Record NP Reviews NNS , , Jazz NN Journal NP May NP 1957 CD , , 25 CD . SENT 21 CD Leonard NP Feather NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP , , in IN Nat NP Shapiro NP and CC Nat NP Hentoff NP eds NPS . SENT , , The DT Jazz NN Makers NPS New NP York NP 1957 CD , , 194 CD . SENT 22 CD Bill NP Crow NP , , From IN Birdland NN to TO Broadway NP New NP York NP 1992 CD , , 141 CD . SENT 23 CD Dance NN , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP , , 173 CD . SENT 24 CD Whitney NP Balliett NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP Indianapolis NP 1966 CD , , 105 CD . SENT 25 CD Harrison NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 112 CD . SENT 26 CD The NP Fifties NNS , , downbeat JJ September NP 1989 CD , , 56 CD . SENT The DT anniversary NN reassessments NNS went VVD in IN both DT directions NNS . SENT On IN the DT same JJ page NN the DT magazine NN downgraded VVD Thelonious NP Monk's NP 1956 CD Brilliant NP Corners NP whose WP$ personnel NNS incidentally RB included VVD Ellingtonian NP Clark NP Terry NP from IN five CD stars NNS to TO four CD . SENT 27 CD Joachim NP E NP . SENT Berendt NP , , The DT Jazz NN Book NP Westport NP , , Connecticut NP 1982 CD , , 63 CD 64 CD . SENT 28 CD Whitney NP Balliett NP , , Goodbyes NNS and CC Other JJ Messages NNS New JJ York NP 1991 CD , , 24 CD , , 133 CD . SENT 29 CD Andre NP Hodeir NP and CC Gunther NP Schuller NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP , , in IN Barry NP Kernfeld NP ed NP . SENT , , The DT New NP Grove NP Dictionary NP of IN Jazz NN London NP 1988 CD , , 334 CD . SENT 30 CD Andre NP Hodeir NP , , Toward IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1962 CD , , 32 CD . SENT 31 CD Id NP . SENT , , 24 CD 32 CD . SENT Even RB Hodeir NP admitted VVD that IN he PP was VBD still RB impressed VVN by IN the DT band NN . SENT Id NN . SENT , , 151 CD . SENT 32 CD Max NP Harrison NP , , Some DT Reflections NNS on IN Ellington's NP Longer RB Works NPS , , in IN Mark NP Tucker NP ed NP . SENT , , The DT Duke NP Ellington NP Reader NP New NP York NP 1993 CD , , 390 CD . SENT 33 CD Id NP . SENT , , 394 CD . SENT 34 CD Whitney NP Balliett NP , , Jazz NN at IN Newport NP . SENT 1956 CD , , Saturday NP Review NP July NP 28 CD , , 1956 CD , , 25 CD . SENT 35 CD Hentoff NP , , Tracy NP and CC Feather NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 18 CD . SENT 36 CD Mood NP Indigo NN Beyond NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 54 CD . SENT 37 CD John NP S NP . SENT Wilson NP , , Jazz NN . SENT The DT Transition NN Years NNS 1940 CD 1960 CD New NP York NP 1966 CD , , 148 CD . SENT 38 CD Hentoff NP , , Tracy NP and CC Feather NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 42 CD . SENT 39 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , What WP the DT Performer NN Thinks VVZ , , in IN Esquire's NP World NP of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1962 CD , , 200 CD . SENT 40 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , Reminiscing VVG in IN Tempo NN , , in IN Tucker NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 358 CD . SENT 41 CD Wilson NP , , Jazz NN . SENT The DT Transition NN Years NNS , , 20 CD . SENT 42 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , Where WRB Is VBZ Jazz NN Going VVG , , in IN Tucker NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 325 CD . SENT 43 CD Balliett NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , 114 CD . SENT 44 CD Chip NP Deffaa NP , , Swing NP Legacy NP Metuchen NP , , New NP Jersey NP 1989 CD , , 239 CD . SENT 45 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , Jazz NN and CC Shakespeare NP , , Music NP Journal NP 1957 NP Annual NP , , 94 CD . SENT 46 CD Harrison NP , , The DT Duke NP Ellington NP Reader NP , , 393 CD . SENT 47 CD Balliett NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , 99 CD . SENT Balliett's NP title NN for IN these DT collected VVN jazz NN essays NNS is VBZ a DT tribute NN to TO Ellington NP . SENT Bibliography NN Agostinelli NP , , Anthony NP J NP . SENT , , The DT Newport NP Jazz NN Festival NP , , Rhode NP Island NP , , 1954 CD 1971 CD Providence NP , , Rhode NP Island NP 1978 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , Celebrating VVG the DT Duke NP , , New NP Yorker NP November NP 29 CD , , 1993 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , Good JJ byes NNS and CC Other JJ Messages NNS New JJ York NP 1991 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , Ecstasy NN at IN the DT Onion NN Indianapolis NP 1971 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP Indianapolis NP 1966 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , Dinosaurs NNS in IN the DT Morning NP London NP 1962 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , The DT Sound NN of IN Surprise NP London NP 1959 CD . SENT Balliett NP , , Whitney NP , , Jazz NN at IN Newport NP . SENT 1956 CD , , Saturday NP Review NP July NP 28 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT Berendt NP , , Joachim NP E NN . SENT , , The DT Jazz NN Book NP Westport NP , , Connecticut NP 1982 CD . SENT Budds NP , , Michael NP J NP . SENT , , Jazz NN in IN the DT Sixties NNS Iowa NP City NP 1990 CD . SENT Collier NP , , James NP Lincoln NP , , Jazz NN , , The DT American JJ Theme NN Song NN New NP York NP 1993 CD . SENT Collier NP , , James NP Lincoln NP , , The DT Making VVG of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1978 CD . SENT Crow NP , , Bill NP , , From IN Birdland NN to TO Broadway NP New NP York NP 1992 CD . SENT Dance NP , , Stanley NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP Indigos NNS New NP York NP 1989 CD Columbia NP Jazz NN Masterpieces NNS reissue NN number NN 44444 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT Dance NP , , Stanley NP , , Ellington NP at IN Newport NP New NP York NP , , undated JJ Columbia NP Jazz NN Masterpieces NNS reissue NN number NN 40587 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT Dance NP , , Stanley NP , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP New NP York NP 1970 CD . SENT Deffaa NP , , Chip NP , , Swing NP Legacy NP Metuchen NP , , New NP Jersey NP 1989 CD . SENT Dexter NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , Dave NP , , Playback NP New NP York NP 1976 CD . SENT Dexter NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , Dave NP , , The DT Jazz NN Story NP Englewood NP Cliffs NPS , , New NP Jersey NP 1964 CD . SENT Ellington NP , , Duke NP , , and CC Dance NP , , Stanley NP , , The DT Art NN is VBZ in IN the DT Cooking NN , , downbeat JJ September NP 1989 CD Ellington NP , , Edward NP Kennedy NP , , Music NP Is VBZ My PP$ Mistress NN Garden NP City NP , , New NP York NP 1973 CD . SENT Ellington NP , , Duke NP , , Jazz NN and CC Shakespeare NP , , Music NP Journal NP 1957 CD Annual NP . SENT Ellington NP , , Mercer NP , , and CC Dance NP , , Stanley NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP in IN Person NP . SENT An DT Intimate JJ Memoir NN Boston NP 1978 CD . SENT Enstice NP , , Wayne NP , , and CC Rubin NP , , Paul NP , , Jazz NN Spoken VVN Here RB Baton NP Rouge NP 1992 CD . SENT Esquire's NP World NP of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1962 CD . SENT Ewen NP , , David NP , , All PDT the DT Years NNS of IN American NP Popular NP Music NP Englewood NP Cliffs NPS , , New NP Jersey NP 1977 CD . SENT Feather NP , , Leonard NP , , The DT Passion NP For IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1980 CD . SENT Feather NP , , Leonard NP , , The DT Book NN of IN Jazz NN London NP 1959 CD . SENT Feather NP , , Leonard NP , , The DT Encyclopedia NN Yearbook NN of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1956 CD . SENT Fox NP , , Charles NP , , Jazz NN Since IN 1945 CD , , Proceedings NNS of IN the DT Royal NP Musical JJ Association NP 86 CD th NN Session NP , , 1959 CD 61 CD . SENT Freeman NP , , Don NP , , My PP$ Biggest JJS Thrill NP . SENT When WRB Duke NP Roared VVD Back RB . SENT Basie NP , , downbeat JJ February NP 1994 CD . SENT Gammond NP , , Peter NP ed NP . SENT , , Duke NP Ellington NP , , His PP$ Life NP and CC Music NP London NP 1958 CD . SENT George NP , , Don NP , , Sweet NP Man NP New NP York NP 1981 CD . SENT Gutman NP , , Bill NP , , Duke NP New NP York NP 1977 CD . SENT Harrison NP , , Max NP , , A DT Jazz NN Retrospect NN Newton NP Abbot NP , , England NP 1976 CD . SENT Hasse NP , , John NP Edward NP , , Beyond IN Category NN New NP York NP 1993 CD . SENT Hentoff NP , , Nat NP , , The DT Jazz NN Life NP New NP York NP 1961 CD . SENT Hentoff NP , , Nat NP , , and CC McCarthy NP , , Albert NP J NP . SENT , , Jazz NN New NP York NP 1959 CD . SENT Hentoff NP , , Nat NP , , Jazz NN Records NP , , downbeat JJ December NP 12 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT Hentoff NP , , Nat NP , , Tracy NP , , Jack NP , , and CC Feather NP , , Leonard NP , , Newport NP Festival NP , , downbeat JJ August NP 8 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT Hodeir NP , , Andre NP , , Toward IN Jazz NN New NP York NP , , 1962 CD . SENT Holmes NP , , Lowell NP D NP . SENT , , and CC Thomson NP , , John NP W NP . SENT , , Jazz NN Greats NNS New JJ York NP 1986 CD . SENT Jazz NN Bestsellers NNS , , downbeat JJ January NP June NP 1957 CD . SENT Jewell NP , , Derek NP , , Duke NP New NP York NP 1977 CD . SENT Jones NP , , LeRoi NP , , Black NP Music NP New NP York NP 1967 CD . SENT Jost NP , , Ekkehard NP , , Free NP Jazz NN New NP York NP 1981 CD . SENT Kofsky NP , , Frank NP , , Black NP Nationalism NN in IN Jazz NN . SENT The DT Forerunners NNS Resist VVP Establishment NN Repression NN , , 1958 CD 1963 CD , , 10 CD Journal NP of IN Ethnic JJ Studies NP 2 CD Summer NP 1982 CD . SENT Lambert NP , , G NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Duke NP Ellington NP New NP York NP 1961 CD . SENT Larkin NP , , Philip NP , , All DT What WP Jazz NN New NP York NP 1985 CD . SENT Lorillard NP , , Elaine NP Guthrie NP , , and CC Gehman NP , , Richard NP , , Hot NP Time NP in IN Old NP Newport NP , , Colliers NNS July NP 20 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT Lyons NP , , Len NP , , The DT 101 CD Best JJS Jazz NN Albums NNS New JJ York NP 1980 CD . SENT Marsalis NP , , Wynton NP , , Ellington NP Sweets NNS , , downbeat JJ June NP 1991 CD . SENT McCarthy NP , , Albert NP , , Big NP Band NP Jazz NN London NP 1974 CD . SENT McCarthy NP , , Albert NP , , Big NP Band NP Tradition NP London NP 1974 CD . SENT McRae NP , , Barry NP , , The DT Jazz NN Cataclysm NN New NP York NP 1985 CD . SENT Mood NN Indigo NN Beyond NP , , Time NP August NP 20 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT The DT New NP Grove NP Dictionary NP of IN Jazz NN London NP 1988 CD . SENT Parent NN , , Bob NP , , Newport NP Jazz NN in IN Pictures NP , , downbeat JJ August NP 22 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT Pound NN , , Ezra NP , , A NP . SENT B SYM . SENT C LS . SENT of IN Reading VVG London NP 1934 CD . SENT Shapiro NP , , Nat NP , , and CC Hentoff NP , , Nat NP , , The DT Jazz NN Makers NPS New NP York NP 1957 CD . SENT Spellman NP , , A NP . SENT B SYM . SENT , , Four CD Lives NNS in IN the DT Bebop NN Business NP New NP York NP 1966 CD . SENT Stokes NP , , W NP . SENT Royal NP , , The DT Jazz NN Scene NN New NP York NP 1991 CD . SENT Such JJ , , David NP G NP . SENT , , Avant NP Garde NP Jazz NN Musicians NNS Iowa NP City NP 1993 CD . SENT Terkel NP , , Studs NNS , , Giants NPS of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1957 CD . SENT The DT Fifties NNS , , downbeat JJ September NP 1989 CD . SENT Traill NP , , Sinclair NP , , Record NP Reviews NNS , , 10 CD Jazz NN Journal NP 5 CD May NP 1957 CD . SENT Tucker NP , , Mark NP ed NP . SENT , , The DT Duke NP Ellington NP Reader NP New NP York NP 1993 CD . SENT Williams NP , , Martin NP , , The DT Jazz NN Tradition NN New NP York NP 1993 CD . SENT Williams NP , , Martin NP and CC Gitler NP , , Ira NP , , The DT Smithsonian NP Collection NN of IN Classic NP Jazz NN Washington NP 1987 CD Smithsonian NP Collection NN of IN Recordings NNS number NN RD NP 033 CD A DT 5 CD 19477 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT Williams NP , , Martin NP , , Jazz NN Masters NP in IN Transition NN , , 1957 CD 69 CD London NP 1970 CD . SENT Williams NP , , Martin NP , , The DT Art NN of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1959 CD . SENT Wilson NP , , John NP S NP . SENT , , Jazz NN . SENT The DT Transition NN Years NNS New JJ York NP 1966 CD . SENT Wilson NP , , John NP S NP . SENT , , The DT Best JJS of IN Jazz NN , , High NP Fidelity NP February NP 1957 CD . SENT Worsley NP , , John NP Ashton NP , , The DT Newport NP Jazz NN Festival NP . SENT A DT Clash NN of IN Cultures NNS Worcester NP , , Massachusetts NP 1981 CD Clark NP University NP Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT dissertation NN number NN 0048 CD . SENT Youngren NP , , William NP H NP . SENT , , Musician NN and CC Composer NN , , Commentary NN February NP , , 1988 CD . SENT 1 CD Ezra NP Pound NP , , A NP . SENT B SYM . SENT C LS . SENT of IN Reading VVG London NP 1934 CD , , 61 CD . SENT 2 CD Martin NP Williams NP , , The DT Jazz NN Tradition NN New NP York NP 1993 CD , , 96 CD . SENT 3 CD To TO avoid VV footnote NN overkill NN , , this DT paper NN will MD minimize VV attribution NN of IN factual JJ assertions NNS other JJ than IN direct JJ quotations NNS . SENT Each DT section NN derives VVZ from IN a DT synthesis NN of IN sources NNS listed VVN in IN the DT Bibliography NN . SENT The DT best RBS concise JJ and CC readable JJ outline NN of IN the DT early JJ 1950 CD s PP and CC Ellington's NP 1956 CD performance NN at IN Newport NP appears VVZ in IN the DT biography NN Beyond IN Category NN by IN John NP Edward NP Hasse NP , , Smithsonian NP music NN curator NN and CC Renaissance NP man NN of IN jazz NN . SENT 4 CD Dave NP Dexter NP , , Jr NP . SENT , , Playback NP New NP York NP 1976 CD , , 138 CD . SENT 5 CD John NP Edward NP Hasse NP , , Beyond IN Category NN New NP York NP 1993 CD , , 317 CD . SENT 6 CD Id NP . SENT , , 305 CD . SENT 7 CD Don NP Freeman NP , , My PP$ Biggest JJS Thrill NP . SENT When WRB Duke NP Roared VVD Back RB . SENT Basie NP , , downbeat JJ February NP 1994 CD , , 31 CD reprinted VVN from IN May NP 16 CD , , 1956 CD . SENT 8 CD At IN least JJS that DT is VBZ what WP Gonsalves NP told VVD Stanley NP Dance NP in IN 1961 CD . SENT Stanley NP Dance NP , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP New NP York NP 1970 CD , , 173 CD . SENT An DT Englishman NN named VVN G NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Lambert NP wrote VVD that DT same JJ year NN that IN Gonsalves NP had VHD played VVN the DT piece NN in IN Pasadena NP in IN 1953 CD . SENT G NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Lambert NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP New NP York NP 1961 CD , , 28 CD . SENT Lambert's NP assertion NN appears VVZ in IN a DT 95 CD cent NN Kings NP of IN Jazz NN series NN paperback NN that WDT does VVZ not RB bowl VVP one PP over RP with IN scholarly JJ apparatus NN . SENT Hasse NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 320 CD says VVZ without IN documentation NN that IN the DT tenor NN man NN had VHD performed VVN his PP$ wailing VVG interval NN on IN several JJ occasions NNS before IN Newport NP . SENT It PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN the DT Birdland NN appearance NN mentioned VVN by IN Gonsalves NP is VBZ the DT same JJ one NN that IN Basie NP recalled VVD so RB fondly RB in IN 1956 CD . SENT Dance's NP liner NN notes NNS for IN the DT Ellington NP at IN Newport NP album NN give VVP the DT same JJ date NN for IN Gonsalves NP first RB extended VVD solo NN as IN that WDT recalled VVD by IN Basie NP , , 1951 CD . SENT Stanley NP Dance NP , , Ellington NP at IN Newport NP New NP York NP , , undated JJ , , 4 CD Columbia NP Jazz NN Masterpiece NP reissue NN number NN 40587 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT Basie NP appears VVZ even RB more RBR prescient JJ in IN his PP$ downbeat JJ interview NN if IN he PP was VBD in IN fact NN remembering VVG a DT performance NN of IN Diminuendo NN and CC Crescendo NN in IN Blue NP to TO back VV his PP$ assertion NN of IN Ellington's NP preeminence NN . SENT 9 CD Dance NN , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP , , 173 CD . SENT 10 CD Nat NP Hentoff NP , , Jack NP Tracy NP and CC Leonard NP Feather NP , , Newport NP Festival NP , , downbeat JJ August NP 8 CD , , 1956 CD , , 17 CD . SENT 11 CD Hasse NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 319 CD . SENT 12 CD Don NP George NP , , Sweet NP Man NP New NP York NP 1981 CD , , 118 CD . SENT 13 CD Edward NP Kennedy NP Ellington NP , , Music NP Is VBZ My PP$ Mistress NN Garden NP City NP , , New NP York NP 1973 CD , , 241 CD . SENT 14 CD Hasse NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 319 CD . SENT It PP was VBD fortuitous JJ that IN the DT Time NP story NN followed VVN Newport NP . SENT It PP had VHD been VBN in IN the DT works NNS since IN the DT early JJ months NNS of IN the DT year NN . SENT Ellington NP sat VVD for IN his PP$ cover NN portrait NN in IN June NP . SENT So IN many JJ jazz NN writers NNS gloss VVP over IN this DT point NN in IN their PP$ inexplicable JJ need NN to TO establish VV that IN Newport NP caused VVD the DT Time NP cover NN , , that WDT it PP is VBZ too RB bothersome JJ to TO cite VV them PP all DT . SENT One PP might MD perhaps RB pick VV on IN Ellington NP confidante NN Stanley NP Dance NP , , who WP really RB ought MD to TO know VV better RBR . SENT In IN his PP$ notes NNS to TO one CD of IN the DT band's JJ Columbia NP pop NN albums NNS , , he PP states VVZ that IN Newport NP resulted VVD in IN Ellington's NP appearance NN on IN the DT cover NN of IN Time NP . SENT Stanley NP Dance NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP Indigos NNS New NP York NP 1989 CD , , 4 CD Columbia NP Jazz NN Masterpieces NNS reissue NN number NN 44444 CD , , compact JJ disc NN liner NN notes NNS . SENT The DT timing NN of IN the DT piece NN of IN course NN suggests VVZ that DT Ellington's NP comeback NN was VBD well RB underway JJ before IN Newport NP , , although IN the DT sensation NN there RB certainly RB updated VVN the DT feature's NNS original JJ historically RB oriented VVN conception NN . SENT 15 CD Mood NP Indigo NN Beyond NP , , Time NP August NP 20 CD , , 1956 CD , , 54 CD . SENT 16 CD Id NP . SENT 17 CD Hentoff NP , , Feather NP and CC Tracy NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 16 CD 18 CD . SENT 18 CD Quoted VVN in IN Max NP Harrison NP , , A DT Jazz NN Retrospect NN Newton NP Abbot NP , , England NP , , 1976 CD , , 124 CD . SENT 19 CD John NP S NP . SENT Wilson NP , , The DT Best JJS of IN Jazz NN , , High NP Fidelity NP February NP 1957 CD , , 92 CD . SENT 20 CD Sinclair NP Traill NP , , Record NP Reviews NNS , , Jazz NN Journal NP May NP 1957 CD , , 25 CD . SENT 21 CD Leonard NP Feather NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP , , in IN Nat NP Shapiro NP and CC Nat NP Hentoff NP eds NPS . SENT , , The DT Jazz NN Makers NPS New NP York NP 1957 CD , , 194 CD . SENT 22 CD Bill NP Crow NP , , From IN Birdland NN to TO Broadway NP New NP York NP 1992 CD , , 141 CD . SENT 23 CD Dance NN , , The DT World NP of IN Duke NP Ellington NP , , 173 CD . SENT 24 CD Whitney NP Balliett NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP Indianapolis NP 1966 CD , , 105 CD . SENT 25 CD Harrison NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 112 CD . SENT 26 CD The NP Fifties NNS , , downbeat JJ September NP 1989 CD , , 56 CD . SENT The DT anniversary NN reassessments NNS went VVD in IN both DT directions NNS . SENT On IN the DT same JJ page NN the DT magazine NN downgraded VVD Thelonious NP Monk's NP 1956 CD Brilliant NP Corners NP whose WP$ personnel NNS incidentally RB included VVD Ellingtonian NP Clark NP Terry NP from IN five CD stars NNS to TO four CD . SENT 27 CD Joachim NP E NP . SENT Berendt NP , , The DT Jazz NN Book NP Westport NP , , Connecticut NP 1982 CD , , 63 CD 64 CD . SENT 28 CD Whitney NP Balliett NP , , Goodbyes NNS and CC Other JJ Messages NNS New JJ York NP 1991 CD , , 24 CD , , 133 CD . SENT 29 CD Andre NP Hodeir NP and CC Gunther NP Schuller NP , , Duke NP Ellington NP , , in IN Barry NP Kernfeld NP ed NP . SENT , , The DT New NP Grove NP Dictionary NP of IN Jazz NN London NP 1988 CD , , 334 CD . SENT 30 CD Andre NP Hodeir NP , , Toward IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1962 CD , , 32 CD . SENT 31 CD Id NP . SENT , , 24 CD 32 CD . SENT Even RB Hodeir NP admitted VVD that IN he PP was VBD still RB impressed VVN by IN the DT band NN . SENT Id NN . SENT , , 151 CD . SENT 32 CD Max NP Harrison NP , , Some DT Reflections NNS on IN Ellington's NP Longer RB Works NPS , , in IN Mark NP Tucker NP ed NP . SENT , , The DT Duke NP Ellington NP Reader NP New NP York NP 1993 CD , , 390 CD . SENT 33 CD Id NP . SENT , , 394 CD . SENT 34 CD Whitney NP Balliett NP , , Jazz NN at IN Newport NP . SENT 1956 CD , , Saturday NP Review NP July NP 28 CD , , 1956 CD , , 25 CD . SENT 35 CD Hentoff NP , , Tracy NP and CC Feather NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 18 CD . SENT 36 CD Mood NP Indigo NN Beyond NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 54 CD . SENT 37 CD John NP S NP . SENT Wilson NP , , Jazz NN . SENT The DT Transition NN Years NNS 1940 CD 1960 CD New NP York NP 1966 CD , , 148 CD . SENT 38 CD Hentoff NP , , Tracy NP and CC Feather NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 42 CD . SENT 39 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , What WP the DT Performer NN Thinks VVZ , , in IN Esquire's NP World NP of IN Jazz NN New NP York NP 1962 CD , , 200 CD . SENT 40 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , Reminiscing VVG in IN Tempo NN , , in IN Tucker NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 358 CD . SENT 41 CD Wilson NP , , Jazz NN . SENT The DT Transition NN Years NNS , , 20 CD . SENT 42 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , Where WRB Is VBZ Jazz NN Going VVG , , in IN Tucker NP , , op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , 325 CD . SENT 43 CD Balliett NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , 114 CD . SENT 44 CD Chip NP Deffaa NP , , Swing NP Legacy NP Metuchen NP , , New NP Jersey NP 1989 CD , , 239 CD . SENT 45 CD Duke NP Ellington NP , , Jazz NN and CC Shakespeare NP , , Music NP Journal NP 1957 NP Annual NP , , 94 CD . SENT 46 CD Harrison NP , , The DT Duke NP Ellington NP Reader NP , , 393 CD . SENT 47 CD Balliett NP , , Such JJ Sweet NP Thunder NP , , 99 CD . SENT Balliett's NP title NN for IN these DT collected VVN jazz NN essays NNS is VBZ a DT tribute NN to TO Ellington NP . SENT