/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/27/file_158.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Mirrors VVZ Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Audio JJ Equipment NP and CC Other JJ Miscellaneous JJ Stuff NN Contents NNS . SENT Chapter NP 1 CD About IN the DT Author NN Copyright NN Chapter NP 2 CD Introduction NN 2 CD . SENT 1 CD Why WRB is VBZ all PDT that DT junk NN in IN your PP$ attic NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT 2 CD Information NN on IN consumer NN electronics NNS technology NN 2 CD . SENT 3 CD Web NP sites NNS dealing VVG with IN low JJ voltage NN wiring NN Chapter NP 3 CD Maintenance NN and CC Troubleshooting JJ Guide NP 3 CD . SENT 1 CD SAFETY NN 3 CD . SENT 2 CD Safety NP guidelines NNS 3 CD . SENT 3 CD Troubleshooting JJ tips NNS 3 CD . SENT 4 CD Soldering VVG equipment NN 3 CD . SENT 5 CD Soldering VVG techniques NNS 3 CD . SENT 6 CD Desoldering NP techniques NNS 3 CD . SENT 7 CD Soldering VVG pins NNS in IN plastic JJ connectors NNS 3 CD . SENT 8 CD Test NN equipment NN 3 CD . SENT 9 CD Handy NP dandy JJ phone NN line NN tester NN 3 CD . SENT 10 CD Getting VVG inside IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN 3 CD . SENT 11 CD Getting VVG built VVN up RP dust NN and CC dirt NN out IN of IN a DT equipment NN 3 CD . SENT 12 CD What WP to TO do VV if IN a DT tiny JJ tiny JJ part NN falls VVZ inside IN Chapter NP 4 CD Audio JJ Cassette NP and CC Open NP Reel NP Tape NP Equipment NP 4 CD . SENT 1 CD Parts NNS of IN an DT audio JJ tape NN transport NN 4 CD . SENT 2 CD General NP guide NN to TO tape VV deck NN cleaning NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS replacement NN 4 CD . SENT 3 CD Lubrication NN of IN electronic JJ equipment NN 4 CD . SENT 4 CD Tape NP head NN demagnetizing VVG 4 CD . SENT 5 CD Homemade JJ audio JJ tape NN head NN demagnetizer NN 4 CD . SENT 6 CD Building VVG a DT bulk JJ tape NN eraser NN 4 CD . 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SENT 7 CD Turntable NN tracking VVG skating NN problems NNS 5 CD . SENT 8 CD About IN stylus NN wear VVP 5 CD . SENT 9 CD Changer NN won't NN cycle NN automatically RB Chapter NP 6 CD Loudspeakers NNS 6 CD . SENT 1 CD Loudspeaker NN anatomy NN 6 CD . SENT 2 CD Loudspeaker NN problems NNS 6 CD . SENT 3 CD Electrical JJ causes NNS for IN loudspeaker NN damage NN 6 CD . SENT 4 CD Repairing VVG loudspeaker NN drivers NNS 6 CD . SENT 5 CD Repairing VVG speaker NN driver NN cones NNS 6 CD . SENT 6 CD Some RB sources NNS for IN loudspeaker NN repair NN parts NNS and CC services NNS 6 CD . SENT 7 CD Repairing VVG an DT open JJ driver NN 6 CD . SENT 8 CD Loudspeakers NNS repair VV or CC replace VV . SENT 6 CD . SENT 9 CD Speakers NNS wired VVN in IN series NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 10 CD Comments NNS on IN speaker NN shielding VVG Chapter NP 7 CD Telephone NP Equipment NP 7 CD . SENT 1 CD Telephone NP basics NNS 7 CD . SENT 2 CD DTMF NP codes NNS 7 CD . SENT 3 CD Phone NN jack NN or CC extension NN installation NN or CC repair VV 7 CD . SENT 4 CD Answering NN machine NN comments NNS 7 CD . SENT 5 CD Answering NN machine NN delays NNS after IN playing VVG OGM NP 7 CD . SENT 6 CD Answering NN machine NN picks VVZ up RP then RB hangs VVZ up RB 7 CD . SENT 7 CD Answering NN machine NN does VVZ not RB complete VV cycle NN 7 CD . SENT 8 CD Answering NN machine NN has VHZ weak JJ outgoing JJ message NN 7 CD . SENT 9 CD Newly RB installed VVN phone NN will MD not RB tone NN dial NN 7 CD . SENT 10 CD Cordless JJ phone NN problems NNS 7 CD . SENT 11 CD Cordless JJ phone NN keypads NNS 7 CD . SENT 12 CD Erratic JJ or CC noisy JJ telephone NN equipment NN 7 CD . SENT 13 CD Checking NN phones NNS and CC answering VVG machines NNS for IN electronic JJ problems NNS 7 CD . SENT 14 CD Modem NN problems NNS 7 CD . SENT 15 CD Identifying VVG and CC replacing VVG SMD NP devices NNS Chapter NN 8 CD Calculators NNS , , Clocks NNS , , and CC Watches VVZ 8 CD . SENT 1 CD Problems NP with IN calculators NNS 8 CD . SENT 2 CD Repairing VVG a DT calculator NN or CC other JJ device NN with IN a DT fried JJ power NN transformer NN 8 CD . SENT 3 CD Getting VVG inside IN calculators NNS 8 CD . SENT 4 CD Battery NP powered VVN digital JJ clock NN problems NNS 8 CD . SENT 5 CD AC NP powered VVN digital JJ clock NN problems NNS 8 CD . SENT 6 CD Why WRB is VBZ my PP$ 2 CD LED VVN clock NN so RB much RB more RBR accurate JJ than IN the DT clock NN in IN my PP$ 2 CD , , 000 CD PC NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT 7 CD Replacing VVG batteries NNS in IN digital JJ watches NNS Chapter NN 9 CD Photographic JJ Equipment NP 9 CD . SENT 1 CD Light NP meters NNS 9 CD . SENT 2 CD Pocket NN camera NN repair NN 9 CD . SENT 3 CD Getting VVG inside IN a DT pocket NN camera NN 9 CD . SENT 4 CD Pocket NN camera NN problems NNS 9 CD . SENT 5 CD Testing NP of IN camera NN shutter NN speed NN 9 CD . SENT 6 CD Electronic JJ flash NN fundamentals NNS 9 CD . SENT 7 CD Electronic JJ flash NN problems NNS 9 CD . SENT 8 CD Problems NP unique JJ to TO battery NN or CC AC NP adapter NN powered VVN electronic JJ flash NN units NNS 9 CD . SENT 9 CD Problems NP unique JJ to TO AC NP line NN powered VVN electronic JJ flash NN units NNS 9 CD . SENT 10 CD Problems NP common JJ to TO all DT electronic JJ flash NN units NNS 9 CD . SENT 11 CD Electronic JJ flash NN dead JJ after IN long JJ time NN in IN storage NN 9 CD . SENT 12 CD Photoflash NN circuit NN from IN pocket NN camera NN 9 CD . SENT 13 CD Darkroom NN timers NNS 9 CD . SENT 14 CD Weird JJ exposure NN meter NN problem NN of IN the DT year NN Chapter NP 10 CD AC NP Adapters NNS 10 CD . SENT 1 CD AC NP adapter NN basics NNS 10 CD . SENT 2 CD AC NP adapter NN testing VVG 10 CD . SENT 3 CD Pocket NN wall NN adapter NN tester NN polarity NN checker NN 10 CD . SENT 4 CD AC NP adapter NN repair NN 10 CD . SENT 5 CD AC NP adapter NN substitution NN and CC equipment NN damage NN 10 CD . SENT 6 CD Power NP reversal NN better RBR pray VV 10 CD . SENT 7 CD Replacing VVG batteries NNS with IN an DT AC NP adapter NN 10 CD . SENT 8 CD Converting VVG an DT AC NP output NN wall NN adapter NN to TO DC NP 10 CD . SENT 9 CD Adding VVG an DT IC NP regulator NN to TO a DT wall NN adapter NN or CC battery NN Chapter NN 11 CD Equipment NP Power NP Supplies VVZ 11 CD . SENT 1 CD AC NP plug NN in IN power NN supplies NNS 11 CD . SENT 2 CD Totally RB dead JJ power NN supply NN non JJ switching VVG type NN 11 CD . SENT 3 CD Low NP or CC missing JJ power NN supply NN outputs NNS non JJ switching VVG type NN 11 CD . SENT 4 CD Uninterruptible JJ power NN supplies NNS UPSs NN and CC power NN inverters NNS 11 CD . SENT 5 CD About IN fuses NNS , , IC NP protectors NNS , , and CC circuit NN breakers NNS 11 CD . SENT 6 CD Fuse NP post NN mortems NP 11 CD . SENT 7 CD Fuse NP or CC circuit NN breaker NN replacement NN 11 CD . SENT 8 CD Testing NP a DT power NN transformer NN 11 CD . SENT 9 CD Identifying VVG the DT connections NNS on IN an DT unknown JJ power NN transformer NN 11 CD . SENT 10 CD Determining VVG unknown JJ connection NN on IN international JJ power NN transformers NNS 11 CD . SENT 11 CD Determining VVG the DT ratings NNS of IN a DT fried JJ power NN transformer NN 11 CD . SENT 12 CD Determining VVG power NN VA NP ratings NNS of IN unknown JJ transformers NNS 11 CD . SENT 13 CD Transformer NN repair NN 11 CD . SENT 14 CD Grounding NN of IN computer NN equipment NN Chapter NN 12 CD Batteries NNS 12 CD . SENT 1 CD Battery NP technology NN 12 CD . SENT 2 CD Battery NP basics NNS 12 CD . SENT 3 CD Battery NP chargers NNS 12 CD . SENT 4 CD Substituting VVG NiCds NP for IN Alkalines NP 12 CD . SENT 5 CD Can MD a DT large JJ electrolytic JJ capacitor NN be VB substituted VVN for IN a DT NiCd NP . SENT 12 CD . SENT 6 CD Determining VVG the DT actual JJ capacity NN of IN a DT NiCd NP battery NN 12 CD . SENT 7 CD NiCd NP batteries NNS and CC the DT infamous JJ memory NN effect NN 12 CD . SENT 8 CD Care NN and CC feeding NN of IN NiCds NP 12 CD . SENT 9 CD Why WRB there EX will MD never RB actually RB be VB closure NN on IN this DT topic NN 12 CD . SENT 10 CD NiCd NP battery NN pack NN will MD not RB hold VV a DT charge NN 12 CD . SENT 11 CD What WP is VBZ this DT thing NN in IN my PP$ NiCd NP battery NN pack NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 12 CD Zapping VVG NiCds NNS to TO clear VV shorted VVN cells NNS 12 CD . SENT 13 CD Identifying VVG technology NN of IN umarked JJ battery NN packs VVZ 12 CD . SENT 14 CD Problems NP with IN battery NN operated VVD equipment NN 12 CD . SENT 15 CD Battery NP juice NN and CC corroded VVD contacts NNS 12 CD . SENT 16 CD Automotive NP power NN 12 CD . SENT 17 CD How WRB do VV those DT on IN battery NN or CC on IN the DT package NN battery NN testers NNS work VVP . SENT Chapter NP 13 NP Motors NPS and CC Relays VVZ 13 CD . SENT 1 CD Small JJ motors NNS in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN 13 CD . SENT 2 CD Motor NP noise NN in IN audio JJ equipment NN 13 CD . SENT 3 CD Finding VVG a DT replacement NN motor NN 13 CD . SENT 4 CD Relay NN basics NNS 13 CD . SENT 5 CD Relay NN identification NN 13 CD . SENT 6 CD Relay NN testing NN and CC repair VV Chapter NP 14 CD General NP Equipment NP 14 CD . SENT 1 CD IC NP and CC hybrid JJ power NN audio NN amplifiers NNS 14 CD . SENT 2 CD Amplifier NN noise NN caused VVN by IN bad JJ hybrid JJ bricks NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 3 CD Andy's NP quick JJ tips NNS for IN locating VVG shorted VVN bad JJ amplifier NN parts NNS 14 CD . SENT 4 CD Substituting VVG Darlington NP transistors NNS in IN audio JJ amplifiers NNS 14 CD . SENT 5 CD Noisy JJ or CC intermittent JJ switches NNS and CC controls VVZ 14 CD . SENT 6 CD Why WRB NOT RB to TO use VV WD NP 40 CD on IN noisy JJ controls NNS 14 CD . SENT 7 CD Resuscitating VVG potentiometers NNS 14 CD . SENT 8 CD General NP intermittent JJ or CC erratic JJ behavior NN 14 CD . SENT 9 CD Need NN to TO turn VV up RP volume NN to TO get VV sound NN to TO come VV on IN 14 CD . SENT 10 CD Speakers NNS take VVP a DT while NN to TO come VV on IN 14 CD . SENT 11 CD Amplifier NN clicking VVG and CC shutting VVG down RP on IN music NN peaks NNS 14 CD . SENT 12 CD Speaker NP outputs NNS do VVP not RB come VV on RP or CC shut VV off RP immediately RB 14 CD . SENT 13 CD Dead NP channels NNS on IN front JJ end NN audio NN components NNS 14 CD . SENT 14 CD Equipment NP hums NNS or CC buzzes VVZ 14 CD . SENT 15 CD Dirty JJ power NN and CC buzz NN from IN equipment NN 14 CD . SENT 16 CD Identifying VVG and CC correcting VVG sources NNS of IN interference NN 14 CD . SENT 17 CD Interference NN on IN AM NP radio NN band NN 14 CD . SENT 18 CD Internal NP fuse NN blew VVD during IN lightning NN storm NN or CC elephant NN hit NN power NN pole NN 14 CD . SENT 19 CD Use NN of IN surge NN suppressors NNS and CC line NN filters NNS 14 CD . SENT 20 CD Surge NN Suppressor NN UPS NP cascading VVG 14 CD . SENT 21 CD Lightning NP , , surge NN supressors NNS , , and CC telephone NN equipment NN 14 CD . SENT 22 CD Equipment NP dropped VVD or CC abused VVD 14 CD . SENT 23 CD Decayed VVN glue NN in IN electronic JJ equipment NN 14 CD . SENT 24 CD Repair NP of IN printed JJ circuit NN board NN traces VVZ 14 CD . SENT 25 CD Circuit NP repair NN where WRB a DT pad NN has VHZ been VBN lifted VVN due RB to TO mechanical JJ stress NN 14 CD . SENT 26 CD Boombox NN or CC other JJ equipment NN went VVD to TO the DT beach NN sand NN and CC or CC surf NN 14 CD . SENT 27 CD Salt NP water NN salvage NN 14 CD . SENT 28 CD Fil's NP notes NNS on IN rescuing VVG soggy JJ equipment NN 14 CD . SENT 29 CD Reviving VVG old JJ antique JJ equipment NN 14 CD . SENT 30 CD Additional JJ comments NNS on IN old JJ equipment NN restoration NN 14 CD . SENT 31 CD Tube NN amp NN web NN sites NNS 14 CD . SENT 32 CD TV NP VCR NP combos NNS 14 CD . SENT 33 CD Boomboxes NNS and CC compact JJ stereo JJ systems NNS 14 CD . SENT 34 CD Design NN to TO discourage VV repair NN 14 CD . SENT 35 CD Panel NN lamps NNS out IN 14 CD . SENT 36 CD Adjusting VVG station NN channel NN settings NNS on IN tuning VVG dials NNS 14 CD . SENT 37 CD Repairing VVG a DT broken JJ dial NN cord NN or CC tuning VVG gang NN wire NN 14 CD . SENT 38 CD Revival NN of IN dead JJ or CC tired JJ remote JJ control NN units NNS 14 CD . SENT 39 CD Problems NP with IN keypads NNS or CC touchpanels VVZ 14 CD . SENT 40 CD Repairing VVG flexible JJ printed JJ cables NNS 14 CD . SENT 41 CD Comments NNS on IN soldered VVN flex NN cables NNS 14 CD . SENT 42 CD About IN elastomer NN zebra NN stripe NN connectors NNS 14 CD . SENT 43 CD Identifying VVG wiring NN on IN an DT auto NN radio NN cassette NN 14 CD . SENT 44 CD Ray's NP notes NNS on IN plastic JJ part NN repair NN 14 CD . SENT 45 CD Putting VVG equipment NN into IN long JJ term NN storage NN Self NP Stor NP , , etc FW . SENT 14 CD . SENT 46 CD Dealing NN with IN a DT kit NN that WDT was VBD assembled VVN by IN someone NN else RB a DT long JJ long JJ time NN ago IN 14 CD . SENT 47 CD Cleaning NN exterior NN surfaces VVZ 14 CD . SENT 48 CD When WRB glue NN is VBZ more JJR than IN glue NN Chapter NP 15 CD Specific JJ Problems NP and CC Repairs VVZ 15 CD . SENT 1 CD Classic NP ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP phone NN battlewagon NN will MD not RB dial VV properly RB 15 CD . SENT 2 CD ATT NP classic JJ dial NN phone NN will MD not RB dial VV 15 CD . SENT 3 CD Jerrold NP 400 CD Cable NP Converter NN Problems NP 15 CD . SENT 4 CD Original JJ Nintendo NP console VV erratic JJ or CC dead JJ 15 CD . SENT 5 CD Repairing VVG Texas NP Instruments NPS TI NP 5 CD X NP calculators NNS Chapter NP 16 CD Service NP Information NP 16 CD . SENT 1 CD Determining VVG belt NN type NN and CC size NN 16 CD . SENT 2 CD Rubber NP or CC elastic JJ bands NNS as IN drive NN belts NNS . SENT 16 CD . SENT 3 CD Interchangeability NN of IN components NNS 16 CD . SENT 4 CD Why NP are VBP there RB parts NNS missing VVG from IN my PP$ equipment NN . SENT 16 CD . SENT 5 CD Web NP resources NNS 16 CD . SENT 6 CD Some RB general JJ references NNS 16 CD . SENT 7 CD Recommended JJ parts NNS suppliers NNS Document NN Version NP . SENT 2 LS . SENT 86 CD Last JJ Updated VVN . SENT 05 CD 25 CD 1998 CD Chapter NN 1 CD About IN the DT Author NN Copyright NN Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Audio JJ Equipment NP and CC Other JJ Miscellaneous JJ Stuff NN Author NN . SENT Samuel NP M NP . SENT Goldwasser NP Corrections NNS suggestions NNS . SENT Email NP Copyright NP c SYM 1994 CD , , 1995 CD , , 1996 CD , , 1997 CD , , 1998 CD All NP Rights NPS Reserved NP Reproduction NN of IN this DT document NN in IN whole JJ or CC in IN part NN is VBZ permitted VVN if IN both DT of IN the DT following VVG conditions NNS are VBP satisfied VVN . SENT This DT notice NN is VBZ included VVN in IN its PP$ entirety NN at IN the DT beginning NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT charge NN except IN to TO cover VV the DT costs NNS of IN copying NN . SENT Chapter NN 2 CD Introduction NN 2 CD . SENT 1 CD Why WRB is VBZ all PDT that DT junk NN in IN your PP$ attic NN . SENT If IN you PP have VHP ever RB tried VVN to TO get VV a DT piece NN of IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN repaired VVN , , you PP understand VVP why WRB so RB much JJ dead JJ stuff NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB gathering VVG dust NN in IN your PP$ attic NN or CC basement NN closet NN or CC junk NN box NN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB pay VV . SENT This DT may MD be VB partially RB by IN design NN . SENT However RB , , to TO be VB fair JJ , , it PP may MD take VV just RB as IN much JJ time NN to TO diagnose VV and CC repair VV a DT problem NN with IN a DT 20 CD Walkman NP as IN a DT 300 CD VCR NP and CC time NN is VBZ money NN for IN a DT repair NN shop NN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB not RB even RB economical JJ to TO repair VV the DT more RBR expensive JJ equipment NN let VVD alone RB a DT 40 CD answering NN machine NN . SENT The DT cost NN of IN the DT estimate NN alone RB would MD probably RB buy VV at IN least JJS one CD new JJ unit NN and CC possibly RB many JJ more JJR . SENT However RB , , if IN you PP can MD do VV the DT repair NN yourself PP , , the DT equation NN changes NNS dramatically RB as IN your PP$ parts NNS costs NNS will MD be VB 1 CD 2 CD to TO 1 CD 4 CD of IN what WP a DT professional NN will MD charge VV and CC of IN course NN your PP$ time NN is VBZ free JJ . SENT The DT educational JJ aspects NNS may MD also RB be VB appealing JJ . SENT You PP will MD learn VV a DT lot NN in IN the DT process NN . SENT Many JJ problems NNS can MD be VB solved VVN quickly RB and CC inexpensively RB . SENT Fixing VVG an DT old JJ boombox NN to TO take VV take VV to TO the DT beach NN may MD just RB make VV sense NN after IN all DT . SENT This DT document NN provides VVZ maintenance NN and CC repair NN information NN for IN a DT variety NN of IN consumer NN electronic JJ devices NNS not RB covered VVN by IN other JJ documents NNS in IN the DT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN . SENT . SENT . SENT series NN . SENT Suggestions NNS for IN additions NNS and CC , , of IN course NN , , correction NN are VBP always RB welcome JJ . SENT You PP will MD be VB able JJ to TO diagnose VV problems NNS and CC in IN most JJS cases NNS , , correct VV them PP as RB well RB . SENT As IN most JJS difficulties NNS encountered VVD with IN this DT type NN of IN equipment NN are VBP mechanical JJ , , there EX is VBZ significant JJ emphasis NN on IN dirt NN , , lubrication NN , , deteriorated VVN rubber NN parts NNS , , broken JJ doohickies NNS , , and CC so RB forth RB . SENT With IN minor JJ exceptions NNS , , specific JJ manufacturers NNS and CC models NNS will MD not RB be VB covered VVN as IN there EX are VBP so RB many JJ variations NNS that IN such PDT a DT treatment NN would MD require VV a DT huge JJ and CC very RB detailed JJ text NN . SENT Rather RB , , the DT most RBS common JJ problems NNS will MD be VB addressed VVN and CC enough JJ basic JJ principles NNS of IN operation NN will MD be VB provided VVN to TO enable VV you PP to TO narrow VV the DT problem NN down RB and CC likely RB determine VV a DT course NN of IN action NN for IN repair NN or CC decide VV that DT replacement NN is VBZ indeed RB the DT better JJR option NN . SENT However RB , , in IN many JJ cases NNS , , you PP will MD be VB able JJ to TO do VV what WP is VBZ required VVN to TO repair VV a DT piece NN of IN equipment NN for IN a DT fraction NN of IN what WP would MD be VB charged VVN by IN a DT repair NN center NN . SENT Perhaps RB , , you PP will MD even RB be VB able JJ to TO revive VV something NN that WDT would MD otherwise RB have VH gone VVN into IN the DT dumpster NP or CC remained VVD in IN that DT closet NN until IN you PP moved VVD out RP of IN your PP$ house NN or CC longer JJR . SENT Should MD you PP still RB not RB be VB able JJ to TO find VV a DT solution NN , , you PP will MD have VH learned VVN a DT great JJ deal NN and CC be VB able JJ to TO ask VV appropriate JJ questions NNS and CC supply VV relevant JJ information NN if IN you PP decide VVP to TO post VV to TO sci NNS . SENT electronics NNS . SENT repair NN . SENT It PP will MD also RB be VB easier JJR to TO do VV further JJR research NN using VVG a DT repair NN book NN or CC guide NN . SENT In IN any DT case NN , , you PP will MD have VH the DT satisfaction NN of IN knowing VVG you PP did VVD as RB much RB as IN you PP could MD before RB finally RB giving VVG up RP or CC if IN it PP is VBZ worthwhile JJ cost NN wise JJ taking VVG it PP in IN for IN professional JJ repair NN . SENT With IN your PP$ new JJ found VVN knowledge NN , , you PP will MD have VH the DT upper JJ hand NN and CC will MD not RB easily RB be VB snowed VVN by IN a DT dishonest JJ or CC incompetent JJ technician NN . SENT If IN you PP are VBP just RB getting VVG started VVN , , you PP should MD refer VV to TO Repair NP Briefs NNS , , an DT Introduction NN for IN additional JJ troubleshooting JJ tips NNS , , recommended VVD test NN equipment NN , , suggested VVD parts NNS inventory NN , , and CC other JJ general JJ information NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT 2 CD Information NN on IN consumer NN electronics NN technology NN Your PP$ local JJ public JJ library NN 621 CD . SENT 384 CD if IN your PP$ library NN is VBZ numbered VVN that IN way NN or CC technical JJ bookstore NN represents VVZ a DT valuable JJ resource NN for IN books NNS on IN both CC the DT technology NN and CC repair NN of IN a DT large JJ variety NN of IN consumer NN electronics NNS devices NNS . SENT For IN general JJ troubleshooting JJ techniques NNS , , see VVP the DT section NN . SENT Some DT general JJ references NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT 3 CD Web NP sites NNS dealing VVG with IN low JJ voltage NN wiring NN These DT sites NNS deal NN with IN non JJ power NN wiring NN information NN . SENT phones NNS , , audio JJ , , video JJ , , home NN automation NN , , etc FW . SENT Since IN much RB of IN the DT content NN of IN this DT document NN relates VVZ to TO home NN electronics NNS that WDT may MD involve VV such JJ wiring NN , , these DT sites NNS may MD be VB of IN interest NN . SENT The DT first NN also RB has VHZ a DT pile NN of IN links NNS to TO other JJ related JJ sites NNS . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT mcdata NNS . SENT com NN meh NP 0045 CD homewire NN wire NN guide NN . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT geocities NNS . SENT com NN SiliconValley NP Pines NP 4116 CD http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT geocities NNS . SENT com NN ResearchTriangle NP 3300 CD http NN . SENT us PP 016757 RB . SENT home NN . SENT mindspring NN . SENT com NN Engineering NP Notebook NN section NN Chapter NP 3 CD Maintenance NN and CC Troubleshooting JJ Guide NP 3 CD . SENT 1 CD SAFETY NN The DT only JJ danger NN to TO you PP in IN most JJS of IN these DT devices NNS is VBZ the DT AC NP line NN connection NN if IN any DT and CC getting VVG sucked VVN into IN any DT mechanical JJ people NNS traps NNS . SENT Before IN you PP plug VVP in IN the DT unit NN with IN any DT covers NNS removed VVN , , make VV note NN and CC cover VV up RP any DT exposed JJ AC NP line NN connections NNS . SENT The DT rest NN of IN the DT circuitry NN is VBZ low JJ voltage NN and CC while IN you PP can MD destroy VV your PP$ equipment NN by IN your PP$ actions NNS , , you PP should MD be VB fairly RB safe JJ . SENT Exceptions NNS to TO this DT are NN noted VVD where WRB appropriate JJ . SENT However RB , , you PP never RB can MD tell VV where WRB an DT exciting JJ troubleshooting JJ expedition NN will MD lead VV . SENT The DT following VVG Safety NN Guidelines NNS are VBP included VVN for IN your PP$ survival NN when WRB working VVG on IN line NN connected JJ or CC high JJ voltage NN equipment NN and CC your PP$ reading NN enjoyment NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT 2 CD Safety NP guidelines NNS These DT guidelines NNS are VBP to TO protect VV you PP from IN potentially RB deadly JJ electrical JJ shock NN hazards NNS as RB well RB as IN the DT equipment NN from IN accidental JJ damage NN . SENT Note NN that IN the DT danger NN to TO you PP is VBZ not RB only RB in IN your PP$ body NN providing VVG a DT conducting VVG path NN , , particularly RB through IN your PP$ heart NN . SENT Any DT involuntary JJ muscle NN contractions NNS caused VVN by IN a DT shock NN , , while IN perhaps RB harmless JJ in IN themselves PP , , may MD cause VV collateral JJ damage NN there EX are VBP many JJ sharp JJ edges NNS inside IN this DT type NN of IN equipment NN as IN well RB as RB other JJ electrically RB live VVP parts NNS you PP may MD contact VV accidentally RB . SENT The DT purpose NN of IN this DT set NN of IN guidelines NNS is VBZ not RB to TO frighten VV you PP but CC rather RB to TO make VV you PP aware JJ of IN the DT appropriate JJ precautions NNS . SENT Repair NN of IN TVs NNS , , monitors NNS , , microwave NN ovens NNS , , and CC other JJ consumer NN and CC industrial JJ equipment NN can MD be VB both DT rewarding JJ and CC economical JJ . SENT Just RB be VB sure JJ that IN it PP is VBZ also RB safe JJ . SENT Don't JJ work NN alone RB in IN the DT event NN of IN an DT emergency NN another DT person's NNS presence NN may MD be VB essential JJ . SENT Always RB keep VV one CD hand NN in IN your PP$ pocket NN when WRB anywhere RB around IN a DT powered VVN line NN connected JJ or CC high JJ voltage NN system NN . SENT Wear VV rubber NN bottom NN shoes NNS or CC sneakers NN . SENT Wear VV eye NN protection NN large JJ plastic JJ lensed JJ eyeglasses NNS or CC safety NN goggles NNS . SENT Don't NP wear VVP any DT jewelry NN or CC other JJ articles NNS that WDT could MD accidentally RB contact VV circuitry NN and CC conduct VV current JJ , , or CC get VV caught VVN in IN moving VVG parts NNS . SENT Set VV up RP your PP$ work NN area NN away RB from IN possible JJ grounds NNS that IN you PP may MD accidentally RB contact VV . SENT Know VV your PP$ equipment NN . SENT TVs NNS and CC monitors NNS may MD use VV parts NNS of IN the DT metal NN chassis NN as IN ground NN return NN yet CC the DT chassis NN may MD be VB electrically RB live JJ with IN respect NN to TO the DT earth NN ground NN of IN the DT AC NP line NN . SENT Microwave NN ovens NNS use VVP the DT chassis NN as IN ground NN return NN for IN the DT high JJ voltage NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , do VVP not RB assume VV that IN the DT chassis NN is VBZ a DT suitable JJ ground NN for IN your PP$ test NN equipment NN . SENT If IN circuit NN boards NNS need VVP to TO be VB removed VVN from IN their PP$ mountings NNS , , put VVD insulating VVG material NN between IN the DT boards NNS and CC anything NN they PP may MD short VV to TO . SENT Hold VV them PP in IN place NN with IN string NN or CC electrical JJ tape NN . SENT Prop VV them PP up RP with IN insulation NN sticks VVZ plastic NN or CC wood NN . SENT If IN you PP need VVP to TO probe VV , , solder VV , , or CC otherwise RB touch VV circuits NNS with IN power NN off RP , , discharge VV across IN large JJ power NN supply NN filter NN capacitors NNS with IN a DT 2 CD W NP or CC greater JJR resistor NN of IN 100 CD 500 CD ohms NNS V NN approximate JJ value NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , for IN a DT 200 CD V NN capacitor NN , , use VVP a DT 20 CD K NN 100 CD K NP ohm NN resistor NN . SENT Monitor VV while IN discharging VVG and CC or CC verify VV that IN there EX is VBZ no DT residual JJ charge NN with IN a DT suitable JJ voltmeter NN . SENT For IN TVs NNS and CC monitors NNS in IN particular JJ , , there EX is VBZ the DT additional JJ danger NN of IN CRT NP implosion NN take VVP care NN not RB to TO bang VV the DT CRT NP envelope NN with IN your PP$ tools NNS . SENT An DT implosion NN will MD scatter VV shards NNS of IN glass NN at IN high JJ velocity NN in IN every DT direction NN . SENT There EX is VBZ several JJ tons NNS of IN force NN attempting VVG to TO crush VV the DT typical JJ CRT NP . SENT Always RB wear VV eye NN protection NN . SENT Connect VV disconnect VV any DT test NN leads VVZ with IN the DT equipment NN unpowered VVN and CC unplugged VVN . SENT Use NN clip NN leads NNS or CC solder VV temporary JJ wires NNS to TO reach VV cramped JJ locations NNS or CC difficult JJ to TO access NN locations NNS . SENT If IN you PP must MD probe VV live VV , , put VV electrical JJ tape NN over IN all DT but CC the DT last JJ 1 CD 16 CD of IN the DT test NN probes NNS to TO avoid VV the DT possibility NN of IN an DT accidental NN short JJ which WDT could MD cause VV damage NN to TO various JJ components NNS . SENT Clip VV the DT reference NN end NN of IN the DT meter NN or CC scope NN to TO the DT appropriate JJ ground NN return NN so RB that IN you PP need VVP to TO only JJ probe NN with IN one CD hand NN . SENT Perform VV as IN many JJ tests NNS as IN possible JJ with IN power NN off RP and CC the DT equipment NN unplugged VVD . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT semiconductors NNS in IN the DT power NN supply NN section NN of IN a DT TV NN or CC monitor NN can MD be VB tested VVN for IN short JJ circuits NNS with IN an DT ohmmeter NN . SENT Use VV an DT isolation NN transformer NN if IN there EX is VBZ any DT chance NN of IN contacting VVG line NN connected JJ circuits NNS . SENT A DT Variac NP tm NN is VBZ not RB an DT isolation NN transformer NN . SENT The DT use NN of IN GFCI NP Ground NP Fault NP Circuit NP Interrupter NN protected VVN outlet NN is VBZ a DT good JJ idea NN but CC will MD not RB protect VV you PP from IN shock NN from IN many JJ points NNS in IN a DT line NN connected VVN TV NN or CC monitor VV , , or CC the DT high JJ voltage NN side NN of IN a DT microwave NN oven NN , , for IN example NN . SENT A DT circuit NN breaker NN is VBZ too RB slow JJ and CC insensitive JJ to TO provide VV any DT protection NN for IN you PP or CC in IN many JJ cases NNS , , your PP$ equipment NN . SENT The DT GFCI NP may MD protect VV your PP$ scope NN probe NN from IN smoking NN if IN you PP accidentally RB connect VVP its PP$ ground NN to TO a DT live JJ chassis NN . SENT Don't JJ attempt NN repair NN work NN when WRB you PP are VBP tired JJ . SENT Not RB only RB will MD you PP be VB more RBR careless JJ , , but CC your PP$ primary JJ diagnostic JJ tool NN deductive JJ reasoning NN will MD not RB be VB operating VVG at IN full JJ capacity NN . SENT Finally RB , , never RB assume VV anything NN without IN checking VVG it PP out RP for IN yourself PP . SENT Don't NN take VV shortcuts NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT 3 CD Troubleshooting JJ tips NNS Many JJ problems NNS have VHP simple JJ solutions NNS . SENT Don't NP immediately RB assume VVP that IN your PP$ problem NN is VBZ some DT combination NN of IN esoteric JJ complex JJ convoluted JJ failures NNS . SENT For IN a DT tape NN deck NN , , it PP may MD just RB be VB a DT bad JJ belt NN or CC a DT bad JJ tape NN . SENT Try VV to TO remember VV that IN the DT problems NNS with IN the DT most RBS catastrophic JJ impact NN on IN operation NN a DT dead JJ AC NP adapter NN have VHP the DT simplest JJS solutions NNS repair VVP the DT wires NNS broken VVN due RB to TO flexing VVG in IN the DT power NN cable NN . SENT If IN you PP get VVP stuck VVN , , sleep VVP on IN it PP . SENT Sometimes RB , , just RB letting VVG the DT problem NN bounce VV around RP in IN your PP$ head NN will MD lead VV to TO a DT different JJ more JJR successful JJ approach NN or CC solution NN . SENT Don't JJ work NN when WRB you PP are VBP really RB tired JJ it PP is VBZ both DT dangerous JJ and CC mostly RB non JJ productive JJ or CC possibly RB destructive JJ . SENT Whenever WRB working VVG on IN precision NN equipment NN , , make VV copious JJ notes NNS and CC diagrams NNS . SENT You PP will MD be VB eternally RB grateful JJ when WRB the DT time NN comes VVZ to TO reassemble VV the DT unit NN . SENT Most JJS connectors NNS are VBP keyed VVN against IN incorrect JJ insertion NN or CC interchange VV of IN cables NNS , , but CC not RB always RB . SENT Apparently RB identical JJ screws NNS may MD be VB of IN differing VVG lengths NNS or CC have VHP slightly RB different JJ thread NN types NNS . SENT Little JJ parts NNS may MD fit VV in IN more JJR than IN one CD place NN or CC orientation NN . SENT Etc FW . SENT Etc FW . SENT Pill NN bottles NNS , , film NN canisters NNS , , and CC plastic JJ ice NN cube NN trays NNS come VVN in IN handy JJ for IN sorting VVG and CC storing VVG screws NNS and CC other JJ small JJ parts NNS after IN disassembly NN . SENT Select VV a DT work NN area NN which WDT is VBZ well RB lighted VVN and CC where WRB dropped VVN parts NNS can MD be VB located VVN not RB on IN a DT deep JJ pile NN shag NN rug NN . SENT Something NN like IN a DT large JJ plastic NN tray NN with IN a DT slight JJ lip NN may MD come VV in IN handy JJ as IN it PP prevents VVZ small JJ parts NNS from IN rolling VVG off RP of IN the DT work NN table NN . SENT The DT best JJS location NN will MD also RB be VB relatively RB dust NN free JJ and CC allow VV you PP to TO suspend VV your PP$ troubleshooting NN to TO eat VV or CC sleep VV or CC think VV without IN having VHG to TO pile VV everything NN into IN a DT cardboard NN box NN for IN storage NN . SENT Another DT consideration NN is VBZ ESD JJ Electro NN Static JJ Discharge NN . SENT The DT electronic JJ components NNS in IN a DT some DT devices NNS like IN cassette NN decks NNS , , Walkmen NP , , and CC portable JJ phones NNS , , are VBP vulnerable JJ to TO ESD NP . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT need NN to TO go VV overboard RB but CC taking VVG reasonable JJ precautions NNS like IN not RB wearing VVG clothing NN made VVN of IN wool NN that WDT tends VVZ to TO generate VV static JJ . SENT When WRB working VVG on IN larger JJR devices NNS like IN cassette NN decks NNS , , get VVP into IN the DT habit NN of IN touching VVG a DT ground NN like IN the DT metal NN chassis NN before IN touching VVG any DT circuit NN components NNS . SENT A DT basic JJ set NN of IN precision NN hand NN tools NNS will MD be VB all RB you PP need VVP to TO disassemble VV and CC perform VV adjustments NNS on IN most JJS consumer NN electronics NNS equipment NN . SENT These DT do VVP not RB need VV to TO be VB really RB expensive JJ but CC poor JJ quality NN tools NNS are VBP worse JJR than IN useless JJ and CC can MD cause VV damage NN . SENT Needed JJ tools NNS include VVP a DT selection NN of IN Philips NP and CC straight JJ blade NN screwdrivers NNS , , needlenose JJ pliers NNS , , wire NN cutters NNS , , tweezers NN , , and CC dental JJ picks NNS . SENT A DT jeweler's NNS screwdriver NN set NN is VBZ a DT must MD particularly RB if IN you PP are VBP working VVG on IN compact JJ equipment NN . SENT For IN adjustments NNS , , a DT miniature JJ 1 CD 16 CD blade NN screwdriver NN with IN a DT non JJ metallic JJ tip NN is VBZ desirable JJ both CC to TO prevent VV the DT presence NN of IN metal NN from IN altering VVG the DT electrical JJ properties NNS of IN the DT circuit NN and CC to TO minimize VV the DT possibility NN of IN shorting VVG something NN from IN accidental JJ contact NN with IN the DT circuitry NN . SENT For IN thermal JJ or CC warmup NNS problems NNS , , a DT can NN of IN cold JJ spray NN or CC circuit NN chiller NN they PP are VBP the DT same JJ and CC a DT heat NN gun NN or CC blow NN dryer NN come VVN in IN handy JJ to TO identify VV components NNS whose WP$ characteristics NNS may MD be VB drifting VVG with IN temperature NN . SENT Using VVG the DT extension NN tube NN of IN the DT spray NN can MD or CC making VVG a DT cardboard NN nozzle NN for IN the DT heat NN gun NN can MD provide VV very RB precise JJ control NN of IN which WDT components NNS you PP are VBP affecting VVG . SENT For IN info NN on IN useful JJ chemicals NNS , , adhesives NNS , , and CC lubricants NNS , , see VVP Repair NP Briefs NNS , , an DT Introduction NN as RB well RB as IN other JJ documents NNS available JJ at IN this DT site NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT 4 CD Soldering VVG equipment NN The DT ease NN and CC quality NN of IN your PP$ work NN will MD depend VV both DT on IN proper JJ soldering VVG as RB well RB as IN desoldering NN often RB called VVD rework VV equipment NN . SENT A DT low JJ wattage NN 25 CD W NP iron NN for IN delicate JJ components NNS including VVG discrete JJ semiconductors NNS , , ICs JJ , , other JJ small JJ parts NNS . SENT A DT medium NN wattage NN 40 CD 50 CD W NP iron NN for IN heavy JJ duty NN circuit NN board NN work NN including VVG power NN components NNS , , power NN plane NN connections NNS , , and CC large JJ transformers NNS . SENT A DT 100 CD 140 CD W NP soldering VVG gun NN for IN chassis NN connections NNS . SENT Three CD wire NN grounded VVN soldering VVG equipment NN is VBZ recommended VVN but CC I PP do VVP not RB consider VV it PP essential JJ for IN this DT type NN of IN repair NN work NN . SENT However RB , , a DT temperature NN regulated JJ soldering VVG station NN is VBZ a DT really RB nice JJ piece NN of IN equipment NN if IN you PP can MD afford VV it PP or CC happen VV on IN a DT really RB good JJ deal NN . SENT I PP consider VVP fine RB gauge VV rosin NN core NN solder NN . SENT 030 CD or CC less JJR to TO be VB best RBS for IN most JJS applications NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , Ersin NP Multicore NP . SENT Desoldering NP pump NN SoldaPullit NP or CC similar JJ solder NN sucker NN for IN removing VVG components NNS easily RB and CC usually RB nondestructively RB . SENT SolderWick NP is VBZ also RB handy JJ for IN cleaning VVG up RP desoldered JJ connections NNS . SENT A DT vacuum NN rework VV station NN is VBZ not RB needed VVN unless IN you PP are VBP removing VVG your PP$ soldered VVN in IN 500 CD pin NN Intel NP P NN 6 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT 5 CD Soldering VVG techniques NNS Soldering VVG is VBZ a DT skill NN that WDT is VBZ handy JJ to TO know VV for IN many JJ types NNS of IN construction NN and CC repair NN . SENT For IN modern JJ small JJ appliances NNS , , it PP is VBZ less RBR important JJ than IN it PP once RB was VBD as RB solderless JJ connectors NNS have VHP virtually RB replaced VVN solder NN for IN internal JJ wiring NN . SENT However RB , , there EX are VBP times NNS where WRB soldering VVG is VBZ more RBR convenient JJ . SENT Use NN of IN the DT proper JJ technique NN is VBZ critical JJ to TO reliability NN and CC safety NN . SENT A DT good JJ solder NN connection NN is VBZ not RB just RB a DT bunch NN of IN wires NNS and CC terminals NNS with IN solder NN dribbled VVN over IN them PP . SENT When WRB done VVN correctly RB , , the DT solder NN actually RB bonds NNS to TO the DT surface NN of IN the DT metal NN usually RB copper NN parts NNS . SENT Effective JJ soldering VVG is VBZ by IN no DT means VVZ difficult JJ but CC some DT practice NN may MD be VB needed VVN to TO perfect JJ your PP$ technique NN . SENT The DT following VVG guidelines NNS will MD assure VV reliable JJ solder NN joints NNS . SENT Only JJ use NN rosin NN core NN solder NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , 60 CD 40 CD tin NN lead NN for IN electronics NN work NN . SENT A DT 1 CD pound NN spool NN will MD last VV a DT long JJ time NN and CC costs NNS about IN 10 CD . SENT Suggested VVN diameter NN is VBZ . SENT 030 CD to TO . SENT 060 CD inches NNS for IN appliances NNS . SENT The DT smaller JJR size NN is VBZ preferred JJ as IN it PP will MD be VB useful JJ for IN other JJ types NNS of IN precision NN electronics NN repairs NNS or CC construction NN as IN well RB . SENT The DT rosin NN is VBZ used VVN as IN a DT flux NN to TO clean VV the DT metal NN surface NN to TO assure VV a DT secure JJ bond NN . SENT NEVER RB use VV acid JJ core NN solder NN or CC the DT stuff NN used VVN to TO sweat VV copper NN pipes NNS . SENT The DT flux NN is VBZ corrosive JJ and CC it PP is VBZ not RB possible JJ to TO adequately RB clean VV up RP the DT connections NNS afterward RB to TO remove VV all DT residue NN . SENT Keep VV the DT tip NN of IN the DT soldering VVG iron NN or CC gun NN clean JJ and CC tinned JJ . SENT Buy NN tips NNS that WDT are VBP permanently RB tinned VVN they PP are VBP coated JJ and CC will MD outlast VV countless JJ normal JJ copper NN tips NNS . SENT A DT quick JJ wipe VV on IN a DT wet JJ sponge NN when WRB hot JJ and CC a DT bit NN of IN solder NN and CC they PP will MD be VB as RB good JJ as IN new JJ for IN a DT long JJ time NN . SENT These DT should MD never RB be VB filed VVN or CC sanded VVN . SENT Make VV sure RB every DT part NN to TO be VB soldered VVN terminal NN , , wire NN , , component NN leads NNS is VBZ free JJ of IN any DT surface NN film NN , , insulation NN , , or CC oxidation NN . SENT Fine JJ sandpaper NN or CC an DT Xacto NP knife NN may MD be VB used VVN , , for IN example NN , , to TO clean VV the DT surfaces VVZ . SENT The DT secret NN to TO a DT good JJ solder NN joint NN is VBZ to TO make VV sure JJ everything NN is VBZ perfectly RB clean JJ and CC shiny JJ and CC not RB depend VV on IN the DT flux NN alone RB to TO accomplish VV this DT . SENT Just RB make VV sure RB the DT scrapings NNS are VBP cleared VVN away RB so IN they PP don't VVD cause VV short JJ circuits NNS . SENT Start NN with IN a DT strong JJ mechanical JJ joint NN . SENT Don't NP depend VVP on IN the DT solder NN to TO hold VV the DT connection NN together RB . SENT If IN possible JJ , , loop NN each DT wire NN or CC component NN lead NN through IN the DT hole NN in IN the DT terminal NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ no DT hole NN , , wrap VV them PP once RB around IN the DT terminal NN . SENT Gently RB anchor VV them PP with IN a DT pair NN of IN needlenose JJ pliers NNS . SENT Use VV a DT properly RB sized VVD soldering VVG iron NN or CC gun NN . SENT 20 CD 25 CD W NP iron NN for IN fine JJ circuit NN board NN work NN . SENT 25 CD 50 CD W NP iron NN for IN general JJ soldering VVG of IN terminals NNS and CC wires NNS and CC power NN circuit NN boards NNS . SENT 100 CD 200 CD W NP soldering VVG gun NN for IN chassis NN and CC large JJ area NN circuit NN planes NNS . SENT With IN a DT properly RB sized VVD iron NN or CC gun NN , , the DT task NN will MD be VB fast RB 1 CD to TO 2 CD seconds NNS for IN a DT typical JJ connection NN and CC will MD result VV in IN little JJ or CC no DT damage NN to TO the DT circuit NN board NN , , plastic JJ switch NN housings NNS , , insulation NN , , etc FW . SENT Large JJ soldering VVG jobs NNS will MD take VV longer RB but CC no RB more JJR than IN 5 CD to TO 10 CD seconds NNS for IN a DT large JJ expanse NN of IN copper NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ taking VVG too RB long RB , , your PP$ iron NN is VBZ undersized JJ for IN the DT task NN , , is VBZ dirty JJ , , or CC has VHZ not RB reached VVN operating NN temperature NN . SENT For IN appliance NN work VVP there EX is VBZ no DT need NN for IN a DT fancy JJ soldering VVG station NN a DT less JJR than IN 10 CD soldering VVG iron NN or CC 25 JJ soldering VVG gun NN as IN appropriate JJ will MD be VB all PDT that DT is VBZ required VVN . SENT Heat VV the DT parts NNS to TO be VB soldered VVN , , not RB the DT solder NN . SENT Touch VV the DT end NN of IN the DT solder NN to TO the DT parts NNS , , not RB the DT soldering VVG iron NN or CC gun NN . SENT Once RB the DT terminal NN , , wires NNS , , or CC component NN leads NNS are VBP hot JJ , , the DT solder NN will MD flow VV via IN capillary JJ action NN , , fill VV all DT voids NNS , , and CC make VV a DT secure JJ mechanical JJ and CC electrical JJ bond NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , applying VVG a DT little JJ from IN each DT side NN will MD more RBR effectively RB reach VV all DT nooks NNS and CC crannies NNS . SENT Don't NN overdo VV it PP . SENT Only RB enough JJ solder NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO fill VV all DT voids NNS . SENT The DT resulting VVG surface NN should MD be VB concave JJ between IN the DT wires NNS and CC terminal NN , , not RB bulging VVG with IN excess JJ solder NN . SENT Keep VV everything NN absolutely RB still RB for IN the DT few JJ seconds NNS it PP takes VVZ the DT solder NN to TO solidify VV . SENT Otherwise RB , , you PP will MD end VV up RP with IN a DT bad JJ connection NN what WP is VBZ called VVN a DT cold JJ solder NN joint NN . SENT A DT good JJ solder NN connection NN will MD be VB quite RB shiny JJ not RB dull JJ gray JJ or CC granular JJ . SENT If IN your PP$ result NN is VBZ less JJR than IN perfect JJ reheat NN it PP and CC add VV a DT bit NN of IN new JJ solder NN with IN flux NN to TO help VV it PP reflow NN . SENT Practice NN on IN some DT scrap NN wire NN and CC electronic JJ parts NNS . SENT It PP should MD take VV you PP about IN 3 CD minutes NNS to TO master VV the DT technique NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT 6 CD Desoldering NP techniques NNS Occasionally RB , , it PP will MD be VB necessary JJ to TO remove VV solder NN either CC excess NN or CC to TO replace VV wires NNS or CC components NNS . SENT A DT variety NN of IN tools NNS are VBP available JJ for IN this DT purpose NN . SENT The DT one NN I PP recommend VVP is VBZ a DT vacuum NN solder NN pump NN called VVN SoldaPullet NP about IN 20 CD . SENT Cock VV the DT pump NN , , heat VV the DT joint JJ to TO be VB cleared VVN , , and CC press VV the DT trigger NN . SENT Molten JJ solder NN is VBZ sucked VVN up RP into IN the DT barrel NN of IN the DT device NN leaving VVG the DT terminal NN nearly RB free JJ of IN solder NN . SENT Then RB use VV a DT pair NN of IN needlenose JJ pliers NNS and CC a DT dental JJ pick NN to TO gently RB free VV the DT wires NNS or CC component NN . SENT Other JJ approaches NNS that WDT may MD be VB used VVN in IN place NN of IN or CC in IN addition NN to TO this DT . SENT Solder NN Wick NP which WDT is VBZ a DT copper NN braid NN that WDT absorbs VVZ solder NN via IN capillary JJ action NN . SENT rubber NN bulb NN type NN solder NN pumps NNS , , and CC motor NN driven VVN vacuum NN solder NN rework VV stations NNS pricey JJ . SENT See VV the DT document NN . SENT Troubleshooting JJ and CC Repair NP of IN Consumer NP Electronics NPS Equipment NP for IN additional JJ info NN on IN desoldering VVG of IN electronic JJ components NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT 7 CD Soldering VVG pins NNS in IN plastic JJ connectors NNS The DT thermoplastic NN used VVN to TO mold NN many JJ common JJ cheap JJ connectors NNS softens VVZ or CC melts VVZ at IN relatively RB low JJ temperatures NNS . SENT This DT can MD result VV in IN the DT pins NNS popping VVG out RP or CC shifting VVG position NN even RB shorting VVG as IN you PP attempt VVP to TO solder VV to TO them PP to TO replace VV a DT bad JJ connection NN , , for IN example NN . SENT One CD approach NN that WDT works VVZ in IN some DT cases NNS is VBZ to TO use VV the DT mating NN socket NN to TO stabilize VV the DT pins NNS so IN they PP remain VVP in IN position NN as IN you PP solder VV . SENT The DT plastic NN will MD still RB melt VV not RB as RB much JJ if IN you PP use VVP an DT adequately RB sized VVD iron NN since IN the DT socket NN will MD act VV as IN a DT heat NN sink NN but CC will MD not RB move VV . SENT An DT important JJ consideration NN is VBZ using VVG the DT proper JJ soldering VVG iron NN . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS , , a DT larger JJR iron NN is VBZ better JJR you PP get VV in IN and CC out RB more RBR quickly RB without IN heating VVG up RP everything NN in IN the DT neighborhood NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT 8 CD Test NN equipment NN Don't NP start NN with IN the DT electronic JJ test NN equipment NN , , start NN with IN some DT analytical JJ thinking NN . SENT Many JJ problems NNS associated VVN with IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN do VVP not RB require VV a DT schematic NN though IN one CD may MD be VB useful JJ . SENT The DT majority NN of IN problems NNS with IN consumer NN electronics NNS equipment NN are VBP mechanical JJ and CC can MD be VB dealt VVN with IN using VVG nothing NN more JJR than IN a DT good JJ set NN of IN precision NN hand NN tools NNS . SENT some DT alcohol NN , , degreaser NN , , contact VV cleaner JJR , , light JJ oil NN and CC grease NN . SENT and CC your PP$ powers NNS of IN observation NN and CC a DT little JJ experience NN . SENT Your PP$ built VVN in IN senses NNS and CC that DT stuff NN between IN your PP$ ears NNS represents VVZ the DT most RBS important JJ test NN equipment NN you PP have VHP . SENT A DT DMM NP or CC VOM NP is VBZ necessary JJ for IN checking VVG of IN power NN supply NN voltages NNS and CC testing NN of IN sensors NNS , , LEDs NP , , switches VVZ , , and CC other JJ small JJ components NNS . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB need VV to TO be VB expensive JJ but CC since IN you PP will MD be VB depending VVG on IN its PP$ readings NNS , , reliability NN is VBZ important JJ . SENT Even RB a DT relatively RB inexpensive JJ DMM NP from IN Radio NP Shack NP will MD be VB fine JJ for IN most JJS repair NN work NN . SENT You PP will MD wonder VV how WRB you PP ever RB lived VVD without IN one CD . SENT Cost NN . SENT 25 CD 50 CD . SENT Unless IN you PP get VVP deep RB into IN electronic JJ repair NN , , a DT high JJ bandwidth NN oscilloscope NN is VBZ not RB required VVN . SENT However RB , , a DT relatively RB inexpensive JJ 5 CD or CC 10 CD MHz NN dual JJ trace NN scope NN is VBZ very RB handy JJ and CC you PP will MD find VV all DT kinds NNS of IN uses NNS for IN it PP . SENT Such PDT a DT scope NN should MD cost VV less JJR than IN 150 CD on IN the DT used VVN market NN . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ specific JJ pieces NNS of IN test NN equipment NN that IN you PP may MD already RB own VV which WDT are VBP required VVN depending VVG on IN the DT devices NNS being VBG fixed VVN . SENT Audio JJ equipment NN . SENT Stereo JJ tuner NN or CC other JJ audio JJ signal NN source NN . SENT An DT audio JJ signal NN generator NN is VBZ nice JJ but CC not RB really RB essential JJ . SENT An DT audio JJ amp NN connected VVN to TO a DT loudspeaker NN . SENT The DT input NN should MD be VB selectable JJ between IN line NN level NN and CC mic NP level NN and CC be VB brought VVN out RP through IN a DT shielded VVN cable NN to TO a DT test NN probe NN and CC ground NN clip NN . SENT This DT is VBZ useful JJ for IN tracing VVG an DT audio JJ circuit NN to TO determine VV where WRB a DT signal NN is VBZ getting VVG lost VVN . SENT Inexpensive JJ signal NN tracers NNS are VBP also RB available JJ but CC this DT option NN is VBZ likely RB free JJ . SENT Prerecorded VVN and CC garbage NN cassettes NNS or CC tapes NNS for IN testing NN of IN component NN and CC walkman NP tape NN transports VVZ . SENT Video JJ games NNS , , cable NN boxes NNS , , and CC other JJ video JJ sources NNS . SENT A DT TV NN preferably RB color JJ with IN RF NP antenna NN inputs NNS connected VVN to TO a DT VCR NP with IN a DT working VVG tuner NN and CC RF NP modulator NN or CC a DT TV NN with IN both DT RF NP and CC A DT V NN RCA NP jacks NN inputs NNS . SENT A DT known VVN good JJ game NN cartridge NN to TO confirm VV that IN the DT problem NN is VBZ in IN the DT game NN console VV . SENT Telephone NN equipment NN . SENT A DT working VVG tone NN dialing VVG phone NN . SENT If IN I PP had VHD a DT choice NN , , it PP would MD be VB a DT good JJ old JJ reliable JJ ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP desk NN phone NN . SENT A DT dual JJ connector NN phone NN jack NN . SENT Two CD independent JJ phone NN lines NNS are VBP desirable JJ for IN answering VVG machine NN or CC modem NN testing NN . SENT A DT PC NN or CC laptop NN with IN a DT fax NN modem NN for IN modem NN and CC fax NN machine NN testing NN . SENT A DT low JJ voltage NN DC NP power NN supply NN or CC wall NN wart NN to TO perform VV certain JJ tests NNS without IN a DT telephone NN connection NN or CC phone NN line NN simulator NN . SENT A DT handy JJ dandy JJ phone NN line NN tester NN . SENT The DT inexpensive JJ variety NN is VBZ just RB a DT pair NN of IN LEDs NNS in IN series NN with IN a DT resistor NN for IN each DT line NN attached VVN to TO an DT RJ NP 11 CD connector NN . SENT However RB , , this DT is VBZ much RB more RBR convenient JJ than IN fumbling VVG with IN a DT multimeter NN . SENT You PP can MD buy VV one CD at IN Radio NP Shack NP about IN 7 CD or CC easily RB build VV your PP$ own JJ . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Handy JJ dandy JJ phone NN line NN tester NN for IN details NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT 9 CD Handy NP dandy JJ phone NN line NN tester NN This DT simple JJ device NN total JJ cost NN about IN 3 CD will MD show VV at IN a DT glance NN the DT status NN of IN all DT of IN the DT phone NN lines NNS connected VVN to TO a DT modular JJ jack NN . SENT Parts NNS list VVP . SENT Surface VV mount VV RJ NP 11 CD modular JJ jack NN , , RJ NP 11 CD extension NN cord NN . SENT For IN each DT phone NN line NN . SENT 2 CD LEDs NNS red JJ and CC green JJ , , 10 CD K NP resistor NN . SENT Construct VV the DT following VVG circuit NN for IN each DT line NN and CC attach VV to TO the DT appropriate JJ color NN terminals NNS wires NNS of IN the DT modular JJ jack NN . SENT 10 CD K NP Green NP LED VVD Line NP 1 CD . SENT Green JJ o NN o NN Red NP Line NP 2 CD . SENT Black NP Wiring NP Correct JJ Yellow NP Line NP 3 CD . SENT White NP Blue NP Red NP LED VVD 3 CD . SENT 10 CD Getting VVG inside IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN Yes NP , , you PP will MD void VV the DT warranty NN , , but CC you PP knew VVD this DT already RB . SENT Note NN . SENT the DT sections NNS on IN loudspeakers NNS , , cameras NNS , , and CC watches NNS have VHP additional JJ getting VVG inside IN info NN . SENT Manufacturers NNS seem VVP to TO take VV great JJ pride NN in IN being VBG very RB mysterious JJ as RB to TO how WRB to TO open VV their PP$ equipment NN . SENT Not RB always RB , , but CC this DT is VBZ too RB common JJ to TO just RB be VB a DT coincidence NN . SENT A DT variety NN of IN techniques NNS are VBP used VVN to TO secure VV the DT covers NNS on IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Screws NNS . SENT Yes UH , , many RB still RB use VV this DT somewhat RB antiquated JJ technique NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , there EX are VBP even RB embossed VVN arrows NNS on IN the DT case NN indicating VVG which WDT screws NNS need VVP to TO be VB removed VVN to TO get VV at IN the DT guts NNS . SENT In IN addition NN to TO obvious JJ screw NN holes NNS , , there EX may MD be VB some DT that WDT are VBP only RB accessible JJ when WRB a DT battery NN or CC cassette NN compartment NN is VBZ opened VVN or CC a DT trim JJ panel NN is VBZ popped VVN off RP . SENT These DT will MD often RB be VB of IN the DT Philips NP variety NN . SENT Strictly RB speaking VVG , , many JJ of IN these DT are VBP not RB actual JJ Philips NP head NN screws NNS but CC a DT slight JJ variation NN . SENT Nonetheless RB , , a DT Philips NP screwdriver NN of IN suitable JJ size NN will MD work VV on IN them PP . SENT A DT precision NN jeweler's NNS screwdriver NN set VVD including VVG miniature JJ Philips NP head NN drivers NNS is VBZ a DT must MD for IN repair NN of IN miniature JJ portable JJ devices NNS . SENT Sometimes RB , , you PP will MD find VV Torx NP or CC a DT variety NN of IN security NN type NN fasteners NNS . SENT Suitable JJ driver NN bits NNS are VBP available JJ . SENT Sometimes RB , , you PP can MD improvise VV using VVG regular JJ tools NNS . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN security NN Torx NP , , the DT center NN post NN can MD usually RB be VB broken VVN off RP with IN a DT pair NN of IN needlenose JJ pliers NNS allowing VVG a DT normal JJ Torx NP driver NN to TO be VB used VVN . SENT In IN a DT pinch NN , , a DT suitable JJ size NN hex NN wrench NN can MD substitute VV for IN a DT Torx NP driver NN . SENT Places NNS like IN MCM NP Electronics NPS carry VVP a DT variety NN of IN security NN bits NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT Hidden JJ screws NNS . SENT These DT will MD require VV prying VVG up RP a DT plug NN or CC peeling VVG off RP a DT decorative JJ decal NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB obvious JJ that IN you PP were VBD tinkering VVG it PP is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ to TO put VV a DT decal NN back RB in IN an DT undetectable JJ way NN . SENT Sometimes RB the DT rubber NN feet NNS can MD be VB pryed VVN out IN revealing VVG screw NN holes NNS . SENT For IN a DT stick NN on IN label NN , , rubbing VVG your PP$ finger NN over IN it PP may MD permit VV you PP to TO locate VV a DT hidden JJ screw NN hole NN . SENT Just RB puncture VV the DT label NN to TO access VV the DT screw NN as IN this DT may MD be VB less RBR messy JJ then RB attempting VVG to TO peel VV it PP off RP . SENT 3 LS . SENT Snaps VVZ . SENT Look VV around IN the DT seam NN between IN the DT two CD halves NNS . SENT You PP may MD if IN you PP are VBP lucky JJ see VVP points NNS at IN which WDT gently RB or CC forcibly RB pressing VVG with IN a DT screwdriver NN will MD unlock VV the DT covers NNS . SENT Sometimes RB , , just RB going VVG around IN the DT seam NN with IN a DT butter NN knife NN will MD pop VV the DT cover NN at IN one CD location NN which WDT will MD then RB reveal VV the DT locations NNS of IN the DT other JJ snaps VVZ . SENT 4 LS . SENT Glue NN . SENT Or CC more RBR likely JJ , , the DT plastic NN is VBZ fused VVN together RB . SENT This DT is VBZ particularly RB common JJ with IN AC NP adapters NNS wall NN warts NNS . SENT In IN this DT case NN , , I PP usually RB carefully RB go VV around RP the DT seam NN with IN a DT hacksaw NN blade NN taking VVG extreme JJ care NN not RB to TO go VV through RP and CC damage VV internal JJ components NNS . SENT Reassemble NN with IN plastic JJ electrical JJ tape NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT It PP isn't VVD designed VVN for IN repair NN . SENT Don't JJ laugh NN . SENT I PP feel VVP we PP will MD see VV more JJR and CC more JJR of IN this DT in IN our PP$ disposable JJ society NN . SENT Some DT devices NNS are VBP totally RB potted JJ in IN Epoxy NN and CC are VBP throwaways NNS . SENT With IN others NNS , , the DT only JJ way NN to TO open VV them PP non JJ destructively RB is VBZ from IN the DT inside NN . SENT Don't JJ force NN anything NN unless IN you PP are VBP sure JJ there EX is VBZ no DT alternative JJ most JJS of IN the DT time NN , , once RB you PP determine VVP the DT method NN of IN fastening NN , , covers NNS will MD come VV apart RB easily RB . SENT If IN they PP get VVP hung VVN up RP , , there EX may MD be VB an DT undetected JJ screw NN or CC snap VVP still RB in IN place NN . SENT The DT most JJS annoying VVG to TO be VB polite JJ situation NN is VBZ when WRB after IN removing VVG the DT 18 CD screws NNS holding VVG the DT case NN together RB losing VVG 3 CD of IN them PP entirely RB and CC mangling VVG the DT heads NNS on IN 2 CD others NNS , , removing VVG three CD subassemblies NNS , , and CC two CD other JJ circuit NN boards NNS , , you PP find VVP that IN the DT adjustment NN you PP wanted VVD was VBD accessible JJ through IN a DT hole NN in IN the DT case NN just RB by IN partially RB peeling VVG back RB a DT rubber NN hand NN grip NN . SENT When WRB reassembling VVG the DT equipment NN make VV sure RB to TO route NN cables NNS and CC other JJ wiring NN such JJ that IN they PP will MD not RB get VV pinched VVN or CC snagged VVN and CC possibly RB broken JJ or CC have VH their PP$ insulation NN nicked VVN or CC pierced VVN and CC that IN they PP will MD not RB get VV caught VVN in IN moving VVG parts NNS . SENT Replace VV any DT cable NN ties NNS that WDT were VBD cut VVN or CC removed VVN during IN disassembly NN and CC add VV additional JJ ones NNS of IN your PP$ own JJ if IN needed VVN . SENT Some DT electrical JJ tape NN may MD sometimes RB come VV in IN handy JJ to TO provide VV insulation NN insurance NN as IN well RB . SENT 3 LS . SENT 11 CD Getting VVG built VVN up RP dust NN and CC dirt NN out IN of IN a DT equipment NN This DT should MD be VB the DT first JJ step NN in IN any DT inspection NN and CC cleaning NN procedure NN . SENT Do VVP not RB be VB tempted VVN to TO use VV compressed VVN air NN . SENT I PP would MD quicker RBR use VV a DT soft JJ brush NN to TO carefully RB dust NN off IN the DT circuit NN boards NNS and CC power NN supply NN . SENT Work NN in IN such PDT a DT way NN that IN the DT resulting VVG dust NN does VVZ not RB fall VV on IN the DT mechanical JJ parts NNS . SENT For IN intricate JJ mechanisms NNS , , using VVG compressed VVN air NN could MD dislodge VV dirt NN and CC dust NN which WDT may MD then RB settle VV on IN lubricated VVN parts NNS contaminating VVG them PP . SENT High JJ pressure NN air NN could MD move VV oil NN or CC grease NN from IN where WRB it PP is VBZ to TO where WRB it PP should MD not RB be VB . SENT If IN you PP are VBP talking VVG about IN a DT shop NN air NN line NN , , the DT pressure NN may MD be VB much JJ much RB too RB high JJ and CC there EX may MD be VB contaminants NNS as IN well RB . SENT A DT Q NP tip NN cotton NN swab NN moistened VVN with IN politically RB correct JJ alcohol NN can MD be VB used VVN to TO remove VV dust NN and CC dirt NN from IN various JJ surfaces VVZ of IN the DT deck NN in IN addition NN to TO the DT normal JJ proper JJ cleaning NN procedures NNS for IN the DT guides NNS , , rollers NNS , , heads NNS , , wheels NNS , , belts NNS , , etc FW . SENT 3 LS . SENT 12 CD What WP to TO do VV if IN a DT tiny JJ tiny JJ part NN falls VVZ inside IN We PP have VHP all RB done VVN this DT . SENT a DT tiny JJ washer NN or CC spring NN pops VVZ off RP and CC disappears VVZ from IN sight NN inside IN the DT guts NNS of IN the DT unit NN . SENT Don't JJ panic NN . SENT First RB unplug VV it PP if IN AC NP powered VVN . SENT Remove VV the DT battery NN pack NN if IN possible JJ from IN a DT portable JJ device NN . SENT Try VV to TO locate VV the DT part NN with IN a DT bright JJ light NN without IN moving VVG anything NN . SENT You PP may MD have VH gotten VVN lucky JJ yeh NP , , right RB . SENT Next RB , , over IN an DT area NN where WRB a DT dropped VVN part NN will MD be VB visible JJ not RB a DT shag NN carpet NN . SENT , , try VV any DT reasonable JJ means NNS to TO shake VV it PP loose RB upside RB down RB , , a DT little JJ gently RB tapping VVG and CC shaking VVG , , etc FW . SENT A DT hard JJ surface NN is VBZ better JJR in IN some DT ways NNS as IN you PP might MD hear VV the DT part NN drop NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN it PP may MD bounce VV into IN the DT great JJ beyond IN . SENT If IN this DT does VVZ not RB work VV , , you PP have VHP two CD options NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Assume VV that IN the DT part NN has VHZ landed VVN in IN a DT place NN that WDT will MD not RB cause VV future JJ problems NNS . SENT There EX could MD be VB electrical JJ problems NNS if IN it PP is VBZ metallic JJ and CC shorts NNS out IN some DT circuitry NN or CC there EX could MD be VB mechanical JJ problems NNS if IN it PP jams NNS some DT part NN of IN the DT mechanism NN . SENT There EX is VBZ an DT excellent JJ chance NN that IN the DT part NN will MD never RB cause VV any DT harm NN . SENT What WP chance NN . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV , , maybe RB 99 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB worth JJ taking VVG the DT unit NN to TO pieces NNS to TO locate VV the DT part NN . SENT You PP are VBP more RBR likely JJ to TO damage VV something NN else RB in IN the DT process NN . SENT Obtain VV a DT replacement NN and CC get VV on IN with IN your PP$ life NN . SENT The DT exception NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , if IN you PP now RB begin VV experiencing VVG problems NNS you PP know VVP were VBD not RB there RB before RB . SENT 2 LS . SENT Take VV the DT unit NN to TO pieces NNS in IN an DT attempt NN to TO locate VV the DT part NN . SENT For IN all DT you PP know VVP , , it PP may MD be VB clear JJ across IN the DT room NN and CC you PP will MD never RB find VV it PP inside RB . SENT If IN all PDT the DT gymnastics NNS have VHP not RB knocked VVN it PP loose JJ , , then RB it PP may MD be VB really RB wedged VVN somewhere RB and CC will MD stay VV there RB forever RB . SENT If IN the DT unit NN behaves VVZ normally RB , , then RB in IN all DT likelihood NN it PP will MD continue VV to TO do VV so RB . SENT To TO prevent VV this DT sort NN of IN thing NN from IN happening VVG in IN the DT future NN you PP will MD no DT doubt NN be VB much RB more RBR careful JJ . SENT Sure RB you PP will MD . SENT Some DT suggestions NNS to TO prevent VV ejection NN of IN an DT E NN clip NN , , split NN washer NN , , or CC spring NN into IN the DT great JJ beyond IN . SENT Construct VV a DT paper NN dam NN around IN the DT area NN . SENT Tie VV a DT thread NN or CC fine JJ wire NN around IN the DT part NN before IN attempting VVG to TO remove VV it PP . SENT Keep VV this DT safety NN line NN on IN until IN after IN it PP has VHZ been VBN reinstalled VVN , , then RB just RB pull VV it PP free JJ . SENT Keep VV one CD finger NN on IN the DT part NN as IN you PP attempt VVP to TO pop VV it PP free JJ . SENT Hold VV onto IN the DT part NN with IN a DT pair NN of IN needlenose JJ pliers NNS or CC tweezers NN while IN prying VVG with IN a DT small JJ screwdriver NN . SENT Chapter NP 4 CD Audio JJ Cassette NP and CC Open NP Reel NP Tape NP Equipment NP 4 CD . SENT 1 CD Parts NNS of IN an DT audio JJ tape NN transport VV The DT following VVG description NN applies VVZ to TO most RBS cassette NN and CC open JJ reel NN tape NN transports VVZ including VVG those DT used VVN in IN portable JJ and CC microcassette NN recorders NNS , , Walkmen NP , , and CC telephone NN answering NN machines NNS . SENT Looking VVG at IN the DT top NN of IN the DT deck NN such JJ that IN the DT tape NN heads NNS are VBP at IN the DT bottom NN . SENT Supply NN reel NN table NN left VVD hand NN side NN platform NN on IN which WDT the DT supply NN tape NN reel NN sits VVZ . SENT Edge VV which WDT contacts NNS idler JJR tire NN if IN used VVN should MD be VB cleaned VVN . SENT Takeup NN reel NN table NN right JJ hand NN side NN platform NN on IN which WDT the DT takeup NN tape NN reel NN sits VVZ . SENT Edge VV which WDT contacts NNS idler JJR tire NN if IN used VVN should MD be VB cleaned VVN . SENT Idler JJR assembly NN which WDT swings VVZ between IN supply NN and CC takeup NN reels NNS and CC transfers NNS power NN to TO the DT appropriate JJ reel NN to TO wind VV the DT tape NN up RB during IN play NN and CC record NN and CC often RB to TO drive VV FF NP and CC REW NP . SENT In IN some DT designs NNS , , this DT uses NNS gears VVZ or CC some DT other JJ type NN of IN mechanism NN . SENT In IN very RB expensive JJ decks NNS , , individual JJ motors NNS are VBP used VVN for IN each DT reel NN and CC there EX is VBZ no DT intermediate JJ drive NN . SENT Idler JJR tire NN the DT black JJ rubber NN ring NN on IN the DT outside NN of IN one CD part NN of IN the DT idler NN which WDT actually RB contacts NNS the DT reel NN edges NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB as RB common JJ in IN audio JJ tape NN decks NNS as IN VCRs NNS . SENT If IN one CD is VBZ used VVN , , it PP should MD be VB cleaned VVN and CC inspected VVN for IN deterioration NN , , dirt NN , , and CC wear VV . SENT Capstan NN right NN side NN after IN tape NN exits NNS from IN area NN of IN record NN playback NN erase VV heads NNS . SENT The DT capstan NN is VBZ a DT shaft NN about IN 1 CD 16 CD diameter NN in IN cassette NN decks NNS , , recorders NNS , , and CC Walkmen NP , , 3 CD 16 CD or CC larger JJR diameter NN in IN open JJ reel NN machines NNS which WDT during IN play NN and CC record NN modes NNS precisely RB controls VVZ tape NN movement NN when WRB the DT pinch NN roller NN is VBZ pressed VVN against IN it PP . SENT For IN autoreverse NN transports NNS , , there EX will MD be VB two CD capstans NNS one NN on IN each DT side NN of IN the DT head NN assembly NN so RB that IN the DT tape NN is VBZ always RB pulled VVN across IN the DT heads NNS as IN this DT is VBZ most RBS precise JJ . SENT In IN a DT VCR NP , , there EX is VBZ only RB one CD capstan NN and CC it PP is VBZ also RB used VVN for IN reverse JJ play NN or CC search NN modes NNS . SENT Clean JJ to TO assure VV proper JJ tape NN movement NN during IN play NN and CC record NN modes NNS . SENT Pinch NP Roller NP black JJ rubber NN roller NN which WDT spins VVZ freely RB and CC is VBZ pressed VVN against IN the DT capstan NN during IN play NN , , record NN , , and CC search NN modes NNS . SENT For IN autoreverse NN decks NNS , , there EX will MD be VB two CD pinch NN rollers NNS , , one CD for IN each DT capstan NN . SENT A DT hard JJ , , shiny JJ , , cracked VVD , , or CC dried VVD out RP pinch NN roller NN can MD lead VV to TO tape VV edge NN munching VVG and CC erratic JJ or CC wavering VVG sound NN . SENT Clean VV thoroughly RB until IN no DT more RBR black JJ stuff NN comes VVZ off RP . SENT Inspect VV for IN cracked VVN or CC deteriorated VVN rubber NN . SENT Tape NN heads NNS . SENT Most RBS low JJ to TO mid JJ priced VVN tape NN decks NNS have VH two CD an DT erase VV head NN and CC a DT combined JJ record NN playback NN head NN . SENT High JJ end NN decks NNS will MD have VH separate JJ record NN and CC playback NN heads NNS supporting VVG sound NN on IN sound NN mixing VVG to TO the DT same JJ track NN and CC allowing VVG recording NN quality NN to TO be VB monitored VVN off RP of IN the DT tape NN . SENT These DT may MD be VB physically RB independent JJ assemblies NNS or CC combined VVN into IN a DT single JJ unit NN . SENT Autoreverse NN decks NNS often RB have VHP a DT head NN assembly NN that WDT rotates VVZ 180 CD degrees NNS depending VVG on IN tape NN direction NN . SENT This DT is VBZ less RBR expensive JJ than IN having VHG two NN erase VV heads NNS and CC two CD record NN playback NN heads NNS or CC a DT single JJ record NN playback NN head NN that WDT shifted VVD position NN to TO align VV with IN the DT appropriate JJ tracks NNS and CC electronic JJ switching VVG of IN the DT record NN and CC playback NN signals NNS . SENT Play NN only RB transports VVZ such JJ as RB found VVN in IN car NN cassette NN decks NNS and CC Walkmen NP do VVP not RB need VV an DT erase VV head NN . SENT Autoreverse NN play VVP only JJ decks NNS often RB do VVP just RB shift VV the DT position NN of IN the DT playback NN head NN a DT fraction NN of IN a DT mm NP depending VVG on IN playback NN direction NN to TO line VV up RP with IN the DT tracks NNS and CC interchanges VVZ the DT connections NNS for IN L NP and CC R NP channels NNS . SENT Clean VV the DT polished JJ surfaces NNS thoroughly RB DO VVP NOT RB use VV anything NN abrasive NN . SENT . SENT Various JJ other JJ guide NN posts NNS vertical JJ stationary JJ metal NN posts NNS which WDT tape VVP contacts NNS . SENT Should MD be VB cleaned VVN but CC rarely RB need VVP adjustment NN . SENT Belts NNS various JJ size NN black JJ rubber NN bands NNS a DT typical JJ transport NN will MD have VH between IN 0 CD and CC 4 CD belts NNS , , usually RB below IN decks NNS . SENT These DT will MD require VV replacement NN after IN a DT few JJ years NNS . SENT Clean VV and CC inspect VV . SENT 4 LS . SENT 2 CD General NP guide NN to TO tape VV deck NN cleaning NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS replacement NN The DT following VVG procedures NNS apply VV to TO boom NN boxes NNS , , cassette NN decks NNS , , microcassette NN and CC other JJ portable JJ tape NN recorders NNS , , open JJ reel NN tape NN decks NNS , , and CC telephone NN answering NN machines NNS . SENT While IN the DT tape NN transports VVZ used VVN in IN these DT devices NNS are VBP less RBR complex JJ than IN those DT used VVN in IN VCRs NNS and CC other JJ helical JJ scan NN recording NN equipment NN , , some DT routine JJ maintenance NN can MD go VV a DT long JJ way NN towards IN preventing VVG future JJ problems NNS . SENT All PDT the DT guideposts NNS , , wheels NNS , , and CC rubber NN parts NNS should MD be VB inspected VVN and CC cleaned VVN periodically RB how WRB often RB depends VVZ on IN usage NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , no DT one NN really RB does VVZ this DT unless IN something NN goes VVZ wrong JJ . SENT Qtips NNS and CC alcohol NN 91 CD medicinal NN is VBZ ok VV , , pure JJ isopropyl NN is VBZ better JJR . SENT Avoid VV rubbing VVG alcohol NN especially RB if IN it PP contains VVZ any DT additives NNS can MD be VB used VVN everywhere RB EXCEPT IN on IN the DT rotating VVG heads NNS of IN VCRs NNS and CC camcorders NNS and CC other JJ helical JJ scan NN devices NNS like IN 8 CD mm NNS and CC 4 CD mm NP DAT NP storage NN drives NNS see VVP the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Video NP Cassette NP Recorders NNS for IN detailed JJ procedures NNS on IN cleaning VVG of IN video NN heads VVZ you PP can MD destroy VV the DT most RBS expensive JJ part NN of IN your PP$ VCR NP by IN improper JJ cleaning NN techniques NNS . SENT Dry JJ quickly RB to TO avoid VV leaving VVG residue NN behind RB . SENT Sometimes RB good JJ old JJ fashioned VVN water NN just RB a DT damp JJ cloth NN will MD work VV better JJR on IN sugar NN based VVN gunk NN and CC other JJ kids NNS grime NN . SENT Cleaning NN may MD get VV your PP$ machine NN going VVG well RB enough JJ to TO get VV by IN until IN any DT replacement NN rubber NN parts NNS arrive VVP . SENT Things NNS to TO clean VV . SENT Some DT of IN these DT components NNS may MD not RB be VB present JJ in IN your PP$ particular JJ equipment NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Capstan NN and CC pinch NN roller NN . SENT These DT collect VVP a DT lot NN of IN crud NN mostly RB oxide NN which WDT flakes VVZ off RP of IN old JJ tapes NNS . SENT Use NN as IN many JJ Q NP tips NNS wet JJ but CC not RB dripping VVG with IN alcohol NN as IN necessary JJ to TO remove VV all DT foreign JJ matter NN from IN the DT capstan NN the DT shiny JJ shaft NN that WDT pulls VVZ the DT tape NN through IN the DT unit NN for IN play NN and CC record NN . SENT Just RB don't NN get VV impatient NN and CC use NN something NN sharp JJ the DT crud NN will MD come VV off RP with IN the DT Qtips NNS and CC maybe RB some DT help NN from IN a DT fingernail NN . SENT On IN autoreverse NN decks NNS , , there EX will MD usually RB be VB two CD capstans NNS and CC pinch NN rollers NNS . SENT Clean VV the DT pinch NN roller NN presses NNS against IN the DT capstan NN in IN play NN and CC record NN until IN no DT more RBR black JJ stuff NN comes VVZ off RP . SENT Use NN as IN many JJ Qtips NNS as IN necessary JJ . SENT If IN the DT pinch NN roller NN is VBZ still RB hard JJ and CC or CC shiny JJ or CC has VHZ a DT cracked VVN surface NN , , it PP will MD probably RB need VV replacement NN . SENT Many JJ are VBP available JJ from IN the DT sources NNS listed VVN in IN the DT section NN . SENT Recommended JJ parts NNS suppliers NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT Various JJ guideposts NNS that IN the DT tape NN contacts NNS . SENT Clean VV like IN the DT capstan NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Idler JJR tire NN idler JJR swings NNS between IN reels NNS and CC transfers NNS motor NN power NN to TO reels NNS clean JJ until IN no DT more RBR black JJ stuff NN comes VVZ off RP . SENT A DT dirty JJ or CC worn JJ idler NN tire NN may MD prevent VV the DT takeup NN reel NN from IN turning VVG resulting VVG in IN spilled VVN tape NN . SENT Also RB , , the DT idler JJR assembly NN includes VVZ a DT slip NN clutch NN . SENT If IN this DT weakens VVZ , , the DT idler NN may MD not RB have VH enough JJ force NN to TO press VV on IN the DT reel NN table NN edges NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT Reel NP table NN edges NNS surface VVP on IN the DT reel NN tables NNS where WRB the DT idler JJR contacts NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT Audio JJ head NN s PP and CC erase VV head NN . SENT Q NP tips NNS and CC alcohol NN are NN ok VV for IN these DT . SENT Do VVP not RB use VV anything NN sharp JJ or CC abrasive JJ . SENT 6 CD . SENT Anything NN else RB that IN the DT tape NN contacts NNS on IN its PP$ exciting JJ journey NN through IN your PP$ machine NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Rubber NN belts NNS . SENT Access NN to TO some DT of IN these DT may MD require VV the DT services NNS of IN a DT Swiss JJ watchmaker NN if IN any DT still RB exist VVP . SENT Some DT boomboxes NNS seem VVP to TO be VB designed VVN specifically RB to TO be VB difficult JJ to TO service NN . SENT After IN noting VVG where WRB each DT belt NN goes VVZ , , remove VV them PP individually RB if IN possible JJ and CC clean JJ with IN alcohol NN and CC Qtips NNS or CC a DT lint NN free JJ cloth NN . SENT Dry JJ quickly RB to TO avoid VV degrading JJ the DT rubber NN from IN contact NN with IN the DT alcohol NN . SENT If IN a DT belt NN is VBZ trapped VVN by IN some DT assembly NN and CC not RB easy JJ to TO remove VV , , use VV the DT Qtip NN on IN the DT belt NN and CC or CC pulley NN in IN place NN . SENT However RB , , if IN it PP is VBZ stretched JJ , , flabby JJ , , or CC damaged VVN , , you PP will MD need VV to TO figure VV out RP how WRB to TO free VV it PP . SENT Note NN that IN on IN some DT equipment NN like IN dual JJ cassette NN boomboxes NNS and CC telephone NN answering NN machines NNS , , the DT belt NN s PP may MD follow VV a DT highly RB circuitous JJ path NN make VV a DT detailed JJ diagram NN . SENT Any DT belts NNS that WDT appear VVP loose JJ , , flabby JJ or CC do VVP not RB return VV instantly RB to TO their PP$ relaxed VVN size NN when WRB stretched VVN by IN 25 CD or CC so RB will MD need VV to TO be VB replaced VVN and CC may MD be VB the DT cause NN of IN your PP$ problems NNS . SENT Belts NNS cost VVP about RB . SENT 30 CD 2 CD . SENT 00 CD . SENT Meanwhile RB , , the DT belts NNS will MD function VV better RBR once RB they PP are VBP cleaned VVN , , maybe RB just RB enough JJ to TO get VV by IN until IN your PP$ replacements NNS arrive VVP . SENT 4 LS . SENT 3 CD Lubrication NN of IN electronic JJ equipment NN The DT short JJ recommendation NN is VBZ . SENT Don't NP add VVP any DT oil NN or CC grease NN unless IN you PP are VBP positively RB sure JJ it PP is VBZ needed VVN . SENT Most JJS parts NNS are VBP lubricated VVN at IN the DT factory NN and CC do VVP not RB need VV any DT further JJR lubrication NN over IN their PP$ lifetime NN . SENT Too RB much JJ lubrication NN is VBZ worse JJR then RB too RB little JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ easy JJ to TO add VV a DT drop NN of IN oil NN but CC difficult JJ and CC time NN consuming NN to TO restore VV a DT tape NN deck NN that WDT has VHZ taken VVN a DT swim VVP . SENT NEVER RB , , ever RB , , use VVP WD NP 40 CD . SENT WD NP 40 CD is VBZ not RB a DT good JJ lubricant NN despite IN the DT claims NNS on IN the DT label NN . SENT Legend NP has VHZ it PP that IN the DT WD NP stands VVZ for IN Water NP Displacer NN which WDT is VBZ one CD of IN the DT functions NNS of IN WD NP 40 CD when WRB used VVN to TO coat NN tools NNS for IN rust JJ prevention NN . SENT WD NP 40 CD is VBZ much RB too RB thin JJ to TO do VV any DT good JJ as IN a DT general JJ lubricant NN and CC will MD quickly RB collect VV dirt NN and CC dry VV up RP . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB quite RB flammable JJ and CC a DT pretty RB good JJ solvent JJ there EX is VBZ no RB telling VVG what WP will MD be VB affected VVN by IN this DT . SENT A DT light JJ machine NN oil NN like IN electric JJ motor NN or CC sewing NN machine NN oil NN should MD be VB used VVN for IN gear NN or CC wheel NN shafts NNS . SENT A DT plastic JJ safe JJ grease NN like IN silicone NN grease NN or CC Molylube NP is VBZ suitable JJ for IN gears NNS , , cams NNS , , or CC mechanical JJ piano NN key JJ type NN mode NN selectors NNS . SENT Never RB use VV oil NN or CC grease NN on IN electrical JJ contacts NNS . SENT Unless IN the DT unit NN was VBD not RB properly RB lubricated VVN at IN the DT factory NN which WDT is VBZ quite RB possible JJ , , don't JJ add VVP any DT unless IN your PP$ inspection NN reveals VVZ the DT specific JJ need NN . SENT Sometimes RB you PP will MD find VV a DT dry JJ capstan NN , , motor NN , , lever NN , , or CC gear NN shaft NN . SENT If IN possible JJ , , disassemble VV and CC clean VV out RP the DT old JJ lubricant NN before IN adding VVG fresh JJ oil NN or CC grease NN . SENT Note NN that IN in IN most JJS cases NNS , , oil NN is VBZ for IN plain JJ bearings NNS not RB ball NN or CC roller NN and CC pivots NNS while IN grease NN is VBZ used VVN on IN sliding VVG parts NNS and CC gear NN teeth NNS . SENT In IN general NN , , do VVP not RB lubricate VV anything NN unless IN you PP know VVP there EX is VBZ a DT need NN . SENT Never RB shotgun VV a DT problem NN by IN lubricating VVG everything NN in IN sight NN . SENT You PP might MD as RB well RB literally RB use VV a DT shotgun NN on IN the DT equipment NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT 4 CD Tape NP head NN demagnetizing VVG With IN audio JJ tape NN decks NNS , , demagnetizing VVG is VBZ often RB recommended VVN to TO improve VV sound JJ quality NN and CC frequency NN response NN . SENT There EX is VBZ some DT debate NN as RB to TO how WRB much RB benefit VV there EX is VBZ to TO this DT practice NN but CC if IN done VVN properly RB , , there EX is VBZ little JJ risk NN . SENT Demagnetizing VVG removes NNS the DT residual JJ magnetic JJ fields NNS that WDT can MD build VV up RP on IN ferrous JJ pole NN pieces NNS of IN the DT tape NN heads NNS and CC various JJ guideposts NNS and CC other JJ parts NNS in IN the DT tape NN path NN which WDT may MD affect VV frequency NN response NN . SENT Use VV a DT small JJ demagnetizer NN designed VVN for IN a DT tape NN deck NN or CC cassette NN deck NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Homemade JJ audio JJ tape NN head NN demagnetizer NN if IN you PP don't VVD have VH one NN or CC don't NN want VVP to TO buy VV one PP . SENT However RB , , do VVP not RB use VV anything NN that WDT might MD be VB too RB powerful JJ or CC a DT bulk JJ tape NN eraser NN which WDT would MD certainly RB be VB too RB powerful JJ . SENT Make VV sure RB the DT tip NN is VBZ covered VVN with IN a DT soft JJ material NN to TO prevent VV damage NN to TO the DT finely RB polished JJ surfaces VVZ in IN the DT tape NN transport NN . SENT Turn NN power NN on IN to TO the DT demagnetizer NN when WRB a DT couple NN of IN feet NNS away RB from IN the DT unit NN . SENT Then RB , , slowly RB bring VV it PP in IN close NN and CC slowly RB go VV over RP all DT surfaces VVZ of IN anything NN that IN the DT tape NN contacts NNS or CC comes VVZ close VV to TO in IN the DT tape NN path NN . SENT The DT key JJ word NN here RB is VBZ slowly RB . SENT Move NN fast RB , , and CC you PP will MD make VV the DT magnetic JJ fields NNS stronger JJR . SENT When WRB finished VVN , , slowly RB draw VV the DT demagnetizer NN away RB to TO a DT distance NN of IN a DT couple NN of IN feet NNS before IN turning VVG it PP off RP . SENT 4 LS . SENT 5 CD Homemade JJ audio JJ tape NN head NN demagnetizer NN A DT perfectly RB serviceable JJ tape NN head NN demagnetizer NN can MD be VB easily RB constructed VVN using VVG a DT large JJ nail NN , , 100 CD turns NNS of IN insulated VVN wire NN just RB guessing VVG here RB and CC an DT AC NP wall NN adapter NN from IN an DT obsolete JJ modem NN , , for IN example NN . SENT Grind VV down RP the DT end NN of IN the DT nail NN so RB that IN it PP is VBZ not RB sharp JJ and CC coat NN it PP with IN a DT soft JJ material NN or CC cover VV the DT end NN with IN electrical JJ tape NN to TO protect VV the DT finely RB polished JJ heads NNS from IN scratches NNS . SENT Adjust VV the DT number NN of IN turns NNS and CC input NN voltage NN for IN desired VVN strength NN . SENT How WRB strong RB should MD it PP be VB . SENT A DT direct JJ comparison NN with IN a DT commercial JJ unit NN would MD be VB best RBS but RB when WRB in IN close JJ proximity NN to TO a DT steel NN surface NN , , you PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO feel VV the DT 120 CD Hz NP attraction NN but CC it PP shouldn't VVD jump VV out RP of IN your PP$ hand NN . SENT Sort NN of IN like JJ Use NN a DT pinch NN of IN salt NN you PP will MD know VV how WRB much JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT 6 CD Building VVG a DT bulk JJ tape NN eraser NN A DT variety NN of IN approaches NNS work VVP for IN this DT all RB based VVN on IN strong JJ magnetic JJ fields NNS . SENT These DT will MD erase VV floppy JJ diskettes NNS , , audio JJ and CC video JJ tapes NNS , , and CC all PDT your PP$ credit NN cards NNS and CC Turnpike NP passes VVZ . SENT Magnets NNS removed VVN from IN large JJ loudspeakers NNS including VVG the DT pole NN pieces NNS where WRB the DT voice NN coil NN went VVD and CC microwave NN oven NN magnetrons NNS . SENT Some DT motors NNS , , transformers NNS , , the DT butt NN end NN of IN some DT soldering VVG guns NNS , , etc FW . SENT From IN . SENT Steven NP L NP . SENT Bender NP buqu NP 35 CD d SYM prodigy NN . SENT com NN . SENT You PP need VVP a DT Power NP Transformer NN about IN 3 CD in IN each DT direction NN , , can MD be VB like IN a DT low JJ voltage NN 12 CD volt NN 3 CD Amp NN unit NN or CC rated VVN higher JJR . SENT Remove VV end NN bells NNS if IN any DT , , remove VV all PDT the DT metal NN laminations NNS break VVP the DT first JJ one NN , , yank VV it PP , , and CC the DT rest NN will MD come VV easier JJR . SENT Re NP insert VV all PDT the DT metal NN laminations NNS facing VVG in IN the DT same JJ direction NN , , with IN the DT E NN all RB pointed VVD the DT same JJ , , re IN glue NN , , varnish NN , , or CC whatever JJ . SENT Connect VV AC NP Plug VV to TO the DT Primary JJ , , then RB insulate VV the DT whole JJ works NNS with IN Plastic NP tape NN and CC outre NN layer NN of IN Duct NN tape NN . SENT After IN insulating VVG it PP with IN several JJ layers NNS of IN tape NN Instant JJ Bulk NN Eraser NN . SENT Warning NN Do VVP not RB apply VV power NN for IN more JJR than IN 60 CD seconds NNS at IN a DT time NN . SENT It PP will MD get VV hot JJ and CC burn VV your PP$ hand NN after IN two CD minutes NNS . SENT I PP had VHD one CD of IN those DT for IN some DT years NNS , , but CC accidentally RB left VVD it PP plugged VVD in IN , , pulled VVD the DT wrong JJ wire NN out IN of IN the DT 6 CD to TO 1 CD outlet NN box NN and CC after IN a DT few JJ minutes NNS , , it PP smelled VVD and CC was VBD too RB hot JJ to TO touch VV , , and CC made VVD a DT nasty JJ noise NN as IN the DT copper NN started VVD to TO melt VV . SENT . SENT . SENT Sounds VVZ Effects NNS of IN Liquid NP Krell NP Metal NP in IN the DT distance NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT , , Forbidden VVN Planet NP Paramount NP , , 1956 CD . SENT Luckily RB I PP didn't VVD walk VV out RP , , another DT few JJ minutes NNS and CC it PP would MD have VH caught VVN fire NN . SENT . SENT I PP am VBP not RB liable JJ for IN any DT personal JJ , , profession NN , , or CC consequential JJ damages NNS from IN use NN of IN this DT information NN . SENT . SENT . SENT 4 LS . SENT 7 CD Splicing VVG of IN audio JJ tapes NNS If IN a DT tape NN is VBZ broken VVN or CC seriously RB crinkled VVD , , cutting VVG out RP the DT bad JJ section NN and CC joining VVG the DT remaining JJ ends NNS will MD be VB necessary JJ . SENT There EX are VBP special JJ splicing VVG kits NNS for IN this DT . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV if IN a DT place NN like IN Radio NP Shack NP carries VVZ these DT but CC an DT audio JJ dealer NN or CC electronics NN distributor NN should MD have VH one CD . SENT In IN a DT pinch NN , , you PP could MD very RB carefully RB use VV a DT razor NN blade NN or CC Xacto JJ knife NN to TO cut VV the DT tape NN an DT a DT 45 CD degree NN angle NN and CC ordinary JJ transparent JJ to TO mend VV it PP . SENT Then RB , , it PP is VBZ best RBS to TO copy VV the DT tape NN to TO a DT new JJ one CD . SENT At IN least JJS with IN an DT audio JJ deck NN , , you PP don't VVD really RB have VH to TO worry VV about IN ruining VVG the DT heads NNS with IN an DT improperly RB made VVN splice NN though IN you PP do VVP want VV to TO avoid VV depositing VVG adhesive NN from IN the DT mending VVG tape NN onto IN parts NNS of IN the DT transport NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT 8 CD Tape NP or CC cassette NN deck NN , , recorder NN , , or CC Walkman NP transport NN problems NNS The DT following NN are VBP common JJ problems NNS with IN audio JJ tape NN transports NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT No DT movement NN in IN PLAY NN or CC REC NN most RBS likely JJ capstan NN is VBZ not RB turning VVG or CC not RB engaged VVN . SENT If IN the DT motor NN is VBZ not RB working VVG listen VV for IN a DT hum NN from IN inside IN the DT transport NN , , refer VVP to TO the DT chapter NN . SENT Motors NPS and CC Relays NNS . SENT Otherwise RB , , see VVP the DT list NN below RB . SENT 2 LS . SENT Tape NN eating VVG the DT capstan NN is VBZ turning VVG but CC the DT takeup NN reel NN is VBZ stationary JJ or CC not RB turning VVG rapidly RB enough JJ to TO take VV up RP the DT tape NN as IN it PP feeds VVZ from IN the DT capstan NN pinch NN roller NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT FF NP and NP or CC REW NP are VBP inoperative JJ or CC sluggish JJ assuming VVG the DT motor NN is VBZ working VVG , , the DT driven VVN reel NN is VBZ not RB being VBG powered VVN at IN all DT or CC does VVZ not RB have VH sufficient JJ torque NN to TO overcome VV the DT tape NN friction NN . SENT The DT driven VVN reel NN alone RB must MD pull VV the DT tape NN through IN the DT transport NN . SENT Note NN that IN the DT required VVN torque NN for IN the DT driven VVN reel NN is VBZ much RB less JJR for IN PLAY NN and CC REC NN compared VVN to TO FF NP and CC REW NP as IN the DT capstan NN in IN contact NN with IN the DT pinch NN roller NN pulls VVZ the DT tape NN from IN the DT supply NN reel NN . SENT The DT most RBS likely JJ causes NNS are VBP similar JJ for IN all DT of IN these DT symptoms NNS . SENT The DT driven VVN reel NN and CC or CC capstan NN is VBZ not RB turning VVG due RB to TO . SENT A DT broken JJ or CC stretched JJ belt NN , , an DT old JJ and CC deteriorated JJ , , dirty JJ , , or CC worn JJ idler NN tire NN . SENT Refer VV to TO the DT section NN . SENT General JJ guide NN to TO tape VV deck NN cleaning NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS replacement NN . SENT Worn VVN or CC broken VVN . SENT For IN example NN , , a DT spring NN may MD have VH popped VVN off RP an DT idler JJR clutch NN or CC a DT press NN fit NN gear NN or CC pulley NN may MD have VH split VVN . SENT Gummed VVN up IN lubrication NN which WDT is VBZ preventing VVG the DT idler JJR gear NN or CC tire NN that WDT operates VVZ the DT takeup NN reel NN from IN engaging VVG . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Lubrication NN of IN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT A DT solenoid NN that WDT is VBZ not RB engaging VVG properly RB due JJ to TO a DT weak JJ spring NN , , insufficient JJ drive NN , , or CC lubrication NN problems NNS . SENT If IN the DT cause NN is VBZ not RB immediately RB evident JJ once IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT transport NN is VBZ visible JJ , , try VVP to TO observe VV exactly RB what WP is VBZ happening VVG when WRB you PP play VVP a DT garbage NN tape NN or CC run VV the DT deck NN with IN no DT tape NN present NN . SENT Look VV for IN broken JJ parts NNS or CC bits NNS of IN parts NNS that WDT may MD have VH failed VVN off RP . SENT If IN the DT transport NN shuts VVZ down RB shortly RB after IN entering VVG any DT mode NN , , check NN for IN a DT missing JJ or CC stretched JJ tape NN counter NN drive NN belt NN or CC a DT defective JJ reel NN rotation NN sensor NN . SENT The DT tape NN eating VVG protection NN circuits NNS are VBP shutting VVG down RP the DT unit NN improperly RB due JJ to TO a DT lack NN of IN reel NN sensor NN pulses NNS . SENT A DT related JJ symptom NN will MD be VB that IN the DT tape NN counter NN mechanical JJ or CC electronic JJ does VVZ not RB change VV during IN the DT period NN when WRB the DT tape NN is VBZ moving VVG . SENT If IN the DT logic NN is VBZ not RB properly RB controlling VVG the DT various JJ solenoids NNS or CC other JJ actuators NNS in IN a DT soft JJ touch NN deck NN , , then RB a DT service NN manual JJ will MD be VB needed VVN to TO proceed VV much RB further RBR . SENT 4 LS . SENT 9 CD Tape NP transport NN azimith NN adjustment NN When WRB prerecorded VVN tapes NNS or CC tapes NNS recorded VVN on IN another DT deck NN sound NN muddy JJ , , the DT azimith NN alignment NN of IN the DT suspect JJ deck NN may MD have VH shifted VVN or CC be VB misadjusted VVN . SENT Azimith NP refers VVZ to TO the DT angle NN that IN the DT record JJ playback NN head NN gap NN makes VVZ with IN respect NN to TO recorded JJ audio JJ tracks NNS . SENT This DT angle NN should MD be VB exactly RB 90 CD degrees NNS . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ not RB , , than IN high JJ frequencies NNS will MD tend VV to TO be VB reduced VVN in IN amplitude NN during IN playback NN of IN a DT tape NN not RB recorded VVN on IN this DT machine NN . SENT Similarly RB , , a DT tape NN recorded VVN on IN a DT transport NN with IN an DT improper JJ azimith NN setting NN will MD sound VV muddy VV on IN a DT properly RB adjusted VVN deck NN . SENT A DT simple JJ test NN to TO determine VV if IN azimith NN alignment NN is VBZ your PP$ problem NN is VBZ to TO record VV some DT music NN on IN your PP$ machine NN and CC immediately RB play VV it PP back RB . SENT If IN this DT recording NN sounds VVZ fine JJ but CC it PP sounds VVZ muddy JJ on IN another DT deck NN , , then RB improper JJ azimith NN alignment NN is VBZ the DT likely JJ cause NN . SENT If IN the DT recording NN is VBZ still RB muddy JJ , , your PP$ deck NN may MD have VH electronic JJ problems NNS like IN excessive JJ bias NN check NN to TO make VV sure JJ you PP have VHP selected VVN the DT proper JJ type NN of IN tape NN or CC bias NN setting NN , , a DT worn JJ record NN playback NN head NN , , or CC the DT heads NNS or CC other JJ parts NNS may MD be VB magnetized VVN see VV the DT section NN . SENT Tape NN head NN demagnetizing VVG . SENT , , However RB , , dirty JJ heads NNS as IN well RB other JJ mechanical JJ problems NNS can MD also RB result VV in IN weak JJ muddy JJ sound NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT General JJ guide NN to TO tape VV deck NN cleaning NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS replacement NN . SENT The DT best JJS way NN to TO adjust VV azimith NN is VBZ while IN playing VVG a DT recording NN that WDT was VBD made VVN on IN a DT known VVN good JJ deck NN commercial JJ tapes NNS are VBP usually RB but CC not RB always RB a DT good JJ choice NN . SENT Warning NN . SENT once RB you PP adjust VVP the DT azimith NN , , any DT tapes NNS previously RB recorded VVN on IN this DT transport NN may MD sound VV muddy JJ . SENT If IN you PP only RB record VV and CC play VV your PP$ own JJ tapes NNS on IN this DT deck NN , , you PP may MD want VV to TO just RB leave VV it PP alone RB . SENT The DT azimith NN adjustment NN is VBZ usually RB a DT screw NN that WDT pivots VVZ the DT record JJ playback NN head NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB spring NN loaded VVN and CC possibly RB fixed VVN in IN place NN with IN a DT some DT Loctite NP or CC varnish NN . SENT Often RB it PP will MD be VB accessible JJ through IN a DT hole NN without IN removing VVG any DT covers NNS but CC not RB always RB . SENT Look VV for IN it PP while IN in IN play NN or CC record NN mode NN in IN back RB of IN any DT holes NNS which WDT you PP had VHD no DT idea NN had VHD a DT purpose NN until IN now RB . SENT If IN there EX are VBP no DT access NN holes NNS , , you PP will MD have VH to TO remove VV the DT loading NN door NN , , cover VV , , or CC front JJ panel NN . SENT Be VB sure JJ you PP have VHP the DT correct JJ screw NN before IN turning VVG wildly RB others NNS may MD affect VV critical JJ height NN or CC simply RB be VB mounting VVG screws NNS . SENT Play VV a DT tape NN with IN lots NNS of IN good JJ highs NNS classical JJ instrumental JJ music NN or CC jazz NN are VBP excellent JJ . SENT Now RB , , simply RB set VVD the DT azimith NN adjustment NN for IN best JJS sounding VVG and CC strongest JJS high JJ frequencies NNS which WDT should MD result VV in IN most JJS natural JJ sound NN . SENT Go VV slow VV a DT 1 CD 16 CD of IN a DT turn NN is VBZ significant JJ . SENT Turn VV the DT screw NN back RB and CC forth RB and CC leave VV it PP in IN the DT best JJS sounding VVG position NN . SENT Carefully RB put VV a DT dab NN of IN Loctite NP or CC nail VV polish NN on IN the DT screw NN to TO prevent VV it PP from IN moving VVG . SENT 4 LS . SENT 10 CD Walkman NP Discman NP power NN or CC sound JJ intermittent JJ Note NN . SENT for IN actual JJ tape NN speed NN , , operation NN , , or CC sound JJ quality NN issues NNS , , start NN with IN the DT section NN . SENT General JJ guide NN to TO tape VV deck NN cleaning NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS replacement NN . SENT The DT socket NN that IN the DT AC NP adapter NN or CC headphones NN plug VVP into IN is VBZ often RB quite RB abused VVN during IN normal JJ operation NN . SENT This DT can MD lead VV to TO broken JJ solder NN connections NNS where WRB it PP joins VVZ the DT circuit NN board NN inside IN the DT unit NN . SENT Test NN for IN this DT possibility NN by IN wiggling VVG the DT plug NN without IN moving VVG or CC flexing VVG the DT cable NN itself PP . SENT If IN the DT sound NN cuts VVZ in RP and CC out RP or CC the DT tape NN player NN starts NNS and CC stops NNS or CC the DT radio NN goes VVZ on RP and CC off RP , , or CC the DT CD NP player NN resets NNS or CC stops NNS , , then RB there EX is VBZ likely RB a DT bad JJ connection NN here RB . SENT Note NN . SENT eliminate VV the DT alternate JJ possibility NN that IN the DT AC NP adapter NN or CC headphone NN cable NN is VBZ bad JJ by IN wiggling VVG and CC tugging VVG on IN the DT cable NN while IN holding VVG the DT plug NN steady RB . SENT Further RBR verify VV that IN it PP is VBZ not RB simply RB a DT matter NN of IN dirt NN or CC grime VV interfering VVG with IN a DT good JJ connection NN . SENT The DT connections NNS can MD be VB easily RB resoldered JJ but CC you PP will MD need VV to TO open VV up RP the DT case NN using VVG . SENT Hopefully RB this DT will MD only RB require VV jeweler's JJ screwdrivers NNS and CC great JJ care NN . SENT However RB , , some DT Walkmen NP are VBP constructed VVN such JJ that IN access NN to TO the DT interior NN is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ without IN a DT hand NN grenade NN . SENT To TO repair VV the DT connections NNS , , use VVP a DT low JJ wattage NN iron NN and CC fine JJ rosin NN core NN solder NN . SENT Make VV sure JJ you PP do VVP not RB introduce VV any DT solder NN bridges NNS . SENT Try VV not RB to TO lose VV any DT of IN the DT microscrews NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT 11 CD Cassette NP or CC tape NN playback NN one CD channel NN dead JJ This DT could MD be VB a DT bad JJ playback NN head NN , , bad JJ connections NNS , , or CC a DT bad JJ component NN in IN the DT playback NN electronics NNS . SENT First RB , , confirm VVP that IN the DT problem NN is VBZ not RB in IN your PP$ headphones NN , , patch NN cables NNS , , or CC the DT remainder NN of IN your PP$ audio JJ system NN try VV an DT alternate JJ audio JJ source NN where WRB possible JJ . SENT To TO determine VV if IN the DT playback NN circuitry NN is VBZ working VVG , , gain VV access NN to TO the DT terminals NNS on IN the DT playback NN head NN a DT metal NN cased VVD little JJ cube NN near IN the DT center NN of IN the DT tape NN side NN of IN the DT cassette NN . SENT There EX should MD be VB four CD wires NNS coming VVG from IN it PP . SENT While IN the DT machine NN is VBZ supposed VVN to TO be VB playing VVG , , touch VV the DT end NN of IN a DT jeweler's NNS screwdriver NN gently RB to TO each DT of IN the DT four CD terminals NNS in IN turn NN . SENT When WRB you PP touch VVP the DT good JJ channel NN , , you PP should MD hear VV a DT buzz NN from IN the DT appropriate JJ speaker NN . SENT If IN you PP touch VVP one CD terminal NN and CC get VV a DT buzz NN from IN the DT dead JJ channel NN , , then RB it PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN the DT head NN is VBZ bad JJ for IN that DT channel NN . SENT If IN you PP can MD touch VV two CD different JJ terminals NNS and CC get VV a DT buzz NN in IN the DT bad JJ channel NN for IN both DT , , the DT it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN the DT ground NN connection NN to TO the DT input NN preamp NN has VHZ fallen VVN off RP . SENT If IN you PP do VVP not RB get VV anything NN from IN the DT bad JJ channel NN , , then RB there EX is VBZ likely RB an DT electronic JJ problem NN in IN that DT channel NN . SENT Bad JJ connections NNS aside RB , , the DT most RBS common JJ problem NN area NN would MD be VB the DT audio JJ amplifier NN bad JJ IC NP or CC capacitor NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT 12 CD Distorted JJ or CC erratic JJ recording NN First RB determine VV if IN it PP is VBZ a DT record NN or CC playback NN problem NN play VV a DT tape NN recorded VVN on IN another DT machine NN or CC a DT commercial JJ prerecorded VVN tape NN . SENT Try VV a DT tape NN from IN this DT machine NN on IN another DT known VVN working JJ tape NN player NN . SENT If IN record NN is VBZ the DT problem NN and CC it PP has VHZ very RB distorted VVN sound NN , , this DT may MD be VB a DT sign NN of IN a DT bad JJ bias NN oscillator NN or CC switching VVG circuit NN or CC record NN switch NN . SENT The DT bias NN is VBZ an DT ultrasonic JJ signal NN that WDT is VBZ impressed VVN on IN the DT tape NN along IN with IN the DT input NN signal NN . SENT Without IN it PP , , the DT sound NN will MD be VB highly RB distorted VVN . SENT In IN effect NN , , it PP is VBZ a DT linearizing VVG signal NN . SENT Check NN that IN the DT record JJ select JJ switch NN is VBZ clean JJ it PP may MD have VH many JJ contacts NNS and CC may MD have VH collected VVN a DT lot NN of IN crud NN . SENT If IN behavior NN changes NNS with IN each DT activation NN of IN the DT record NN switch NN , , get VV some DT contact NN or CC tuner NN cleaner NN spray NN and CC use VV the DT extension NN tube NN to TO spray NN inside IN the DT switch NN with IN the DT power NN off RP , , put VV the DT switch NN through IN its PP$ paces NNS several JJ times NNS and CC allow VVP to TO dry VV before IN powering VVG it PP up RP . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ a DT portable JJ subject NN to TO abuse NN , , check NN for IN bad JJ connections NNS as IN well RB , , especially RB if IN , , say VV , , one CD channel NN comes VVZ and CC goes VVZ . SENT Beyond IN this DT , , you PP can MD try VV to TO measure VV the DT signal NN going VVG to TO the DT record NN heads VVZ while IN in IN record NN mode NN . SENT You PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO see VV a DT high JJ frequency NN signal NN in IN addition NN to TO the DT input NN signal NN . SENT If IN the DT either CC of IN these DT is VBZ absent JJ , , then RB you PP need VVP to TO trace VV back RB to TO its PP$ source NN and CC at IN this DT point NN will MD probably RB need VV a DT schematic NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT 13 CD Previous JJ recording NN not RB erased VVN In IN this DT case NN both CC the DT original JJ and CC new JJ audio NN appear VVP on IN the DT tape NN . SENT The DT most RBS likely JJ cause NN assuming VVG your PP$ deck NN doesn't NN have VHP some DT fancy JJ sound NN with IN sound NN or CC sound NN on IN sound JJ modes NNS that WDT may MD be VB engaged VVN is VBZ a DT faulty JJ erase VV head NN or CC its PP$ driving NN signal NN . SENT The DT erase VV head NN precedes VVZ the DT record NN head NN and CC probably RB uses VVZ the DT same JJ high JJ frequency NN signal NN as IN that DT for IN record JJ bias NN to TO totally RB wipe VV the DT previous JJ recording NN . SENT However RB , , on IN really RB really RB cheap JJ tape NN recorders NNS , , erase VV may MD just RB be VB performed VVN by IN a DT permanent JJ magnet NN . SENT If IN the DT new JJ recordings NNS are VBP really RB distorted VVN , , the DT bias NN oscillator NN itself PP may MD not RB be VB working VVG . SENT The DT erase VV head NN is VBZ either DT part NN of IN the DT REC NN PLAY NN head NN assembly NN or CC a DT totally RB separate JJ head NN . SENT Check NN for IN broken JJ wires NNS to TO this DT head NN as IN well RB . SENT If IN you PP have VHP an DT oscilloscope NN , , monitor VVP the DT signal NN during IN record NN . SENT The DT erase VV head NN could MD also RB be VB defective JJ or CC really RB dirty JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT 14 CD Cassette NP player NN erratic JJ autoreverse NN Some DT of IN the DT autoreverse NN decks NNS use VVP a DT rotating VVG magnet NN under IN or CC part NN of IN the DT each DT reel NN and CC a DT reed NN switch NN or CC hall NN effect NN device NN to TO detect VV lack NN of IN motion NN and CC do VV the DT autoreverse NN thing NN . SENT I PP had VHD one CD from IN a DT Toyota NP where WRB the DT plastic JJ drive NN gear NN which WDT included VVD the DT magnet NN and CC was VBD part NN of IN the DT reel NN split NN and CC was VBD getting VVG stuck VVN at IN the DT broken JJ tooth NN causing VVG a DT reverse NN and CC eventually RB eating VVG the DT tape NN . SENT It PP was VBD 9 CD for IN that DT little JJ plastic NN gear NN . SENT Others NNS are VBP entirely RB mechanical JJ and CC if IN there EX is VBZ a DT lack NN of IN lubrication NN , , dirt NN , , tired JJ belts NNS or CC idlers NNS , , or CC broken JJ parts NNS they PP may MD start VV acting VVG erratically RB . SENT Although IN there EX could MD be VB an DT electronic JJ fault NN , , carefully RB examine VV the DT mechanism NN for IN obvious JJ or CC subtle JJ problems NNS before IN breaking VVG out RP the DT scope NN . SENT The DT following VVG methods NNS are VBP use NN for IN autoreverse NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Optical JJ sensor NN detecting VVG the DT clear JJ leader NN on IN the DT cassette NN . SENT Better JJR tape NN decks NNS use VVP this DT for IN sensing VVG at IN the DT end NN so RB that IN the DT reverse NN occurs VVZ just RB quickly RB at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT tape NN rather RB than IN waiting VVG for IN the DT leader NN to TO go VV by IN and CC a DT second JJ or CC two CD for IN the DT tape NN to TO stop VV . SENT 2 LS . SENT Totally RB mechanical JJ where WRB a DT lever NN arm NN presses NNS against IN the DT tape NN and CC when WRB the DT tension NN increases VVZ with IN the DT reel NN stopped VVD , , it PP trips NNS a DT mechanism NN to TO reverse VV . SENT 3 LS . SENT Optical JJ sensors NNS on IN reel NN rotation NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Magnetic JJ sensors NNS on IN reel NN rotation NN either CC hall NN effect NN devices NNS or CC simple JJ reed NN switches NNS . SENT If IN the DT transport NN will MD run VV without IN a DT tape NN in IN place NN , , see VVP if IN the DT takeup NN reel NN is VBZ rotating VVG properly RB and CC whether IN the DT reverse NN still RB occurs VVZ . SENT If IN reel NN rotation NN is VBZ normal JJ but CC it PP still RB reverses VVZ , , the DT either RB you PP have VHP the DT optical JJ tape NN end NN sensor NN or CC there EX is VBZ some DT fault NN in IN the DT sensors NNS for IN the DT reel NN rotation NN . SENT If IN the DT takeup NN reel NN does VVZ not RB rotate VV , , then RB as RB suggested VVD above IN , , check VV for IN bad JJ belts NNS or CC idler JJR tire NN . SENT Belts NNS and CC idler NN tires NNS are VBP readily RB available JJ from IN places NNS like IN MCM NP Electronics NPS . SENT 4 LS . SENT 15 CD Autoreverse NP audio NN not RB correct JJ for IN either DT or CC both DT directions NNS This DT may MD mean VV that IN one CD or CC both DT directions NNS is VBZ weak JJ or CC erratic JJ or CC that IN both DT sets NNS of IN tracks NNS are VBP playing VVG simultaneously RB one CD in IN reverse NN . SENT There EX are VBP three CD common JJ ways NNS of IN implementing VVG autoreverse NN with IN respect NN to TO the DT tape NN heads VVZ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Locate VV both CC the DT record JJ play NN heads NNS and CC erase VV head NN on IN an DT assembly NN that WDT can MD rotate VV flip JJ 180 CD degrees NNS depending VVG on IN the DT direction NN . SENT Mechanical JJ stops NNS determine VVP the DT precise JJ position NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Locate VV both CC the DT record JJ play NN heads NNS and CC erase VV head NN on IN an DT assembly NN that WDT can MD shift VV transversely RB across IN the DT tape NN by IN one CD track NN distance NN depending VVG on IN direction NN . SENT The DT connections NNS to TO the DT L NP and CC R NP channels NNS must MD be VB interchanged VVN electronically RB in IN this DT case NN for IN one CD of IN the DT directions NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT Provide VV a DT complete JJ set NN of IN heads NNS for IN both DT directions NNS . SENT Selection NN is VBZ then RB done VVN electronically RB or CC via IN a DT set NN of IN switch NN contacts NNS controlled VVN by IN the DT direction NN reversing VVG mechanism NN . SENT This DT would MD require VV duplicating VVG 6 CD heads NNS for IN a DT full JJ record NN play NN deck NN so IN it PP is VBZ more RBR likely JJ with IN a DT simple JJ player NN which WDT would MD then RB only RB require VV a DT total NN of IN 4 CD heads NNS . SENT Problems NNS may MD be VB mechanical JJ or CC electronic JJ . SENT However RB , , it PP is VBZ probably RB not RB what WP you PP would MD consider VV head NN alignment NN . SENT In IN either DT design NN , , the DT mechanism NN could MD be VB gummed VVN up RB and CC not RB being VBG properly RB positioned VVN in IN one CD or CC both DT directions NNS . SENT There EX could MD be VB broken JJ cables NNS or CC bad JJ connections NNS since IN particularly RB with IN 1 CD and CC 2 CD there RB could MD be VB significant JJ cable NN movement NN . SENT Check VV , , clean VV , , and CC lubricate VV the DT mechanics NNS first JJ before IN considering VVG electronic JJ faults NNS . SENT However RB , , since IN all DT of IN these DT must MD select VV channels NNS based VVN on IN direction NN , , electronic JJ or CC switching VVG problems NNS are VBP quite RB possible JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT 16 CD Walkman NP plays NNS both CC sides NNS of IN tape NN at IN once RB One CD set NN of IN tracks NNS will MD be VB playing VVG backwards RB which WDT may MD make VV for IN interesting JJ conversation NN . SENT There EX are VBP two CD possibilities NNS . SENT Where WRB a DT single JJ pair NN of IN heads NNS is VBZ used VVN , , the DT head NN assembly NN is VBZ misaligned JJ and CC straddling VVG both DT sets NNS of IN tracks NNS . SENT This DT would MD be VB the DT case NN with IN a DT non JJ autoreverse NN player NN or CC with IN an DT autoreverse NN player NN that WDT shifts VVZ head NN position NN when WRB it PP reverses VVZ direction NN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT mechanical JJ problem NN with IN head NN alignment NN height NN or CC the DT shifting VVG mechanism NN autoreverse NN . SENT For IN an DT autoreverse NN unit NN where WRB the DT heads NNS do VVP not RB shift VV position VV there EX are VBP four CD heads NNS gaps NNS one NN for IN each DT track NN but CC only JJ 2 CD get VVP selected VVN for IN each DT direction NN , , the DT head NN selection NN circuitry NN or CC switch NN is VBZ routing VVG both DT sets NNS of IN head NN signals NNS to TO the DT amp NN . SENT This DT is VBZ an DT electronic JJ or CC switch VV contact NN problem NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT 17 CD General NP tape NN speed NN problems NNS slow JJ , , fast RB , , or CC dead RB Are VBP the DT speed NN problems NNS sudden JJ or CC gradual JJ . SENT Over IN what WP period NN of IN time NN . SENT Seconds NNS , , minutes NNS . SENT For IN portable JJ devices NNS , , are VBP you PP using VVG a DT good JJ set NN of IN their PP$ recommended JJ type NN of IN batteries NNS . SENT Did VVD this DT problem NN start NN suddenly RB or CC was VBD this DT a DT tape NN recorder NN you PP found VVD buried VVN under IN an DT inch NN thick JJ layer NN of IN dust NN in IN an DT attic NN . SENT If IN the DT latter NN , , then RB there RB could MD very RB well RB be VB multiple JJ mechanical JJ problems NNS due JJ to TO deteriorated JJ rubber NN parts NNS replace VV then RB or CC toss VV it PP . SENT Fast JJ play NN could MD be VB an DT indication NN of IN a DT hard JJ deteriorated JJ pinch NN roller NN . SENT Or CC , , you PP could MD have VH forgotten VVN to TO turn VV off RP a DT fast JJ dub NN or CC quick JJ copy NN switch NN . SENT Clean VV and CC lubricate VV the DT mechanism NN . SENT Check NN for IN dry JJ or CC tight JJ bearings NNS . SENT Is VBZ there RB any DT pattern NN to TO the DT problems NNS like VVP with IN respect NN to TO the DT start NN and CC end NN of IN cassettes NNS . SENT If IN the DT tape NN speed NN has VHZ suddenly RB become VVN excessive JJ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Mechanical JJ . SENT If IN you PP had VHD a DT recent JJ tape NN eating VVG episode NN , , there EX may MD be VB a DT wad NN of IN tape NN wrapped VVN around IN the DT capstan NN . SENT Remove VV it PP . SENT Alternatively RB , , the DT pinch NN roller NN may MD not RB be VB fully RB engaging JJ against IN the DT capstan NN and CC the DT takeup NN reel NN is VBZ simply RB pulling VVG the DT tape NN through IN without IN any DT speed NN control NN . SENT Clean VV the DT mechanism NN , , check NN for IN tired JJ belts NNS and CC springs VVZ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Electrical JJ . SENT The DT motor NN speed NN control NN is VBZ not RB working VVG . SENT This DT may MD be VB either RB a DT mechanical JJ governor NN inside IN the DT motor NN or CC a DT voltage NN regulator NN or CC other JJ electronic JJ control NN often RB also RB inside IN the DT motor NN . SENT In IN the DT latter JJ case NN , , you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO disassemble VV the DT motor NN and CC repair VV it PP . SENT One CD possibility NN is VBZ that IN the DT series NN regulator NN has VHZ decided VVN to TO turn VV into IN a DT short JJ circuit NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB external JJ or CC internal JJ to TO the DT motor NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Cockpit NN error NN . SENT Some DT tape NN recorders NNS and CC tape NN decks NNS have VHP various JJ features NNS which WDT you PP no RB doubt VVP never RB use VV that WDT may MD have VH been VBN inadvertently RB turned VVN on IN or CC twiddled VVD perhaps RB by IN your PP$ 3 CD year NN old JJ . SENT These DT include VVP high JJ speed NN dub NN as RB well RB as IN selectable JJ and CC or CC adjustable JJ record NN or CC playback NN speed NN . SENT Slight JJ tape NN speed NN error NN may MD simply RB mean VV that IN an DT internal JJ adjustment NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT There EX may MD be VB an DT access NN hole NN on IN the DT motor NN or CC an DT external JJ pot NN . SENT However RB , , keep VV in IN mind NN that IN any DT tapes NNS you PP recorded VVD on IN this DT machine NN assuming VVG it PP can MD record VV recently RB will MD play VV at IN an DT incorrect JJ speed NN once IN you PP adjust VVP the DT speed NN . SENT Is VBZ it PP slow JJ and CC steady RB no DT more JJR wow NN and CC flutter NN than IN normal JJ . SENT Or CC slow JJ and CC erratic JJ indicating VVG that IN 1 CD the DT speed NN regulator NN is VBZ faulty JJ , , 2 CD some DT bearings NNS may MD need VV oil NN , , 3 CD the DT pinch NN roller NN is VBZ glazed VVN . SENT If IN the DT mechanics NNS seem VVP ok VV , , then RB check NN for IN electronic JJ problems NNS with IN the DT motor NN or CC regulator NN . SENT Sometimes RB there EX is VBZ a DT trimpot NN for IN speed NN adjustment NN inside NN or CC external JJ to TO the DT motor NN . SENT A DT faulty JJ regulator NN or CC even RB a DT bad JJ connection NN may MD be VB the DT cause NN . SENT A DT variety NN of IN techniques NNS are VBP used VVN to TO regulate VV the DT record JJ playback NN speed NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Mechanical JJ governor NN inside IN motor NN centrifugal JJ contacts NNS open JJ at IN correct JJ speed NN reducing VVG current JJ to TO motor NN . SENT If IN speed NN is VBZ too RB low JJ , , than IN springs VVZ could MD have VH weakened VVN or CC contacts NNS could MD be VB bad JJ open RB . SENT If IN speed NN is VBZ too RB high JJ , , contacts NNS may MD be VB welded VVN closed VVD . SENT There EX may MD be VB a DT resistor NN and CC or CC capacitor NN across IN the DT contacts NNS . SENT An DT open JJ resistor NN could MD conceivably RB cause VV unstable JJ speed NN fluctuations NNS . SENT A DT capacitor NN may MD be VB present JJ to TO reduce VV electrical JJ noise NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Voltage NN regulator NN inside IN motor NN case NN or CC external JJ to TO motor NN . SENT The DT regulator NN or CC transistor NN may MD be VB faulty JJ . SENT If IN power NN for IN the DT motor NN seems VVZ to TO come VV directly RB from IN an DT unregulated JJ supply NN , , check NN across IN the DT motor NN terminals NNS with IN an DT ohmmeter NN . SENT A DT low JJ reading NN which WDT is VBZ identical JJ in IN both DT directions NNS would MD indicate VV a DT direct JJ connection NN to TO the DT motor NN brushes NNS with IN no DT internal JJ regulator NN . SENT A DT high JJ reading NN or CC one NN that WDT is VBZ different JJ in IN each DT direction NN indicates VVZ an DT internal JJ electronic JJ regulator NN or CC you PP could MD just RB use VV your PP$ eyeballs NNS to TO determine VV if IN there EX are VBP any DT electronics NN inside IN the DT motor NN . SENT These DT can MD be VB disassembled VVN and CC bad JJ parts NNS replaced VVD . SENT There EX may MD be VB an DT access NN hole NN on IN the DT motor NN for IN an DT adjustment NN . SENT Alternatively RB , , you PP could MD remove VV the DT guts NNS and CC install VV an DT external JJ regulator NN using VVG an DT LM NP 317 CD or CC similar JJ part NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Active JJ regulator NN with IN tachometer NN feedback NN from IN motor NN winding VVG there RB would MD be VB 4 CD wires NNS instead RB of IN two CD coming VVG out RP of IN the DT motor NN 2 CD for IN power NN and CC 2 CD for IN tach NN . SENT Control NN circuitry NN could MD be VB bad JJ or CC the DT tach NN output NN could MD be VB dead JJ speed NN too RB high JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT If IN an DT optical JJ strobe NN disk NN is VBZ located VVN on IN the DT motor NN shaft NN , , then RB it PP may MD be VB part NN of IN a DT speed NN control NN circuit NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ on IN one CD of IN the DT reels NNS probably RB the DT takeup NN reel NN then RB it PP simply RB operates VVZ the DT electronic JJ tape NN counter NN or CC signals VVZ the DT controller NN that IN the DT takeup NN reel NN is VBZ turning VVG to TO catch VV tape NN spills NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT 18 CD Tape NP speed NN problems NNS on IN older JJR equipment NN Older JJR reel NN to TO reel VV decks NNS maybe RB even RB some DT cassette NN decks NNS likely RB use VVP an DT AC NP induction NN or CC synchronous JJ motor NN driven VVN from IN the DT power NN line NN . SENT Speed NN selection NN is VBZ usually RB done VVN by IN switching VVG in IN different JJ sets NNS of IN motor NN windings NNS and CC the DT use NN of IN slip NN on IN capstan NN pinch NN roller NN sleeves NNS . SENT Speed NN problems NNS are VBP most RBS likely RB a DT result NN of IN Decayed VVN rubber NN parts NNS belts NNS , , idler JJR tires NNS , , pinch NN roller NN . SENT Gummed VVN up IN lubrication NN or CC worn JJ bearings NNS . SENT Dried VVN up RB or CC otherwise RB faulty JJ capacitors NNS in IN the DT motor NN circuitry NN . SENT Faulty JJ switches NNS or CC wiring NN in IN associated VVN with IN speed NN selection NN . SENT An DT actual JJ bad JJ motor NN is VBZ possible JJ but CC not RB that IN common JJ . SENT See VV the DT appropriate JJ sections NNS in IN the DT chapters NNS . SENT Turntables NNS and CC Motors NPS and CC Relays NNS for IN specific JJ information NN on IN these DT types NNS of IN problems NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT 19 CD Tape NP speed NN adjustment NN made VVD easy RB OK JJ , , you PP have VHP found VVN the DT magic JJ screw NN , , but CC how WRB to TO set VV the DT speed NN accurately RB . SENT Sometimes RB , , there EX will MD be VB strobe NN disks NNS on IN tape NN decks NNS which WDT will MD appear VV stationary JJ under IN fluorescent JJ lighting NN magnetic JJ ballasts NNS only RB electronic JJ ballasts NNS are VBP usually RB high JJ frequency NN and CC do VVP not RB modulate VV the DT light JJ intensity NN at IN the DT power NN line NN frequency NN but CC not RB usually RB . SENT So RB , , you PP do VVP it PP by IN ear NN . SENT Make VV a DT recording NN of IN a DT single JJ tone NN on IN a DT tape NN recorder NN you PP trust VVP one CD with IN accurate JJ speed NN . SENT Suitable JJ sources NNS include VVP . SENT a DT signal NN generator NN , , electronic JJ instrument NN , , Touch NP Tone NP phone NN tone NN , , PC NN sound NN card NN output NN or CC PC NN speaker NN , , etc FW . SENT A DT frequency NN around IN 400 CD 1000 CD Hz NP should MD work VV well RB . SENT Then RB , , adjust VVP the DT speed NN while IN listening VVG to TO this DT same JJ source NN simultaneously RB with IN the DT tape NN being VBG played VVN back RB on IN the DT unit NN to TO be VB adjusted VVN . SENT As IN you PP adjust VVP the DT speed NN , , you PP will MD hear VV the DT pitch NN change NN . SENT As IN it PP approaches VVZ the DT correct JJ setting NN , , you PP will MD hear VV the DT tones NNS beat VVP against IN each DT other JJ . SENT When WRB you PP are VBP set VVN correctly RB , , the DT pitches NNS will MD be VB equal JJ and CC the DT beat NN frequency NN will MD go VV to TO zero CD . SENT Even RB if IN you PP are VBP tone NN deaf JJ , , you PP will MD easily RB be VB able JJ to TO adjust VV pitch NN accuracy NN to TO better JJR than IN 1 CD 10 CD of IN a DT semitone NN using VVG this DT method NN . SENT Recording VVG the DT 60 CD or CC 50 CD Hz NP power NN line NN through IN a DT suitable JJ isolated JJ attenuator NN and CC using VVG this DT as IN a DT test NN tone NN will MD work VV if IN you PP have VHP an DT oscilloscope NN . SENT Trigger NN on IN line NN and CC adjust VV playback NN speed NN to TO stop VV the DT trace VV from IN drifting VVG . SENT However RB , , this DT is VBZ too RB low JJ a DT frequency NN to TO be VB used VVN accurately RB with IN your PP$ Mark NP I NN ears NNS . SENT Some DT alternatives NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Helling NP Bernie NP helling NP uwindsor NN . SENT ca MD . SENT A DT while NN ago IN I PP hit VVD upon IN a DT way NN to TO set VV the DT speed NN on IN old JJ cassette NN decks NNS that WDT have VHP gone VVN out RP of IN speed NN . SENT Use VV an DT electronic JJ guitar NN tuner NN They PP cost VVD about IN 40 CD , , can MD be VB borrowed VVN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT . SENT Find VV a DT pro JJ cassette NN deck NN that WDT is VBZ in IN speed NN , , the DT local JJ campus NN radio NN station NN had VHD a DT nice JJ one NN and CC record VV a DT tape NN full JJ of IN A DT tone NN . SENT My PP$ guitar NN tuner NN puts VVZ out RP tones NNS too RB , , so IN that WDT was VBD easy JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Play VV the DT tape NN in IN the DT suspect JJ deck NN , , while IN adjusting VVG the DT motor NN trim VV to TO replay NN a DT A DT tone NN perfectly RB on IN the DT tuner NN meter NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Tadah NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP never RB did VVD have VH the DT patience NN to TO learn VV to TO play VV the DT guitar NN , , so RB I PP got VVD some DT use NN off IN the DT tuning VVG meter NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT From IN . SENT Paul NP Temple NP mri NP earthlink NN . SENT net JJ . SENT Get VV a DT song NN on IN CD NP and CC a DT tape NN of IN the DT same JJ album NN . SENT Play VV both DT at IN the DT same JJ time NN and CC adjust VV away RP . SENT 4 LS . SENT 20 CD Sudden JJ increase NN in IN flutter NN on IN tape NN decks NNS or CC Walkmen NNS If IN your PP$ prized JJ Walkman NP suddenly RB develops VVZ a DT severe JJ case NN of IN warbling VVG sound JJ check NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Batteries NNS where WRB appropriate JJ . SENT Almost RB dead JJ batteries NNS will MD greatly RB increase VV flutter NN . SENT Use NN of IN Nickel NP Cadmium NN rechargeable JJ batteries NNS in IN place NN of IN alkalines NNS may MD result VV in IN problems NNS due JJ to TO their PP$ lower JJR voltage NN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN vs NP , , 1 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN per IN cell NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Tired JJ belts NNS loose RB flabby JJ deteriorated JJ belts NNS will MD produce VV varying VVG , , probably RB slow JJ , , speed VV as RB well RB . SENT 3 LS . SENT Dirt NN or CC goo NN on IN pulleys NNS . SENT Sometimes RB a DT glob NN of IN stuff NN gets VVZ stuck VVN to TO a DT pulley NN and CC produces VVZ a DT periodic JJ variation NN in IN speed NN . SENT I PP picked VVD one PP up RP at IN a DT garage NN sale NN that WDT had VHD this DT problem NN . SENT I PP thought VVD it PP was VBD a DT bad JJ motor NN until IN a DT careful JJ examination NN revealed VVD that IN the DT belt NN was VBD jumping VVG a DT mm NP or CC so RB on IN each DT rotation NN of IN an DT idler JJR pulley NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Lack NN of IN lubrication NN a DT dry JJ or CC worn JJ bearing NN may MD result VV in IN a DT variety NN of IN speed NN problems NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT Bad JJ speed NN regulator NN either CC mechanical JJ or CC electronic JJ including VVG bad JJ solder NN connections NNS or CC cracks NNS in IN circuit NN board NN traces NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT Bad JJ power NN supply NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Bad JJ tape NN . SENT Don't NP overlook VVP this DT obvious JJ possibility NN , , try VVP another DT one NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT 21 CD Annoying VVG tick VV every DT 30 CD seconds NNS or CC so RB from IN audio JJ output NN This DT may MD be VB an DT almost RB inaudible JJ tick NN , , click NN , , or CC pop NN which WDT occurs VVZ fairly RB regularly RB . SENT Its PP$ frequency NN may MD be VB dependent JJ on IN many JJ factors NNS including VVG temperature NN , , humidity NN , , even RB whether IN you PP are VBP at IN the DT start NN or CC end NN of IN a DT cassette NN . SENT I PP may MD occur VV even RB if IN no DT cassette NN is VBZ present JJ but CC the DT motors NNS are VBP running VVG . SENT The DT tick NN is VBZ probably RB due JJ to TO a DT static JJ discharge NN though IN other JJ causes NNS are VBP possible RB including VVG mechanical JJ problems NNS and CC bad JJ capacitors NNS in IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT From IN . SENT Paul NP Grohe NP grohe NN galaxy NN . SENT nsc NN . SENT com NN . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ with IN a DT plastic NN or CC nylon NN gear NN , , in IN contact NN with IN a DT rubber NN belt NN or CC tire NN , , generating VVG a DT charge NN and CC discharging VVG to TO some DT nearby JJ metal NN . SENT It PP acts VVZ just RB like VV a DT miniature JJ Van NP De NP Graff NP generator NN sam NP . SENT You PP have VHP to TO listen VV around RP for IN it PP . SENT Murphy NP sez NP it PP will MD probably RB be VB buried VVN deep RB in IN the DT guts NNS of IN the DT machine NN . SENT I PP found VVD it PP by IN touching VVG a DT small JJ wire NN to TO each DT of IN the DT pulleys NNS until IN it PP stopped VVD snapping VVG actually RB , , I PP got VVD a DT little JJ snap NN when WRB I PP found VVD it PP . SENT My PP$ cure NN was VBD to TO use VV some DT stranded VVN wire NN to TO create VV a DT brush NN that WDT lightly RB brushed VVD against IN the DT pulley NN to TO bleed VV off RP the DT charge NN to TO the DT chassis NN . SENT I PP would MD first RB check VV the DT two CD big JJ capstan NN flywheels NNS and CC anything NN powered VVN by IN the DT main JJ motor NN belt NN . SENT Look VV for IN any DT plastic NN , , or CC metal NN with IN plastic JJ bushings NNS and CC parts NNS in IN contact NN with IN belts NNS or CC tires NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Ylo NP Mets NPS ylo NN mango NN . SENT mef NN . SENT ki NP . SENT se FW . SENT I PP have VHP experienced VVN similar JJ ticking VVG in IN an DT old JJ two CD motor NN deck NN . SENT There EX was VBD some DT dust NN collected VVN between IN the DT takeup NN wind NN motor NN shaft NN end NN and CC the DT metal NN chassis NN , , which WDT evidently RB generated VVD static JJ electricity NN . SENT Cleaning VVG the DT dust NN did VVD the DT trick NN , , although IN at IN first RB I PP thought VVD the DT shaft NN was VBD too RB close JJ to TO the DT metal NN chassis NN . SENT You PP can MD check VV for IN the DT static JJ by IN breathing VVG slowly RB into IN the DT mechanism NN . SENT The DT damp JJ air NN should MD discharge VV the DT static JJ and CC the DT frequency NN of IN ticks VVZ decreases NNS . SENT Such JJ ticking VVG is VBZ especially RB annoying VVG because IN it PP is VBZ not RB exactly RB regular JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT 22 CD Reel NP to TO reel VV tape NN deck NN problems NNS I PP have VHP a DT Teac NP 2300 CD S NP reel NN to TO reel VV . SENT 7 CD reel NN capacity NN , , 1 CD 4 CD tape NN . SENT Two CD problems NNS . SENT First RB , , right JJ channel NN doesn't NN play NN back RB . SENT Second JJ , , pinch NN roller NN doesn't NN come VVN up RP to TO the DT capstan NN unless IN it's NNS gently RB pushed VVN . SENT From IN . SENT Davetech NP dnesbitt NP mindspring NN . SENT com NN . SENT I've NP repaired VVD a DT few JJ reel NN to TO reels NNS in IN the DT past JJ and CC generally RB find VV that IN they PP all RB need VVP three CD main JJ things NNS done VVN . SENT They PP need VVP all PDT the DT rubber NN parts NNS belts NNS , , tires NNS , , rollers NNS replaced VVD . SENT Also RB the DT brake NN pads VVZ . SENT They PP need VVP all PDT the DT controls NNS and CC switches NNS cleaned VVN with IN a DT de NP oxy NP type NN cleaner NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB the DT cause NN of IN your PP$ right JJ channel NN problem NN . SENT They PP need VVP all PDT the DT mechanical JJ pivot VV points NNS cleaned VVN and CC re NN lubed NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB the DT problem NN with IN your PP$ pinch NN roller NN . SENT The DT last JJ one NN I PP did VVD , , the DT old JJ grease NN had VHD hardened VVN up RP so RB much RB that IN the DT heads NNS would MD not RB come VV up RP to TO contact VV the DT tape NN and CC the DT grease NN was VBD so RB hardened VVN that IN I PP could MD not RB get VV the DT linkage NN pulled VVD off RP even RB using VVG pliers NNS and CC pulling VVG as RB hard JJ as IN I PP could MD . SENT I PP had VHD to TO heat VV the DT post NN with IN a DT propane NN torch NN before IN the DT old JJ grease NN would MD soften VV enough RB that IN I PP could MD separate VV the DT parts NNS . SENT I PP put VVD enough JJ time NN in IN the DT last JJ unit NN that IN I PP could MD have VH fixed VVN 3 CD or CC 4 CD VCR's NP , , so IN I'm NP not RB real RB big JJ on IN taking VVG them PP in RP . SENT They PP are VBP generally RB very JJ time NN consuming NN to TO disassemble VV and CC reassemble VV and CC overhaul VV . SENT But CC not RB usually RB technically RB difficult JJ to TO fix VV . SENT 4 LS . SENT 23 CD Tape NP creeps NN off IN capstan NN I PP have VHP a DT Sony NP reel NN to TO reel VV tape NN recorder NN . SENT When WRB I PP play VVP a DT tape NN , , after IN a DT few JJ seconds NNS or CC minutes NNS of IN playback NN , , I PP can MD watch VV the DT tape NN creeping VVG up RP the DT capstan NN between IN the DT rubber NN roller NN until IN it PP comes VVZ out RP the DT top NN and CC off IN the DT capstan NN . SENT The DT first JJ thing NN to TO check VV as RB with IN a DT VCR NP with IN similar JJ symptoms NNS is VBZ the DT condition NN of IN the DT rubber NN parts NNS , , in IN particular JJ , , the DT pinch NN roller NN . SENT Next JJ , , would MD be VB tape NN path NN alignment NN and CC wear NN . SENT From IN . SENT Jack NP Schidt NP dbutler NP airmail VV . SENT net JJ . SENT Check VV the DT reel NN height NN as IN well RB . SENT Capstans NNS are VBP upset VVN if IN the DT reel NN tables NNS have VHP shifted VVN . SENT Use VV a DT straight JJ edge NN between IN the DT two CD reel NN tables NNS . SENT There EX are VBP set NN screws NNS that WDT sometimes RB get VVP loose RB on IN some DT of IN these DT machines NNS . SENT Check NN for IN a DT worn JJ capstan NN bushing NN . SENT Disconnect VV the DT drive NN belt NN if IN any DT and CC see VV it PP there RB is VBZ lateral JJ play NN in IN the DT capstan NN . SENT If IN so RB , , perhaps RB you PP can MD shim VV it PP either CC the DT motor NN if IN equipped JJ or CC the DT idler NN . SENT Also RB make VV sure RB the DT tension NN is VBZ simply RB not RB too RB high JJ . SENT You PP should MD be VB unable JJ to TO pull VV the DT tape NN through IN , , but CC ridiculous JJ force NN as IN in IN something NN is VBZ BENT NN will MD cause VV this DT problem NN as IN well RB . SENT 4 LS . SENT 24 CD 8 CD track NN player NN problems NNS These DT compete VVP with IN turntables NNS for IN classification NN in IN the DT Jurassic JJ era NN . SENT 8 CD track NN equipment NN uses VVZ a DT cartridge NN with IN a DT single JJ reel NN and CC enless JJ loop NN tape NN tape NN is VBZ pulled VVN from IN the DT center NN and CC returned VVD to TO the DT outside NN . SENT The DT tape NN can MD only RB move VV in IN the DT forward JJ direction NN rewind NN is VBZ not RB possible JJ . SENT There EX were VBD also RB similar JJ competing JJ but CC incompatible JJ 4 CD track NN systems NNS as RB well RB as IN quadraphonic JJ 8 CD track NN when WRB quad NN was VBD all PDT the DT rage NN . SENT Four CD pairs NNS of IN channels NNS allow VVP for IN many JJ hours NNS of IN stereo JJ playback NN without IN changing VVG cartridges NNS . SENT A DT pair NN of IN playback NN heads NNS is VBZ mechanically RB shifted VVN among IN the DT 4 CD possible JJ sets NNS of IN tracks NNS when WRB a DT metallic JJ strip NN on IN the DT tape NN passes VVZ over IN a DT set NN of IN contacts NNS which WDT operate VVP a DT solenoid NN . SENT Most RBS common JJ problems NNS are VBP you PP guessed VVD it PP mechanical JJ with IN the DT cartridge NN or CC in IN the DT drive NN or CC head NN shifting VVG mechanism NN . SENT General JJ comments NNS with IN respect NN to TO cassette NN decks NNS apply VVP here RB as RB well RB . SENT If IN you PP are VBP really RB interested JJ in IN resurrecting VVG that IN 8 CD track NN player NN found VVD under IN the DT steamer NN trunk NN in IN your PP$ aunt's JJ attic NN , , there EX are VBP many JJ links NNS to TO information NN on IN 8 CD track NN equipment NN , , books NNS , , history NN , , dealers NNS , , collecting VVG , , and CC everything NN else RB 8 CD track NN related VVN that IN most JJS people NNS probably RB don't JJ care NN much RB about RB anymore RB at IN the DT following VVG web NN site NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT bway NN . SENT net JJ abbot NN 8 CD track NN resource NN . SENT html NN . SENT There EX may MD be VB links NNS for IN specific JJ 8 CD track NN player NN repair NN information NN but CC I PP could MD not RB locate VV them PP at IN this DT site NN . SENT However RB , , this DT one NN seems VVZ to TO be VB the DT place NN to TO go VV for IN step NN by IN step NN 8 CD track NN cartridge NN repair NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT geocities NNS . SENT com NN Paris NP 4831 CD Jeremy NP Larsen's NP Web NP Page NP 4 CD . SENT 25 CD Repairing VVG a DT cassette NN tape NN From IN . SENT Filip NP I'll NP buy VV a DT vowel NN Gieszczykiewicz NP filipg NP repairfaq NP . SENT org NP . SENT This DT will MD be VB either RB easy JJ or CC very RB hard JJ . SENT Question NN . SENT do VV both DT of IN these DT have VHP SCREWS NNS holding VVG the DT tape NN together RB . SENT If IN yes RB , , EASY RB , , if IN not RB , , very RB HARD JJ . SENT See VV what WP I'm NN getting VVG at IN . SENT Go VV to TO the DT store NN and CC get VV a DT quality NN tape NN that WDT ALSO RB has VHZ screws NNS holding VVG it PP together RB . SENT . SENT . SENT you PP will MD transplant VV the DT insides NNS into IN the DT new JJ cases NNS . SENT Take VV off RP the DT screws NNS from IN both DT old JJ and CC new JJ tape NN , , do VVP it PP one CD tape NN at IN a DT time NN . SENT Remove VV both DT top NN covers VVZ make VV sure JJ you PP don't VVD lose VV the DT thin JJ plastic NN lubricant NN sheet NN if IN any DT . SENT Swap VV the DT tape NN reels NNS BE VB VERY RB SURE JJ the DT old JJ one CD doesn't NN go VVP flying VVG off RP or CC it's NNS more JJR or CC less JJR toast NN . SENT Put VV the DT old JJ tape NN reels NNS into IN the DT new JJ case NN , , make VV sure RB the DT tape NN follows VVZ the DT same JJ path NN as IN the DT one NN you PP took VVD out RP did VVD so IN it PP doesn't VVD get VV trapped VVN by IN the DT case NN when WRB you PP replace VVP the DT top NN . SENT Put VV the DT lubricant JJ sheet NN back RB on IN top NN of IN the DT two CD reels NNS of IN old JJ tape NN and CC replace VV the DT top NN . SENT Put VVN in IN all DT 5 CD screws NNS . SENT There RB you PP go VVP . SENT I'd JJ say VVP that IN this DT is VBZ 100 CD successful JJ every DT time NN I've NP tried VVD it PP . SENT If IN your PP$ tapes NNS don't NN use NN screws NNS but CC are VBP , , rather RB , , glued VVN together RB , , you're NN on IN your PP$ own JJ . SENT I PP suggest VVP a DT VERY RB sharp JJ utility NN knife NN but CC tape NN damage NN is VBZ , , alas UH , , a DT very RB REAL JJ possibility NN . SENT Another DT way NN you PP can MD do VV this DT if IN you PP want VVP to TO also RB replace VV the DT REELs NNS or CC if IN it's NNS a DT sealed JJ unit NN is VBZ to TO rewind VV the DT old JJ tape NN , , cut VVD the DT tape NN LEADER NN and CC attach VV it PP to TO the DT new JJ cassette NN that IN you PP have VHP already RB gutted VVN . SENT Put VV the DT new JJ tape NN together RB 2 CD screws NNS will MD do VV and CC attach VV a DT small JJ motor NN to TO the DT takeup NN reel NN . SENT When WRB the DT tape NN has VHZ been VBN transfereed JJ to TO the DT new JJ reel NN , , cut VVD it PP off IN the DT old JJ one NN the DT old JJ cassette NN is VBZ now RB empty JJ and CC open VV the DT new JJ one NN again RB , , attach VV the DT tape NN to TO the DT reel NN and CC put VV it PP back RB together RB using VVG all DT screws NNS . SENT Other JJ than IN the DT leader NN being VBG 2 CD shorter JJR , , you PP have VHP the DT old JJ SOUL NN in IN a DT new JJ BODY NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , watch VVP out RP that IN you PP wind VVP the DT tape NN EXACTLY RB as IN it PP was VBD and CC not RB on IN the DT other JJ side NN . SENT . SENT . SENT etc FW . SENT etc FW . SENT I PP have VHP done VVN this DT twice RB . SENT Grrrr NP . SENT It's NP a DT pain NN in IN the DT rear NN . SENT . SENT . SENT so RB do VV it PP only RB if IN you PP have VHP to TO . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP wouldn't VVD do VV this DT for IN money NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT if IN that DT tells VVZ you PP anything NN . SENT Chapter NN 5 CD Turntables NNS 5 CD . SENT 1 CD Turntable NN record NN changer NN maintenance NN Here RB are VBP general JJ comments NNS on IN oiling VVG dinosaurs NNS , , oops NP sorry RB , , turntables NNS . SENT Usually RB there EX is VBZ a DT C NP clip NN or CC E NN clip NN which WDT holds VVZ the DT platter NN the DT thing NN that WDT rotates VVZ onto IN the DT spindle NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB covered VVN with IN a DT decorative JJ piece NN which WDT can MD be VB easily RB removed VVN . SENT The DT clip NN can MD be VB pryed VVN off RP gently RB with IN a DT small JJ screwdriver NN just RB don't VVD lose VV it PP , , though IN even RB this DT is VBZ not RB a DT biggie NN so RB long RB as IN you PP never RB turn VVP the DT thing NN up IN side NN down RB . SENT The DT platter NN can MD then RB be VB lifted VVN straight RB up RB and CC off RB the DT spindle NN . SENT You PP will MD see VV several JJ things NNS this DT will MD vary VV depending VVG on IN your PP$ particular JJ unit NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT A DT flat JJ washer NN , , sitting VVG on IN a DT ball NN bearing VVG race NN sitting VVG on IN another DT flat JJ washer NN one NN or CC both DT of IN these DT washers NNS may MD be VB missing VVG . SENT Also RB , , the DT top JJ one NN may MD stick VV to TO the DT platter NN when WRB it PP is VBZ removed VVN . SENT The DT ball NN bearings NNS , , shaft NN , , washers NNS , , etc FW . SENT should MD all RB be VB cleaned VVN with IN degreaser NN and CC then RB lubed JJ with IN a DT light JJ grease NN . SENT If IN either RB the DT steel NN balls NNS or CC the DT flat JJ washers NNS are VBP corroded VVN , , replacement NN will MD be VB necessary JJ or CC else RB there EX will MD be VB terrible JJ audible JJ rumble NN . SENT For IN now RB , , it PP will MD at IN least JJS work VV well RB enough JJ to TO determine VV what WP else RB , , if IN anything NN , , needs VVZ attention NN . SENT Also RB clean VV and CC lubricate VV the DT platter NN bushing VVG center NN hole NN and CC shaft VV vertical JJ post NN on IN which WDT it PP rotates VVZ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Changer NN gears VVZ etc NN . SENT These DT will MD have VH varying VVG amounts NNS of IN grease NN on IN them PP if IN it PP is VBZ not RB gummed VVN up RP , , leave VV them PP alone RB . SENT Put VV a DT drop NN or CC two CD of IN light JJ oil NN on IN the DT shafts NNS . SENT Inspect VV other JJ linkages NNS as IN well RB . SENT If IN the DT grease NN is VBZ gummed VVN up RP on IN the DT gears VVZ or CC sliding VVG linkages NNS , , you PP will MD need VV to TO clean VV it PP off RP thoroughly RB with IN degreaser NN and CC then RB use VV a DT small JJ amount NN of IN high JJ quality NN grease NN suitable JJ for IN delicate JJ mechanisms NNS . SENT One CD cause NN of IN a DT changer NN failing VVG to TO activate VV at IN the DT end NN of IN a DT record NN is VBZ gummed VVN up RP grease NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Motor NP . SENT Check VV to TO see VV if IN the DT motor NN shaft NN turns VVZ freely RB and CC smoothly RB even RB if IN spun VVN quickly RB between IN your PP$ fingers NNS . SENT If IN it PP does VVZ without IN squealing VVG , , don't JJ do VVP anything NN else RB . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ tight JJ or CC makes VVZ noise NN , , then RB you PP will MD need VV to TO carefully RB disassemble VV the DT motor NN and CC clean VV and CC lubricate VV the DT bearings NNS at IN each DT end NN with IN light JJ oil NN . SENT Don't NP lose VVP any DT of IN the DT various JJ washers NNS spacers NNS that WDT may MD be VB present JJ on IN the DT shaft NN as IN it PP is VBZ removed VVN from IN the DT end NN pieces NNS and CC make VV sure JJ to TO lubricate VV and CC return VV them PP to TO exactly RB the DT location NN and CC the DT same JJ order NN they PP were VBD in IN originally RB . SENT 4 LS . SENT Clean VV the DT rubber NN parts NNS with IN isopropyl NN alcohol NN and CC Q NP tips NNS or CC a DT lint NN free JJ cloth NN until IN no DT more RBR black JJ stuff NN comes VVZ off RP and CC then RB dry JJ thoroughly RB . SENT Now RB , , inspect VVP the DT belts NNS if IN any DT . SENT If IN belts NNS are VBP flabby JJ or CC cracked VVN or CC if IN they PP don't VVD instantly RB return VV to TO their PP$ relaxed VVN length NN if IN stretched JJ 25 CD and CC released VVN , , they PP will MD need VV replacing VVG . SENT Check VV the DT idler JJR tire NN if IN present NN . SENT If IN hard JJ or CC cracked VVN , , it PP will MD need VV replacing VVG as RB well RB . SENT Note NN . SENT Light JJ oil NN here RB means VVZ electric JJ motor NN oil NN or CC even RB 3 CD In IN One CD but CC NOT RB WD NP 40 CD . SENT Light JJ grease NN means VVZ something NN that WDT is VBZ suitable JJ for IN fine JJ mechanisms NNS and CC is VBZ safe JJ for IN plastics NNS . SENT Automotive JJ bearing NN grease NN may MD not RB qualify VV . SENT 5 LS . SENT 2 CD Speed NN control NN in IN turntables NNS Most RBS inexpensive JJ turntables NNS changers NNS will MD use VV a DT synchronous JJ motor NN or CC even RB just RB an DT induction NN motor NN . SENT The DT only JJ maintenance NN for IN the DT motor NN is VBZ cleaning VVG and CC lubrication NN . SENT Servo JJ controlled JJ turntables NNS utilize VV a DT feedback NN technique NN which WDT locks VVZ the DT platter NN speed NN to TO a DT stable JJ reference NN either CC the DT power NN line NN 50 CD 60 CD Hz NP or CC more RBR commonly RB a DT crystal NN oscillator NN . SENT Here RB is VBZ one CD example NN . SENT A DT Sony NP turntable NN I PP repaired VVD used VVN a DT magnetic JJ stripe NN pattern NN on IN the DT inside NN of IN the DT platter NN which WDT was VBD sensed VVN by IN a DT magnetic JJ pickup NN . SENT The DT resulting VVG signal NN was VBD phase NN locked VVN to TO a DT stable JJ reference NN and CC used VVN to TO control VV a DT brushless JJ DC NP direct JJ drive NN motor NN . SENT Speed NN would MD become VV erratic JJ if IN 1 CD the DT magnetic JJ pattern NN were VBD damaged VVN , , 2 CD the DT pickup NN position NN was VBD moved VVN too RB far RB from IN the DT surface NN of IN the DT platter NN , , 3 LS the DT Hall NP effect NN sensors NNS in IN the DT motor NN were VBD bad JJ , , or CC 4 CD the DT control NN electronics NNS went VVD bad JJ . SENT In IN one CD case NN , , it PP turned VVD out RP that IN one CD of IN the DT Hall NP effect NN sensors NNS had VHD failed VVN in IN the DT motor NN . SENT This DT required VVN disassembling VVG the DT motor NN and CC replacing VVG the DT sensor NN 4 CD from IN Sony NP . SENT 5 LS . SENT 3 CD Turntable NN runs VVZ slow JJ or CC fast RB after IN being VBG moved VVN This DT is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB a DT mechanical JJ problem NN a DT belt NN that WDT has VHZ worked VVN loose RB and CC is VBZ riding VVG on IN the DT rim NN of IN the DT motor NN pulley NN or CC the DT wrong JJ surface NN of IN the DT platter NN . SENT For IN an DT AC NP line NN driven VVN motor NN no DT electronics NN between IN the DT AC NP line NN and CC motor NN except IN possible JJ for IN a DT power NN transformer NN , , it PP is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ for IN any DT fault NN to TO result VV in IN a DT motor NN running VVG faster RBR than IN normal JJ . SENT A DT motor NN may MD run VV slow RB due JJ to TO dirt NN , , lubrication NN , , or CC bearing NN problems NNS . SENT Of IN course NN , , check VVP to TO see VV that IN any DT speed NN selector NN has VHZ not RB been VBN accidentally RB moved VVN to TO the DT 16 CD or CC 78 CD position NN . SENT For IN a DT servo JJ locked JJ turntable NN , , a DT misalignment NN of IN the DT sensor NN used VVN for IN speed NN feedback NN could MD result VV in IN an DT incorrect JJ probably RB higher JJR than IN normal JJ and CC uncontrolled JJ speed NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT 4 CD Wow NN , , flutter NN , , and CC rumble NN in IN a DT turntable NN Wow NN and CC flutter NN refer VVP to TO undesirable JJ periodic JJ variations NNS in IN pitch NN caused VVN by IN changes NNS in IN turntable NN or CC tape NN deck NN speed NN . SENT Wow NN would MD be VB a DT slow JJ variation NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , once RB per IN rotation NN while IN flutter NN would MD be VB rapid JJ e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , a DT motor NN pulley NN with IN a DT bump NN . SENT Even RB if IN very RB slight JJ , , these DT faults NNS will MD be VB all DT too RB obvious JJ with IN music NN but CC may MD go VV undetected JJ at IN much RB higher JJR levels NNS for IN voice NN recordings NNS . SENT Rumble NP is VBZ a DT very RB low JJ frequency NN noise NN added VVD to TO the DT audio NN caused VVN by IN vibration NN due JJ to TO cheap JJ , , worn JJ , , dirty JJ , , or CC dry JJ spindle NN bearings NNS or CC by IN vibrations NNS coupled VVN in IN from IN some DT other JJ motor NN driven VVN component NN or CC even RB from IN loudspeakers NNS if IN the DT volume NN is VBZ turned VVN way NN up RP . SENT If IN really RB bad JJ , , rumble NN may MD sound VV like IN a DT freight NN train NN in IN the DT next JJ room NN . SENT For IN anyone NN only RB used VVN to TO listening VVG to TO CDs NNS , , even RB very RB small JJ amounts NNS of IN and CC of IN these DT will MD prove VV very RB obvious JJ and CC extremely RB objectionable JJ . SENT Wow NN , , flutter NN , , and CC rumble NN are VBP undetectable JJ for IN all DT intents NNS and CC purposes NNS nonexistent JJ with IN even RB the DT cheapest JJS junkiest JJ CD NN player NN . SENT For IN a DT common JJ motor NN driven VVN turntable NN , , the DT following VVG are VBP likely JJ causes NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Bad JJ belt NN or CC idler JJR . SENT Rubber NN rusts NNS . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ old JJ , , then RB almost RB certainly RB the DT rubber NN parts NNS have VHP deteriorated VVN and CC will MD need VV replacement NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , replacement NN parts NNS are VBP not RB as RB readily RB available JJ as IN they PP once RB were VBD . SENT The DT places NNS listed VVN at IN the DT end NN of IN this DT document NN may MD have VH some DT and CC there EX are VBP many JJ other JJ sources NNS but CC it PP is VBZ not RB as RB easy JJ as IN one PP would MD like VV . SENT 2 LS . SENT Dirty JJ or CC worn JJ spindle NN bearing NN . SENT This DT will MD cause VV rumble NN . SENT The DT thrust NN ball NN bearing NN can MD be VB cleaned VVN and CC lubricated VVN or CC replaced VVN . SENT The DT platter NN bushing NN can MD be VB cleaned VVN and CC lubricated VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Lump NN of IN crud NN stuck VVN to TO motor NN pulley NN or CC idler NN , , usually RB of IN unknown JJ origin NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Dried VVN up IN lubrication NN in IN motor NN , , idler NN , , or CC other JJ rotating VVG part NN . SENT These DT can MD be VB cleaned VVN and CC lubricated VVN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Bad JJ motor NN not RB that IN likely RB except IN for IN lubrication NN in IN which WDT case NN the DT motor NN can MD be VB disassembled VVN , , cleaned VVN , , and CC lubed NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Physical JJ damage NN to TO platter NN something NN heavy NN was VBD dropped VVN on IN it PP upsetting VVG the DT delicate JJ balance NN . SENT If IN you PP are VBP attempting VVG to TO restore VV a DT 20 CD year NN old JJ turntable NN from IN Aunt NN Annie's NP attic NN , , don't VVD even RB bother VV to TO power VV it PP up RP before IN replacing VVG all PDT the DT rubber NN parts NNS and CC cleaning VVG and CC lubricating VVG the DT motor NN , , idler NN , , and CC spindle NN bearing NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT 5 CD Erratic JJ sound NN from IN turntable NN Sound NN that WDT varies VVZ randomly RB in IN intensity NN or CC where WRB one CD channel NN drops NNS out RB will MD usually RB be VB due JJ to TO bad JJ connections NNS in IN the DT various JJ units NNS . SENT This DT could MD be VB . SENT 1 LS . SENT At IN the DT pickup NN itself PP . SENT There EX may MD be VB small JJ press NN fit NN connectors NNS at IN the DT cartridge NN . SENT These DT sometimes RB become VVN loose RB . SENT Gently RB remove VV each DT one CD one CD at IN a DT time NN . SENT so RB that IN you PP do VVP not RB mix VV up RP the DT wiring NN and CC squeeze NN with IN a DT pair NN of IN tweezers NN or CC needlenose NN pliers NNS . SENT Snap NN in IN cartridges NNS may MD have VH dirty JJ contacts NNS the DT springiness NN may MD have VH disappeared VVN . SENT 2 LS . SENT At IN the DT RCA NP plugs VVZ under IN the DT turntable NN which WDT connect VVP to TO the DT tonearm NN . SENT Depending VVG on IN your PP$ design NN and CC problem NN , , you PP may MD need VV to TO simply RB clean VV with IN contact NN cleaner NN or CC squeeze VV the DT metal NN shell NN or CC center NN contact NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT At IN the DT receiver NN , , preamp NN , , or CC amplifier NN . SENT Same JJ as IN 2 CD above RB . SENT 4 LS . SENT Sometimes RB the DT cables NNS themselves PP will MD develop VV broken JJ wires NNS at IN one CD end NN or CC the DT other JJ . SENT Easiest JJS is VBZ to TO try VV a DT different JJ set NN of IN cables NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT 6 CD Turntable NN tracking VVG and CC skating VVG force NN adjustment NN Tracking VVG force NN keeps VVZ the DT stylus NN in IN the DT record's JJ groove NN . SENT Too RB little RB is VBZ as RB bad JJ as IN too RB much JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ best RBS to TO follow VV the DT recommendations NNS of IN the DT cartridge NN stylus NN manufacturer NN . SENT If IN you PP do VVP not RB have VH this DT information NN , , start VVP low JJ and CC increase VV until IN you PP eliminate VV skipping VVG or CC excessive JJ distortion NN , , buzzing VVG , , or CC stuttering NN . SENT If IN too RB low JJ , , the DT stylus NN will MD make VV only RB partial JJ contact NN with IN the DT groove NN during IN high JJ amplitude NN segments NNS it PP will MD jump VV from IN peak NN to TO peak NN or CC other JJ portion NN of IN the DT wave NN rather RB than IN smoothly RB and CC continuously RB following VVG it PP . SENT If IN too RB high JJ , , it PP will MD gouge VV the DT vinyl NN or CC the DT shellac NN or CC whatever JJ depending VVG on IN the DT vintage NN of IN your PP$ records NNS or CC in IN extreme JJ cases NNS , , bottom JJ out RP on IN the DT cartridge's JJ suspension NN . SENT Skating VVG force NN compensation NN is VBZ applied VVN to TO compensate VV for IN the DT fact NN that IN except IN at IN one CD distance NN from IN the DT spindle NN or CC with IN a DT linear JJ drive NN tone NN arm NN where WRB this DT does VVZ not RB apply VV , , the DT tone NN arm NN is VBZ not RB tangential JJ to TO the DT groove NN . SENT Imagine VV a DT perfectly RB flat JJ record NN without IN any DT grooves NNS . SENT If IN you PP play VVP this DT , , the DT tone NN arm NN will MD be VB stable JJ at IN only RB one CD position NN somewhere RB in IN the DT middle NN where WRB a DT line NN drawn VVN through IN its PP$ pivot NN point NN and CC the DT stylus NN is VBZ just RB tangential JJ to TO a DT circle NN at IN that DT distance NN from IN the DT spindle NN . SENT The DT skating NN is VBZ usually RB a DT simple JJ spring NN which WDT attempts VVZ to TO compensate VV for IN this DT in IN such PDT a DT way NN that IN the DT side NN force NN tending VVG to TO move VV the DT stylus NN is VBZ minimized VVN at IN all DT positions NNS . SENT Otherwise RB , , the DT inner JJ and CC outer JJ walls NNS of IN the DT groove NN will MD experience VV a DT different JJ force NN which WDT will MD add VV distortion NN and CC affect VV stereo JJ separate JJ and CC balance NN . SENT Skating VVG force NN compensation NN is VBZ usually RB set VVN based VVN on IN the DT tracking NN force NN . SENT Note NN that IN if IN you PP are VBP used VVN to TO CDs NNS or CC high JJ quality NN cassettes NNS , , all PDT the DT horrors NNS of IN records NNS will MD be VB all RB to TO obvious JJ unless IN you PP are VBP using VVG high JJ end NN equipment NN the DT kind NN that IN likely JJ costs NNS as RB much RB as IN your PP$ automobile NN and CC meticulously RB maintain VV your PP$ vinyl NN record NN collection NN . SENT Sonic JJ defects NNS like IN wow NN , , flutter NN , , rumble NN , , distortion NN , , noise NN , , imperfect JJ stereo JJ separation NN , , skipping VVG , , and CC limited JJ frequency NN response NN are VBP all DT facts NNS of IN life NN for IN this DT technology NN which WDT has VHZ not RB changed VVN in IN any DT fundamental JJ way NN since IN Edison's NP time NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT 7 CD Turntable NN tracking VVG skating NN problems NNS From IN . SENT Bill NP Turner NP wrt NN eskimo NN . SENT com NN . SENT You're NN bringing VVG back JJ memories NNS . SENT I PP used VVD to TO work VV for IN the DT leading JJ Magnavox NP warranty NN repair NN station NN in IN Los NP Angeles NP and CC I've NP repaired VVD hundreds NNS of IN the DT good JJ ol NN Micromatics NNS . SENT Assuming VVG there RB isn't JJ something NN actually RB pulling VVG the DT arm NN across IN the DT record NN in IN other JJ words NNS it's NNS just RB sort RB of IN sliding VVG across RP on IN it's NNS own VVP the DT problem NN is VBZ almost RB always RB the DT needle NN . SENT Either CC the DT tip NN is VBZ worn VVN out RP , , broken JJ , , missing JJ , , etc NN or CC it PP could MD have VH just RB been VBN dislodged VVN from IN it's JJ holder NN . SENT Lift VV up RP the DT arm NN and CC look VV carefully RB at IN the DT needle NN . SENT The DT actual JJ diamond NN tip NN is VBZ on IN the DT end NN of IN a DT short JJ shaft NN which WDT in IN turn NN rests VVZ in IN a DT fork VV shaped JJ rubber NN holder NN . SENT This DT shaft NN is VBZ easily RB knocked VVN out RP of IN the DT holder NN , , and CC if IN that's NNS the DT case NN , , just RB carefully RB put VV it PP back RB . SENT Hope VV this DT helps VVZ . SENT The DT Micromatic NP was VBD a DT fine JJ record NN player NN in IN it's JJ time NN . SENT Good JJ luck NN , , and CC let VV me PP know VV if IN I PP can MD help VV some DT other JJ way NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT 8 CD About IN stylus NN wear NN So IN you PP still RB have VHP one CD of IN those DT modified VVN potters NNS wheels NNS on IN which WDT you PP place VVP a DT pre NP formed VVD piece NN of IN plastic NN that WDT looks VVZ like IN a DT flattened VVN dinner NN plate NN with IN a DT hole NN in IN the DT middle NN and CC drag VV a DT needle NN over IN its PP$ surface NN to TO produce VV sound NN . SENT How WRB can MD you PP tell VV when WRB the DT needle NN , , err VV , , stylus NN , , has VHZ worn VVN to TO the DT point NN no DT pun NN . SENT . SENT . SENT of IN requiring VVG replacement NN . SENT It PP used VVD to TO be VB that IN you PP could MD take VV it PP to TO any DT record NN store NN . SENT They PP would MD look VV at IN the DT stylus NN under IN a DT microscope NN , , and CC after IN a DT few JJ choice NN utterances NNS of IN Oh NP my PP$ . SENT followed VVN by IN This DT will MD strip VV the DT music NN right NN off IN your PP$ LPs NNS , , and CC would MD then RB tell VV you PP that IN your PP$ stylus NN required VVD replacement NN IMMEDIATELY RB whether IN it PP did VVD or CC not RB . SENT . SENT Of IN course NN , , record NN stores NNS don't NN exist VVP anymore RB . SENT If IN you PP have VHP a DT semi NN decent JJ microscope NN , , you PP can MD do VV the DT same JJ and CC get VV an DT honest JJ answer NN . SENT . SENT 100 CD X NN should MD be VB more JJR than IN sufficient JJ , , though IN getting VVG the DT stylus NN into IN position NN to TO view VV it PP may MD prove VV to TO be VB challenge NN . SENT The DT tip NN of IN a DT good JJ stylus NN looks VVZ smooth JJ and CC is VBZ spherical JJ or CC ellipsoidal JJ in IN shape NN . SENT A DT worn JJ stylus NN will MD exhibit VV edges NNS corners NNS due JJ to TO the DT wear NN of IN the DT tip NN . SENT Yes UH , , even RB diamond NN will MD wear VV down RP if IN you PP drag VVP it PP over IN thousands NNS of IN miles NNS of IN vinyl NN . SENT Some DT of IN your PP$ LP NP record NN jackets NNS may MD even RB have VH typical JJ photos NNS of IN good JJ and CC worn JJ styli NNS so RB check VVP these DT out RP as RB well RB . SENT If IN the DT stylus NN is VBZ visibly RB worn VVN . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT physical JJ result NN will MD be VB that IN it PP will MD grind VV away RB at IN the DT grooves NNS in IN your PP$ records NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT audible JJ result NN of IN a DT bad JJ needle NN will MD be VB excessive JJ distortion NN and CC loss NN of IN high JJ frequencies NNS from IN 1 CD . SENT After IN you PP replace VVP it PP , , your PP$ old JJ records NNS will MD still RB never RB sound VV as RB good JJ as IN they PP did VVD before RB because IN of IN 1 CD . SENT . SENT 5 LS . SENT 9 CD Changer NN won't NN cycle NN automatically RB If IN it PP is VBZ a DT basic JJ old JJ fully RB mechanical JJ record NN changer NN , , this DT is VBZ usually RB due JJ to TO gummed VVN up RP grease NN . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT large JJ gear NN which WDT gets VVZ activated VVN to TO operate VV the DT lift NN and CC place NN mechanism NN . SENT Attached VVN to TO this DT gear NN is VBZ a DT small JJ swinging VVG segment NN that WDT gets VVZ jogged VVN by IN the DT tone NN arm NN reaching VVG the DT proper JJ position NN . SENT The DT grease NN gets VVZ gummy JJ and CC prevents VVZ this DT . SENT You PP have VHP to TO remove VV the DT platter NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ a DT fancier JJR changer NN with IN fully RB electronic JJ controls NNS , , then RB it PP may MD be VB a DT sensor NN or CC something NN in IN the DT circuitry NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , there EX was VBD this DT one NN I PP recently RB worked VVD on IN where WRB some DT previous JJ repair NN person NN I PP am VBP using VVG this DT term NN generously RB had VHD glued VVN the DT moving VVG parts NNS of IN the DT changer NN mechanism NN together RB so RB it PP could MD not RB possibly RB ever RB have VHP worked VVN again RB until IN I PP unglued JJ them PP all RB . SENT Chapter NN 6 CD Loudspeakers NNS 6 CD . SENT 1 CD Loudspeaker NN anatomy NN In IN this DT document NN , , we PP use VVP the DT terms NNS loudspeaker NN or CC speaker NN system NN to TO denote VV a DT unit NN consisting VVG of IN one CD or CC more JJR drivers NNS in IN an DT acoustic JJ enclosure NN perhaps RB along RB with IN a DT frequency NN selective JJ crossover NN , , tone NN controls NNS and CC switches NNS , , fuses NNS or CC circuit NN breakers NNS . SENT Connections NNS to TO the DT amplifier NN or CC receiver NN are VBP via IN terminals NNS on IN the DT rear NN . SENT The DT front NN is VBZ covered VVN with IN an DT optically RB opaque JJ or CC semitransparent JJ grille NN which WDT provides VVZ protection NN and CC improves VVZ the DT appearance NN depending VVG on IN your PP$ point NN of IN view NN . SENT A DT driver NN is VBZ the DT actual JJ unit NN that WDT converts VVZ electrical JJ energy NN into IN sound JJ energy NN . SENT Most JJS drivers NNS use VVP voice NN coil NN technology NN . SENT a DT very RB low JJ mass NN coil NN wound VVD on IN a DT light JJ rigid JJ tube NN is VBZ suspended VVN within IN a DT powerful JJ magnetic JJ field NN and CC attached VVN to TO a DT paper NN , , plastic NN , , or CC composite JJ cone NN . SENT The DT audio JJ signal NN causes VVZ the DT coil NN to TO move VV back RB and CC forth RB and CC this DT motion NN causes VVZ the DT cone NN to TO move NN which WDT causes VVZ the DT air NN to TO move VV which WDT we PP perceive VVP as RB sound VV . SENT The DT typical JJ driver NN consists VVZ of IN several JJ parts NNS . SENT Frame VV a DT rigid JJ steel NN or CC composite JJ structure NN on IN which WDT the DT driver NN is VBZ constructed VVN . SENT The DT frame NN holds VVZ the DT magnet NN and CC core NN , , cone NN suspension NN , , and CC connection NN terminals NNS . SENT Magnet NN this DT includes VVZ a DT powerful JJ usually RB ceramic JJ , , AlNiCo NP , , or CC rare JJ earth NN magnet NN including VVG a DT core JJ structure NN provide VV a DT very RB narrow JJ cylindrical JJ air NN gap NN . SENT This DT accounts NNS for IN most JJS of IN the DT mass NN of IN a DT driver NN . SENT Voice NN coil NN a DT one CD or CC two CD layer NN coil NN of IN fine JJ wire NN wound VVD on IN a DT light JJ rigid JJ cardboard NN , , plastic NN , , or CC composite JJ tube NN suspended VVN within IN the DT air NN gap NN of IN the DT magnet NN and CC connected VVN via IN flexible JJ wires NNS to TO the DT electrical JJ terminals NNS . SENT Cone NP a DT roughly RB cone VV shaped VVN very RB light JJ and CC rigid JJ structure NN that WDT does VVZ the DT actual JJ work NN of IN moving VVG air NN molecules NNS . SENT The DT cone NN in IN a DT woofer NN may MD be VB 12 CD or CC more JJR inches NNS across IN . SENT The DT cone NN in IN a DT tweeter NN may MD only RB be VB an DT inch NN in IN diameter NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT part NN of IN the DT driver NN you PP actually RB see VVP from IN the DT front NN of IN the DT speaker NN system NN with IN the DT grille NN removed VVD . SENT The DT center NN is VBZ usually RB protected VVN with IN a DT small JJ plastic NN dome NN . SENT Suspension NN a DT corrugated VVN flexible JJ mounting VVG for IN the DT voice NN coil NN called VVD a DT spider NN and CC outer JJ ring NN of IN very RB soft JJ plastic NN or CC foam NN . SENT Together RB , , these DT allow VVP the DT voice NN coil NN cone NN combination NN to TO move VV readily RB in RP and CC out RP as IN a DT unit NN without IN tilting VVG or CC or CC rubbing VVG . SENT For IN most JJS designs NNS , , there EX is VBZ a DT certain JJ amount NN of IN springiness NN to TO this DT suspension NN . SENT Acoustic JJ suspension NN loudspeaker NN , , however RB , , use VVP the DT trapped JJ air NN in IN a DT totally RB sealed VVN speaker NN enclosure NN to TO provide VV the DT restoring VVG force NN . SENT Inexpensive JJ LoFi NP devices NNS like IN portable JJ and CC clock NN radios NNS , , many JJ TVs NNS , , intercoms NNS , , and CC so RB forth RB use VV a DT single JJ , , cheap JJ driver NN . SENT Some DT have VHP a DT coaxial JJ pair NN of IN cones NNS but CC this DT does VVZ little JJ to TO improve VV the DT frequency NN response NN . SENT HiFi NP speakers NNS systems NNS will MD divide VV the DT audio JJ frequency NN spectrum NN into IN several JJ bands NNS and CC use NN drivers NNS optimized VVN for IN each DT . SENT The DT reason NN is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ not RB possible JJ to TO design VV a DT single JJ driver NN that WDT has VHZ a DT uniform JJ response NN for IN the DT entire JJ audio JJ frequency NN spectrum NN . SENT A DT woofer NN is VBZ large JJ and CC massive JJ and CC handles VVZ the DT low JJ base NN notes NNS . SENT A DT tweeter NN has VHZ a DT very RB low JJ mass NN structure NN and CC is VBZ used VVN for IN the DT high JJ frequencies NNS . SENT A DT mid JJ range NN handles VVZ the DT mid JJ frequencies NNS . SENT There EX may MD also RB be VB sub NN woofers NNS for IN the DT very RB very RB low JJ notes NNS that IN we PP feel VVP more RBR than IN hear VV . SENT Some DT systems NNS may MD include VV super JJ tweeters NNS for IN the DT very RB highest JJS frequencies NNS which WDT few JJ people NNS can MD hear VV . SENT This DT may MD make VV for IN some DT impressive JJ specifications NNS but CC perhaps RB little RB else RB . SENT A DT crossover NN network NN a DT set NN of IN inductors NNS and CC capacitors NNS implements VVZ a DT set NN of IN filters NNS to TO direct VV the DT electrical JJ signal NN mostly RB to TO the DT proper JJ drivers NNS . SENT Various JJ controls NNS or CC switches NNS may MD be VB provided VVN to TO allow VV for IN the DT adjustment NN of IN low JJ , , mid JJ , , and CC high JJ frequency NN response NN to TO match VV the DT room NN acoustics NNS more RBR faithfully RB or CC to TO taste VV . SENT Fuses NNS or CC circuit NN breakers NNS may MD be VB included VVN to TO protect VV the DT speaker NN system NN from IN intentional JJ high JJ volume NN levels NNS or CC accidental JJ amplifier NN output NN stage NN blows NNS abuse NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 2 CD Loudspeaker NN problems NNS If IN you PP have VHP a DT high JJ quality NN and CC expensive JJ set NN of IN loudspeaker NN , , then RB the DT cost NN of IN professional JJ repair NN may MD be VB justified VVN . SENT However RB , , if IN the DT problem NN is VBZ with IN speaker NN systems NNS you PP might MD not RB write VV home NN about RB , , then RB read VVN on RP . SENT Playing VVG your PP$ music NN system NN at IN very RB high JJ volume NN levels NNS , , especially RB CDs NNS which WDT may MD have VH peaks NNS that IN way NN exceed VVP the DT ratings NNS of IN your PP$ loudspeakers NNS is VBZ asking VVG for IN trouble NN but CC you PP knew VVD that IN . SENT CDs NNS can MD be VB deceiving VVG because IN the DT noise NN floor NN is VBZ so RB low JJ that IN you PP are VBP tempted VVN to TO turn VV up RP the DT volume NN . SENT A DT peak NN comes VVZ along RP and CC your PP$ speaker NN cones NNS are VBP clear JJ across IN the DT county NN remember VV the DT movie NN Back RB to TO the DT Future NP . SENT . SENT Loudspeaker NN systems NNS are VBP generally RB pretty RB robust JJ but CC continuous JJ abuse NN can MD take VV its PP$ toll NN . SENT Problems NNS with IN loudspeakers NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT An DT entire JJ speaker NN system NN is VBZ dead JJ . SENT Verify VV that IN the DT connections NNS both CC at IN the DT speaker NN system NN and CC at IN the DT source NN are VBP secure JJ . SENT Check NN circuit NN breakers NNS or CC fuses NNS in IN the DT speaker NN system NN . SENT Reset VV or CC replace VV as RB needed VVN . SENT Make VV sure JJ it PP is VBZ not RB the DT amplifier NN or CC other JJ source NN that WDT is VBZ defective JJ by IN swapping VVG channels NNS if IN that WDT is VBZ possible JJ . SENT Alternatively RB , , test NN for IN output NN using VVG a DT speaker NN from IN another DT system NN or CC even RB a DT set NN of IN headphones NN but CC keep VV the DT volume NN turned VVD way NN down RB . SENT Assuming VVG that IN these DT tests NNS confirm VVP that IN the DT speaker NN system NN is VBZ indeed RB not RB responding VVG , , you PP will MD need VV to TO get VV inside RB . SENT It PP would MD take VV quite PDT a DT blast NN of IN power NN to TO kill VV an DT entire JJ speaker NN system NN . SENT Therefore RB , , it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN there EX is VBZ a DT simple JJ bad JJ connection NN inside NN , , perhaps RB right RB at IN the DT terminal NN block NN . SENT You PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO easily RB trace VV the DT circuitry NN this DT is VBZ not RB a DT missile NN guidance NN system NN after IN all DT to TO locate VV the DT bad JJ connection NN . SENT If IN nothing NN is VBZ found VVN , , then RB proceed VV to TO test VV the DT individual JJ drivers NNS as RB outlined VVN below RB . SENT 2 LS . SENT One CD or CC more JJR drivers NNS the DT name NN for IN the DT individual JJ speakers NNS in IN a DT loudspeaker NN enclosure NN is VBZ dead RB no DT sound NN at IN all DT even RB when WRB you PP place VVP you PP ear NN right RB up RB to TO it PP . SENT The DT cause NN may MD be VB a DT bad JJ driver NN , , a DT bad JJ component NN or CC bad JJ connection NN in IN the DT crossover NN network NN . SENT Test VV these DT components NNS as RB outlined VVN below RB . SENT 3 LS . SENT One CD or CC more JJR drivers NNS produces VVZ distorted JJ or CC weak JJ sound NN . SENT Distorted JJ may MD mean VV fuzzy JJ , , buzzing VVG , , or CC scratchy JJ a DT various JJ volume NN levels NNS . SENT Most RBS likely RB this DT is VBZ due JJ to TO a DT bad JJ driver NN but CC it PP could MD also RB be VB a DT defective JJ component NN in IN the DT crossover NN a DT capacitor NN for IN example NN or CC even RB a DT marginal JJ connection NN . SENT Getting VVG inside IN a DT speaker NN system NN usually RB means VVZ removing VVG the DT decorative JJ grille NN if IN it PP snaps VVZ off RP or CC unscrewing VVG the DT backpanel NN and CC or CC terminal JJ block NN . SENT Use VV your PP$ judgement NN . SENT With IN the DT grille NN removed VVD , , you PP will MD be VB able JJ to TO unscrew VV the DT individual JJ drivers NNS one NN at IN a DT time NN . SENT With IN the DT back NN off RP , , you PP will MD have VH access VV to TO all PDT the DT internal JJ components NNS . SENT If IN sealing VVG putty NN is VBZ used VVN , , don't JJ lose VVP it PP or CC expect VVP to TO obtain VV some DT replacement NN putty NN non JJ hardening NN window NN caulking VVG like IN Mortite NP is VBZ suitable JJ . SENT Test VV the DT components NNS in IN the DT crossover NN network NN with IN a DT multimeter NN . SENT These DT are VBP simple JJ parts NNS like IN capacitors NNS , , inductors NNS , , and CC potentiometers NNS or CC reostats NNS . SENT Confirm VV that IN any DT circuit NN breakers NNS or CC fuse NN holders NNS have VHP continuity NN . SENT Test VV the DT drivers NNS on IN the DT low JJ ohms NNS scale NN of IN your PP$ multimeter NN . SENT Disconnect VV one CD wire NN so RB that IN the DT crossover NN components NNS will MD not RB influence VV the DT reading NN . SENT Woofers NNS and CC midrange JJ drivers NNS should MD measure VV a DT few JJ ohms NNS . SENT If IN their PP$ impedance NN is VBZ marked VVN , , the DT reading NN you PP get VVP will MD probably RB be VB somewhat RB lower JJR but CC not RB 0 CD . SENT If IN possible JJ compare VVP your PP$ readings NNS with IN the DT same JJ driver NN in IN the DT good JJ speaker NN system NN if IN this DT is VBZ a DT stereo JJ setup NN . SENT Some DT tweeters NNS very RB small JJ high JJ frequency NN drivers NNS may MD have VH a DT series NN capacitor NN built VVN in IN which WDT will MD result VV in IN an DT infinite JJ ohms NNS measurement NN . SENT Other JJ than IN these DT , , a DT high JJ reading NN indicates VVZ an DT open JJ voice NN coil NN which WDT means VVZ a DT bad JJ driver NN . SENT In IN a DT comparison NN with IN an DT identical JJ unit NN , , a DT very RB low JJ reading NN would MD mean VV a DT partially RB or CC totally RB shorted VVN voice NN coil NN , , again RB meaning VVG a DT bad JJ driver NN . SENT Except IN for IN expensive JJ systems NNS with IN removable JJ voice NN coil NN assemblies NNS , , either CC of IN these DT usually RB mean JJ that IN a DT replacement NN will MD be VB required VVN for IN the DT entire JJ driver NN . SENT Sometimes RB an DT open JJ voice NN coil NN can MD be VB repaired VVN if IN the DT break NN can MD be VB found VVN . SENT To TO confirm VV these DT tests NNS , , use VVP an DT audio JJ source NN to TO power VV just RB the DT suspect JJ driver NN . SENT Your PP$ stereo JJ system NN , , a DT small JJ amplifier NN attached VVN to TO an DT audio JJ source NN , , or CC even RB a DT pocket NN radio NN use VVP its PP$ speaker NN output NN if IN the DT headphone NN output NN does VVZ not RB have VH enough JJ power NN will MD suffice VV . SENT The DT resulting VVG sound NN will MD not RB be VB of IN high JJ quality NN because IN you PP do VVP not RB have VH the DT enclosure NN sealed VVN and CC it PP is VBZ only RB one CD of IN the DT drivers NNS in IN the DT system NN , , but CC it PP should MD give VV you PP some DT idea NN of IN its PP$ condition NN . SENT Again RB , , comparing VVG with IN an DT identical JJ unit NN would MD be VB another DT confirmation NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 3 CD Electrical JJ causes NNS for IN loudspeaker NN damage NN These DT are VBP not RB going VVG to TO be VB covered VVN by IN any DT warranty NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , not RB mentioned VVN below IN are VBP . SENT fire NN , , flood NN , , falling VVG from IN a DT tenth JJ story NN window NN , , getting VVG run VVN over RP by IN a DT bulldozer NN , , or CC being VBG plugged VVD into IN the DT wall NN outlet NN instead RB of IN the DT stereo NN , , etc FW . SENT . SENT . SENT Portions NNS from IN . SENT Lasse NP Langwadt NP Christensen NP fuz NP control NN . SENT auc NN . SENT dk NP . SENT 1 LS . SENT DC NP bias NN across IN speaker NN will MD cause VV the DT voice NN coil NN to TO overheat VV . SENT Windings NNS may MD short VV out RP or CC open VV up RP . SENT Also RB see VVP 3 CD , , below RB . SENT This DT usually RB results NNS from IN an DT amplifier NN output NN stage NN failure NN shorted VVN capacitor NN , , for IN example NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT High JJ power NN clipped VVD signal NN . SENT A DT clipped VVN signal NN contains VVZ a DT lot NN of IN high JJ frequency NN energy NN and CC that WDT could MD burn VV a DT tweeter NN , , because IN the DT voice NN coil NN overheats NNS . SENT The DT clipped VVN signal NN could MD have VH a DT amplitude NN so RB large JJ that IN the DT voice NN coil NN hits VVZ the DT magnet NN and CC is VBZ bent JJ . SENT It's NP a DT permanent JJ damage NN but CC not RB always RB terminal JJ , , because IN the DT might MD still RB work VV , , but CC make VV a DT scraping VVG noise NN . SENT If IN you PP play VVP loud RB with IN it PP for IN a DT long JJ time NN and CC it PP doesn't NN burn VVP out RB see VV 3 CD , , the DT part NN scraping VVG against IN the DT magnet NN might MD wear VV off RP . SENT 3 LS . SENT If IN the DT speaker NN is VBZ overheated VVN , , because IN of IN high JJ power NN for IN a DT long JJ period NN of IN time NN , , the DT voice NN coil NN could MD expand VV and CC scrape VV against IN the DT magnet NN , , and CC perhaps RB short JJ some DT of IN the DT turns NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB always RB permanent JJ , , and CC some DT manufacturers NNS use VVP Teflon NP on IN the DT magnet NN , , so RB that IN it's NNS less RBR likely JJ to TO cause VV damage NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 4 CD Repairing VVG loudspeaker NN drivers NNS As RB noted VVD above IN , , if IN you PP are VBP dealing VVG with IN a DT high JJ quality NN system NN , , leave VVP these DT repairs NNS to TO professionals NNS or CC obtain VV an DT entire JJ replacement NN as IN some DT reduction NN in IN audio JJ quality NN may MD result VV from IN the DT abuse NN you PP are VBP about RB to TO inflict VV on IN the DT poor JJ defenseless JJ driver NN . SENT We PP will MD address VV two CD types NNS of IN repairs NNS . SENT physical JJ damage NN to TO a DT speaker NN driver NN cone NN and CC an DT open JJ voice NN coil NN actually RB , , wiring NN outside IN the DT voice NN coil NN . SENT However RB , , serious JJ damage NN to TO the DT cone NN or CC just RB plain JJ deterioration NN of IN the DT suspension NN components NNS may MD require VV replacement NN of IN the DT entire JJ driver NN unless IN a DT close JJ enough JJ match NN can MD be VB found VVN . SENT For IN more JJR information NN on IN loudspeaker NN repair NN , , see VVP . SENT Speakers NNS big JJ , , small JJ , , in IN between IN also RB at IN this DT site NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 5 CD Repairing VVG speaker NN driver NN cones NNS Minor NP damage NN to TO the DT cone NN can MD be VB repaired VVN using VVG a DT flexible JJ adhesive NN like IN weatherstrip NN cement NN and CC a DT piece NN of IN thick JJ paper NN to TO reinforce VV the DT seam NN or CC hole NN if IN necessary JJ . SENT Since IN this DT will MD not RB totally RB perfect JJ match NN with IN the DT original JJ paper NN cone NN , , there EX could MD be VB audible JJ distortion NN at IN certain JJ frequencies NNS particularly RB at IN higher JJR volume NN levels NNS . SENT However RB , , such PDT a DT repair NN will MD be VB better JJR than IN nothing NN . SENT Cut VV the DT paper NN in IN a DT shape NN and CC size NN to TO just RB overlap VV both DT sides NNS of IN the DT torn JJ area NN or CC completely RB cover VV the DT puncture NN . SENT Use VV just RB the DT smallest JJS amount NN of IN adhesive NN to TO fasten VV your PP$ splint NN to TO the DT cone NN . SENT The DT less JJR material NN you PP add VVP , , the DT more RBR likely JJ that IN the DT audio JJ effects NNS will MD be VB minimal JJ . SENT From IN . SENT M NP . SENT Przytarski NP m NN . SENT r SYM . SENT p NN . SENT ix NNS . SENT netcom NN . SENT com NN . SENT I PP have VHP repaired VVN many JJ field NN coil NN speakers NNS , , and CC there EX is VBZ one CD sure JJ proof NN way NN my PP$ grandfather NN showed VVD me PP and CC several JJ Tube NN Radio NN rebuilding VVG mags NNS suggest VVP the DT same JJ . SENT Take VV a DT milk NN glue NN Elmers NNS or CC such JJ , , and CC rub VV it PP around IN the DT crack NN . SENT Then RB take VV a DT piece NN of IN brown JJ lunch NN bag NN and CC rub VV it PP with IN glue NN . SENT Place VV it PP over IN the DT crack NN , , and CC rub VVP some DT glue NN on IN it PP , , pressing VVG it PP in IN place NN . SENT The DT glue NN should MD by RB now RB soak VV the DT paper NN of IN the DT cone NN and CC bag NN . SENT When WRB dried VVD you PP cant NN tell VV the DT difference NN in IN sound NN and CC its PP$ as RB sturdy JJ as IN ever RB . SENT This DT also RB works VVZ for IN those DT units NNS that IN a DT animal NN or CC kid NN has VHZ put VVN a DT hole NN in IN . SENT I PP repaired VVD a DT speaker NN that WDT was VBD missing VVG almost RB half JJ of IN the DT cone NN from IN mice NNS . SENT It PP sounds VVZ great JJ and CC was VBD cheap JJ to TO do VV . SENT 6 CD . SENT 6 CD Some RB sources NNS for IN loudspeaker NN repair NN parts NNS and CC services NNS I PP have VHP not RB dealt VVN with IN any DT of IN these DT places NNS personally RB these DT are VBP all RB based VVN on IN recommendations NNS of IN others NNS . SENT Simply RB Speakers NNS , , 11203 CD 49 CD th NN St NP . SENT N NN . SENT , , Clearwater NP , , FL NP 34622 CD , , Voice NP phone NN . SENT 813 CD 571 CD 1245 CD , , Fax NP . SENT 813 CD 571 CD 4041 CD , , http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT simply RB speakers NNS . SENT com NN , , provides VVZ speaker NN repair NN services NNS and CC also RB sells VVZ do VV it PP yourself PP refoaming VVG kits NNS for IN repairing VVG foam NN edge NN surrounds VVZ on IN most JJS round NN 4 CD to TO 15 CD and CC oval JJ 6 CD x SYM 9 CD speakers NNS . SENT Stepp NP Audio JJ Technologies NP , , P NN . SENT O NN . SENT Box NP 1088 CD , , Flat NP Rock NP , , NC NP 28731 CD , , 1 CD 704 CD 697 CD 9001 CD . SENT The DT Circuit NP Shop NP , , 3716 CD 28 CD th NN Street NP , , Kentwood NP , , MI NN 49512 CD , , 1 CD 800 CD 593 CD 0869 CD or CC 1 CD 616 CD 285 CD 1144 CD . SENT From IN . SENT Raymond NP Carlsen NP rrcc NN u NN . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NN . SENT Various JJ sizes NNS of IN paper NN cones NNS and CC foam NN edge NN replacements NNS are VBP available JJ from IN MAT JJ Electronics NP 1 CD 800 CD 628 CD 1118 CD . SENT They PP range VVP in IN price NN from IN less JJR than IN a DT dollar NN to TO about IN 5 CD for IN the DT largest JJS 15 CD drivers NNS . SENT The DT downside NN is VBZ there EX is VBZ a DT 25 CD minimum NN . SENT However RB , , they PP also RB sell VVP electronic JJ components NNS like IN flybacks NNS , , video JJ heads NNS and CC belts NNS , , ICs NNS and CC transistors NNS , , etc FW . SENT So RB coming VVG up RP with IN a DT minimum JJ order NN may MD not RB be VB too RB difficult JJ . SENT From IN . SENT Johnion NN johnion NN aol NN . SENT com NN . SENT I PP was VBD given VVN a DT pair NN of IN infinity NN speakers NNS and CC ordered VVN replacement NN cones NNS from IN The DT Speaker NP Plac NP . SENT As RB long RB as IN the DT problem NN is VBZ just RB the DT cones NNS , , the DT kit NN is VBZ great JJ and CC cheap JJ . SENT These DT are VBP the DT numbers NNS I PP used VVD around IN a DT 1 CD 1 CD 2 CD years NNS ago RB . SENT The DT Speaker NP Place NP NEW JJ FOAM NN , , 3047 CD West NP Henrietta NP Road NP , , Rochester NP , , NY NP 14623 CD , , Phone NN . SENT 1 CD 800 CD NEWFOAM NP 1 CD 800 CD 639 CD 3626 CD , , Fax NP . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 2 CD FXFOAM NP 1 CD 800 CD 239 CD 3626 CD , , Voice NP Mail NP . SENT 1 CD 800 CD FOAMMAIL NN 1 CD 800 CD 362 CD 6624 CD . SENT Email NP NEWFOAM NP msn NN . SENT com NN , , Web NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT NEWFOAM NP . SENT com NN . SENT From IN . SENT T NN Schwartz NP toschwartz NP worldnet NN . SENT att NP . SENT net JJ . SENT I've NP had VHD excellent JJ results NNS sending VVG drivers NNS to TO Millersound NP Labs NP . SENT Millersound NP Labs NP , , 1422 CD Taylor NP Road NP , , Lansdale NP , , PA NN 19446 CD , , Phone NN 215 CD 412 CD 7700 CD , , Fax NP 215 CD 412 CD 0542 CD They PP can MD re IN foam NN or CC re NN cone NN depending VVG on IN what WP is VBZ needed VVN , , they PP are VBP fast JJ , , easy JJ to TO deal VV with IN , , and CC IMHO NP , , reasonably RB priced VVN . SENT Call VV them PP for IN a DT quote NN . SENT From IN . SENT jl NN jlager NN tir NN . SENT com NN . SENT Orange NP County NP Speaker NP , , 12141 CD Mariners NNS Way NP , , Garden NP Grove NP , , California NP , , 714 CD 554 CD 8520 CD . SENT From IN . SENT Aan NP Jerig NP ajerig NN gate NN . SENT net JJ . SENT Lakes NP Loudspeaker NN , , 4400 CD W NP . SENT Hillsboro NP Blvd NP . SENT , , Coconut JJ Creek NP , , FL NP 33073 CD , , 1 CD 800 CD 367 CD 7757 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT 7 CD Repairing VVG an DT open JJ driver NN An DT open JJ driver NN can MD sometimes RB be VB rescued VVD by IN tracing VVG the DT input NN wires NNS through IN the DT cone NN and CC under IN the DT center NN protective JJ dome NN . SENT The DT most RBS likely JJ places NNS for IN these DT wires NNS to TO break VV are VBP right JJ at IN the DT place NN where WRB they PP pass VVP through IN the DT cone NN and CC just RB after IN they PP pass VVP under IN the DT dome NN . SENT Note NN . SENT some DT drivers NNS have VHP replaceable JJ voice NN coil NN units NNS . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ the DT case NN , , you PP should MD probably RB just RB replace VV the DT entire JJ unit NN . SENT First RB , , scrape VV away RP the DT insulating VVG varnish NN on IN the DT front NN of IN the DT cone NN where WRB the DT wires NNS emerge VVP and CC head VVP toward IN the DT center NN . SENT Use VV your PP$ ohmmeter NN to TO test VV for IN continuity NN here RB . SENT If IN you PP find VVP that IN you PP now RB are VBP measuring VVG a DT reasonable JJ resistance NN a DT few JJ ohms NNS , , then RB trace VV back RB to TO determine VV which WDT of IN the DT two CD wires NNS is VBZ broken VVN or CC has VHZ had VHN the DT solder NN connection NN come VVN loose RB . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ still RB infinite JJ , , you PP will MD have VH to TO go VV under IN the DT dome NN . SENT Use VV an DT Xacto NP knife NN to TO carefully RB remove VV the DT dome NN . SENT Use VV a DT shallow JJ angle NN and CC cut VVD as RB near IN the DT edge NN as IN you PP can MD . SENT Take VV care VV not RB to TO puncture VV the DT paper NN cone NN which WDT may MD continue VV under IN the DT dome NN as IN the DT voice NN coil NN may MD be VB of IN a DT smaller JJR diameter NN than IN the DT dome NN . SENT The DT shallow JJ cut NN will MD also RB provide VV a DT base NN to TO reattach VV the DT dome NN if IN you PP are VBP successful JJ . SENT Carefully RB scrape VV off RP a DT bit NN of IN the DT enamel NN insulation NN as IN near IN to TO the DT voice NN coil NN as IN possible JJ and CC test NN with IN your PP$ ohmmeter NN once RB again RB . SENT If IN the DT resistance NN is VBZ still RB infinite JJ , , there EX is VBZ nothing NN more RBR you PP can MD do VV but CC salvage VV the DT magnet NN for IN fun NN experiments NNS or CC erasing VVG floppy JJ disks NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ essentially RB no DT way NN to TO replace VV just RB the DT voice NN coil NN unless IN your PP$ driver NN has VHZ a DT removable JJ voice NN coil NN unit NN in IN which WDT case NN you PP would MD not RB be VB reading VVG this DT . SENT If IN the DT resistance NN now RB measures VVZ normal JJ a DT few JJ ohms NNS , , trace VV back RB to TO determine VV which WDT wire NN is VBZ broken VVN and CC use VV some DT fine JJ e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , 30 CD gauge NN wire NN to TO bridge VV the DT break NN . SENT You PP will MD have VH to TO scrape VV off RP the DT enamel NN insulation NN to TO permit VV the DT solder NN to TO adhere VV . SENT Make VV sure JJ it PP is VBZ secure JJ mechanically RB first JJ a DT speaker NN cone NN is VBZ a DT rather RB violent JJ environment NN for IN soldered VVN connections NNS . SENT Finally RB , , use VVP some DT flexible JJ adhesive NN to TO protect VV and CC reinforce VV the DT solder NN connections NNS , , to TO glue VV down RP your PP$ new JJ wire NN along IN its PP$ entire JJ length NN , , to TO protect VV and CC reinforce VV the DT place NN where WRB the DT wire NN passes VVZ through IN the DT cone NN , , and CC finally RB , , to TO reattach VV the DT central JJ dome NN . SENT Let VV the DT adhesive NN dry JJ thoroughly RB before IN playing VVG the DT finale NN to TO the DT 1812 CD Overture NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 8 CD Loudspeakers NNS repair VV or CC replace VV . SENT Assuming VVG that IN the DT cabinet NN is VBZ in IN reasonable JJ condition NN , , the DT question NN arises VVZ . SENT is VBZ it PP worth IN replacing VVG broken JJ , , damaged JJ , , or CC worn VVN out IN drivers NNS or CC faulty JJ crossover NN components NNS that WDT are VBP not RB repairable JJ rather RB than IN just RB dumping VVG the DT speaker NN systems NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ very RB straightforward JJ to TO swap VV drivers NNS as RB long RB as IN you PP get VVP ones NNS with IN similar JJ characteristics NNS . SENT It PP all RB depends VVZ on IN what WP you PP want VVP out RP of IN a DT loudspeaker NN . SENT If IN you PP are VBP basically RB happy JJ with IN them PP , , then RB it PP will MD be VB a DT lot NN cheaper JJR than IN replacing VVG the DT entire JJ speaker NN system NN s PP . SENT However RB , , speaker NN system NN quality NN has VHZ improved VVN considerably RB in IN the DT last JJ 15 CD years NNS so RB now RB may MD be VB the DT time NN to TO upgrade VV . SENT As RB far RB as IN crossover NN components NNS are VBP concerned VVN , , these DT are VBP basically RB common JJ electronic JJ parts NNS and CC replacement NN is VBZ probably RB worthwhile JJ . SENT However RB , , if IN one CD driver NN has VHZ a DT deteriorated JJ suspension NN , , it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN its PP$ mate NN does VVZ as RB well RB and CC that IN other JJ drivers NNS may MD not RB far RB behind RB . SENT Replacing VVG all PDT the DT internal JJ components NNS of IN a DT loudspeaker NN may MD not RB be VB worth IN it PP . SENT Radio NP Shack NP as RB well RB as IN places NNS like IN MCM NP Electronics NP and CC Dalbani NP have VHP a DT variety NN of IN replacement NN drivers NNS , , and CC crossovers NNS and CC parts NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT 9 CD Speakers NNS wired VVN in IN series NN . SENT From IN . SENT Frank NP Fendley NP frank JJ . SENT fendley NP datacom NP . SENT iglou NN . SENT com NN . SENT Wiring NN speakers NNS in IN series NN increases NNS the DT impedance NN of IN the DT load NN , , generally RB allowing VVG less RBR expensive JJ output NN chips NNS and CC smaller JJR heatsinks NNS , , due JJ to TO reduced VVN current JJ . SENT It PP also RB decreases VVZ the DT amount NN of IN output NN audio JJ power NN in IN most JJS cases NNS , , since IN power NN is VBZ inversely RB proportional JJ to TO impedance NN for IN a DT given VVN voltage NN . SENT Many DT cheaper JJR home NN stereo NN receiver NN and CC power NN amps NNS are VBP configured VVN in IN a DT similar JJ manner NN . SENT If IN you PP have VHP a DT switch NN and CC output NN connectors NNS for IN A NP and CC B NP speakers NNS , , in IN some DT cases NNS when WRB you PP turn VVP the DT switch NN to TO A DT B NP , , the DT two CD left JJ speakers NNS and CC the DT two CD right JJ speakers NNS are VBP wired VVN in IN series NN . SENT To TO find VV out RP if IN this DT is VBZ the DT case NN on IN your PP$ stereo NN , , hook VV up RP only RB one CD set NN of IN speakers NNS to TO the DT A NP jacks NNS . SENT Turn VV the DT speaker NN select JJ switch NN to TO A DT B NP . SENT If IN you PP have VHP no DT audio NN through IN the DT speakers NNS , , then RB your PP$ receiver NN or CC power NN amp NN is VBZ configured VVN to TO place VV the DT speakers NNS in IN series NN with IN both DT sets NNS of IN speakers NNS are VBP connected VVN . SENT On IN better JJR stereo JJ equipment NN , , if IN you PP have VHP only RB one CD set NN of IN speakers NNS and CC select VV the DT A NP B NP switch NN setting NN , , your PP$ speakers NNS will MD still RB function VV , , indicating VVG that IN the DT speakers NNS are VBP wired VVN in IN parallel NN in IN the DT both DT position NN . SENT Bottom JJ line NN the DT answer NN is VBZ money NN isn't NN the DT answer NN always RB money NN . SENT . SENT It's NNS cheaper JJR for IN the DT manufacturers NNS to TO design VV for IN speakers NNS in IN series NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 10 CD Comments NNS on IN speaker NN shielding VVG When WRB loudspeakers NNS even RB those DT little JJ speakers NNS that WDT came VVD with IN your PP$ PC NN are VBP near JJ TVs NNS or CC monitors NNS , , there EX may MD be VB problems NNS with IN the DT fringe NN fields NNS of IN the DT powerful JJ magnets NNS affecting VVG color NN purity NN , , convergence NN , , or CC geometry NN . SENT Speakers NNS designed VVN to TO be VB used VVN with IN PCs NNS in IN close JJ proximity NN to TO their PP$ monitor NN will MD likely RB include VV some DT internal JJ shielding VVG . SENT This DT may MD even RB be VB effective JJ . SENT However RB , , the DT large JJ powerful JJ loudspeakers NNS used VVN with IN high JJ performance NN stereo NN systems NNS will MD likely RB not RB have VH such JJ shielding VVG . SENT The DT best JJS solution NN where WRB display NN problems NNS have VHP been VBN traced VVN to TO the DT loudspeakers NNS is VBZ to TO move VV them PP further RBR away RB from IN the DT TV NN or CC monitor NN and CC then RB degauss VV the DT CRT NP to TO remove VV the DT residual JJ magnetism NN . SENT Where WRB this DT is VBZ not RB possible JJ , , shielding VVG of IN the DT speakers NNS may MD be VB possible JJ . SENT Also RB see VV the DT document NN . SENT TV NP and CC Monitor NP CRT NP Picture NP Tube NN Information NN . SENT From IN . SENT Lionel NP Wagner NP ck VVD 508 CD freenet NN . SENT carleton NP . SENT ca MD . SENT Put VV a DT Tin NP can MD over IN the DT magnet NN . SENT This DT will MD reduce VV the DT external JJ field NN by IN about IN 50 CD . SENT If IN more RBR shielding VVG is VBZ desired VVN , , put VV additional JJ cans NNS over IN the DT first JJ , , in IN layers NNS , , like IN Russian JJ dolls NNS . SENT Note NN . SENT a DT Tin NP can NN is VBZ actually RB made VVN nearly RB entirely RB of IN steel NN the DT term NN Tin NP is VBZ historical JJ . SENT sam NP From IN . SENT Nicholas NP Bodley NP nbodley NP tiac NN . SENT net JJ . SENT While IN both DT electrostatic JJ and CC electromagnetic JJ E NP M NP fields NNS can MD affect VV the DT paths NNS of IN the DT electron NN beams VVZ in IN a DT CRT NP , , only RB E NP M NP fields NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB strong JJ enough RB to TO be VB a DT problem NN . SENT Magnetic JJ shields NNS have VHP existed VVN for IN about IN a DT century NN at IN least JJS . SENT Some DT decades NNS ago RB , , a DT tradenamed JJ alloy NN called VVD Mu NP Metal NP became VVD famous JJ , , but CC it PP lost VVD its PP$ effectiveness NN when WRB bent NN or CC otherwise RB stressed VVD . SENT Restoring VVG it PP to TO usefulness NN required JJ hydrogen NN annealing VVG , , something NN rarely RB done VVN in IN a DT home NN shop NN maybe RB one CD or CC two CD in IN the DT USA NP . SENT More RBR recent JJ alloys NNS are VBP much RB less RBR fussy JJ . SENT tradenames NNS are VBP Netic NP and CC Co NP Netic NP . SENT Magnetic JJ shields NNS don't JJ block NN lines NNS of IN force NN . SENT they PP have VHP high JJ permeability NN , , vastly RB more JJR than IN air NN , , and CC they PP guide VV the DT magnetism NN around IN what WP they PP are VBP shielding VVG . SENT they PP make VVP it PP bypass VV the DT protected VVN items NNS . SENT I PP have VHP been VBN around IN some DT shielded VVN speakers NNS recently RB , , but CC never RB saw VVD any DT disassembled VVN . SENT They PP looked VVD conventional JJ , , must MD have VH had VHN the DT giant JJ thick JJ washer NN my PP$ term NN magnet NN , , and CC seemed VVD to TO have VH a DT larger JJR front NN polepiece NN than IN usual JJ . SENT They PP had VHD a DT shielding VVG can NN around IN the DT magnet NN . SENT there EX was VBD a DT gap NN between IN the DT front JJ edge NN of IN the DT can NN and CC the DT polepiece NN . SENT I PP suspect VVP that IN a DT second JJ internal JJ magnet NN was VBD placed VVN between IN the DT rear NN of IN the DT main JJ magnet NN and CC the DT rear JJ bottom NN of IN the DT can NN , , so IN there EX would MD be VB minimal JJ flux NN at IN the DT gap NN between IN the DT can NN and CC the DT front JJ polepiece NN . SENT Holding NN pieces NNS of IN steel NN close NN to TO the DT gap NN between IN the DT can NN and CC the DT polepiece NN showed VVD very RB little JJ flux NN there RB . SENT Modern JJ magnets NNS are VBP not RB easy JJ to TO demagnetize VV , , in IN general NN . SENT From IN . SENT Dave NP Roberts NP dave NP aasl NN . SENT demon NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP . SENT The DT good JJ so RB called VVN magnetically RB screened VVD speakers NNS rely VV on IN two CD means NNS of IN controlling VVG stray JJ flux NN . SENT The DT static JJ field NN from IN the DT magnet NN on IN the DT speaker NN which WDT would MD cause VV colour VV purity NN problems NNS is VBZ minimized VVN by IN the DT design NN of IN the DT magnet NN . SENT This DT is VBZ often RB at IN the DT expense NN of IN gap NN field NN linearity NN , , leading VVG to TO greater JJR distortion NN not RB that IN most JJS users NNS seem VVP to TO worry VV about RB that IN . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT mains NNS varying VVG field NN is VBZ minimized VVN by IN use NN of IN a DT toroidal JJ mains NNS transformer NN , , but CC the DT more JJR recent JJ mains NNS powered VVN speakers NNS seem VVP to TO be VB coming VVG with IN plug NN top JJ PSUs NP , , which WDT take VVP the DT problem NN further RBR away RB . SENT Chapter NP 7 CD Telephone NP Equipment NP 7 CD . SENT 1 CD Telephone NP basics NNS Connections NNS to TO Plain NP Old NP Telephone NP Service NP POTS NNS is VBZ via IN two CD wires NNS . SENT POTS NNS is VBZ the DT type NN nearly RB everyone NN currently RB has VHZ to TO their PP$ residence NN . SENT Newer NP ISDN NP or CC fiber NN lines NNS use VVP different JJ techniques NNS . SENT The DT wires NNS are VBP called VVN Tip NP and CC Ring NP . SENT This DT terminology NN has VHZ nothing NN to TO do VV with IN telephone NN ringing NN but CC is VBZ historical JJ . SENT Tip NP and CC Ring NP were VBD connected VVN to TO the DT tip NN and CC ring VV respectively RB of IN the DT plug NN used VVN on IN manual JJ switchboards NNS . SENT Tip NP and CC Ring NP color NN codes NNS are VBP as RB follows VVZ this DT is VBZ not RB always RB adhered VVD to TO . SENT Type NN A DT Type NN B NN Phone NN line NN Tip NP , , Ring NP Tip NP , , Ring NP First NP line NN Pair NP 1 CD Green NP , , Red NP White NP , , Blue NP Second NP line NN Pair NP 2 CD Black NP , , Yellow NP White NP , , Orange NP Third NP line NN Pair NP 3 CD White NP , , Blue NP White NP , , Green NP Type NN A DT is VBZ often RB simply RB called VVN quad NN and CC is VBZ the DT most RBS inexpensive JJ cable NN . SENT However RB , , the DT conductors NNS are VBP usually RB not RB twisted JJ and CC type NN A DT should MD not RB be VB employed VVN in IN new JJ installations NNS especially RB where WRB computer NN modems NNS or CC fax NN machines NNS are VBP to TO be VB used VVN on IN any DT of IN the DT lines NNS as IN crosstalk NN between IN multiple JJ phone NN circuits NNS in IN the DT same JJ cable NN may MD result VV in IN excessive JJ transmission NN errors NNS and CC interference NN with IN normal JJ phone NN conversations NNS . SENT For IN type NN B NP , , the DT colors NNS refer VVP to TO the DT dominant JJ one NN if IN the DT wires NNS are VBP striped VVN . SENT Each DT pair NN is VBZ twisted VVN together RB which WDT greatly RB reduces VVZ crosstalk NN . SENT On IN RJ NP 11 CD type NN connectors NNS , , Pair NP 1 CD is VBZ the DT central JJ two CD wires NNS , , Pair NP 2 CD is VBZ the DT next JJ two CD , , and CC Pair NP 3 CD are VBP the DT outer JJ wires NNS if IN there EX are VBP 6 CD conductors NNS many JJ RJ NP 11 CD cables NNS only RB have VH 2 CD or CC 4 CD . SENT Tip NN will MD be VB approximately RB 50 CD VDC NN with IN respect NN to TO Ring NP when WRB phones NNS or CC computer NN modems NNS or CC fax NN machines NNS are VBP on IN hook NN . SENT Test NN with IN a DT multimeter NN . SENT Ringing VVG voltage NN is VBZ about RB 90 CD VAC NN . SENT A DT neon NN light NN bulb NN NE RB 2 CD can MD be VB used VVN to TO test VV for IN this DT if IN a DT multimeter NN is VBZ not RB available JJ . SENT When WRB off RB hook VV dialing VVG or CC talking VVG , , there EX will MD be VB a DT DC NP voltage NN of IN approximately RB 5 CD to TO 15 CD V NN between IN Tip NP and CC Ring NP . SENT This DT is VBZ needed VVN for IN the DT phone NN circuit NN and CC also RB is VBZ used VVN to TO power VV the DT dialing NN in IN phones NNS without IN a DT separate JJ AC NP supply NN or CC adapter NN . SENT The DT on IN hook NN and CC ringing NN voltages NNS can MD give VV you PP a DT shock NN but CC are VBP probably RB not RB particularly RB dangerous JJ to TO healthy JJ people NNS . SENT Still RB , , it PP is VBZ best RBS to TO work VV on IN phone NN wiring NN with IN it PP disconnected VVN from IN the DT telephone NN company's NNS feed VVP or CC with IN another DT phone NN on IN the DT same JJ circuit NN off IN hook NN . SENT Some DT phones NNS will MD work VV with IN only RB one CD of IN the DT two CD possible JJ polarities NNS of IN Tip NP and CC Ring NP while IN others NNS incorporate VV a DT bridge NN rectifier NN for IN power NN and CC will MD work VV either DT way NN test NN both CC ways NNS if IN a DT phone NN does VVZ not RB dial VV or CC work VV at IN all DT . SENT DTMF NP refers VVZ to TO the DT Dual JJ Tone NP Multi NNS Frequency NN dialing NN touch NN tone NN codes NNS . SENT Each DT number NN , , , , and CC , , are VBP represented VVN by IN a DT pair NN of IN audio JJ frequencies NNS . SENT You PP can MD hear VV the DT individual JJ ones NNS by IN holding VVG down RP multiple JJ buttons NNS on IN an DT old JJ style NN ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP phone NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT DTMF NP codes NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT 2 CD DTMF NP codes NNS DTMF NP Dual JJ Tone NP Multi NNS Frequency NN are VBP the DT tones NNS that IN phones NNS use VVP . SENT The DT frequencies NNS are VBP as RB follows VVZ . SENT Hz NP 1209 CD 1336 CD 1477 JJ 1633 CD 697 CD 1 CD 2 CD 3 CD A DT 770 CD 4 CD 5 CD 6 CD B NN 852 CD 7 CD 8 CD 9 CD C NP 941 CD 0 CD D NP Follow VV the DT rows NNS and CC columns NNS to TO the DT number NN you PP want VVP to TO know VV the DT frequencies NNS of IN and CC this DT table NN will MD show VV you PP . SENT The DT column NN of IN letters NNS at IN the DT right NN is VBZ on IN some DT Ham NP radios NNS . SENT Where WRB an DT old JJ style NN ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP phone's NP DTMF NP frequencies NNS need VVP to TO be VB adjusted VVN , , accuracy NN of IN better JJR than IN 1 CD Hz NP is VBZ easily RB obtained VVN without IN fancy JJ equipment NN just RB another DT working VVG tone NN dialing VVG phone NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Classic NP ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP phone NN battlewagon NN will MD not RB dial VV properly RB . SENT For IN more JJR information NN on IN DTMF NP coding VVG , , decoding VVG , , equipment NN , , chips NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , see VV the DT DTMF NP FAQ NP at IN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT repairfaq NP . SENT org NP filipg NN LINK NN F NP DTMF NP . SENT html NN 7 CD . SENT 3 CD Phone NN jack NN or CC extension NN installation NN or CC repair VV The DT phone NN companies NNS would MD have VH you PP believe VV that IN installing VVG or CC repairing VVG phone NN wiring NN is VBZ somewhere RB between IN rocket NN science NN and CC nuclear JJ physics NNS in IN complexity NN . SENT In IN fact NN . SENT Installing VVG new JJ jacks NNS consists VVZ of IN two CD parts NNS . SENT running VVG the DT wires NNS and CC hooking VVG them PP up RP . SENT The DT only JJ difficulty NN with IN running VVG the DT wires NNS is VBZ getting VVG between IN floors NNS . SENT Connecting VVG them PP is VBZ a DT matter NN of IN matching VVG the DT colors NNS of IN the DT insulation NN , , stripping VVG , , wrapping VVG around IN screws NNS , , and CC tightening VVG the DT screws NNS . SENT Even RB if IN you PP are VBP color NN blind JJ , , this DT is VBZ not RB difficult JJ . SENT Unless IN you PP disturb VV it PP , , phone NN wiring NN rarely RB goes VVZ bad JJ even RB in IN old JJ houses NNS . SENT Thus RB , , if IN you PP have VHP any DT amount NN of IN handyperson NN ability NN , , paying VVG the DT 2 CD a DT month NN inside IN wiring NN insurance NN is VBZ throwing VVG away RB 24 CD a DT year NN . SENT Unlike IN electrical JJ wiring NN , , phone NN wiring NN does VVZ not RB have VH serious JJ safety NN issues NNS associated VVN with IN it PP . SENT However RB , , you PP could MD get VV a DT mild JJ shock NN from IN touching VVG the DT two CD wires NNS of IN an DT active JJ phone NN line NN . SENT The DT on IN hook NN voltage NN is VBZ about IN 50 CD VDC NP and CC if IN someone NN were VBD to TO try VV calling VVG your PP$ number NN at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT ringing NN voltage NN is VBZ around RB 90 CD VAC NN . SENT Both CC of IN these DT are VBP easily RB dealt VVN with IN . SENT put VV a DT jumper NN between IN the DT two CD phone NN wires NNS where WRB they PP enter VVP your PP$ house NN while IN you PP are VBP working VVG on IN the DT wiring NN . SENT This DT will MD result VV in IN an DT off JJ hook NN condition NN and CC outside JJ callers NNS will MD get VV a DT busy JJ signal NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 4 CD Answering NN machine NN comments VVZ Most JJS answering NN machines NNS still RB use VVP one CD or CC two CD tape NN decks NNS . SENT Most JJS problems NNS are VBP mechanical JJ . SENT Refer VV to TO the DT sections NNS on IN the DT relevant JJ tape NN player NN recorder NN problems NNS . SENT The DT newest JJS ones NNS are VBP fully RB digital JJ electronic JJ forget VVP repairs NNS unless IN obvious JJ bad JJ connections NNS , , physical JJ damage NN , , power NN supply NN , , or CC phone NN line NN side NN failure NN . SENT Many JJ non JJ mechanical JJ problems NNS with IN answering NN machines NNS are VBP related VVN to TO the DT circuitry NN connected VVN to TO the DT phone NN line NN . SENT This DT is VBZ subject JJ to TO the DT high NN on IN hook NN and CC ringing VVG voltage NN and CC possible JJ voltage NN spikes VVZ due JJ to TO lightning NN , , etc FW . SENT Testing VVG of IN the DT components NNS on IN the DT phone NN line NN side NN of IN the DT coupling NN transformer NN is VBZ a DT worthwhile JJ exercise NN and CC may MD reveal VV a DT shorted VVN semiconductor NN or CC capacitor NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Checking NN phones NNS and CC answering VVG machines NNS for IN electronic JJ problems NNS . SENT If IN the DT outgoing JJ message NN OGM NN or CC phone NN messages NNS do VVP not RB record VV or CC playback VV , , check VV for IN broken JJ wires NNS at IN the DT appropriate JJ tape NN heads NNS and CC clean VV the DT mode NN selector NN switches NNS . SENT With IN endless JJ loops NNS outgoing JJ message NN cassettes NNS , , the DT metal NN strip NN that WDT is VBZ used VVN to TO sense VV the DT beginning NN can MD wear VV or CC become VV dirty JJ . SENT Try VV a DT new JJ cassette NN or CC clean VV it PP . SENT Like IN VCRs NNS , , there EX may MD be VB various JJ mode NN switches NNS or CC position NN sensors NNS . SENT Where WRB these DT are VBP physical JJ switches NNS , , they PP may MD have VH dirty JJ or CC worn JJ contacts NNS . SENT Optical JJ sensors NNS can MD fail VV as RB well RB though IN it PP is VBZ unusual JJ . SENT Mechanical JJ problems NNS unique JJ to TO answering VVG machine NN tape NN transports NNS are VBP also RB possible JJ . SENT Some DT very RB clever JJ engineering NN is VBZ often RB used VVN to TO share VV parts NNS where WRB two CD tape NN transports NNS are VBP used VVN . SENT Parts NNS may MD have VH popped VVN off RP or CC broken VVN . SENT Springs NP may MD have VH sprung VVN or CC weakened VVN . SENT Sliding VVG parts NNS may MD have VH jammed VVN . SENT Look VV for IN loose JJ parts NNS or CC broken JJ pieces NNS when WRB the DT unit NN is VBZ disassembled VVN . SENT Careful JJ inspection NN during IN operation NN may MD reveal VV whether IN it PP is VBZ getting VVG stuck VVN due JJ to TO a DT mechanical JJ failure NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 5 CD Answering NN machine NN delays NNS after IN playing VVG OGM NP This DT may MD be VB one CD of IN those DT machines NNS where WRB it PP has VHZ to TO go VV through IN the DT entire JJ outgoing JJ message NN OGM NN tape NN before IN allowing VVG recording NN of IN the DT phone NN conversation NN If IN it PP is VBZ , , then RB just RB get VV yourself PP the DT shortest JJS outgoing JJ message NN tape NN you PP can MD find VV and CC time VV your PP$ OGM NN to TO nearly RB fill VV it PP . SENT Also RB , , if IN you PP are VBP trying VVG to TO use VV an DT OGM NP tape NN recorded VVN on IN another DT answering NN machine NN , , even RB if IN the DT tape NN is VBZ compatible JJ , , the DT frequency NN or CC coding VVG of IN the DT control NN tones NNS the DT beeps NNS may MD not RB be VB the DT same JJ . SENT Try VV re IN recording VVG it PP on IN the DT machine NN in IN question NN . SENT If IN these DT are VBP not RB the DT problems NNS , , the DT machine NN may MD not RB be VB sensing VVG the DT beep NN code NN put VVN on IN the DT tape NN when WRB you PP record VV the DT OGM NP or CC the DT beep NN is VBZ not RB being VBG recorded VVN properly RB . SENT This DT is VBZ likely RB an DT electronic JJ or CC logic NN problem NN requiring VVG the DT schematic NN unless IN you PP get VVP lucky JJ with IN bad JJ connections NNS or CC a DT broken JJ wire NN at IN the DT tape NN head NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 6 CD Answering NN machine NN picks VVZ up RP then RB hangs VVZ up RP If IN it PP has VHZ a DT telco NP and CC a DT phone NN connector NN verify VV that IN you PP are VBP plugged VVD into IN the DT telco NP . SENT Otherwise RB , , it PP may MD hang VV itself PP up RP . SENT Who WP knows VVZ . SENT If IN someone NN else RB attempted VVD a DT repair NN , , these DT jacks NNS could MD even RB have VH been VBN replaced VVN interchanged VVN . SENT Measure NN voltage NN on IN the DT relay NN coil NN . SENT If IN it PP actually RB disappears VVZ when WRB the DT relay NN cuts VVZ out RP , , then RB something NN is VBZ telling VVG the DT relay NN to TO turn VV off RP . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ just RB reduced VVN , , then RB there RB may MD be VB a DT power NN problem NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ relatively RB stable JJ , , then RB the DT relay NN may MD be VB bad JJ . SENT Test NN components NNS near IN the DT telephone NN connection NN for IN shorts NNS opens VVZ . SENT Parts NNS connected VVN to TO the DT telephone NN line NN get VV abused VVN by IN the DT ringing VVG voltage NN and CC other JJ transients NNS . SENT Maybe RB you PP will MD get VV lucky JJ and CC find VV a DT fried JJ part NN . SENT If IN you PP can MD identify VV the DT power NN supply NN outputs NNS , , verify VV their PP$ voltages NNS if IN possible JJ . SENT Check VV the DT wall NN wart NN if IN it PP uses VVZ one CD for IN proper JJ output NN . SENT Make VV sure RB that IN the DT tape NN mechanisms NNS have VHP completed VVN their PP$ cycles NNS . SENT While IN unlikely JJ , , it PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN the DT logic NN gets VVZ confused VVN if IN one CD of IN the DT tape NN units NNS has VHZ not RB reset VV itself PP due JJ to TO a DT mechanical JJ fault NN like IN a DT bad JJ belt NN . SENT As RB usual JJ with IN cheaply RB made VVN consumer NN stuff NN as RB well RB as IN cheaply RB made VVN expensive JJ industrial JJ stuff NN , , check NN for IN bad JJ connections NNS . SENT Beyond IN this DT , , circuit NN diagrams NNS would MD be VB a DT definite JJ plus NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 7 CD Answering NN machine NN does VVZ not RB complete VV cycle NN This DT is VBZ often RB a DT mechanical JJ problem NN . SENT As IN it PP goes VVZ through IN the DT cycle NN , , see VVP if IN the DT mechanism NN is VBZ perhaps RB getting VVG hung VVN up RP at IN a DT certain JJ point NN do VVP to TO a DT weak JJ spring NN or CC motor NN . SENT A DT cam NN may MD get VV stuck VVN or CC a DT solenoid NN may MD fail VV to TO engage VV . SENT Gently RB prodding VVG the DT uncooperative JJ part NN or CC any DT likely JJ parts NNS if IN the DT appropriate JJ one NN is VBZ not RB obvious JJ may MD convince VV it PP to TO continue VV and CC allow VV you PP to TO make VV a DT diagnosis NN . SENT For IN endless JJ loop NN outgoing JJ cassettes NNS make VVP sure JJ that IN the DT metal NN sense NN strip NN is VBZ not RB worn VVN off RP and CC that IN the DT sensor NN is VBZ making VVG good JJ contact NN . SENT Try VV a DT new JJ outgoing JJ message NN cassette NN or CC manually RB short JJ the DT sensor NN contacts NNS to TO see VV if IN it PP will MD then RB shut VV down RP . SENT 7 CD . SENT 8 CD Answering NN machine NN has VHZ weak JJ outgoing JJ message NN You PP probably RB have VHP no DT way NN of IN knowing VVG since IN you PP probably RB never RB listen VV to TO the DT outgoing JJ message NN , , but CC did VVD the DT problem NN happen VV suddenly RB . SENT Does VVZ playback NN of IN the DT outgoing JJ message NN directly RB to TO the DT speaker NN appear VVP to TO be VB at IN normal JJ volume NN . SENT Do VV incoming JJ messaged NN get VV recorded VVN at IN normal JJ volume NN . SENT First RB , , confirm VVP that IN the DT unit NN is VBZ in IN good JJ mechanical JJ condition NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT General JJ guide NN to TO tape VV deck NN cleaning NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS replacement NN . SENT Clean VV the DT tape NN head NN and CC inspect VV for IN anything NN that WDT may MD be VB interfering VVG with IN good JJ tape NN head NN contact NN . SENT Clean VV the DT internal JJ record NN play NN selector NN switches NNS . SENT Dirty JJ contacts NNS can MD result VV in IN any DT number NN of IN symptoms NNS . SENT Assuming VVG that DT none NN of IN this DT helps VVZ significantly RB , , you PP are VBP left VVN with IN a DT problem NN in IN the DT electronics NNS . SENT If IN local JJ record NN and CC playback NN of IN the DT the DT outgoing JJ message NN works VVZ normally RB , , the DT problem NN is VBZ not RB a DT bad JJ tape NN head NN . SENT It PP is VBZ probably RB in IN the DT interface NN to TO the DT phone NN line NN . SENT If IN local JJ record NN and CC or CC playback NN do VVP not RB work VV correctly RB , , then RB there EX are VBP likely JJ problems NNS with IN that DT circuitry NN . SENT One CD other JJ slight JJ possibility NN is VBZ that IN you PP have VHP so RB much JJ equipment NN phones NNS , , modems NNS , , fax NN machines NNS , , etc FW . SENT on IN the DT phone NN line NN that IN in IN your PP$ house NN that IN the DT answering NN machine NN is VBZ not RB able JJ to TO drive VV the DT line NN properly RB and CC reduced VVN outgoing JJ message NN volume NN is VBZ the DT result NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 9 CD Newly RB installed VVN phone NN will MD not RB tone NN dial NN If IN a DT Touch NP Tone NP phone NN that WDT was VBD previously RB working VVG now RB does VVZ not RB tone NN dial NN from IN a DT new JJ jack NN or CC new JJ residence NN the DT button NN presses NNS are VBP totally RB ignored VVN , , but CC all DT other JJ functions NNS are VBP unaffected JJ , , the DT red JJ and CC green JJ wires NNS are VBP probably RB interchanged VVN at IN the DT new JJ jack NN , , or CC the DT phone NN itself PP is VBZ miswired VVN the DT wires NNS inside IN the DT phone NN may MD have VH been VBN interchanged VVN to TO compensate VV for IN an DT incorrectly RB wired VVN jack NN at IN the DT old JJ location NN . SENT Newer JJR electronic JJ phones NNS will MD utilize VV either DT polarity NN . SENT The DT older JJR ATT NP battlewagons NNS will MD only RB dial VV when WRB hooked VVN up RP with IN the DT correct JJ polarity NN . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB affect VV conversation NN , , ring NN , , or CC rotary JJ phones NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT 10 CD Cordless JJ phone NN problems NNS There EX are VBP several JJ types NNS of IN problems NNS with IN cordless JJ phones NNS that WDT can MD be VB diagnosed VVN and CC repaired VVN without IN sophisticated JJ test NN equipment NN . SENT Anything NN involving VVG problems NNS with IN the DT RF NP or CC digital JJ circuitry NN is VBZ not RB likely JJ to TO be VB within IN the DT scope NN of IN your PP$ capabilities NNS , , at IN least JJS not RB without IN complete JJ schematics NNS yeh NP , , right RB , , test NN equipment NN , , and CC a DT miracle NN or CC two CD . SENT 1 CD . SENT Bad JJ rechargeable JJ battery NN dead NN , , shorted VVN cell NN s PP , , or CC reduced JJ capacity NN . SENT The DT NiCd NP battery NN packs VVZ in IN cordless JJ phones NNS are VBP usually RB easily RB replaced VVN for IN around IN 5 CD 10 CD . SENT This DT really RB is VBZ the DT best JJS solution NN . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ almost RB never RB in IN the DT charging VVG circuits NNS . SENT Replacing VVG individual JJ cells NNS is VBZ not RB recommended VVN . SENT Battery NN packs NNS can MD be VB built VVN up RP from IN individual JJ NiCd NP cells NNS with IN solder NN tabs NNS for IN a DT modest JJ cost NN savings NNS . SENT Reuse VV the DT old JJ battery NN pack NN connector NN you PP may MD need VV to TO do VV this DT with IN a DT replacement NN pack NN as RB well RB if IN the DT new JJ connector NN is VBZ not RB identical JJ to TO the DT old JJ one NN , , double JJ check NN polarity NN , , and CC tape NN and CC insulate VV your PP$ homemade JJ pack NN after IN soldering VVG to TO prevent VV shorts NNS . SENT A DT NiCd NP battery NN pack NN with IN shorted VVN cells NNS will MD either RB prevent VV operation NN totally RB or CC keep VV the DT battery NN low JJ light NN resulting VVG in IN a DT weak JJ , , noisy JJ , , or CC intermittent JJ connection NN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN measured VVN on IN the DT battery NN pack NN after IN 24 CD hours NNS of IN charging VVG is VBZ less JJR than IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN times NNS the DT number NN of IN cells NNS in IN the DT pack NN , , it PP is VBZ most RBS likely RB bad JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Dirty JJ keypad NN resulting VVG in IN intermittent JJ , , incorrect JJ , , or CC no DT operation NN of IN buttons NNS on IN handset NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB due JJ to TO internal JJ migration NN of IN some DT unidentified JJ substance NN how WRB else RB to TO describe VV disgusting JJ sticky JJ gunk NN that WDT has VHZ no DT right NN being VBG there RB on IN multiple JJ samples NNS of IN the DT same JJ model NN phone NN or CC from IN external JJ spills NNS . SENT If IN you PP are VBP lucky JJ , , the DT keypad NN can MD be VB disassembled VVN without IN resorting VVG to TO drastic JJ measures NNS . SENT There EX may MD be VB screws NNS or CC it PP may MD snap VVP apart RB once RB access NN is VBZ gained VVN to TO the DT inside NN of IN the DT handset NN . SENT Clean JJ contact NN surfaces VVZ on IN both CC the DT rubber NN button NN panel NN or CC plastic NN keys NNS and CC the DT circuit NN board NN first JJ with IN soap NN and CC water NN and CC then RB with IN isopropyl NN alcohol NN . SENT Dry NP thoroughly RB . SENT If IN the DT keypad NN is VBZ assembled VVN with IN upset JJ plastic JJ fancy JJ term NN for IN little JJ melted VVN plastic NN posts NNS , , then RB you PP should MD probably RB try VV contact NN cleaner JJR sprayed VVN as IN best JJS as RB possible JJ through IN any DT openings NNS before IN attempting VVG to TO cut VV these DT away RB since IN reassembling VVG the DT keypad NN without IN the DT plastic JJ posts NNS will MD be VB difficult JJ . SENT However RB , , I PP have VHP successfully RB repaired VVN these DT by IN breaking VVG off RP the DT tops NNS of IN the DT posts NNS to TO remove VV the DT circuit NN board NN and CC rubber NN keys NNS , , and CC then RB using VVG a DT dab NN of IN windshield NN sealer NN on IN each DT post NN as IN an DT adhesive NN to TO hold VV the DT thing NN together RB after IN cleaning NN . SENT However RB , , I PP much RB prefer VVP screws NNS . SENT . SENT 3 LS . SENT Bad JJ AC NP adapter NN on IN base NN station NN see VVP the DT chapter NN . SENT AC NP Adapters NNS . SENT This DT will MD likely RB result VV in IN a DT dead JJ base NN station NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Bad JJ phone NN line NN connection NN don't NN ignore VVP this DT possibility NN test NN with IN another DT phone NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Bad JJ circuitry NN on IN phone NN line NN side NN of IN interface NN coupling NN transformer NN inspect VVP for IN blown VVN or CC shorted VVN components NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT Bad JJ connections NNS or CC broken JJ circuit NN board NN if IN the DT handset NN has VHZ seen VVN violent JJ service NN , , these DT are VBP likely JJ possibilities NNS . SENT See VV the DT section NN on IN . SENT Equipment NN dropped VVD or CC abused VVN . SENT 7 CD . SENT You PP forgot VVD the DT code NN number NN some DT phones NNS use VVP a DT multidigit NN code NN number NN as IN a DT marginal JJ security NN feature NN which WDT must MD match VV on IN handset NN and CC base NN station NN . SENT If IN the DT battery NN goes VVZ dead JJ in IN the DT handset NN or CC the DT AC NP adapter NN is VBZ pulled VVN on IN the DT base NN station NN , , this DT code NN may MD be VB forgotten VVN . SENT You PP do VVP have VH the DT user's NNS manual JJ , , right RB . SENT BTW NP , , do VVP set VV this DT code NN to TO a DT non JJ default NN value NN . SENT I PP was VBD once RB able JJ to TO dial VV out RP on IN my PP$ neighbor's JJ cordless JJ phone NN using VVG my PP$ phone NN from IN my PP$ house NN as IN a DT result NN , , I PP suspect VVP , , of IN their PP$ phone NN being VBG set VVN to TO its PP$ default NN code NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT Base NN station NN and CC handset NN out IN of IN sync NN some DT models NNS require VVP that IN the DT base NN station NN initialize VV the DT handset NN before IN any DT communication NN is VBZ possible JJ between IN them PP . SENT Put VV the DT handset NN on IN the DT base NN station NN for IN a DT few JJ seconds NNS to TO reset VV . SENT This DT can MD happen VV at IN any DT time NN due JJ to TO circumstances NNS beyond IN human JJ control NN but CC will MD almost RB certainly RB happen VV if IN you PP replace VV or CC disconnect VV the DT battery NN in IN the DT handset NN of IN these DT model NN phones NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT 11 CD Cordless JJ phone NN keypads NNS From IN . SENT Martin NP Sniedze NP MSniedze NP STRNNTS NP 1 CD . SENT telecom NP . SENT com NN . SENT au FW . SENT I PP found VVD that IN the DT keypad NN was VBD always RB getting VVG wet JJ oily JJ somehow RB . SENT Cleaning VVG with IN alcohol NN only RB fixed VVN the DT dialing VVG problem NN for IN about IN a DT week NN . SENT A DT bit NN of IN asking VVG at IN phone NN repairer NN revealed VVD that IN sanyo NP has VHZ a DT possible JJ problem NN with IN the DT keypads NNS absorbing VVG emitting VVG the DT oily JJ substance NN . SENT The DT repairer NN sold VVD me PP a DT membrane NN that WDT goes VVZ between IN the DT silicon NN keypad NN and CC the DT PCB NP , , it PP has VHZ carbon NN pads NNS on IN the DT back NN . SENT It PP stops VVZ the DT moisture NN getting VVG through RP . SENT It PP has VHZ completely RB fixed VVN the DT problem NN in IN my PP$ phone NN it PP was VBD done VVN 6 CD months NNS ago RB . SENT They PP should MD be VB free JJ . SENT 7 CD . SENT 12 CD Erratic JJ or CC noisy JJ telephone NN equipment NN The DT following NN applies VVZ to TO normal JJ desk NN or CC wall NN phones NNS , , cordless JJ phones NNS , , modems NNS , , answering VVG machines NNS , , fax NN machines NNS essentially RB anything NN plugged VVD or CC wired VVN into IN the DT phone NN system NN . SENT Always RB check VV the DT cords NNS first RB especially RB the DT one NN between IN the DT handset NN and CC the DT desk NN or CC wall NN phone VVP itself PP since IN it PP gets VVZ a DT lot NN of IN abuse NN . SENT Noisy JJ , , intermittent JJ , , or CC totally RB dead JJ behavior NN is VBZ possible JJ . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS , , even RB the DT electronics NN ringer NN will MD not RB work VV if IN a DT wire NN in IN this DT cord NN is VBZ broken VVN as IN the DT ringing NN signal NN is VBZ generated VVN in IN the DT handset NN and CC sent VVD back RB to TO the DT ringer NN unit NN . SENT Try VV jiggling VVG the DT cord NN at IN both DT ends NNS to TO see VV if IN noise NN is VBZ generated VVN or CC behavior NN changes NNS . SENT Even RB permanently RB wired VVN in IN cords NNS are VBP replaceable JJ just RB take VV care NN to TO draw VV a DT diagram NN and CC or CC label VV all PDT the DT wires NNS before IN disconnecting VVG the DT old JJ one CD . SENT Bad JJ connections NNS are VBP relatively RB rare JJ in IN original JJ ATT NP dial NN or CC Touch NP Tone NP telephones NNS . SENT These DT old JJ phones NNS also RB used VVD very RB high JJ quality NN contacts NNS for IN the DT on IN hook NN , , dial NN , , and CC button NN switches NNS which WDT rarely RB resulted VVD in IN problems NNS . SENT However RB , , with IN the DT multitude NN of IN modern JJ equipment NN of IN all DT degrees NNS of IN quality NN , , bad JJ connections NNS and CC dirty JJ or CC degraded VVN switches NNS and CC relays NNS are VBP very RB common JJ . SENT The DT various JJ microswitches NNS and CC or CC relays NNS for IN on IN hook NN and CC other JJ functions NNS seem VVP to TO be VB particularly RB prone JJ to TO degredation NN if IN not RB properly RB specified VVN in IN the DT design NN . SENT If IN phone NN line NN pickup NN or CC mode NN switching NN is VBZ noisy JJ or CC erratic JJ , , this DT is VBZ a DT likely JJ cause NN . SENT Most JJS of IN these DT swiches NNS and CC relays NNS are VBP replaceable JJ although IN creativity NN may MD be VB required VVN as IN an DT exact JJ match NN may MD not RB be VB easy JJ to TO locate VV . SENT To TO assure VV that IN the DT problem NN is VBZ actually RB with IN the DT particular JJ piece NN of IN equipment NN , , disconnect VV other JJ devices NNS on IN the DT same JJ telephone NN line NN . SENT Aside RB from IN the DT obvious JJ oversight NN of IN a DT phone NN that WDT has VHZ not RB been VBN hung VVN up RP , , modems NNS or CC fax NN machines NNS that WDT are VBP not RB powered VVN on RP may MD load VV the DT phone NN lines NNS excessively RB . SENT For IN example NN , , if IN you PP have VHP two CD PCs NNS with IN modem NN connections NNS to TO the DT same JJ phone NN line NN , , the DT signal NN quality NN on IN one CD of IN them PP may MD degrade VV to TO the DT point NN of IN reducing VVG the DT effective JJ transmission NN speed NN , , producing VVG an DT excessive JJ error NN rate NN , , or CC not RB successfully RB connecting VVG at IN all DT if IN the DT other JJ is VBZ turned VVN off RP . SENT They PP may MD also RB behave VV strangely RB if IN the DT Originate VV Answer NN settings NNS of IN the DT modem NN are VBP set VVN incorrectly RB but CC that DT is VBZ another DT matter NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 13 CD Checking NN phones NNS and CC answering VVG machines NNS for IN electronic JJ problems NNS Most JJS signal NN problems NNS will MD be VB related VVN to TO failed VVN components NNS on IN the DT telephone NN line NN side NN of IN the DT coupling NN transformer NN including VVG components NNS in IN the DT phone NN line NN derived VVN power NN supply NN if IN used VVN . SENT Phone NN lines NNS are VBP subject JJ to TO all DT kinds NNS of IN abuse NN including VVG lightning NN strikes NNS although IN something NN significant JJ may MD do VV extensive JJ damage NN beyond IN reasonably RB hope NN of IN repair NN . SENT Test VV all PDT the DT components NNS on IN the DT telephone NN line NN side NN of IN the DT coupling NN transformer NN when WRB line NN connect VV , , detect VV , , or CC dial NN problems NNS are VBP encountered VVN . SENT There EX may MD be VB shorted VVN semiconductors NNS due JJ to TO a DT voltage NN spike NN or CC just RB bad JJ luck NN . SENT Some DT units NNS extract VV power NN from IN the DT phone NN line NN and CC the DT rectifiers NNS or CC other JJ related JJ components NNS can MD go VV bad JJ . SENT This DT can MD result VV in IN either DT power NN problems NNS telephone NN is VBZ totally RB dead JJ or CC dialing NN problems NNS . SENT Make VV sure JJ you PP are VBP using VVG the DT proper JJ AC NP adapter NN and CC test VV it PP for IN correct JJ output NN . SENT There EX could MD be VB a DT defective JJ power NN supply NN inside IN the DT phone NN the DT regulator NN could MD be VB shorted VVN or CC a DT filter NN capacitor NN could MD be VB dried VVN up RP . SENT See VV the DT chapter NN . SENT Equipment NP Power NP Supplies VVZ . SENT Check NN for IN loose JJ or CC broken JJ connections NNS phones NNS get VVP dropped VVN . SENT For IN erratic JJ dialing NN problems NNS , , inspect VV and CC clean VV the DT keypad NN and CC other JJ switch NN contacts NNS . SENT Also RB see VV the DT section NN . SENT Cordless JJ phone NN problems NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT 14 CD Modem NN problems NNS First RB , , confirm VVP that IN your PP$ modem NN settings NNS are VBP correct JJ reset NN the DT modem NN to TO factory NN defaults NNS using VVG the DT Hayes NP AT IN commands NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , AT IN F NP 1 CD or CC dip VV switch NN settings NNS . SENT Confirm VV that IN your PP$ software NN is VBZ set VVN up RP correctly RB and CC that IN there EX are VBP no DT IRQ NP or CC IO NP address NN conflicts NNS . SENT If IN the DT modem NN starts VVZ to TO dial VV but CC aborts VVZ and CC hangs VVZ up RP , , confirm VV that IN you PP do VVP not RB have VH the DT wiring NN of IN the DT telco NP and CC phone NN connectors NNS interchanges VVZ . SENT Also RB see VV the DT section NN . SENT Erratic JJ or CC noisy JJ telephone NN equipment NN . SENT Since IN the DT phone NN line NN is VBZ subject JJ to TO all DT kinds NNS of IN abuse NN , , most RBS actual JJ problems NNS that WDT are VBP not RB software NN related VVN , , will MD be VB on IN the DT phone NN line NN side NN of IN the DT coupling NN transformer NN . SENT There EX will MD be VB various JJ diodes NNS , , transistors NNS , , capacitors NNS , , opto NP isolators NNS , , and CC relays VVZ for IN routing VVG the DT incoming JJ and CC outgoing JJ signals NNS , , or CC for IN protection NN and CC these DT can MD fail VV shorted VVN or CC open JJ . SENT There EX may MD be VB an DT actual JJ fuse NN or CC more JJR than IN one CD as IN well RB but CC it PP will MD probably RB not RB look VV like IN a DT common JJ fuse NN but CC may MD be VB very RB tiny JJ more JJR like IN a DT resistor NN or CC even RB a DT surface NN mount VV part NN . SENT Hopefully RB , , the DT circuit NN board NN will MD be VB marked VVN F NP 1 CD or CC PR NP 1 CD or CC something NN similar JJ . SENT Check NN fuses NNS for IN opens VVZ . SENT A DT lightning NN strike NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO obliterate VV components NNS in IN the DT modem NN beyond IN even RB your PP$ abilities NNS to TO salvage VV it PP . SENT If IN it PP arcs VVZ over IN the DT coupling NN transformer NN or CC just RB induces VVZ a DT large JJ enough JJ voltage NN spike NN , , the DT logic NN circuitry NN will MD be VB history NN . SENT However RB , , in IN many JJ cases NNS , , damage NN is VBZ minor JJ . SENT If IN you PP have VHP signal NN problems NNS a DT modem NN will MD try VV to TO dial VV out RP but CC not RB make VV its PP$ way NN to TO the DT phone NN line NN , , testing VVG on IN each DT side NN of IN the DT couping VVG transformer NN with IN a DT scope NN or CC Hi NP Z NP headphones NN should MD be VB able JJ to TO determine VV if IN the DT problem NN is VBZ on IN the DT logic NN or CC phone NN line NN side NN of IN the DT device NN . SENT Check NN that IN the DT proper JJ AC NP adapter NN is VBZ being VBG used VVN if IN relevant JJ and CC that DT is VBZ is VBZ putting VVG out RP the DT proper JJ voltage NN . SENT Check VV the DT internal JJ power NN supply NN components NNS for IN proper JJ output NN . SENT They PP are VBP often RB common JJ IC NP regulators NNS like IN the DT 7805 CD and CC are VBP easily RB tested VVN . SENT Replacements NNS are VBP inexpensive JJ and CC plentiful JJ . SENT From IN . SENT Rick NP Miller NP wizkid NN mv NN . SENT mv NP . SENT com NN . SENT First JJ thing NN to TO check VV . SENT almost RB all DT modems NNS have VHP a DT pair NN of IN low JJ value NN resistors NNS 10 CD 20 CD ohm NN between IN the DT phone NN line NN and CC their PP$ line NN transformer NN . SENT I PP got VVD a DT 2400 CD baud NN voicemail NP modem NN for IN free JJ this DT way NN . SENT Repaired VVN an DT unrepairable JJ modem NN according VVG to TO the DT ACER NP computer NN technician NN . SENT . SENT Replaced VVN a DT booger JJR resister NN with IN a DT real JJ 1 CD 2 CD job NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT had VHD to TO work VV hard RB to TO get VV the DT leads NNS soldered VVN onto IN the DT SMT NP pads VVZ . SENT . SENT From IN . SENT Jordan NP Hazen NP jnh NP aardvark NN . SENT cen NP . SENT ufl NN . SENT edu NN . SENT Yes UH , , in IN my PP$ experience NN you're NN much RB more RBR likely JJ to TO sustain VV damage NN from IN a DT phone NN line NN surge NN than IN anything NN on IN the DT power NN grid NN . SENT Modem NN electronics NNS tend VVP to TO be VB more RBR delicate JJ than IN the DT stuff NN in IN your PP$ power NN supply NN . SENT First JJ thing NN to TO check VV . SENT almost RB all DT modems NNS have VHP a DT pair NN of IN low JJ value NN resistors NNS 10 CD 20 CD ohm NN between IN the DT phone NN line NN and CC their PP$ line NN transformer NN . SENT These DT are VBP intended VVN to TO take VV the DT brunt NN of IN a DT lightning NN hit NN and CC protect VV the DT electronics NNS upstream RB . SENT Traditionally RB , , these DT have VHP been VBN large JJ , , high JJ current JJ resistors NNS like IN 1 CD 2 CD watt NN , , but CC sometimes RB now RB they PP try VVP to TO get VV away RB with IN little RB 1 CD 16 CD watt NN surface NN mount VVP ones NNS that WDT are VBP much RB more RBR likely JJ to TO blow VV . SENT Sometimes RB it's NNS obvious JJ when WRB the DT resistors NNS have VHP died VVN , , with IN visible JJ singe NN marks NNS , , pieces NNS blown VVN away RB . SENT , , etc FW . SENT Usually RB these DT fail VVP as IN an DT open JJ , , resulting VVG in IN NO DT DIALTONE NP on IN trying VVG to TO connect VV . SENT Other JJ vulnerable JJ stuff NN includes VVZ the DT zener JJR diodes NNS intended VVN to TO clip VV down RP incoming JJ ring NN voltage NN , , on IN the DT transformer NN primary JJ telco NP side NN . SENT These DT may MD fail VV as IN a DT short JJ circuit NN . SENT The DT ring NN detect VVP optoisolator NN may MD also RB blow VV , , and CC it PP can MD simply RB be VB removed VVN if IN you PP don't VVD need VV to TO take VV incoming JJ calls NNS . SENT One CD of IN my PP$ modems NNS actually RB had VHD the DT line NN relay's NN contacts NNS welded VVN together RB by IN a DT lightning NN hit NN , , so RB it PP stayed VVD off RB hook VV constantly RB . SENT Check VV the DT isolation NN transformer NN for IN a DT open JJ coil NN on IN either DT side NN . SENT If IN it's NNS a DT high JJ speed NN modem NN , , be VB sure JJ to TO replace VV blown VVN transformers NNS with IN one CD of IN about IN the DT same JJ type NN quality NN . SENT . SENT . SENT the DT ones NNS on IN 2400 CD baud NN modems NNS usually RB had VHD poor JJ frequency NN response NN linearity NN . SENT Any DT damage NN beyond IN the DT transformer NN will MD be VB hard JJ to TO repair VV w NN o NN a DT schematic NN , , since IN the DT surface NN mount VV diodes NNS , , transistors NNS , , etc FW . SENT damaged JJ may MD be VB hard JJ to TO ID NN for IN replacement NN on IN a DT surface NN mount VV board NN . SENT Something NN blown VVN in IN this DT area NN may MD cause VV slow JJ error NN prone JJ connections NNS , , rather RB than IN complete JJ failure NN . SENT It PP happened VVD to TO be VB with IN a DT particularly RB nasty JJ strike NN the DT one NN welding VVG the DT line NN relay NN closed VVD , , transforming VVG a DT 33 CD . SENT 6 CD k NN modem NN into IN a DT 4800 CD . SENT Oh UH , , and CC if IN the DT modem's NNS completely RB dead RB no DT response NN to TO AT IN commands NNS you're NN probably RB out RB of IN luck NN . SENT . SENT . SENT this DT means VVZ there's RB damage VV to TO the DT digital JJ logic NN , , and CC it's NNS invariably RB the DT 200 CD pin NN custom NN ASICs NP that IN blow NN rather RB that IN 74 CD xxx NN buffers NNS . SENT From IN . SENT jlager NN tir NN . SENT com NN . SENT My PP$ experiences NNS with IN the DT front JJ end NN of IN answering NN machines NNS are VBP welded VVN relay NN contacts NNS mostly RB . SENT The DT symptom NN is VBZ usually RB holding VVG down RP the DT line NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT 15 CD Identifying VVG and CC replacing VVG SMD NP devices NNS See VV the DT document NN . SENT Surface NP Mount NP SMD NP Transistor NN Diode NN Cross NP reference NN . SENT If IN this DT does VVZ not RB list VV your PP$ device NN or CC it PP is VBZ so RB fried VVN that IN no DT markings NNS survive VVP , , you PP can MD usually RB use VV some DT educated VVN guesswork NN to TO select VV a DT suitable JJ replacement NN . SENT SMD NP types NNS can MD usually RB be VB replaced VVN with IN normal JJ devices NNS since IN there EX is VBZ usually RB sufficient JJ space NN . SENT If IN there EX are VBP any DT other JJ SMD NP parts NNS with IN the DT identical JJ marking VVG , , you PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO determine VV pinout NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , BCE NP for IN transistors NNS see VVP the DT document NN . SENT Testing NN of IN Semiconductor NP Devices NPS with IN a DT DMM NP or CC VOM NP and CC replace VV with IN a DT general JJ purpose NN non JJ SMD NP type NN . SENT I PP doubt VVP that IN the DT specifications NNS of IN parts NNS used VVN in IN telephones NNS or CC modems NNS are VBP critical JJ . SENT Even RB if IN there EX are VBP no DT identical JJ device NN , , if IN you PP can MD determine VV the DT voltages NNS on IN the DT pins NNS , , you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO guess VV the DT type NN . SENT The DT worst JJS that IN will MD likely RB happen VV if IN you PP are VBP wrong JJ is VBZ to TO blow VV your PP$ replacement NN device NN anything NN that IN this DT will MD do VV the DT rest NN of IN the DT circuitry NN has VHZ already RB been VBN done VVN . SENT Chapter NN 8 CD Calculators NNS , , Clocks NNS , , and CC Watches VVZ 8 CD . SENT 1 CD Problems NP with IN calculators NNS Small JJ hand NN held VVN and CC desk NN calculators NNS share NN many JJ of IN the DT same JJ afflictions NNS as IN hand NN held VVD IR JJ remote JJ controls NNS . SENT In IN particular JJ , , battery NN and CC keypad NN problems NNS are VBP common JJ . SENT Caution NN . SENT many JJ devices NNS using VVG LCD NP displays NNS utilize VV a DT printed JJ flex NN cable NN to TO interconnect VV the DT electronics NNS and CC the DT display NN . SENT Often RB , , this DT is VBZ simply RB glued VVN to TO the DT LCD NP panel NN and CC possibly RB to TO the DT logic NN board NN as IN well RB . SENT The DT cables NNS are VBP quite RB fragile JJ and CC easily RB torn VVN . SENT They PP are VBP also RB easily RB ripped VVN from IN the DT adhesive NN on IN the DT LCD NP panel NN or CC logic NN board NN . SENT If IN the DT unit NN is VBZ fairly RB old JJ , , this DT adhesive NN may MD be VB very RB weak JJ and CC brittle JJ . SENT Repair NN or CC replacement NN should MD this RB occur VV is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ . SENT The DT material NN used VVN for IN the DT conductors NNS is VBZ a DT type NN of IN conductive JJ paint NN that IN cannot NN be VB soldered VVN . SENT It PP may MD be VB possible JJ to TO use VV a DT similar JJ material NN like IN the DT conductive JJ Epoxy NN used VVN to TO repair VV printed JJ circuit NN boards NNS but CC this DT would MD be VB extremely RB tedious JJ painstaking JJ work NN . SENT Be VB extremely RB careful JJ when WRB moving VVG any DT of IN the DT internal JJ components NNS LCD NP , , logic NN board NN , , keyboard NN , , battery NN holder NN pack NN , , and CC printer NN . SENT The DT following VVG problems NNS are VBP likely JJ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Batteries NNS one CD or CC more JJR cells NNS are VBP dead JJ , , weak JJ , , or CC have VHP leaked VVN . SENT Try VV a DT new JJ set NN if IN normal JJ primary JJ cells NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , alkaline JJ are VBP used VVN . SENT Clean VV the DT battery NN contacts NNS . SENT Where WRB rechargeable JJ usually RB NiCd NP batteries NNS are VBP used VVN , , one CD or CC more JJR cells NNS may MD have VH shorted VVN resulting VVG in IN a DT dead JJ calculator NN or CC dim JJ display NN , , or CC printer NN that IN doesn't JJ work NN reliably RB . SENT See VV the DT chapter NN . SENT Batteries NNS . SENT Test VV each DT cell NN after IN charging VVG for IN the DT recommended JJ time NN or CC overnight JJ . SENT NiCd JJ cells NNS should MD be VB about IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN when WRB fully RB charged VVN . SENT If IN any DT are VBP 0 CD V NN , , the DT cell NN is VBZ shorted VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ particularly RB likely JJ with IN a DT unit NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN left VVN in IN a DT closet NN unused JJ for IN an DT extended JJ period NN of IN time NN . SENT It PP is VBZ generally RB recommended VVN that IN the DT entire JJ battery NN pack NN be VB replaced VVN rather RB than IN a DT single JJ cell NN as IN the DT others NNS are VBP probably RB on IN their PP$ way NN out RP and CC the DT capacities NNS will MD not RB be VB equalized VVN anyhow RB . SENT Rechargeable JJ batteries NNS may MD be VB the DT cause NN of IN a DT calculator NN that WDT does VVZ not RB work VV properly RB on IN AC NP power NN as RB well RB since IN they PP are VBP usually RB used VVN like IN a DT large JJ filter NN capacitor NN and CC shorted VVN cells NNS will MD prevent VV the DT required JJ DC NP voltage NN from IN being VBG provided VVN to TO the DT electronics NNS . SENT Open JJ cells NNS or CC bad JJ battery NN connections NNS will MD prevent VV this DT filtering VVG as IN well RB and CC may MD result VV in IN erratic JJ operation NN or CC other JJ symptoms NNS . SENT For IN this DT reason NN , , it PP may MD not RB be VB possible JJ to TO run VV a DT unit NN of IN this DT type NN reliably RB or CC at IN all DT with IN the DT rechargeable JJ batteries NNS removed VVD . SENT Some DT calculators NNS that WDT use VVP rechargeable JJ batteries NNS like IN older JJR HPs NNS and CC TIs NNS have VHP a DT battery NN pack NN of IN 24 CD . SENT 4 CD to TO 3 CD . SENT 6 CD V NN with IN a DT DC NP DC NP inverter NN to TO obtain VV the DT 9 CD V NN or CC so RB that IN the DT NMOS NP chipset NN required VVD . SENT These DT rarely RB fail VVP except IN possibly RB due JJ to TO leakage NN of IN neglected JJ dead JJ batteries NNS . SENT However RB , , good JJ batteries NNS need VVP to TO be VB in IN place NN for IN the DT calculator NN to TO work VV properly RB . SENT If IN you PP are VBP not RB interested JJ in IN using VVG these DT types NNS of IN calculators NNS on IN batteries NNS , , disconnect VV the DT DC NP DC NP convertor NN and CC substitute VV a DT suitable JJ AC NP adapter NN . SENT Check VV the DT voltage NN and CC current JJ requirements NNS for IN your PP$ particular JJ model NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Keypad NN dirt NN , , gunk NN , , and CC wear NN may MD result VV in IN one CD or CC more JJR keys NNS that WDT are VBP intermittent JJ or CC bounce VV result NN in IN multiple JJ entries NNS . SENT Disassemble VV , , clean VV and CC restore VV the DT conductive JJ coating NN if IN necessary JJ . SENT See VV the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Hand NP Held NP Remote JJ Controls NP . SENT 3 LS . SENT Printer NN where WRB applicable JJ in IN addition NN to TO replacing VVG the DT ribbon NN when WRB the DT print NN quality NN deteriorates VVZ , , cleaning NN and CC lubrication NN may MD be VB needed VVN periodically RB . SENT Dust NN , , dirt NN , , and CC paper NN particles NNS collect VVP and CC gum NN up IN the DT works NNS . SENT Clean NP and CC then RB relube NN with IN light JJ machine NN oil NN or CC grease NN as IN appropriate JJ . SENT Sometimes RB , , gears VVZ or CC other JJ parts NNS break VVP resulting VVG in IN erratic JJ operation NN or CC paper NN or CC other JJ jams NNS . SENT Locating VVG service NN parts NNS is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT AC NP adapter NN if IN the DT calculator NN does VVZ not RB work VV when WRB plugged VVD into IN the DT AC NP line NN , , this DT may MD be VB defective JJ broken VVN wires NNS at IN either DT end NN of IN the DT cord NN are VBP very RB common JJ . SENT However RB , , shorted VVN cells NNS in IN an DT internal JJ NiCd NP battery NN will MD likely RB prevent VV the DT proper JJ voltage NN from IN being VBG supplied VVN to TO the DT electronics NNS even RB when WRB using VVG AC NP power NN since IN the DT battery NN is VBZ often RB used VVN like IN a DT large JJ filter NN capacitor NN at IN the DT same JJ time NN it PP is VBZ being VBG charged VVN . SENT Open JJ cells NNS or CC bad JJ connections NNS to TO the DT battery NN pack NN may MD result VV in IN erratic JJ operation NN or CC other JJ symptoms NNS as IN well RB . SENT Don't NP overlook VVP the DT obvious JJ . SENT are VBP you PP using VVG the DT proper JJ adapter NN and CC if IN it PP is VBZ a DT universal JJ type NN , , is VBZ the DT polarity NN and CC voltage NN set VVN correctly RB . SENT Check VV the DT specifications NNS . SENT With IN the DT proliferation NN of IN AC NP adapters NNS , , it PP is VBZ all RB to TO easy JJ to TO accidentally RB substitute VV one PP from IN another DT device NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT 2 CD Repairing VVG a DT calculator NN or CC other JJ device NN with IN a DT fried JJ power NN transformer NN There RB may MD be VB a DT thermal JJ fuse NN under IN the DT outer JJ layers NNS of IN insulation NN with IN is VBZ the DT only JJ casualty NN . SENT It PP is VBZ worth JJ checking VVG out RP . SENT The DT specific JJ example NN below RB is VBZ for IN a DT Sharp NP desktop NN calculator NN , , model NN CS NP 1608 CD . SENT It PP has VHZ a DT power NN transformer NN with IN 6 CD wires NNS on IN the DT secondary JJ . SENT 2 CD red NN , , 2 CD yellow NN , , 1 CD orange NN , , and CC 1 CD brown JJ . SENT Power NN surges NNS , , overheating VVG , , or CC connecting VVG a DT 115 CD V NN device NN to TO a DT 220 CD V NN line NN can MD all RB blow VV the DT primary NN . SENT An DT overload NN could MD also RB but CC is VBZ likely RB not RB the DT problem NN . SENT In IN my PP$ experience NN , , it PP seems VVZ that IN the DT transformers NNS in IN these DT things NNS are VBP designed VVN so RB close JJ to TO core JJ saturation NN that IN excess JJ voltage NN will MD not RB be VB transferred VVN to TO the DT secondary JJ and CC even RB plugging VVG a DT 115 CD transformer NN device NN like IN a DT digital JJ clock NN into IN a DT 220 CD line NN will MD not RB kill VV the DT logic NN , , but CC just RB melts VVZ the DT transformer NN primary NN . SENT I PP have VHP a DT bag NN full JJ of IN the DT things NNS including VVG a DT cordless JJ phone NN which WDT were VBD damaged VVN in IN this DT manner NN when WRB someone NN decided VVD to TO do VV a DT little JJ house NN rewiring VVG . SENT You PP can MD guess VV the DT rest NN . SENT As RB far RB as IN the DT calculator NN goes VVZ , , there EX are VBP probably RB 2 CD sets NNS of IN secondary JJ windings NNS probably RB with IN centertaps NNS check VVP it PP with IN a DT multimeter NN . SENT I PP would MD guess VV that IN the DT brown JJ is VBZ the DT centertap NN for IN the DT reds NNS and CC the DT orange NN is VBZ the DT centertap NN for IN the DT yellows NNS but CC simple JJ tests NNS will MD confirm VV or CC refute VV this DT . SENT One PP may MD be VB for IN the DT logic NN and CC the DT other JJ for IN the DT printer NN motors NNS , , LCD NP , , who WP knows VVZ . SENT Obviously RB , , if IN you PP can MD obtain VV an DT exact JJ replacement NN , , this DT is VBZ truly RB the DT best JJS solution NN . SENT Short RB of IN this DT , , try VV to TO find VV someone NN who WP can MD measure VV the DT secondary JJ voltages NNS on IN a DT working VVG model NN of IN this DT calculator NN . SENT Then RB , , you PP could MD replace VV the DT transformer NN with IN a DT pair NN of IN readily RB available JJ transformers NNS with IN suitable JJ ratings NNS . SENT If IN you PP feel VVP on IN the DT lucky JJ side NN and CC can MD at IN least JJS determine VV which WDT wires NNS go VVP with IN which WDT windings NNS , , you PP could MD carefully RB bring VV up RP power NN on IN one CD output NN and CC see VV if IN there EX is VBZ any DT response NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB at IN least JJS 5 CD V NN . SENT Examining VVG the DT regulation NN circuitry NN and CC filter NN capacitors NNS could MD also RB provide VV a DT clue NN . SENT Also RB , , you PP could MD determine VV the DT ratio NN of IN the DT secondaries NNS by IN powering VVG one CD from IN a DT low JJ voltage NN AC NP source NN and CC measuring VVG the DT output NN of IN the DT other JJ assuming VVG the DT primary JJ isn't NN so RB messed VVD up RP as IN to TO load VV down RP the DT transformer NN due JJ to TO shorts NNS . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ options NNS besides IN giving VVG up RP . SENT 8 CD . SENT 3 CD Getting VVG inside IN calculators NNS Many JJ will MD have VH a DT couple NN of IN screws NNS possibly RB hidden VVN under IN rubber NN feet NNS or CC inside IN the DT battery NN compartment NN or CC snaps VVZ which WDT will MD permit VV the DT two CD halves NNS of IN the DT case NN to TO be VB separated VVN . SENT However RB , , some DT very RB popular JJ models NNS are VBP apparently RB not RB designed VVN to TO be VB repaired VVN at IN all DT . SENT Note NN . SENT I PP have VHP heard VVN that IN there EX is VBZ a DT somewhat RB less RBR destructive JJ but CC not RB any DT easier JJR procedure NN for IN getting VVG inside IN HP NP 48 CD s PP than IN that DT given VVN below RB but CC have VHP not RB seen VVN it PP . SENT From IN . SENT A DT . SENT R SYM . SENT Duell NP ard NP 12 CD eng NN . SENT cam NN . SENT ac NNS . SENT uk NP . SENT Have VHP you PP ever RB tried VVD to TO open VV up RP an DT HP NP 48 CD or CC just RB about IN any DT HP NP calculator NN later RBR than IN the DT 71 CD B NN . SENT It's NP non JJ trivial JJ to TO do VV non JJ destructively RB these DT darn JJ things NNS are VBP held VVN together RB by IN pegs NNS that WDT were VBD melted VVN over RP after IN the DT case NN was VBD assembled VVN . SENT From IN memory NN and CC I've NN never RB actually RB done VVN a DT 48 CD , , just RB the DT smaller JJR ones NNS you PP have VHP to TO . SENT 1 LS . SENT Remove VV batteries NNS , , cards NNS , , etc FW . SENT 2 LS . SENT Carefully RB peel VV off RP the DT metal NN overlay NN on IN the DT keyboard NN . SENT This DT can MD be VB done VVN without IN putting VVG a DT fold VVP in IN it PP , , but CC it PP takes VVZ practice NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Use VV a DT 4 CD mm NNS I PP think VVP drill NN held VVN in IN the DT fingers NNS to TO remove VV the DT tops NNS of IN the DT moulded VVN studs NNS holding VVG the DT case NN together RB 4 CD . SENT Pull VV off RP the DT back JJ part NN of IN the DT case NN . SENT You PP can MD now RB see VV the DT circuit NN board NN . SENT It's NP held VVD down RP by IN twisted JJ metal NN tabs NNS . SENT The DT keyboard NN is VBZ under IN it PP , , and CC is VBZ held VVN together RB by IN a DT lot NN more RBR of IN those DT infernal JJ moulded VVN studs NNS . SENT 8 CD . SENT 4 CD Battery NP powered VVN digital JJ clock NN problems NNS First RB , , try VVP a DT fresh JJ battery NN and CC clean VV the DT battery NN contacts NNS if IN necessary JJ . SENT If IN the DT battery NN is VBZ very RB low JJ or CC dead JJ , , well RB . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT When WRB the DT battery NN is VBZ low JJ or CC the DT connections NNS are VBP bad JJ , , the DT countdown NN logic NN may MD run VV erratically RB fast RB as IN well RB as RB slow JJ . SENT Give VV it PP a DT week NN and CC then RB see VV if IN the DT problem NN still RB exists VVZ . SENT If IN it PP does VVZ and CC the DT error NN is VBZ only RB a DT few JJ minutes NNS a DT week NN then RB an DT adjustment NN may MD be VB all PDT that DT is VBZ needed VVN . SENT If IN the DT error NN is VBZ much RB worse JJR like IN it PP is VBZ running VVG at IN half DT speed NN then RB there EX is VBZ a DT problem NN in IN the DT logic NN time NN for IN new JJ clock NN or CC at IN least JJS a DT new JJ movement NN . SENT There EX should MD be VB a DT recessed VVN screw NN for IN fine JJ speed NN adjustment NN accessible JJ from IN the DT back RB possibly RB after IN a DT sticker NN or CC outer JJ cover NN is VBZ removed VVN . SENT It PP may MD be VB marked VVN with IN a DT couple NN of IN arrows NNS and CC if IN you PP are VBP lucky JJ , , with IN the DT proper JJ direction NN for IN speed NN increase NN and CC decrease NN . SENT Without IN test NN equipment NN , , the DT best JJS you PP can MD do VV is VBZ a DT trial NN and CC error NN approach NN . SENT Turn VV the DT screw NN just RB the DT tiniest JJS bit NN in IN the DT appropriate JJ direction NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ not RB marked VVN , , use VV counterclockwise RB to TO slow VV it PP down RP and CC vice NN versa FW . SENT Wait VV a DT week NN , , then RB readjust VV if IN necessary JJ . SENT If IN you PP have VHP frequency NN counter NN with IN a DT time NN period NN mode NN , , you PP can MD try VV putting VVG it PP across IN the DT solenoid NN terminals NNS and CC adjusting VVG for IN exactly RB 1 CD . SENT 000000 CD second JJ . SENT Hopefully RB the DT load NN of IN the DT counter NN will MD not RB affect VV the DT oscillator NN frequency NN . SENT With IN sensitive JJ equipment NN , , it PP may MD even RB be VB possible JJ to TO do VV this DT without IN any DT connections NNS by IN detecting VVG the DT fundamental JJ frequency NN radiation NN of IN the DT quartz NN crystal NN oscillator NN and CC adjusting VVG it PP for IN exactly RB 32 CD , , 768 NP Hz NP most RBS common JJ . SENT However RB , , keep VV in IN mind NN that IN the DT clock's JJ quartz NN crystal NN accuracy NN required VVN to TO gain VV or CC lose VV less JJR than IN 1 CD minute NN a DT month NN is VBZ about RB 1 CD part NN in IN 43 CD , , 000 CD which WDT may MD be VB better JJR than IN that DT of IN your PP$ frequency NN counter's NNS timebase NN . SENT One CD alternative NN is VBZ to TO perform VV the DT same JJ measurement NN on IN a DT clock NN that WDT is VBZ known VVN to TO be VB accurate JJ and CC then RB match VV the DT one NN you PP are VBP adjusting VVG to TO that DT . SENT 8 CD . SENT 5 CD AC NP powered VVN digital JJ clock NN problems NNS Common JJ problems NNS include VVP totally RB dead JJ , , missing JJ segments NNS in IN display NN , , running VVG at IN the DT wrong JJ rate NN , , switches NNS or CC buttons NNS do VVP not RB work VV . SENT Also RB applies VVZ to TO the DT clock NN portions NNS of IN clock NN radios NNS . SENT Note NN that IN these DT is VBZ often RB a DT battery NN possibly RB just RB an DT 9 CD V NN alkaline JJ type NN for IN backup NN in IN the DT event NN of IN a DT power NN failure NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ missing JJ or CC dead JJ , , any DT momentary JJ power NN interruption NN will MD reset VV the DT clock NN . SENT Although IN a DT totally RB dead JJ clock NN could MD be VB caused VVN by IN a DT logic NN failure NN , , the DT most RBS likely JJ problem NN is VBZ in IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT The DT power NN transformer NN may MD have VH an DT open JJ winding VVG or CC there EX may MD a DT bad JJ connection NN elsewhere RB . SENT A DT diode NN may MD be VB defective JJ or CC a DT capacitor NN may MD be VB dried VVN up RP . SENT Often RB , , the DT secondary JJ of IN the DT power NN transformer NN is VBZ center NN tapped VVN test NN both CC sides NNS with IN a DT multimeter NN on IN its PP$ AC NP scale NN . SENT Typical JJ values NNS are VBP 6 CD 15 CD VRMS NP . SENT If IN both DT sides NNS are VBP dead JJ , , then RB the DT primary NN is VBZ likely RB open JJ . SENT There EX may MD be VB a DT blown VVN fusable JJ resistor NN under IN the DT coil NN wrappings NNS but CC a DT burnt JJ out JJ primary NN is VBZ likely JJ . SENT Although IN generic JJ replacement NN transformers NNS are VBP available JJ you PP will MD have VH two CD problems NNS . SENT determining VVG the DT exact JJ voltage NN and CC current JJ requirements NNS though IN these DT are VBP not RB usually RB critical JJ and CC obtaining VVG a DT suitable JJ regulatory JJ UL NP . SENT CE NP , , etc FW approved VVN transformer NN required VVN for IN fire NN safety NN reasons NNS . SENT If IN the DT transformer NN checks VVZ out RP , , trace VV the DT circuit NN to TO locate VV the DT DC NP outputs NNS . SENT These DT power NN supplies NNS are VBP usually RB pretty RB simple JJ and CC it PP should MD be VB easy JJ to TO locate VV any DT problems NNS . SENT Missing VVG segments NNS in IN the DT display NN are NN most RBS likely RB caused VVN by IN bad JJ connections NNS . SENT Try VV prodding VVG and CC twisting VVG the DT circuit NN board NN and CC inspect VV for IN cold JJ solder NN joints NNS . SENT A DT clock NN that WDT runs VVZ slow JJ on IN 50 CD Hz NP power NN or CC fast RB on IN 60 CD Hz NP power NN may MD not RB be VB compatible JJ with IN the DT local JJ line NN frequency NN since IN these DT clocks NNS usually RB use VVP the DT power NN line NN for IN timing NN rather RB than IN a DT quartz NN crystal NN . SENT This DT is VBZ actually RB a DT more RBR precise JJ as IN well RB as RB less RBR expensive JJ approach NN as IN the DT power NN line NN frequency NN long JJ term NN accuracy NN is VBZ nearly RB perfect JJ . SENT Sometimes RB there EX is VBZ a DT switch NN or CC jumper NN to TO select VV the DT line NN frequency NN . SENT Dirty JJ switches NNS and CC buttons NNS can MD be VB cleaned VVN using VVG a DT spray NN contact NN cleaner JJR . SENT 8 CD . SENT 6 CD Why WRB is VBZ my PP$ 2 CD LED VVN clock NN so RB much RB more RBR accurate JJ than IN the DT clock NN in IN my PP$ 2 CD , , 000 CD PC NN . SENT Computer NN clocks NNS use VVP a DT crystal NN and CC are VBP not RB tied VVN to TO the DT AC NP line NN after IN all DT , , they PP have VHP to TO keep VV time NN even RB when WRB the DT computer NN is VBZ unplugged VVN . SENT Cheap JJ digital JJ clocks NNS that WDT plug VVP into IN the DT AC NP line NN are VBP extremely RB accurate JJ better JJR than IN anything NN else RB you PP are VBP likely JJ to TO have VH access NN to TO short VV of IN the DT broadcast NN time NN signal NN . SENT The DT reason NN for IN this DT is VBZ that IN the DT power NN line NN frequency NN is VBZ referenced VVN to TO an DT atomic JJ clock NN somewhere RB and CC its PP$ long JJ term NN accuracy NN is VBZ therefore RB maintained VVN to TO great JJ precision NN . SENT Even RB the DT short JJ term NN frequency NN stability NN is VBZ very RB good JJ , , changing VVG by IN at IN most JJS a DT small JJ fraction NN of IN 1 CD percent NN due JJ to TO variations NNS in IN electric JJ load NN affecting VVG generator NN speed NN U NP . SENT S NP national JJ power NN grid NN isolated VVD areas NNS with IN local JJ power NN generators NNS could MD see VV much RB much RB wider JJR swings NNS . SENT These DT clocks NNS may MD not RB keep VV good JJ time NN if IN 1 CD the DT power NN line NN is VBZ very RB noisy JJ , , 2 CD there RB is VBZ a DT power NN outage NN , , or CC 3 CD they PP are VBP broken VVN . SENT Power NN line NN noise NN on IN the DT same JJ circuit NN might MD confuse VV some DT clocks NNS , , however RB . SENT This DT might MD happen VV with IN light JJ dimmers NNS or CC universal JJ motors NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , vacuum NN cleaners NNS , , electric JJ drills NNS , , etc FW . SENT on IN the DT same JJ circuit NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT 7 CD Replacing VVG batteries NNS in IN digital JJ watches NNS About IN the DT only JJ type NN of IN service NN you PP can MD expect VV to TO perform VV is VBZ battery NN replacement NN but CC even RB this DT can MD save VV a DT few JJ dollars NNS compared VVN to TO taking VVG the DT watch NN to TO a DT jeweler NN . SENT The DT typical JJ watch NN battery NN will MD last VV anywhere RB from IN a DT year NN alkaline JJ to TO 5 CD years NNS lithium NN . SENT The DT most RBS likely JJ cause NN of IN a DT watch NN that WDT has VHZ a DT dead JJ or CC weak JJ display NN , , or CC has VHZ stopped VVN or CC is VBZ not RB keeping VVG proper JJ time NN is VBZ a DT weak JJ or CC dead JJ battery NN . SENT The DT batteries NNS actually RB single JJ cells NNS used VVN in IN most RBS modern JJ watches NNS they PP used VVD to TO be VB called VVN electric JJ watches NNS , , remember VVP the DT Accutron NN . SENT are VBP either RB alkaline JJ or CC lithium NN button NN cells NNS . SENT Some DT are VBP quite RB tiny JJ . SENT You PP will MD need VV to TO open VV up RP the DT watch NN to TO identify VV the DT type NN so RB that IN a DT replacement NN can MD be VB obtained VVN . SENT How WRB you PP go VVP about IN doing VVG this DT will MD depend VV on IN the DT watch NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Screws NNS . SENT If IN there EX are VBP visible JJ screws NNS on IN either CC the DT front NN or CC rear NN , , then RB removing VVG these DT will MD probably RB enable VV the DT cover NN to TO be VB popped VVN off RP . SENT These DT will MD be VB teeny JJ tiny JJ star NN sort NN of IN Philips NP head NN type NN use VVP a DT precision NN jeweler's NN screwdriver NN with IN a DT Philips NP head NN tip NN . SENT Immediately RB put VV the DT screws NNS into IN a DT pill NN bottle NN or CC film NN canister NN they PP seem VVP to TO evaporate VV on IN their PP$ own JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Snap VVP off RP back RB . SENT This DT is VBZ probably RB most RBS common JJ . SENT Look VV for IN an DT indentation NN around IN the DT edge NN . SENT Using VVG a DT penknife NN or CC other JJ similar JJ relatively RB sharp JJ edged VVN tool NN in IN this DT indentation NN or CC at IN any DT convenient JJ spot NN if IN there EX is VBZ none NN . SENT It PP is VBZ best RBS to TO use VV the DT wristband NN mounting VVG rod NN as IN a DT lever NN fulcrum NN if IN possible JJ . SENT The DT back NN should MD pop VV off RP . SENT Note VV the DT orientation NN of IN the DT back NN before IN you PP set VVP it PP aside RB so RB that IN you PP can MD get VV it PP back VV the DT same JJ way NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Cover NP unscrews VVZ . SENT The DT entire JJ back NN may MD be VB mounted VVN in IN a DT screw NN thread NN around IN its PP$ edge NN in IN which WDT case NN you PP will MD have VH to TO somehow RB grab VV the DT entire JJ back NN and CC rotate VV counter VV clockwise RB . SENT An DT adjustable JJ wrench NN with IN some DT tape NN to TO protect VV the DT finish NN on IN the DT watch NN may MD work VV . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ an DT O NN ring NN seal NN like IN on IN the DT space NN shuttle NN , , be VB careful JJ not RB to TO nick VV or CC otherwise RB damage VV it PP you PP know VVP what WP happens VVZ when WRB these DT are VBP damaged VVN . SENT . SENT Once RB the DT back NN is VBZ off RP , , you PP will MD see VV a DT lot NN of IN precision NN stuff NN though IN not RB nearly RB as IN much RB as RB in IN an DT old JJ fashioned VVN mechanical JJ watch NN . SENT DON'T JJ TOUCH NN . SENT You PP are VBP interested VVN in IN only RB one CD thing NN the DT battery NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , once RB the DT back NN is VBZ off RP , , the DT button NN cell NN will MD simply RB drop VV out RP as IN there EX is VBZ no DT other JJ fastener NN . SENT In IN other JJ cases NNS , , one CD or CC two CD more JJR teeny JJ tiny JJ screws NNS will MD hold VV it PP in IN places NNS . SENT Carefully RB remove VV these DT and CC the DT button NN cell NN . SENT Replace VV the DT screws NNS so IN you PP will MD not RB loose VV them PP . SENT Make VV a DT note NN of IN the DT orientation NN of IN the DT button NN cell NN it PP is VBZ almost RB always RB smooth JJ side NN out RB but CC perhaps RB not RB in IN every DT case NN . SENT Test VV the DT battery NN with IN a DT multimeter NN . SENT The DT voltage NN of IN a DT fresh JJ battery NN will MD be VB about IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN for IN an DT alkaline JJ cell NN and CC as RB high JJ as IN 3 CD V NN for IN a DT lithium NN cell NN . SENT A DT watch NN will MD typically RB still RB work VV with IN a DT battery NN that WDT has VHZ gone VVN down RP to TO as RB little JJ as IN half PDT its PP$ rated VVN voltage NN . SENT Replacement NN batteries NNS can MD be VB obtained VVN from IN Radio NP Shack NP , , some DT supermarkets NNS , , large JJ drug NN outlets NNS , , electronic JJ distributors NNS , , or CC mail NN order NN parts NNS suppliers NNS . SENT Most RBS likely RB , , you PP will MD need VV to TO cross VV reference NN the DT teeny JJ tiny JJ markings NNS on IN the DT old JJ battery NN places NNS that WDT sell VVP batteries NNS usually RB have VHP a DT replacement NN guide NN . SENT Cost NN should MD be VB about IN 2 CD . SENT 00 CD for IN a DT typical JJ alkaline JJ cell NN and CC slightly RB more RBR for IN the DT longer RB lived VVN lithium NN variety NN . SENT Note NN . SENT some DT watches NNS bury VVP the DT battery NN inside IN the DT works NNS requiring VVG further JJR disassembly NN . SENT This DT is VBZ usually RB straightforward JJ but CC will MD require VV additional JJ steps NNS and CC some DT added JJ risk NN of IN totally RB screwing VVG it PP up RP . SENT Install VV and CC secure VV the DT replacement NN battery NN and CC immediately RB confirm VV that IN the DT display NN is VBZ alive JJ or CC the DT second JJ hand NN is VBZ moving VVG . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ not RB , , double JJ check NN polarity NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , the DT back NN will MD need VV to TO be VB in IN place NN for IN proper JJ contact NN to TO be VB made VVN . SENT Chapter NP 9 CD Photographic JJ Equipment NP 9 CD . SENT 1 CD Light NP meters NNS First RB check VVP the DT batteries NNS if IN any DT . SENT Self NN powered VVN meters NNS like IN the DT old JJ Westons NP and CC their PP$ clones NNS could MD also RB cause VV damage NN to TO the DT delicate JJ meter NN movement NN if IN the DT light JJ regulating NN lid NN was VBD left VVN open JJ in IN bright JJ light NN . SENT Bad JJ connections NNS were VBD also RB common JJ . SENT I PP have VHP repaired VVN the DT meter NN movements NNS on IN these DT but CC it PP is VBZ not RB much JJ fun NN . SENT Hand NN held VVD light JJ meters NNS are VBP subject JJ to TO damage NN from IN being VBG dropped VVN . SENT Problems NNS with IN internal JJ light JJ meters NNS include VVP bad JJ batteries NNS and CC corroded VVN battery NN contacts NNS , , dirty JJ or CC worn JJ potentiometers NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 2 CD Pocket NN camera NN repair NN It PP seems VVZ that IN in IN the DT last JJ few JJ years NNS , , the DT amount NN of IN circuitry NN crammed VVD into IN a DT compact JJ 35 CD mm NP camera NN has VHZ grown VVN exponentially RB . SENT Auto NN film NN advance NN , , auto NN exposure NN , , auto NN film NN speed NN detection NN and CC loading NN , , auto NN focus NN , , auto NN flash NN selection NN , , auto NN red JJ eye NN reduction NN just RB about IN everything NN that WDT could MD be VB put VVN under IN computer NN control NN has VHZ been VBN . SENT Next JJ thing NN you PP know VVP , , the DT photographer NN will MD be VB replaced VVN with IN a DT auto NN robot NN . SENT For IN the DT most JJS part NN , , modern JJ cameras NNS are VBP very RB reliable JJ . SENT However RB , , when WRB something NN goes VVZ wrong JJ , , it PP is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ to TO attempt VV repair NN for IN two CD reasons NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT circuitry NN is VBZ so RB crammed VVD into IN a DT tiny JJ case NN that IN access NN is VBZ difficult JJ and CC convoluted JJ . SENT Many JJ connections NNS are VBP made VVN with IN relatively RB fragile JJ flexible JJ printed JJ cables NNS and CC getting VVG at IN certain JJ parts NNS means VVZ removing VVG a DT whole JJ bunch NN of IN other JJ stuff NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Much RB of IN the DT circuitry NN is VBZ surface NN mount VV and CC many JJ custom NN parts NNS are VBP used VVN . SENT Schematics NNS are VBP nearly RB impossible JJ to TO obtain VV and CC with IN all PDT the DT computer NN control NN , , probably RB not RB that IN useful JJ in IN any DT case NN . SENT Most JJS parts NNS are VBP not RB available JJ except IN from IN the DT manufacturer NN and CC then RB possibly RB only RB to TO authorized JJ service NN centers NNS . SENT However RB , , some DT problems NNS can MD be VB addressed VVN without IN resorting VVG to TO the DT camera NN repair NN shop NN or CC dumpster NP . SENT If IN the DT camera NN is VBZ still RB under IN warranty NN , , don't VVD even RB think VV about IN attempting VVG any DT kind NN of IN repair NN unless IN it PP is VBZ just RB a DT bad JJ battery NN . SENT Almost RB certainly RB , , evidence NN of IN your PP$ efforts NNS will MD be VB all DT too RB visible JJ mangled VVN miniature JJ screw NN heads NNS and CC damaged JJ plastic JJ seams NNS at IN the DT very RB least JJS . SENT There EX are VBP no DT easy JJ repair NN solutions NNS . SENT Let VV the DT professionals NNS deal VVP with IN it PP . SENT If IN out RB of IN warranty NN and NP or CC you PP don't VVD care NN about IN it PP and CC or CC you PP want VVP an DT excuse NN to TO buy VV a DT new JJ camera NN , , then RB you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO fix VV certain JJ very JJ limited JJ types NNS of IN problems NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 3 CD Getting VVG inside IN a DT pocket NN camera NN For IN anything NN beyond IN the DT battery NN , , you PP will MD need VV to TO get VV inside RB . SENT However RB , , before IN you PP expend VV a DT lot NN of IN effort NN on IN a DT hopeless JJ cause NN consider VVP that IN unless IN you PP see VVP something NN obvious JJ a DT broken JJ connection NN , , bent NN or CC dirty JJ switch NN contact NN , , or CC a DT motor NN or CC other JJ mechanical JJ part NN that WDT is VBZ stuck VVN , , binding VVG , , or CC in IN need NN of IN cleaning NN and CC lubrication NN there EX is VBZ not RB a DT lot NN you PP will MD likely RB be VB able JJ to TO do VV . SENT One CD exception NN is VBZ with IN respect NN to TO the DT electronic JJ flash NN which WDT is VBZ usually RB relatively RB self NN contained JJ and CC simple JJ enough RB to TO be VB successfully RB repaired VVN without IN a DT schematic NN . SENT As RB with IN other JJ consumer NN electronics NNS equipment NN , , getting VVG inside RB may MD be VB a DT challenge NN worthy JJ of IN Sherlock NP Holmes NP . SENT In IN addition NN to TO many JJ obvious JJ very JJ tiny JJ screws NNS around IN the DT periphery NN , , there EX may MD be VB hidden JJ screws NNS inside IN the DT battery NN compartment NN and CC under IN the DT hand NN grip NN carefully RB peel VV it PP back RB if IN that DT area NN is VBZ the DT last JJ holdout NN . SENT Also RB see VV the DT section NN . SENT Getting VVG inside IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT time NN to TO make VV careful JJ notes NNS and CC put VV all PDT the DT tiny JJ parts NNS in IN storage NN containers NNS as RB soon RB as IN they PP are VBP removed VVN . SENT If IN you PP never RB follow VVP any DT of IN these DT recommendations NNS for IN other JJ types NNS of IN equipment NN , , at IN least JJS do VV so RB for IN pocket NN cameras NNS . SENT Caution NN . SENT the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN for IN the DT electronic JJ flash NN may MD be VB located VVN in IN an DT unexpected JJ spot NN way NN on IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT camera NN . SENT Accidentally RB touching VVG its PP$ terminals NNS when WRB charged VVD will MD be VB unpleasant JJ to TO say VV the DT least JJS . SENT Even RB if IN the DT camera NN is VBZ off RP , , some DT designs NNS maintain VVP this DT capacitor NN at IN full JJ charge NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , it PP may MD retain VV a DT painful JJ charge NN for IN days NNS with IN the DT battery NN removed VVD . SENT Once RB you PP get VVP the DT skins NNS off RP of IN the DT camera NN if IN you PP ever RB succeed VV , , identify VV this DT capacitor NN it PP will MD be VB about IN the DT size NN of IN a DT AA NN battery NN and CC put VV electrical JJ tape NN over IN its PP$ terminals NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 4 CD Pocket NN camera NN problems NNS The DT following VVG malfunctions NNS may MD sometimes RB be VB successfully RB dealt VVN with IN without IN an DT army NN of IN camera NN repair NN technicians NNS at IN your PP$ disposal NN . SENT Caution NN . SENT never RB open VV the DT back NN of IN a DT 35 CD mm NP camera NN anywhere RB there EX is VBZ light JJ of IN any DT kind NN if IN there EX is VBZ a DT chance NN that IN there EX is VBZ film NN inside RB . SENT If IN the DT camera NN is VBZ dead JJ , , there EX may MD be VB no DT way NN of IN knowing VVG . SENT Doing VVG this DT even RB for IN an DT instant NN may MD ruin VV all DT of IN the DT film NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN exposed VVN and CC two CD usually RB additional JJ pictures NNS . SENT Opening VVG the DT back NN of IN any DT other JJ kind NN of IN roll NN film NN camera NN will MD only RB expose VV a DT few JJ frames NNS as IN the DT exposed VVN film NN usually RB has VHZ a DT backing NN 120 CD or CC is VBZ inside RB a DT cartridge NN 110 CD . SENT If IN a DT 35 CD mm NP camera NN failed VVD with IN a DT roll NN of IN film NN on IN which WDT you PP have VHP taken VVN irreplaceable JJ photographs NNS inside RB , , the DT pictures NNS can MD still RB be VB saved VVN even RB if IN the DT camera NN never RB works VVZ again RB . SENT First RB , , wash VVP your PP$ hands NNS thoroughly RB to TO remove VV skin NN oils NNS . SENT Use VV a DT closet NN with IN a DT tightly RB fitting JJ door NN at IN night NN is VBZ better JJR or CC stuff NN something NN in IN any DT cracks NNS to TO block VV all DT light NN it PP must MD be VB pitch NN black JJ for IN a DT darkroom NN . SENT Open VV the DT back NN of IN the DT camera NN and CC carefully RB remove VV the DT film NN cassette NN . SENT Gently RB pull VV the DT exposed VVN film NN from IN the DT takeup NN spool NN on IN the DT shutter NN release NN side NN of IN the DT camera NN . SENT It PP should MD unwind VV easily RB . SENT Avoid VV touching VVG the DT film NN surface VV itself PP with IN your PP$ fingers NNS the DT edges NNS are NN ok VV . SENT Then RB , , turn VV the DT plastic JJ shaft NN sticking VVG out RP of IN the DT film NN cassette NN clockwise RB to TO wind VV the DT exposed VVN film NN entirely RB into IN the DT cassette NN . SENT For IN items NNS 2 CD 4 CD , , you PP will MD need VV to TO get VV inside RB of IN the DT camera NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN below RB . SENT Getting VVG inside IN a DT pocket NN camera NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT General JJ erratic JJ or CC sluggish JJ operation NN , , weak JJ display NN , , camera NN pooped VVD out RP during IN film NN advance NN or CC rewind NN . SENT Most RBS likely JJ cause NN . SENT the DT battery NN died VVD . SENT Test NN the DT battery NN and CC or CC try VV a DT new JJ one NN . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN the DT battery NN simply RB decided VVD to TO go VV flat JJ at IN an DT inconvenient JJ time NN or CC that IN a DT replacement NN was VBD defective JJ . SENT If IN possible JJ , , check VV the DT voltage NN on IN the DT battery NN while IN it PP is VBZ in IN the DT camera NN and CC the DT affected JJ operations NNS are VBP performed VVN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN drops VVZ substantially RB , , there EX could MD be VB an DT overload NN a DT motor NN that WDT is VBZ binding VVG or CC a DT shorted VVN component NN . SENT If IN the DT camera NN had VHD been VBN dropped VVN , , a DT mechanical JJ problem NN is VBZ likely JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Flash VV inoperative JJ or CC excess JJ current JJ drain NN runs VVZ down RP batteries NNS . SENT Other JJ functions NNS may MD or CC may MD not RB work VV correctly RB . SENT Most RBS likely JJ cause NN . SENT a DT shorted VVN inverter NN transistor NN . SENT The DT electronic JJ flash NN or CC strobe NN is VBZ usually RB a DT self NN contained VVD module NN near IN the DT actual JJ flash NN window NN but CC the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN may MD be VB mounted VVN elsewhere RB like IN the DT opposite JJ side NN of IN the DT case NN . SENT See VV the DT warning NN below IN you PP could MD be VB in IN for IN a DT surprise NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Mechanical JJ problems NNS with IN focus NN , , exposure NN , , film NN advance NN , , or CC rewind NN . SENT Likely JJ causes NNS . SENT binding VVG due JJ to TO damage NN from IN being VBG bumped VVN or CC dropped VVN , , bad JJ or CC erratic JJ motor NN operation NN , , gummed VVN up IN lubrication NN or CC dirt NN , , or CC defective JJ driver NN or CC control NN logic NN . SENT Locate VV the DT motor NN for IN each DT function NN right NN , , good JJ luck NN and CC confirm VV that IN they PP spin VV freely RB and CC move VV the DT appropriate JJ gears VVZ , , levers NNS , , cogs NNS , , wheels NNS , , or CC whatever JJ . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ any DT significant JJ resistance NN to TO movement NN , , attempt VVP to TO determine VV if IN it PP is VBZ simply RB a DT lubrication NN problem NN or CC if IN something NN is VBZ stuck VVN . SENT Test VV the DT motors NNS see VVP the DT section NN . SENT Small JJ motors NNS in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Auto NN film NN loading NN , , film NN advance NN , , or CC rewind NN do VVP not RB operate VV at IN all DT or CC do VVP not RB terminate VV . SENT Most RBS likely JJ cause NN . SENT defective JJ motor NN or CC mechanical JJ problems NNS , , dirty JJ , , corroded VVD , , or CC faulty JJ sensor NN switches NNS or CC bad JJ controller NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ no DT action NN or CC something NN seems VVZ to TO get VV stuck VVN or CC sounds VVZ like IN it PP is VBZ struggling VVG , , check VV the DT battery NN and CC motor NN see VVP 1 CD and CC 3 CD above RB . SENT Inspect VV the DT various JJ microswitches NNS for IN broken JJ actuators NNS , , bent NN or CC deformed VVN contacts NNS , , or CC something NN stuck VVD in IN them PP like VVP a DT bit NN of IN film NN that WDT broke VVD away RB from IN the DT roll NN . SENT Dirt NN may MD be VB preventing VVG a DT key JJ contact NN closure NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , improper JJ cable NN routing VVG during IN manufacture NN can MD interfere VV with IN the DT free JJ movement NN of IN a DT leaf NN type NN contact NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Exposure NN too RB light JJ or CC too RB dark JJ . SENT Check VV the DT film NN speed NN setting VVG and CC or CC clean VV the DT contact NN fingers NNS under IN the DT cassette NN that IN sense NN the DT film NN ASA NP or CC ISO NP speed NN . SENT Clean VV the DT light JJ meter NN sensor NN . SENT Check VV the DT batteries NNS , , Look VV for IN evidence NN of IN problems NNS with IN the DT lens NN iris NN and CC or CC shutter NN mechanism NN . SENT If IN the DT shutter NN speed NN can MD be VB set VVN manually RB , , see VVP the DT section NN . SENT Testing VVG of IN camera NN shutter NN speed NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Automatic JJ camera NN not RB responding VVG to TO adjustments NNS . SENT Changing VVG the DT diaphragm NN or CC shutter NN speed NN usually RB moves VVZ a DT variable JJ resistor NN which WDT is VBZ part NN of IN the DT exposure NN computer NN . SENT If IN a DT single JJ control NN has VHZ an DT erratic JJ effect NN or CC no DT effect NN , , its PP$ variable JJ resistor NN is VBZ likely RB dirty JJ or CC broken JJ . SENT If IN none NN of IN the DT controls NNS behave VV as IN expected VVN , , there EX may MD be VB a DT problem NN in IN the DT actual JJ circuitry NN that WDT computes VVZ the DT exposure NN . SENT There EX is VBZ little JJ chance NN that IN you PP could MD repair VV such PDT a DT fault NN . SENT First RB , , replace VV the DT batteries NNS . SENT Some DT of IN these DT systems NNS will MD behave VV strangely RB if IN the DT batteries NNS are VBP weak JJ . SENT Unless IN there EX is VBZ something NN obvious JJ the DT diaphragm NN control NN is VBZ not RB engaging VVG the DT lever NN of IN the DT variable JJ resistor NN , , for IN example NN , , and CC you PP care VVP about IN the DT future JJ health NN of IN your PP$ camera NN , , my PP$ recommendation NN would MD be VB to TO take VV it PP in IN for IN professional JJ service NN . SENT To TO successfully RB repair VV modern JJ sophisticated JJ compact JJ cameras NNS requires VVZ that IN you PP be VB really RB really RB experienced VVN working VVG on IN teeny JJ tiny JJ mechanisms NNS , , have VHP the DT proper JJ precision NN tools NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , good JJ quality NN jeweler's NNS screwdrivers NNS , , not RB just RB the DT 2 CD K NP Mart NP assortment NN , , bright JJ light NN and CC a DT good JJ magnifier NN , , and CC a DT great JJ deal NN of IN patience NN and CC attention NN to TO detail NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT 5 CD Testing NP of IN camera NN shutter NN speed NN If IN you PP suspect VVP shutter VV speed NN problems NNS , , there EX are VBP several JJ easy JJ ways NNS to TO measure VV this DT for IN your PP$ camera NN . SENT The DT most RBS accurate JJ require VVP some DT test NN equipment NN but CC you PP can MD get VV a DT pretty RB good JJ idea NN with IN little JJ or CC no DT equipment NN beyond IN a DT stopwatch NN for IN slow JJ shutter NN speeds NNS above IN 1 CD 2 CD to TO 1 CD second NN and CC a DT TV NN for IN fast JJ shutter NN speeds NNS below IN about IN 1 CD 60 CD of IN a DT second JJ NTSC NP 525 CD 60 CD . SENT Some DT of IN these DT approaches NNS assume VVP that IN you PP have VHP access NN to TO the DT film NN plane NN of IN the DT camera NN this DT may MD be VB tough JJ with IN many DT highly RB automated VVN compact JJ cameras NNS which WDT will MD be VB unhappy JJ unless IN a DT roll NN of IN film NN is VBZ properly RB loaded VVN with IN the DT back JJ door NN closed VVD . SENT Note NN that IN the DT behavior NN of IN focal JJ plane NN and CC leaf NN in IN the DT lens NN shutters NNS is VBZ significantly RB different JJ at IN high JJ shutter NN speeds NNS and CC this DT affects VVZ the DT the DT interpretation NN of IN measurements NNS . SENT Some DT simple JJ homemade JJ equipment NN will MD enable VV testing NN of IN the DT intermediate JJ shutter NN speeds NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Testing VVG slow JJ to TO medium JJ shutter NN speeds VVZ the DT use NN of IN a DT stopwatch NN is VBZ self NN evident JJ for IN really RB long JJ times NNS greater JJR than IN . SENT 5 CD second JJ or CC so RB . SENT However RB , , viewing VVG or CC photographing VVG the DT sweep NN hand NN of IN a DT mechanical JJ stop NN watch NN or CC a DT homemade JJ motor NN driven VVN rotating VVG white JJ spot NN or CC LED VVD can MD provide VV quite RB accurate JJ results NNS . SENT Accurate JJ timing NN motors NNS are VBP inexpensive JJ and CC readily RB available JJ . SENT Mount VV a DT black JJ disk NN with IN a DT single JJ small JJ white JJ spot NN at IN its PP$ edge NN on IN the DT motor NN shaft NN and CC mark VV some DT graduations NNS around IN its PP$ perimeter NN on IN a DT stationary JJ back NN board NN . SENT For IN a DT high JJ tech NN look NN , , use VVP an DT LED VVN instead RB . SENT Use VV your PP$ creativity NN . SENT Making VVG measurements NNS from IN the DT photographic JJ images NNS of IN the DT arcs NNS formed VVN by IN the DT spot NN as IN it PP rotates VVZ while IN the DT shutter NN is VBZ open RB should MD result VV in IN accuracies NNS better JJR than IN 1 CD or CC 2 CD for IN shutter NN speeds NNS comparable JJ to TO or CC slower JJR than IN the DT rotation NN frequency NN of IN the DT motor NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , shutter NN speeds NNS down RB to TO 1 CD 10 CD th NN of IN a DT second NN for IN a DT 600 CD rpm NN 10 CD rps NNS motor NN or CC down RB to TO 1 CD 60 CD th NN of IN a DT second NN for IN a DT 3600 CD rpm NN 60 CD rps NNS motor NN . SENT At IN these DT speeds NNS , , focal JJ plane NN and CC leaf NN shutters NNS should MD result VV in IN similar JJ results NNS since IN the DT open JJ and CC close JJ times NNS are VBP small JJ compared VVN to TO the DT total JJ exposure NN time NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Testing VVG fast JJ shutter NN speeds NNS view VVP a DT TV NP B NP W NP is VBZ fine JJ screen NN on IN a DT piece NN of IN ground NN glass NN at IN the DT focal JJ plane NN or CC take VV a DT series NN of IN snapshots NNS of IN a DT TV NN screen NN a DT well RB adjusted VVN B NP W NP TV NP is VBZ best JJS as IN the DT individual JJ scan NN lines NNS will MD be VB visible JJ . SENT Note NN . SENT If IN your PP$ camera NN has VHZ a DT focal JJ plane NN shutter NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , 35 CD mm NP SLRs NP , , orient VV the DT camera NN so RB that IN the DT shutter NN curtain NN travels VVZ across RP horizontally RB rather RB than IN up RB or CC down RB . SENT If IN you PP are VBP photographing VVG the DT screen NN , , take VV a DT few JJ shots NNS at IN each DT speed NN in IN case NN the DT timing NN of IN your PP$ trigger NN finger NN is VBZ not RB quite RB precise JJ and CC you PP cross VVP the DT vertical JJ blanking VVG period NN with IN some DT of IN them PP . SENT This DT will MD also RB allow VV you PP to TO identify VV and CC quantify VV any DT variations NNS in IN shutter NN speed NN that WDT may MD be VB present JJ from IN shot NN to TO shot NN . SENT For IN a DT focal JJ plane NN shutter NN , , you PP will MD see VV a DT bright JJ diagonal JJ bar NN . SENT The DT angle NN of IN the DT bar NN can MD be VB used VVN to TO estimate VV the DT speed NN of IN the DT shutter NN curtain's NNS traversal JJ . SENT For IN a DT leaf NN in IN the DT lens NN shutter NN , , you PP will MD see VV a DT bright JJ horizontal JJ bar NN . SENT but CC the DT start NN and CC end NN of IN the DT exposure NN top NN and CC bottom NN of IN the DT bar NN will MD be VB somewhat RB fuzzy JJ due RB to TO the DT non JJ zero CD time NN it PP takes VVZ to TO open VV and CC close VV the DT shutter NN leaves VVZ . SENT You PP will MD have VH to TO estimate VV the DT locations NNS of IN the DT full JJ width NN half NN maximum NN for IN each DT speed NN . SENT In IN both DT cases NNS , , there EX will MD some DT additional JJ smearing VVG at IN the DT bottom NN of IN the DT bar NN due JJ to TO the DT persistence NN of IN the DT CRT NP phosphors NNS . SENT The DT effective JJ exposure NN time NN can MD then RB be VB calculated VVN by IN multiplying VVG the DT number NN of IN scan VV lines NNS in IN the DT bar NN at IN any DT given VVN horizontal JJ position NN by IN 63 CD . SENT 5 CD uS PP the DT NTSC NP horizontal NN scan VV time NN . SENT If IN you PP cannot NN resolve NN individual NN scan VV lines NNS , , figure NN that IN a DT typical JJ over RP scanned VVD NTSC NP TV NP screen NN has VHZ 420 CD 440 CD visible JJ lines NNS . SENT If IN you PP can MD adjust VV your PP$ TV NN remember VV this DT can MD be VB an DT old JJ B NP W NP set VVD when WRB knobs NNS were VBD knobs NNS . SENT for IN underscan NN , , about IN 488 CD or CC so RB active JJ video NN lines NNS will MD be VB visible JJ . SENT If IN you PP have VHP an DT oscilloscope NN or CC electronic JJ counter NN timer NN , , fairly RB accurate JJ measurements NNS can MD be VB made VVN at IN all DT shutter NN speeds VVZ using VVG a DT bright JJ light NN and CC a DT photodetector NN circuit NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Using VVG an DT electronic JJ counter NN timer NN or CC oscilloscope NN . SENT A DT gated VVD 24 CD bit NN counter NN clocked VVN at IN 1 CD MHz NN would MD permit VV ideally RB testing VVG shutter NN speeds NNS from IN 1 CD 2000 CD th NN second JJ to TO 16 CD seconds NNS with IN an DT accuracy NN of IN better JJR than IN . SENT 2 CD percent NN . SENT Of IN course NN in IN practice NN , , the DT finite JJ size NN of IN any DT photodiode NN and CC or CC the DT finite JJ open JJ close JJ time NN of IN any DT shutter NN will MD limit VV this DT at IN high JJ shutter NN speeds NNS . SENT Any DT resonably RB well RB calibrated VVN oscilloscope NN will MD be VB accurate JJ enough RB for IN shutter NN speed NN determination NN . SENT Construct VV the DT IR JJ detector NN circuit NN described VVN in IN the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Hand NP Held NP Remote JJ Controls NP . SENT Note NN that IN the DT fact NN that IN it PP is VBZ called VVN an DT IR JJ detector NN is VBZ irrelevant JJ since IN the DT typical JJ photodiode NN is VBZ sensitive JJ to TO visible JJ wavelengths NNS of IN light NN as IN well RB . SENT Connect VV its PP$ output NN to TO the DT minus NN gate NN of IN your PP$ counter NN or CC the DT vertical JJ input NN of IN your PP$ scope NN . SENT Put VV a DT diffuse JJ light NN source NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , light JJ bulb NN close NN to TO the DT lens NN so RB that IN it PP is VBZ not RB in IN focus NN . SENT Position NN the DT detector NN photodiode NN in IN the DT center NN of IN the DT focal JJ plane NN mount VV it PP on IN a DT little JJ piece NN of IN cardboard NN that WDT fits VVZ on IN the DT film NN guide NN rails NNS . SENT Using VVG this DT setup NN , , it PP should MD be VB a DT simple JJ matter NN to TO measure VV the DT shutter NN timing NN . SENT Take VV multiple JJ exposures NNS to TO identify VV and CC quantify VV any DT variations NNS in IN shutter NN speed NN that WDT may MD be VB present JJ from IN shot NN to TO shot NN . SENT For IN a DT focal JJ plane NN shutter NN , , the DT time NN response NN will MD be VB the DT convolution NN of IN the DT photodetector NN area NN and CC the DT slit NN in IN the DT shutter NN curtain NN . SENT The DT smaller JJR the DT aperture NN of IN the DT photodiode NN , , the DT less JJR this DT will MD be VB a DT factor NN . SENT Masking VVG it PP with IN black JJ tape NN may MD be VB desirable JJ when WRB testing VVG fast JJ shutter NN speeds NNS . SENT In IN simple JJ terms NNS , , make VV the DT photodiode NN aperture NN narrow JJ . SENT For IN between IN the DT lens NN shutters VVZ , , the DT finite JJ open JJ and CC close JJ times NNS of IN the DT leaves NNS will MD show VV up RP on IN the DT oscilloscope NN in IN the DT rise NN and CC fall NN times NNS of IN the DT trace NN . SENT The DT measurement NN on IN the DT electronic JJ timer NN will MD be VB affected VVN by IN its PP$ trigger NN level NN setting VVG for IN this DT reason NN . SENT However RB , , since IN this DT photodetector NN is VBZ not RB linearly RB calibrated VVN , , the DT open JJ and CC close JJ times NNS cannot NN be VB accurately RB determined VVN from IN the DT waveform NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT 6 CD Electronic JJ flash NN fundamentals NNS All DT modern JJ electronic JJ flash NN units NNS often RB called VVD photographic JJ strobes NNS are VBP based VVN on IN the DT same JJ principles NNS of IN operation NN whether IN of IN the DT subminiature JJ variety NN in IN a DT disposable JJ pocket NN camers NNS or CC high JJ quality NN 35 CD mm NP camera NN , , compact JJ separate JJ hot JJ shoe NN mounted VVD unit NN , , or CC the DT high JJ power NN high JJ performance NN unit NN found VVD in IN a DT photo JJ studio NN speed NN light NN . SENT All DT of IN these DT use NN the DT triggered VVN discharge NN of IN an DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN through IN a DT special JJ flash NN tube NN filled VVN with IN Xenon NN gas NN at IN low JJ pressure NN to TO produce VV a DT very RB short JJ burst NN of IN high JJ intensity NN white JJ light NN . SENT The DT typical JJ electronic JJ flash NN consists VVZ of IN four CD parts NNS . SENT 1 CD power NN supply NN , , 2 CD energy NN storage NN capacitor NN , , 3 CD trigger NN circuit NN , , and CC 4 CD flash NN tube NN . SENT An DT electronic JJ flash NN works NNS as RB follows VVZ . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN connected VVN across IN the DT flash NN tube NN is VBZ charged VVN from IN a DT 300 CD V NN typical JJ power NN supply NN . SENT This DT is VBZ either RB a DT battery NN or CC AC NP adapter NN operated VVD inverter NN pocket NN cameras NNS and CC compact JJ strobes NNS or CC an DT AC NP line NN operated VVD supply NN using VVG a DT power NN transformer NN or CC voltage NN doubler NN or CC tripler JJR high JJ performance NN studio NN speed NN lights NNS . SENT These DT are VBP large JJ electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS 200 CD 1000 CD uF NN at IN 300 CD V NN designed VVN specifically RB for IN the DT rapid JJ discharge NN needs VVZ of IN photoflash NN applications NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT A DT ready JJ light NN indicates VVZ when WRB the DT capacitor NN is VBZ fully RB charged VVN . SENT Most JJS monitor VVP the DT voltage NN on IN the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN . SENT However RB , , some DT detect VVP that IN the DT inverter NN or CC power NN supply NN load NN has VHZ decreased VVN indicating VVG full JJ charge NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Normally RB , , the DT flash NN tube NN remains VVZ non JJ conductive JJ even RB when WRB the DT capacitor NN is VBZ fully RB charged VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT A DT separate JJ small JJ capacitor NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , . SENT 1 CD uF NN is VBZ charged VVN from IN the DT same JJ power NN supply NN to TO generate VV a DT trigger NN pulse NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Contacts NNS on IN the DT camera's NNS shutter NN close NN at IN the DT instant NN the DT shutter NN is VBZ fully RB open JJ . SENT These DT cause NN the DT charge NN on IN the DT trigger NN capacitor NN to TO be VB dumped VVN into IN the DT primary NN of IN a DT pulse NN transformer NN whose WP$ secondary JJ is VBZ connected VVN to TO a DT wire NN , , strip NN , , or CC the DT metal NN reflector NN in IN close JJ proximity NN to TO the DT flash NN tube NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT The DT pulse NN generated VVN by IN this DT trigger NN typically RB around IN 10 CD KV NP is VBZ enough JJ to TO ionize VV the DT Xenon NN gas NN inside IN the DT flash NN tube NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT The DT Xenon NN gas NN suddenly RB becomes VVZ a DT low JJ resistance NN and CC the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN discharges NNS through IN the DT flash NN tube NN resulting VVG in IN a DT short JJ duration NN brilliant JJ white JJ light NN . SENT The DT energy NN of IN each DT flash NN is VBZ roughly RB equal JJ to TO 1 CD 2 CD C NP V NN 2 CD in IN watt NN seconds NNS W NP s PP where WRB V NN is VBZ the DT value NN of IN the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor's NNS voltage NN and CC C NP is VBZ its PP$ capacitance NN in IN . SENT Not RB quite PDT all DT of IN the DT energy NN in IN the DT capacitor NN is VBZ used VVN but CC it PP is VBZ very RB close JJ . SENT This DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN for IN pocket NN cameras NNS is VBZ typically RB 200 CD 300 CD uF NN at IN 330 CD V NN charged VVD to TO 300 CD V NN with IN a DT typical JJ flash NN energy NN of IN 10 CD W NP s PP . SENT For IN high JJ power NN strobes NNS , , 1000 CD s PP of IN uF NN at IN higher JJR voltages NNS are VBP common JJ with IN maximum JJ flash NN energies NNS of IN 100 CD W NP s PP or CC more JJR . SENT Another DT important JJ difference NN is VBZ in IN the DT cycle NN time NN . SENT For IN pocket NN cameras NNS it PP may MD be VB several JJ seconds NNS or CC much RB longer RBR as IN the DT batteries NNS run VVP down RP . SENT For IN a DT studio NN speed NN light NN , , fractional JJ second JJ cycle NN times NNS are VBP common JJ . SENT Typical JJ flash NN duration NN is VBZ much RB less JJR than IN a DT millisecond NN resulting VVG in IN crystal NN clear JJ stop NN action NN photographs NNS of IN almost RB any DT moving VVG subject NN . SENT On IN cheap JJ cameras NNS and CC probably RB some DT expensive JJ ones NNS as IN well RB physical JJ contacts NNS on IN the DT shutter NN close VV the DT trigger NN circuit NN precisely RB when WRB the DT shutter NN is VBZ wide RB open JJ . SENT Better JJR designs NNS use VVP an DT SCR NP or CC other JJ electronic JJ switch NN so RB that IN no DT high JJ voltage NN appears VVZ at IN the DT shutter NN contacts NNS or CC hot JJ shoe NN connector NN of IN the DT flash NN unit NN and CC contact NN deterioration NN due JJ to TO high JJ voltage NN sparking VVG is VBZ avoided VVN . SENT Note NN that IN for IN cameras NNS with IN focal JJ plane NN shutters NNS , , the DT maximum JJ shutter NN speed NN setting NN that WDT can MD be VB used VVN is VBZ typically RB limited VVN to TO 1 CD 60 CD 1 CD 120 CD of IN a DT second NN . SENT The DT reason NN is VBZ that IN for IN higher JJR shutter NN speeds NNS , , the DT entire JJ picture NN is VBZ not RB exposed VVN simultaneously RB by IN the DT moving VVG curtains NNS of IN the DT focal JJ plane NN mechanism NN . SENT Rather RB , , a DT slit NN with IN a DT width NN determined VVD the DT by IN the DT effective JJ shutter NN speed NN moves NNS in IN front NN of IN the DT film NN plane NN . SENT For IN example NN , , with IN a DT shutter NN speed NN setting VVG of IN 1 CD 1000 CD of IN a DT second JJ , , a DT horizontally RB moving VVG slit NN would MD need VV to TO be VB about IN 1 CD 10 CD of IN an DT inch NN wide JJ for IN a DT total JJ travel NN time NN of IN 1 CD 60 CD of IN a DT second NN to TO cover VV the DT entire JJ 1 CD . SENT 5 CD inch NN wide JJ 35 CD mm NP frame NN . SENT Since IN the DT flash NN duration NN is VBZ extremely RB short JJ and CC much RB much RB less JJR than IN the DT focal JJ plane NN curtain NN travel NN time NN , , only RB the DT film NN behind IN the DT slit NN would MD be VB exposed VVN by IN an DT electronic JJ flash NN . SENT For IN shutter NN speed NN settings NNS longer RBR than IN the DT travel NN time NN , , the DT entire JJ frame NN is VBZ uncovered VVN when WRB the DT flash NN is VBZ triggered VVN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Photoflash NN circuit NN from IN pocket NN camera NN for IN the DT schematic NN of IN a DT typical JJ small JJ battery NN powered VVN strobe NN . SENT Red JJ eye NN reduction NN provides VVZ a DT means NN of IN providing VVG a DT flash NN twice RB in IN rapid JJ succession NN . SENT The DT idea NN is VBZ that IN the DT pupils NNS of IN the DT subjects NNS eyes NNS close RB somewhat RB due JJ to TO the DT first JJ flash NN resulting VVG in IN less JJR red JJ eye NN imaging NN of IN the DT inside NN of IN the DT eyeball NN in IN the DT actual JJ photograph NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB done VVN by IN using VVG the DT main JJ flash NN but CC many JJ cameras NNS use VVP a DT small JJ , , bright JJ incandescent JJ bulb NN to TO blind JJ the DT eyes NNS when WRB the DT shutter NN is VBZ pressed VVN to TO meter NN , , then RB it PP goes VVZ off RP and CC the DT flash NN preserves VVZ the DT closed JJ pupils NNS . SENT This DT approach NN works VVZ . SENT Using VVG the DT main JJ flash NN would MD require VV sub VV second RB recycle VV time NN which WDT is VBZ not RB a DT problem NN if IN an DT energy NN conserving VVG flash NN is VBZ used VVN see VV the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Electronic NP Flash NP Units NNS and CC Strobe NN Lights NNS . SENT However RB , , it PP would MD add VV significant JJ additional JJ expense NN otherwise RB as RB is VBZ the DT case NN with IN most JJS cameras NNS with IN built VVN in IN electronic JJ flash NN . SENT A DT separate JJ little JJ bulb NN is VBZ effective JJ and CC much RB cheaper JJR . SENT Automatic JJ electronic JJ flashes NNS provide VVP an DT optical JJ feedback NN mechanism NN to TO sense VV the DT amount NN of IN light NN actually RB reaching VVG the DT subject NN . SENT The DT flash NN is VBZ then RB aborted VVN in IN mid JJ stride NN once IN the DT proper JJ exposure NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN . SENT Inexpensive JJ units NNS just RB short RB across IN the DT flash NN tube NN with IN an DT SCR NP or CC even RB a DT gas NN discharge NN tube NN that WDT is VBZ triggered VVN by IN a DT photosensor NN once IN the DT proper JJ amount NN of IN light NN has VHZ been VBN detected VVN . SENT With IN these DT units NNS , , the DT same JJ amount NN of IN energy NN is VBZ used VVN regardless RB of IN how WRB far RB away RB the DT subject NN is VBZ and CC thus RB low JJ and CC high JJ intensity NN flashes VVZ drain VV the DT battery NN by IN the DT same JJ amount NN and CC require VV the DT same JJ cycle NN time NN . SENT The DT excess JJ energy NN is VBZ wasted VVN as IN heat NN . SENT More RBR sophisticated JJ units NNS use VVP something NN like IN a DT gate NN turnoff NN thyristor NN to TO actually RB interrupt VV the DT flash NN discharge NN at IN the DT proper JJ instant NN . SENT These DT use NN only RB as IN much JJ energy NN as IN needed VVN and CC the DT batteries NNS last JJ much RB longer RB since IN most JJS flash NN photographs NNS do VVP not RB require VV maximum JJ power NN . SENT Failure NN of IN red JJ eye NN reduction NN or CC the DT automatic JJ exposure NN control NN circuits NNS will MD probably RB require VV a DT schematic NN to TO troubleshoot NN unless IN tests NNS for IN bad JJ connections NNS or CC shorted VVN or CC open JJ components NNS identify VVP specific JJ problems NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB possible JJ for IN that DT extra JJ red JJ eye NN incandescent JJ light JJ bulb NN to TO be VB burnt VVN out RP but CC good JJ luck NN replacing VVG it PP . SENT Remotely RB triggered VVN fill NN flashes NNS use VVP a DT photocell NN or CC photodiode NN to TO trigger VV an DT SCR NP or CC a DT light NN activated VVN SCR NP LASCR NP which WDT emulates VVZ the DT camera NN shutter NN switch NN closure NN for IN the DT flash NN unit NN being VBG controlled VVN . SENT There EX is VBZ little JJ to TO go VV wrong JJ with IN these DT devices NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 7 CD Electronic JJ flash NN problems NNS A DT variety NN of IN failures NNS are VBP possible JJ with IN electronic JJ flash NN units NNS . SENT Much RB of IN the DT circuitry NN is VBZ similar JJ for IN battery NN AC NP adapter NN and CC line NN powered VVN units NNS but CC the DT power NN supplies NNS in IN particular JJ do VVP differ VV substantially RB . SENT Most RBS common JJ problems NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB failures NNS of IN the DT power NN supply NN , , bad JJ connections NNS , , dried VVN of IN or CC deformed VVN energy NN storage NN or CC other JJ electrolytic JJ capacitor NN s PP and CC physical JJ damage NN to TO the DT to TO the DT flashtube NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT 8 CD Problems NP unique JJ to TO battery NN or CC AC NP adapter NN powered VVN electronic JJ flash NN units NNS Power NN source NN dead JJ or CC weak JJ batteries NNS or CC defective JJ charging VVG circuit NN , , incorrect JJ or CC bad JJ AC NP adapter NN , , worn JJ power NN switch NN , , or CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT unit NN is VBZ totally RB dead JJ , , intermittent JJ , , or CC excessively RB long JJ cycle NN time NN . SENT Test NN and CC or CC replace VV batteries NNS . SENT Determine VV if IN batteries NNS are VBP being VBG charged VVN . SENT Check NN continuity NN of IN power NN switch NN or CC interlock VV and CC inspect VV for IN corroded VVN battery NN contacts NNS and CC bad JJ connections NNS or CC cold JJ solder NN joints NNS on IN the DT circuit NN board NN . SENT Power NN inverter NN blown VVN chopper NN transistor NN , , bad JJ transformer NN , , other JJ defective JJ components NNS . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT unit NN is VBZ totally RB dead JJ or CC loads NNS down IN power NN source NN when WRB switched VVN on IN or CC at IN all DT times NNS with IN some DT compact JJ cameras NNS . SENT No DT high JJ pitched JJ audible JJ whine NN when WRB charging VVG the DT capacitor NN . SENT Regulator NN failure NN may MD result VV in IN excess JJ voltage NN on IN the DT flash NN tube NN and CC spontaneous JJ triggering VVG or CC failure NN of IN the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN or CC other JJ components NNS . SENT Test NN main JJ chopper NN transistor NN for IN shorts NNS and CC opens VVZ . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT most RBS likely JJ failure NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT easy JJ way NN to TO test VV the DT transformer NN and CC the DT other JJ components NNS rarely RB fail VVP . SENT Check NN for IN bad JJ connections NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 9 CD Problems NP unique JJ to TO AC NP line NN powered VVN electronic JJ flash NN units NNS WARNING NN . SENT Line NN powered VVN units NNS often RB do VVP not RB include VV a DT power NN transformer NN . SENT Therefore RB , , none NN of IN the DT circuitry NN is VBZ isolated VVN from IN the DT AC NP line NN . SENT Read VV , , understand VV , , and CC follow VV the DT safety NN guidelines NNS for IN working VVG on IN line NN powered VVN equipment NN . SENT Use VV an DT isolation NN transformer NN while IN troubleshooting NN . SENT However RB , , realize VVP that IN this DT will MD NOT RB protect VV you PP from IN the DT charge NN on IN the DT large JJ high JJ voltage NN power NN supply NN and CC energy NN storage NN capacitors NNS . SENT Take VV all DT appropriate JJ precautions NNS . SENT Power NN source NN dead JJ outlet NN or CC incorrect JJ line NN voltage NN . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT unit NN is VBZ totally RB dead JJ , , operates VVZ poorly RB , , catches VVZ fire NN , , or CC blows NNS up RB . SENT Spontaneous JJ triggering VVG may MD be VB the DT result NN of IN a DT regulator NN failure NN or CC running VVG on IN a DT too RB high JJ line NN voltage NN if IN the DT unit NN survives VVZ . SENT Test NN outlet NN with IN a DT lamp NN or CC circuit NN tester NN . SENT Check NN line NN voltage NN setting VVG on IN flash NN unit NN if IN it PP is VBZ not RB too RB late JJ . SENT . SENT Power NN supply NN bad JJ line NN cord NN or CC power NN switch NN , , blown VVN fuse NN , , defective JJ rectifiers NNS or CC capacitors NNS in IN voltage NN doubler NN , , defective JJ components NNS , , or CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT unit NN is VBZ totally RB dead JJ or CC fuse NN blows NNS . SENT Excessive JJ cycle NN time NN . SENT Test NN fuse NN . SENT If IN blown VVN check NN for IN shorted VVN components NNS like IN rectifiers NNS and CC capacitors NNS in IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT If IN fuse NN is VBZ ok VV , , test NN continuity NN of IN line NN cord NN , , power NN switch NN , , and CC other JJ input NN components NNS and CC wiring NN . SENT Check NN rectifiers NNS for IN opens VVZ and CC the DT capacitors NNS for IN opens VVZ or CC reduced JJ value NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT 10 CD Problems NP common JJ to TO all DT electronic JJ flash NN units NNS WARNING NN . SENT the DT amount NN of IN charge NN contained VVN in IN the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN may MD be VB enough JJ to TO kill VV especially RB with IN larger JJR AC NP line NN powered VVN flash NN units NNS and CC high JJ power NN studio NN equipment NN . SENT Read VV and CC follow VV all DT safety NN guidelines NNS with IN respect NN to TO high JJ voltage NN high JJ power NN equipment NN . SENT Discharge VV the DT energy NN storage NN capacitors NNS fully RB see VVP the DT document NN . SENT Capacitors NNS . SENT Testing VVG with IN a DT Multimeter NP and CC Safe NP Discharging VVG and CC then RB measure VV to TO double VV check NN that IN they PP are VBP totally RB flat JJ before IN touching VVG anything NN . SENT Don't NP assume VVP that IN triggering VVG a DT flash NN does VVZ this DT for IN you PP . SENT For IN added JJ insurance NN , , clip VV a DT wire NN across IN the DT capacitor NN terminals NNS while IN doing VVG any DT work NN inside IN the DT unit NN . SENT Energy NN storage NN capacitor NN dried VVD up RB or CC shorted VVN , , leaky JJ or CC needs VVZ to TO be VB formed VVN . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT reduced VVN light JJ output NN and CC unusually RB short JJ cycle NN time NN may MD indicate VV a DT dried VVD up RP capacitor NN . SENT Heavy JJ loading NN of IN power NN source NN with IN low JJ frequency NN or CC weak JJ audible JJ whine NN may MD indicate VV a DT shorted VVN capacitor NN . SENT Excessively RB long JJ cycle NN time NN may MD mean VV that IN the DT capacitor NN has VHZ too RB much JJ leakage NN or CC needs VVZ to TO be VB formed VVN . SENT Test NN for IN shorts NNS and CC value NN . SENT Substitute VV another DT capacitor NN of IN similar JJ or CC smaller JJR uF NN rating NN and CC at IN least JJS equal JJ voltage NN rating NN if IN available JJ . SENT Cycling VVG the DT unit NN at IN full JJ power NN several JJ times NNS should MD reform VV a DT capacitor NN that WDT has VHZ deteriorated VVN due JJ to TO lack NN of IN use NN . SENT If IN the DT flash NN intensity NN and CC cycle NN time NN do VVP not RB return VV to TO normal JJ after IN a DT dozen NN or CC so RB full JJ intensity NN flashes NNS , , the DT capacitor NN may MD need VV to TO be VB replaced VVN or CC there EX may MD be VB some DT other JJ problem NN with IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT Trigger NN circuit NN bad JJ trigger NN capacitor NN , , trigger NN transformer NN , , SCR NP if IN used VVN , , or CC other JJ components NNS . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN charges NNS as RB indicated VVD by IN the DT audible JJ inverter NN whine NN changing VVG frequency NN increasing VVG in IN pitch NN until IN ready JJ light NN comes VVZ on IN if IN it PP does VVZ but CC pressing VVG shutter NN release NN or CC manual JJ test NN button NN has VHZ no DT effect NN . SENT Spontaneous JJ triggering VVG may MD be VB a DT result NN of IN a DT component NN breaking VVG down RP or CC an DT intermittent JJ short JJ circuit NN . SENT Test NN for IN voltage NN on IN the DT trigger NN capacitor NN and CC continuity NN of IN the DT trigger NN transformer NN windings NNS . SENT Confirm VV that IN the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN is VBZ indeed RB fully RB charged VVN with IN a DT voltmeter NN . SENT Ready JJ light JJ bad JJ LED VVN or CC neon NN bulb NN , , resistor NN , , zener NN , , or CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT flash NN works NNS normally RB but CC no DT indication NN from IN ready JJ light NN . SENT Or CC , , ready JJ light NN on IN all PDT the DT time NN or CC prematurely RB . SENT Test NN for IN voltage NN on IN the DT LED VVN or CC neon NN bulb NN and CC work VV backwards RB to TO its PP$ voltage NN supply NN either CC the DT trigger NN or CC energy NN storage NN capacitor NN or CC inverter NN trans NP former JJ . SENT In IN the DT latter JJ case NN where WRB load NN detection NN is VBZ used VVN instead RB of IN simple JJ voltage NN monitoring NN there RB may MD be VB AC NP across IN the DT lamp NN so IN a DT DC NP measurement NN may MD be VB deceptive JJ . SENT Trigger NN initiator NN shutter NN contacts NNS or CC cable NN . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT manual JJ test NN button NN will MD fire VV flash NN but CC shutter NN release NN has VHZ no DT effect NN . SENT Test NN for IN shutter NN contact NN closure NN , , clean JJ hot JJ shoe NN contacts NNS if IN relevant JJ , , inspect VV and CC test VV for IN bad JJ connections NNS , , test NN or CC swap NN cable NN , , clean JJ shutter NN contacts NNS right JJ , , good JJ luck NN . SENT Try VV an DT alternate JJ way NN of IN triggering VVG the DT flash NN like IN a DT cable NN instead RB of IN a DT the DT hot JJ shoe NN . SENT Xenon NN tube NN broken JJ or CC leaky JJ . SENT Symptoms NNS . SENT energy NN storage NN and CC trigger NN capacitors NNS charges NNS to TO proper JJ voltage NN but CC the DT manual JJ test NN button NN does VVZ not RB fire VV the DT flash NN even RB though IN you PP can MD hear VV the DT tick NN that WDT indicates VVZ that IN the DT trigger NN circuit NN is VBZ discharging VVG . SENT Inspect VV the DT flash NN tube NN for IN physical JJ damage NN . SENT Substitute VV another DT similar JJ or CC somewhat RB larger JJR but CC not RB smaller JJR flash NN tube NN . SENT A DT neon NN bulb NN can MD be VB put VVN across IN the DT trigger NN transformer NN output NN and CC ground NN to TO see VV if IN it PP flashes VVZ when WRB you PP press VVP the DT manual JJ test NN button NN shutter NN release NN . SENT This DT won't NN determine VV if IN the DT trigger NN voltage NN high RB enough RB but CC will MD provide VV an DT indication NN that WDT most JJS of IN the DT trigger NN circuitry NN is VBZ operating VVG . SENT 9 CD . SENT 11 CD Electronic JJ flash NN dead JJ after IN long JJ time NN in IN storage NN The DT unit NN may MD be VB totally RB dead JJ or CC take VV so RB long JJ to TO charge VV that IN you PP give VVP up RP . SENT For IN rechargeable JJ units NNS , , try VVP charging VVG for IN the DT recommended JJ time NN 24 CD hours NNS if IN you PP don't VVD know VV what WP it PP is VBZ . SENT Then RB , , check VV the DT battery NN voltage NN . SENT If IN it PP does VVZ not RB indicate VV full JJ charge NN roughly RB 1 CD . SENT 2 CD x SYM n NN for IN NiCds NP , , 2 CD x SYM n NN for IN lead JJ acid NN where WRB n NN is VBZ the DT number NN of IN cells NNS , , then RB the DT battery NN is VBZ likely RB expired VVN and CC will MD need VV to TO be VB replaced VVN . SENT Even RB for IN testing NN , , don't VVD just RB remove VV the DT bad JJ rechargeable JJ batteries NNS replace VV them PP . SENT They PP may MD be VB required VVN to TO provide VV filtering VVG for IN the DT power NN supply NN even RB when WRB running VVG off RP the DT AC NP line NN or CC adapter NN . SENT For IN units NNS with IN disposable JJ batteries NNS , , of IN course NN try VVP a DT fresh JJ set NN but CC first RB thoroughly RB clean VV the DT battery NN contacts NNS . SENT See VV the DT Chapter NN . SENT Batteries NNS . SENT The DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN will MD tend VV to TO deform VV resulting VVG in IN high JJ leakage NN and CC reduced JJ capacity NN after IN long JJ non JJ use NN . SENT However RB , , I PP would MD still RB expect VV to TO be VB able JJ to TO hear VV sound NN of IN the DT inverter NN while IN it PP is VBZ attempting VVG to TO charge VV . SENT Where WRB the DT unit NN shows VVZ no DT sign NN of IN life NN on IN batteries NNS or CC AC NP , , check NN for IN dirty JJ switch NN contacts NNS and CC bad JJ internal JJ connections NNS . SENT Electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS in IN the DT power NN supply NN and CC inverter NN may MD have VH deteriorated VVN as RB well RB . SENT If IN the DT unit NN simply RB takes VVZ a DT long JJ time NN to TO charge NN , , cycling VVG it PP a DT dozen NN times NNS should MD restore VV an DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN that WDT is VBZ has VHZ deformed VVN but CC is VBZ salvageable JJ . SENT This DT is VBZ probably RB safe JJ for IN the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN as IN the DT power NN source NN is VBZ current JJ limited JJ . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ no DT way NN of IN telling VVG if IN continuous JJ operation NN with IN the DT excessive JJ load NN of IN the DT leaky JJ energy NN storage NN capacitor NN will MD overheat VV power NN supply NN or CC inverter NN components NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 12 CD Photoflash NN circuit NN from IN pocket NN camera NN This DT schematic NN was VBD traced VVN from IN an DT electronic JJ flash NN unit NN removed VVN from IN an DT inexpensive JJ pocket NN camera NN , , a DT Keystone NP model NN XR NP 308 CD . SENT Errors NNS in IN transcription NN are VBP possible JJ . SENT Note NN that IN the DT ready JJ light NN is VBZ not RB in IN the DT usual JJ place NN monitoring VVG the DT energy NN storage NN capacitor NN voltage NN . SENT It PP operates VVZ on IN the DT principle NN that IN once RB nearly RB full JJ charge NN is VBZ reached VVN and CC the DT inverter NN is VBZ not RB being VBG heavily RB loaded VVN , , enough JJ drive NN voltage NN is VBZ available JJ from IN an DT auxiliary JJ winding VVG on IN the DT inverter NN transformer NN to TO light VV the DT LED VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB interesting JJ that IN the DT trigger NN circuit NN dumps VVZ charge NN into IN the DT trigger NN capacitor NN instead RB of IN the DT other JJ way NN around IN but CC the DT effect NN is VBZ the DT same JJ . SENT Inverter NN Flashtube NP 1 CD K NP Ready NP LED VVD S NP 1 CD Power NP 9 CD . SENT 13 CD Darkroom NN timers NNS Developing VVG timers NNS only RB provide VVP a DT display NN or CC clock NN face NN possibly RB with IN an DT alarm NN while IN enlarging VVG timers NNS include VVP a DT pair NN of IN switched VVN outlets NNS one NN for IN the DT enlarger NN and CC the DT other JJ for IN the DT safe JJ light NN . SENT These DT are VBP usually RB self NN resetting VVG to TO permit VV multiple JJ prints NNS to TO be VB made VVN at IN the DT same JJ exposure NN time NN setting NN . SENT Where WRB the DT device NN plugged VVD into IN a DT controlled VVN outlet NN does VVZ not RB come VV on IN , , first RB make VV sure RB these DT units NNS are VBP operational JJ i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , the DT bulbs NNS of IN the DT enlarger NN and CC or CC safelight NN are VBP not RB burned VVN out RP and CC that IN their PP$ power NN switches NNS are VBP in IN the DT on IN position NN . SENT The DT problem NN could MD also RB be VB that IN one CD of IN these DT devices NNS is VBZ defective JJ as RB well RB . SENT Two CD types NNS of IN designs NNS are VBP common JJ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Electromechanical JJ using VVG an DT AC NP timing NN motor NN and CC gear NN train NN with IN cam NN operated VVD switches NNS controlling VVG the DT output NN circuits NNS directly RB or CC via IN relays NNS . SENT If IN the DT hands NNS fail VVP to TO move VV or CC it PP does VVZ not RB reset VV properly RB , , the DT timing NN motor NN or CC other JJ mechanical JJ parts NNS may MD require VV cleaning NN and CC lubrication NN . SENT The DT motor NN may MD be VB inoperative JJ due RB to TO open VV or CC shorted VVN windings NNS . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Small JJ motors NNS in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT Where WRB the DT timer NN appears VVZ to TO work VV but CC the DT controlled VVN outlets NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , enlarger NN and CC safe JJ light NN do VVP not RB go VV on IN oroff NP , , check NN for IN a DT loose JJ cam NN or CC bent NN linkages NNS and CC dirty JJ or CC worn JJ switch NN or CC relay NN contacts NNS . SENT If IN the DT dial NN fails VVZ to TO reset VV after IN the DT cycle NN completes VVZ , , it PP may MD be VB binding JJ or CC require VV cleaning NN and CC lubrication NN or CC a DT spring NN may MD have VH come VVN loose RB or CC broken VVN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Electronic JJ digital JJ countdown NN circuits NNS and CC logic NN controlling VVG mechanical JJ or CC solid JJ state NN relays NNS or CC triacs NNS . SENT Where WRB the DT unit NN appears VVZ dead JJ , , test NN as IN with IN AC NP line NN powered VVN digital JJ clocks NNS see VVP the DT section NN . SENT AC NP powered VVN digital JJ clock NN problems NNS . SENT If IN the DT buttons NNS have VHP the DT proper JJ effect NN and CC the DT digits NNS count VVP properly RB but CC the DT external JJ circuits NNS are VBP not RB switching VVG , , then RB test NN for IN problems NNS in IN the DT power NN control NN circuits NNS . SENT If IN the DT unit NN is VBZ erratic JJ or CC does VVZ not RB properly RB count VV or CC reset VV , , there EX could MD be VB power NN supply NN or CC logic NN problems NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT 14 CD Weird JJ exposure NN meter NN problem NN of IN the DT year NN Here RB is VBZ one CD for IN the DT photo NN album NN . SENT Ever RB since IN I PP bought VVD the DT Mamiya NP 645 CD Pro NP 2 CD months NNS ago RB , , I've NP had VHD exposure NN problems NNS . SENT I PP usually RB bring VVP any DT new JJ eqpt NP up RB to TO Twin NP Peaks NP in IN SF NP to TO test VV for IN lens NN sharpness NN , , and CC overall JJ function NN . SENT Well RB my PP$ first JJ shots NNS from IN there EX were VBD 2 CD stops NNS overexposed VVN , , and CC the DT meter NN was VBD reading VVG wrong JJ , , so RB I PP returned VVD the DT camera NN for IN repair NN , , assuming VVG it PP was VBD broken VVN out RP of IN the DT box NN . SENT Mamiya NP went VVD over IN it PP with IN a DT fine JJ tooth NN comb NNS , , and CC could MD find VV nothing NN wrong JJ with IN it PP . SENT I PP got VVD it PP back RB on IN Monday NP , , and CC went VVD up RP to TO Twin NP Peaks NP again RB . SENT Same JJ problem NN as IN before RB . SENT The DT meter NN read VVD 2 CD stops NNS over RB . SENT I PP cursed VVD the DT techies NNS at IN Mamiya NP , , I PP cursed VVD the DT product NN , , I PP cursed VVD MF NP , , and CC then RB I PP decided VVD to TO get VV scientific JJ about IN it PP . SENT So RB I PP took VVD the DT camera NN off IN the DT tripod NN , , and CC pointed VVD it PP around RP at IN various JJ things NNS . SENT all DT normal JJ readings NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP pointed VVD the DT camera NN back RB at IN the DT scene NN I PP had VHD just RB metered VVN on IN the DT tripod NN . SENT . SENT . SENT normal JJ reading NN . SENT I PP remounted VVD the DT camera NN on IN the DT tripod NN . SENT . SENT . SENT 2 CD stops NNS over RB . SENT I PP removed VVD the DT camera NN . SENT . SENT . SENT normal JJ reading NN . SENT I PP remounted VVD the DT camera NN . SENT . SENT . SENT 2 CD stops NNS over RB . SENT Unbelievable JJ . SENT So IN that's NNS when WRB I PP started VVD thinking VVG about IN the DT RF NP and CC TV NP signals NNS being VBG transmitted VVN from IN the DT big JJ tower NN there RB , , and CC how WRB the DT tripod NN might MD act VV as IN an DT antenna NN , , and CC cause VV a DT small JJ current NN to TO enter VV through IN the DT ground NN socket NN and CC perhaps RB change VV the DT ground NN reference NN voltage NN . SENT But CC it's NNS a DT carbon NN fiber NN tripod NN . SENT Still RB , , I PP was VBD on IN a DT quest NN . SENT So RB I PP borrowed VVD another DT 645 CD Pro NP from IN the DT store NN , , and CC I PP took VVD my PP$ 3 CD tripods NNS up IN the DT hill NN . SENT They PP were VBD the DT Gitzo NP 1228 CD , , a DT Slik NP U NP 212 CD , , and CC a DT Tiltall NP . SENT All DT 3 CD tripods NNS and CC both DT cameras NNS exhibited VVN this DT phenomenon NN , , but CC to TO varying VVG degrees NNS . SENT The DT Gitzo NP was VBD off RB the DT most JJS , , anywhere RB from IN 1 CD 3 CD stops NNS . SENT The DT other JJ 2 CD did VVD not RB affect VV the DT meter NN as IN much RB , , at IN the DT most JJS 1 CD 2 CD stops NNS . SENT Funny JJ thing NN is VBZ , , the DT cameras NNS did VVD not RB even RB have VH to TO touch VV the DT tripod NN to TO have VH their PP$ readings NNS affected VVN . SENT As IN I PP moved VVD the DT camera NN closer RBR , , the DT meter NN would MD start VV overexposing VVG by IN up RB to TO a DT stop NN , , then RB jump VV even RB more RBR once RB mounted VVN . SENT As IN a DT control NN , , I PP then RB went VVD halfway RB down RB the DT hill NN , , and CC repeated VVD the DT test NN . SENT The DT effect NN was VBD less JJR , , with IN the DT Gitzo NP giving VVG 1 CD 2 CD stops NNS . SENT I PP then RB went VVD downtown NN , , and CC tested VVD again RB . SENT No DT difference NN between IN on IN off JJ camera NN . SENT I PP tested VVD again RB when WRB I PP got VVD home NN . SENT Again RB , , no DT difference NN . SENT What WP you PP have VHP described VVN could MD indeed RB be VB due JJ to TO RF NP interference NN . SENT Metal NN and CC carbon NN fiber NN are VBP both DT conductors NNS so IN the DT construction NN of IN the DT tripods NNS may MD not RB make VV that DT much JJ difference NN . SENT How WRB is VBZ it PP happening VVG . SENT This DT is VBZ anyone's NN guess NN but CC enough RB of IN a DT current NN could MD be VB induced VVN in IN the DT sensitive JJ electronic JJ circuitry NN to TO throw VV off RP the DT meter NN . SENT The DT ICs NNS are VBP full JJ of IN diode NN junctions NNS which WDT can MD be VB rectifying VVG detecting VVG the DT relatively RB weak JJ RF NP signal NN resulting VVG in IN a DT DC NP offset VVD . SENT If IN this DT were VBD the DT case NN and CC you PP happened VVD to TO adjust VV the DT tripod NN height NN to TO be VB around IN 1 CD 4 CD wavelength NN of IN one CD of IN the DT transmitters NNS you PP would MD know VV it PP . SENT . SENT Chapter NP 10 CD AC NP Adapters NNS 10 CD . SENT 1 CD AC NP adapter NN basics NNS It PP seems VVZ that IN the DT world NN now RB revolves VVZ around IN AC NP Adapters NNS or CC Wall NP Warts NNS as IN they PP tend VVP to TO be VB called VVN . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ basic JJ types NNS . SENT Despite IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT plugs NNS to TO the DT equipment NN may MD be VB identical JJ THESE DT CAN MD GENERALLY RB NOT RB BE VB INTERCHANGED VVN . SENT The DT type NN AC NP or CC DC NP , , voltage NN , , current JJ capacity NN , , and CC polarity NN are VBP all RB critical JJ to TO proper JJ operation NN of IN the DT equipment NN . SENT Use NN of IN an DT improper JJ adapter NN or CC even RB just RB reverse JJ polarity NN can MD permanently RB damage VV or CC destroy VV the DT device NN . SENT Most JJS equipment NN is VBZ protected VVN against IN stupidity NN to TO a DT greater JJR or CC lessor NN degree NN but CC don't NN count NN on IN it PP . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ problems NNS are VBP due JJ to TO failure NN of IN the DT output NN cable NN due JJ to TO flexing VVG at IN either CC the DT adapter NN or CC output NN plug NN end NN . SENT See VV section NN . SENT AC NP adapter NN testing NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT AC NP Transformer NN . SENT All DT wall NN warts NNS are VBP often RB called VVN transformers NNS . SENT However RB , , only RB if IN the DT output NN is VBZ stated VVN to TO be VB AC NP is VBZ the DT device NN simply RB a DT transformer NN . SENT These DT typically RB put VVN out RP anywhere RB from IN 3 CD to TO 20 CD VAC NN or CC more JJR at IN 50 CD mA NN to TO 3 CD A DT or CC more JJR . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ range NN from IN 6 CD 15 CD VAC NN at IN less JJR than IN an DT Amp NN . SENT Typically RB , , the DT regulation NN is VBZ very RB poor JJ so RB that IN an DT adapter NN rated VVN at IN 12 CD VAC NN will MD typically RB put VV out RP 14 CD VAC NN with IN no DT load NN and CC drop NN to TO less JJR than IN 12 CD VAC NN at IN rated VVN load NN . SENT To TO gain VV agency NN approval NN , , these DT need NN to TO be VB protected VVN internally RB so RB that IN there EX is VBZ no DT fire NN hazard NN even RB if IN the DT output NN is VBZ shorted VVN . SENT There EX may MD be VB a DT fuse NN or CC thermal JJ fuse NN internally RB located VVN and CC inaccessible JJ . SENT If IN the DT output NN tested VVN inside IN the DT adapter NN assuming VVG that IN you PP can MD get VV it PP open VV without IN total JJ destruction NN it PP is VBZ secured VVN with IN screws NNS and CC is VBZ not RB glued VVN or CC you PP are VBP skilled JJ with IN a DT hacksaw NN measures VVZ 0 CD or CC very RB low JJ with IN no DT load NN but CC plugged VVD into IN a DT live JJ outlet NN , , either CC the DT transformer NN has VHZ failed VVN or CC the DT internal JJ fuse NN had VHD blown VVN . SENT In IN either DT case NN , , it PP is VBZ probably RB easier JJR to TO just RB buy VV a DT new JJ adapter NN but CC sometimes RB these DT can MD be VB repaired VVN . SENT Occasionally RB , , it PP will MD be VB as RB simple JJ as IN a DT bad JJ connection NN inside IN the DT adapter NN . SENT Check VV the DT fine JJ wires NNS connected VVN to TO the DT AC NP plug NN as RB well RB as IN the DT output NN connections NNS . SENT There EX may MD be VB a DT thermal JJ fuse NN buried VVN under IN the DT outer JJ layers NNS of IN the DT transformer NN which WDT may MD have VH blown VVN . SENT These DT can MD be VB replaced VVN but CC locating VVG one PP may MD prove VV quite PDT a DT challenge NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT DC NP Power NP Pack NP . SENT In IN addition NN to TO a DT step NN down IN transformer NN , , these DT include VVP at IN the DT very RB least RBS a DT rectifier NN and CC filter NN capacitor NN . SENT There EX may MD be VB additional JJ regulation NN but CC most RBS often RB there RB is VBZ none NN . SENT Thus RB , , while IN the DT output NN is VBZ DC NP , , the DT powered VVN equipment NN will MD almost RB always RB include VV an DT electronic JJ regulation NN . SENT As IN above RB , , you PP may MD find VV bad JJ connections NNS or CC a DT blown VVN fuse NN or CC thermal JJ fuse NN inside IN the DT adapter NN but CC the DT most RBS common JJ problems NNS are VBP with IN the DT cable NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Switching VVG Power NP Supply NP . SENT These DT are VBP complete JJ low JJ power NN AC NP DC NP converters NNS using VVG a DT high JJ frequency NN inverter NN . SENT Most RBS common JJ applications NNS are VBP laptop JJ computers NNS and CC camcorders NNS . SENT The DT output NN s PP will MD be VB fairly RB well RB regulated VVN and CC these DT will MD often RB accept VV universal JJ power NN 90 CD 250 CD V NN AC NP or CC DC NP . SENT Again RB , , cable NN problems NNS predominate VV but CC failures NNS of IN the DT switching VVG power NN supply NN components NNS are VBP also RB possible JJ . SENT If IN the DT output NN is VBZ dead JJ and CC you PP have VHP eliminated VVN the DT cable NN as IN a DT possible JJ problem NN or CC the DT output NN is VBZ cycling VVG on RP and CC off RP at IN approximately RB a DT 1 CD second JJ rate NN , , then RB some DT part NN of IN the DT switching VVG power NN supply NN may MD be VB bad JJ . SENT In IN the DT first JJ case NN , , it PP could MD be VB a DT blown VVN fuse NN , , bad JJ startup NN resistor NN , , shorted VVN open JJ semiconductors NNS , , bad JJ controller NN , , or CC other JJ components NNS . SENT If IN the DT output NN is VBZ cycling VVG , , it PP could MD be VB a DT shorted VVN diode NN or CC capacitor NN , , or CC a DT bad JJ controller NN . SENT See VV the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Small NP Switchmode NP Power NP Supplies VVZ for IN more JJR info NN , , especially RB on IN safety NN while IN servicing VVG these DT units NNS . SENT Also RB see VV the DT chaper NN on IN Equipment NP Power NP Supplies VVZ . SENT 10 CD . SENT 2 CD AC NP adapter NN testing VVG AC NP adapters NNS that WDT are VBP not RB the DT switching VVG type NN 1 CD and CC 2 CD above RB can MD easily RB be VB tested VVN with IN a DT VOM NP or CC DMM NP . SENT The DT voltage NN you PP measure VV AC NP or CC DC NP will MD probably RB be VB 10 CD 25 CD higher JJR than IN the DT label NN specification NN . SENT If IN you PP get VVP no DT reading NN , , wiggle NN , , squeeze NN , , squish NN , , and CC otherwise RB abuse VV the DT cord NN both CC at IN the DT wall NN wart NN end NN and CC at IN the DT device NN end NN . SENT You PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO get VV it PP to TO make VV momentary JJ contact NN and CC confirm VV that IN the DT adapter NN itself PP is VBZ functioning VVG . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ problem NN is VBZ one CD or CC both DT conductors NNS breaking VVG internally RB at IN one CD of IN the DT ends NNS due JJ to TO continuous JJ bending VVG and CC stretching VVG . SENT Make VV sure RB the DT outlet NN is VBZ live JJ try VV a DT lamp NN . SENT Make VV sure RB any DT voltage NN selector NN switch NN is VBZ set VVN to TO the DT correct JJ position NN . SENT Move VV it PP back RB and CC forth RB a DT couple NN of IN times NNS to TO make VV sure RB the DT contacts NNS are VBP clean JJ . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN readings NNS check VVP out RP for IN now RB , , then RB wiggle VVP the DT cord NN as RB above IN in IN any DT case NN to TO make VV sure RB the DT internal JJ wiring NN is VBZ intact JJ it PP may MD be VB intermittent JJ . SENT Although IN it PP is VBZ possible JJ for IN the DT adapter NN to TO fail VV in IN peculiar JJ ways NNS , , a DT satisfactory JJ voltage NN test NN should MD indicate VV that IN the DT adapter NN is VBZ functioning VVG correctly RB . SENT 10 CD . SENT 3 CD Pocket NN wall NN adapter NN tester NN polarity NN checker VV This DT handy JJ low JJ cost NN device NN can MD be VB built VVN into IN an DT old JJ ball NN point NN pen NN case NN or CC something NN similar JJ to TO provide VV a DT convenient JJ indication NN of IN wall NN adapter NN type NN , , operation NN , , and CC polarity NN . SENT Probe NN o NN o NN Probe NN 1 CD K NP , , 1 CD 2 CD W NP Green NP LED VVD 10 CD . SENT 4 CD AC NP adapter NN repair NN Although IN the DT cost NN of IN a DT new JJ adapter NN is VBZ usually RB modest JJ , , repair NN is VBZ often RB so RB easy JJ that IN it PP makes VVZ sense NN in IN any DT case NN . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ problem NN and CC the DT only JJ one NN we PP will MD deal VV with IN here RB is VBZ the DT case NN of IN a DT broken JJ wire NN internal JJ to TO the DT cable NN at IN either CC the DT wall NN wart NN or CC device NN end NN due JJ to TO excessive JJ flexing VVG of IN the DT cable NN . SENT Usually RB , , the DT point NN of IN the DT break NN is VBZ just RB at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT rubber NN cable NN guard NN . SENT If IN you PP flex VV the DT cable NN , , you PP will MD probably RB see VV that IN it PP bends VVZ more RBR easily RB here RB than IN elsewhere RB due JJ to TO the DT broken JJ inner JJ conductor NN . SENT If IN you PP are VBP reasonably RB dextrous JJ , , you PP can MD cut VV the DT cable NN at IN this DT point NN , , strip VV the DT wires NNS back RB far RB enough JJ to TO get VV to TO the DT good JJ copper NN , , and CC solder VV the DT ends NNS together RB . SENT Insulate VV completely RB with IN several JJ layers NNS of IN electrical JJ tape NN . SENT Make VV sure JJ you PP do VVP not RB interchange VV the DT two CD wires NNS for IN DC NP output NN adapters NNS . SENT They PP are VBP usually RB marked VVN somehow RB either RB with IN a DT stripe NN on IN the DT insulator NN , , a DT thread NN inside IN with IN one CD of IN the DT conductors NNS , , or CC copper NN and CC silver JJ colored VVN conductors NNS . SENT Before IN you PP cut VVP , , make VVP a DT note NN of IN the DT proper JJ hookup NN just RB to TO be VB sure JJ . SENT Verify VV polarity NN after IN the DT repair NN with IN a DT voltmeter NN . SENT The DT same JJ procedure NN can MD be VB followed VVN if IN the DT break NN is VBZ at IN the DT device NN plug NN end NN but CC you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO buy VV a DT replacement NN plug NN which WDT has VHZ solder NN or CC screw NN terminals NNS rather RB than IN attempting VVG to TO salvage VV the DT old JJ one NN . SENT Once RB the DT repair NN is VBZ complete JJ , , test NN for IN correct JJ voltage NN and CC polarity NN before IN connecting VVG the DT powered VVN equipment NN . SENT This DT repair NN may MD not RB be VB pretty RB , , but CC it PP will MD work VV fine NN , , is VBZ safe JJ , , and CC will MD last VV a DT long JJ time NN if IN done VVN carefully RB . SENT If IN the DT adapter NN can MD be VB opened VVN it PP is VBZ assembled VVN with IN screws NNS rather RB than IN being VBG glued VVN together RB then RB you PP can MD run VV the DT good JJ part NN of IN the DT cable NN inside RB and CC solder VV directly RB to TO the DT internal JJ terminals NNS . SENT Again RB , , verify VV the DT polarity NN before IN you PP plug VVP in IN your PP$ expensive JJ equipment NN . SENT Warning NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ a DT switching VVG power NN supply NN type NN of IN adapter NN , , there EX are VBP dangerous JJ voltages NNS present JJ inside IN in IN addition NN to TO the DT actual JJ line NN connections NNS . SENT Do VVP not RB touch VV any DT parts NNS of IN the DT internal JJ circuitry NN when WRB plugged VVD in IN and CC make VV sure RB the DT large JJ filter NN capacitor NN is VBZ discharged VVN test NN with IN a DT voltmeter NN before IN touching VVG or CC doing VVG any DT work NN on IN the DT circuit NN board NN . SENT For IN more JJR info NN on IN switching VVG power NN supply NN repair NN , , refer VVP to TO the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Small NP Switchmode NP Power NP Supplies VVZ . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ a DT normal JJ adapter NN , , then RB the DT only JJ danger NN when WRB open JJ are VBP direct JJ connections NNS to TO the DT AC NP plug NN . SENT Stay VV clear VV when WRB it PP is VBZ plugged VVD in IN . SENT 10 CD . SENT 5 CD AC NP adapter NN substitution NN and CC equipment NN damage NN Those DT voltage NN and CC current JJ ratings NNS are VBP there RB for IN a DT reason NN . SENT You PP may MD get VV away RB with IN a DT lower JJR voltage NN or CC current JJ adapter NN without IN permanent JJ damage NN but CC using VVG a DT higher JJR voltage NN adapter NN is VBZ playing VVG Russian NP Roulette NP . SENT Even RB using VVG an DT adapter NN from IN a DT different JJ device NN even RB with IN similar JJ ratings NNS , , may MD be VB risky JJ because IN there EX is VBZ no DT real JJ standard NN . SENT A DT 12 CD V NN adapter NN from IN one CD manufacturer NN may MD put VV out RP 12 CD V NN at IN all DT times NNS whereas IN one CD from IN another DT manufacturer NN may MD put VV out RP 20 CD V NN or CC more JJR when WRB unloaded JJ . SENT A DT variety NN of IN types NNS of IN protection NN are VBP often RB incorporated VVN into IN adapter NN powered VVN equipment NN . SENT Sometimes RB these DT actually RB will MD save VV the DT day NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , designers NNS cannot NN anticipate VV all PDT the DT creative JJ techniques NNS people NNS use VVP to TO prove VV they PP really RB do VVP not RB have VH a DT clue NN of IN what WP they PP are VBP doing VVG . SENT The DT worst JJS seems VVZ to TO be VB where WRB an DT attempt NN is VBZ made VVN to TO operate VV portable JJ devices NNS off RB of IN an DT automotive JJ electrical JJ system NN . SENT Fireworks NNS are VBP often RB the DT result NN , , see VVP below IN and CC the DT section NN on IN . SENT Automotive JJ power NN . SENT If IN you PP tried VVD an DT incorrect JJ adapter NN and CC the DT device NN now RB does VVZ not RB work VV there EX are VBP several JJ possibilities NNS assuming VVG the DT adapter NN survived VVD and CC this DT is VBZ not RB the DT problem NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT An DT internal JJ fuse NN or CC IC NP protector NN blew VVD . SENT This DT would MD be VB the DT easiest JJS to TO repair VV . SENT 2 LS . SENT A DT protection NN diode NN sacrificed VVD itself PP . SENT This DT is VBZ usually RB reverse RB biased VVN across IN the DT input NN and CC is VBZ supposed VVN to TO short VV out RP the DT adapter NN if IN the DT polarity NN is VBZ reversed VVN . SENT However RB , , it PP may MD have VH failed VVD shorted VVN particularly RB if IN you PP used VVD a DT high JJ current JJ adapter NN or CC automotive JJ power NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Some DT really RB expensive JJ hard RB to TO obtain VV parts NNS blew VVD up RP . SENT Unfortunately RB , , this DT outcome NN is VBZ all DT too RB common JJ . SENT Some DT devices NNS are VBP designed VVN in IN such PDT a DT way NN that IN they PP will MD survive VV almost RB anything NN . SENT A DT series NN diode NN would MD protect VV against IN reverse JJ polarity NN . SENT Alternatively RB , , a DT large JJ parallel JJ diode NN with IN upstream RB current JJ limiting VVG resistor NN or CC PTC NN thermistor NN , , and CC fuses NNS , , fusable JJ resistors NNS , , or CC IC NP protectors NNS would MD cut VV off RP current JJ before IN the DT parallel JJ diode NN or CC circuit NN board NN traces NNS have VHP time NN to TO vaporize VV . SENT A DT crowbar NN circuit NN zener NN to TO trigger VV an DT SCR NP could MD be VB used VVN to TO protect VV against IN reasonable JJ overvoltage NN . SENT I PP inherited VVD a DT Sony NP Discman NP from IN a DT guy NN who WP thought VVD he PP would MD save VV a DT few JJ bucks NNS and CC make VV an DT adapter NN cord NN to TO use VV it PP in IN his PP$ car NN . SENT Not RB only RB was VBD the DT 12 CD 15 CD volts NNS from IN the DT car NN battery NN too RB high JJ but CC he PP got VVD it PP backwards RB . SENT Blew VVD the DT DC NP DC NP converter NN transistor NN in IN two CD despite IN the DT built VVN in IN reverse JJ voltage NN protection NN and CC fried VVN the DT microcontroller NN . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , the DT player NN was VBD a DT loss NN but CC the DT cigarette NN lighter JJR fuse NN was VBD happy JJ as IN a DT clam NN . SENT Moral JJ . SENT those DT voltage NN , , current JJ , , and CC polarity NN ratings NNS marked VVN on IN portable JJ equipment NN are VBP there RB for IN a DT reason NN . SENT Voltage NN rating NN should MD not RB be VB exceeded VVN , , though IN using VVG a DT slightly RB lower JJR voltage NN adapter NN will MD probably RB cause VV no DT harm NN though IN performance NN may MD suffer VV . SENT The DT current JJ rating NN of IN the DT adapter NN should MD be VB at IN least JJS equal JJ to TO the DT printed JJ rating NN . SENT The DT polarity NN , , of IN course NN , , must MD be VB correct JJ . SENT If IN connected VVN backwards RB with IN a DT current JJ limited JJ adapter NN , , there EX may MD be VB no DT immediate JJ damage NN depending VVG on IN the DT design NN of IN the DT protective JJ circuits NNS . SENT But CC don't NN take VVP chances NNS double RB check VVP that IN the DT polarities NNS match VVP with IN a DT voltmeter NN if IN necessary JJ before IN you PP plug VVP it PP in RP . SENT Note NN that IN even RB some DT identically RB marked JJ adapters NNS put VVP out RP widely RB different JJ open JJ circuit NN voltages NNS . SENT If IN the DT unloaded JJ voltage NN reading NN is VBZ more JJR than IN 25 CD 30 CD higher JJR than IN the DT marked JJ value NN , , I PP would MD be VB cautious JJ about IN using VVG the DT adapter NN without IN confirmation NN that IN it PP is VBZ acceptable JJ for IN your PP$ equipment NN . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , if IN you PP experience VVP any DT strange JJ or CC unexpected JJ behavior NN with IN a DT new JJ adapter NN , , if IN any DT part NN gets VVZ unusually RB warm JJ , , or CC if IN there EX is VBZ any DT unusual JJ odor NN , , unplug VV it PP immediately RB and CC attempt VVP to TO identify VV the DT cause NN of IN the DT problem NN . SENT Or CC , , a DT more RBR dramatic JJ result NN of IN the DT same JJ principles NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Don NP Parker NP tazman NP yournet NN . SENT com NN . SENT A DT guy NN brought VVD a DT Johnson NP Messenger NP CB NP to TO my PP$ shop NN a DT few JJ decades NNS back RB . SENT He PP had VHD been VBN told VVN it PP would MD run VV on IN 12 CD VDC NP and CC 115 CD VAC NN so IN he PP tried VVD it PP . SENT I PP never RB saw VVD so RB many JJ little JJ leads NNS sticking VVG up RP from IN any DT pcb NN since IN that WDT once RB were VBD capacitors NNS and CC top JJ hat NN transistors NNS . SENT There EX was VBD enough JJ fluff NN from IN the DT caps NNS to TO have VH the DT chassis NN rated VVN at IN least JJS R NP 10 CD . SENT . SENT 10 CD . SENT 6 CD Power NP reversal NN better RBR pray VV That's NP right NN , , I PP reversed VVD power NN and CC ground NN on IN a DT Sony NP XR NP 6000 CD AM NP FM NP cassette NN car NN stereo NN . SENT 12 CD V NN negative JJ ground NN . SENT The DT little JJ fellow NN made VVD a DT stinky JJ smell NN , , so RB I PP assume VVP that IN at IN least JJS one CD component NN is VBZ cooked VVN . SENT If IN it PP had VHD not RB been VBN turned VVN on IN before IN you PP discovered VVD your PP$ error NN , , the DT damage NN may MD have VH been VBN limited VVN to TO the DT display NN and CC some DT filter NN caps NNS . SENT Then RB again RB . SENT . SENT . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ that IN an DT auto NN battery NN has VHZ a DT very RB high JJ current JJ capacity NN and CC any DT fuses NNS respond VVP too RB slowly RB to TO be VB of IN much JJ value NN in IN a DT situation NN such JJ as IN this DT . SENT Any DT capacitors NNS and CC solid JJ state NN components NNS on IN the DT 12 CD V NN bus NN at IN the DT time NN power NN was VBD applied VVN are VBP likely RB fried JJ well RB done VVN . SENT Is VBZ there RB any DT hope NN of IN my PP$ repairing VVG it PP . SENT This DT assumes VVZ I PP show VVP more JJR ability NN than IN I PP did VVD when WRB installing VVG it PP . SENT Which WDT part NN s PP are VBP likely RB damaged VVN . SENT From IN . SENT Onat NP Ahmet NP onat NN turbine NN . SENT kuee NN . SENT kyoto NP u NN . SENT ac NNS . SENT jp NN . SENT Well RB , , based VVN on IN that DT last JJ statement NN . SENT BAD JJ . SENT car NN batteries NNS can MD provide VV amps NNS and CC amps NNS of IN current JJ much RB worse JJR than IN reverse RB connecting VVG a DT wall NN adapter NN for IN example NN . SENT GOOD JJ . SENT The DT stinking VVG might MD be VB due JJ to TO a DT component NN getting VVG too RB hot JJ and CC vaporizing VVG the DT solder NN paste NN preserver NN dust NN on IN it PP , , but CC not RB actually RB giving VVG up RP the DT ghost NN . SENT I PP would MD find VV and CC check VV any DT fuses NNS , , or CC components NNS directly RB in IN line NN with IN or CC parallel VV to TO the DT power NN lines NNS the DT latter NN might MD include VV the DT IC's NP unfortunately RB . SENT . SENT . SENT GOOD JJ . SENT There EX might MD have VH been VBN a DT protecting VVG diode NN somewhere RB but CC why WRB did VVD it PP stink VV then RB NEUTR NP . SENT Did VVD you PP disassemble VV it PP to TO see VV if IN there EX were VBD any DT blackened VVN areas NNS components NNS . SENT Smell NN from IN a DT close JJ distance NN . SENT I PP can MD often RB locate VV a DT burnt JJ component NN that IN way NN even RB after IN a DT long JJ time NN . SENT If IN not RB , , join VV the DT happy JJ crowd NN , , and CC gut VV the DT good JJ old JJ stereo NN for IN parts NNS . SENT 10 CD . SENT 7 CD Replacing VVG batteries NNS with IN an DT AC NP adapter NN While IN most JJS appliances NNS that WDT run VVP off RP of IN internal JJ batteries NNS also RB include VVP a DT socket NN for IN an DT wall NN adapter NN , , this DT is VBZ not RB always RB the DT case NN . SENT Just RB because IN there EX is VBZ no DT hole NN to TO plug VV one CD in IN doesn't NN necessarily RB mean VVP that IN you PP cannot NN use NN one NN . SENT The DT type NN we PP are VBP considering VVG in IN this DT discussion NN are VBP plug NN in IN wall NN adapter NN that IN output NN a DT DC NP voltage NN not RB AC NP transformers NNS . SENT This DT would MD be VB stated VVN on IN the DT nameplate NN . SENT The DT first JJ major JJ consideration NN is VBZ voltage NN . SENT This DT needs VVZ to TO be VB matched VVN to TO the DT needs NNS of IN the DT equipment NN . SENT However RB , , what WP you PP provide VVP may MD also RB need VV to TO be VB well RB regulated VVN for IN several JJ reasons NNS as IN the DT manufacturer NN may MD have VH saved VVN on IN the DT cost NN of IN the DT circuitry NN by IN assuming VVG the DT use NN of IN batteries NNS . SENT The DT maximum JJ voltage NN supplied VVN by IN a DT battery NN is VBZ well RB defined VVN . SENT For IN example NN , , 4 CD AA NN cells NNS provide VVP just RB over IN 6 CD V NN when WRB new JJ . SENT The DT design NN of IN the DT device NN may MD assume VV that IN this DT voltage NN is VBZ never RB exceeded VVN and CC include VVP no DT internal JJ regulator NN . SENT Overheating VVG or CC failure NN may MD result VV immediately RB or CC down RB the DT road NN with IN a DT wall NN adapter NN which WDT supplies VVZ more JJR voltage NN than IN its PP$ nameplate NN rating NN as IN most JJS do VV especially RB when WRB lightly RB loaded VVN . SENT Most JJS wall NN adapters NNS do VVP not RB include VV much RB filtering VVG . SENT With IN audio JJ equipment NN , , this DT may MD mean VV that IN there EX will MD be VB unacceptable JJ levels NNS of IN hum NN if IN used VVN direct JJ . SENT There EX are VBP exceptions NNS . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ no DT way NN of IN telling VVG without IN actually RB testing VVG the DT adapter NN under IN load NN . SENT The DT load NN on IN the DT power NN source NN batteries NNS or CC adapter NN may MD vary VV quite PDT a DT bit NN depending VVG on IN what WP the DT device NN is VBZ doing VVG . SENT Fresh JJ batteries NNS can MD provide VV quite PDT a DT bit NN of IN current JJ without IN their PP$ voltage NN drooping VVG that IN much RB . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB always RB the DT case NN with IN wall NN adapters NNS and CC the DT performance NN of IN the DT equipment NN may MD suffer VV . SENT Thus RB , , the DT typical JJ universal JJ adapter NN found VVN at IN Radio NP Shack NP and CC others NNS may MD not RB work VV satisfactorily RB . SENT No DT load NN voltage NN can MD be VB much RB higher JJR than IN the DT voltage NN at IN full JJ load NN which WDT in IN itself PP may MD be VB greater JJR than IN the DT marked JJ voltage NN . SENT Adding VVG an DT external JJ regulator NN to TO a DT somewhat RB higher JJR voltage NN wall NN adapter NN is VBZ best JJS . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Adding VVG an DT IC NP regulator NN to TO a DT wall NN adapter NN or CC battery NN . SENT The DT other JJ major JJ consideration NN is VBZ current JJ . SENT The DT rating NN of IN the DT was VBD adapter NN must MD be VB at IN least JJS equal JJ to TO the DT maximum JJ current JJ mA NN or CC A DT drawn VVN by IN the DT device NN in IN any DT mode NN which WDT lasts VVZ more JJR than IN a DT fraction NN of IN a DT second NN . SENT The DT best JJS way NN to TO determine VV this DT is VBZ to TO measure VV it PP using VVG fresh JJ batteries NNS and CC checking VVG all DT modes NNS . SENT Add VV a DT safety NN factor NN of IN 10 CD to TO 25 CD percent NN to TO your PP$ maximum JJ reading NN and CC use NN this NN when WRB selecting VVG an DT adapter NN . SENT For IN shock NN and CC fire NN safety NN , , any DT wall NN adapter NN you PP use VVP should MD be VB isolated VVN and CC have VH UL NP approval NN . SENT Isolation NN means VVZ that IN there EX is VBZ a DT transformer NN in IN the DT adapter NN to TO protect VV you PP and CC your PP$ equipment NN from IN direct JJ connection NN to TO the DT power NN line NN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT inexpensive JJ type NN do VVP have VH a DT transformer NN . SENT However RB , , if IN what WP you PP have VHP weighs VVZ almost RB nothing NN and CC is VBZ in IN a DT tiny JJ case NN , , it PP may MD be VB meant VVN for IN a DT specific JJ purpose NN and CC not RB be VB isolated VVN . SENT UL NP Underwriters NP Lab NP approval NN means VVZ that IN the DT adapter NN has VHZ been VBN tested VVN to TO destruction NN and CC it PP is VBZ unlikely JJ that IN a DT fire NN would MD result VV from IN any DT reasonable JJ internal JJ fault NN like IN a DT short JJ circuit NN or CC external JJ fault NN like IN a DT prolonged JJ overload NN condition NN . SENT To TO wire VV it PP in RP , , it PP is VBZ best RBS to TO obtain VV a DT socket NN like IN those DT used VVN on IN appliances NNS with IN external JJ adapter NN inputs NNS from IN something NN that WDT is VBZ lying VVG in IN your PP$ junk NN box NN or CC a DT distributor NN like IN MCM NP Electronics NPS . SENT Use VV one PP with IN an DT automatic JJ disconnect VV 3 CD terminals NNS if IN possible JJ . SENT Then RB , , you PP can MD retain VV the DT optional JJ use NN of IN the DT battery NN . SENT Cut VV the DT wire NN to TO the DT battery NN for IN the DT side NN that WDT will MD be VB the DT outer JJ ring NN of IN the DT adapter NN plug NN and CC wire VV it PP in IN series NN with IN the DT disconnect VV make VV sure RB the DT disconnected JJ terminal NN goes VVZ to TO the DT battery NN and CC the DT other JJ terminal NN goes VVZ to TO the DT equipment NN . SENT The DT common JJ center NN terminal NN goes VVZ to TO other JJ side NN of IN the DT battery NN , , adapter NN , , and CC equipment NN as IN shown VVN in IN the DT example NN below RB . SENT In IN this DT wiring NN diagram NN , , it PP is VBZ assumed VVN that IN the DT ring NN is VBZ and CC the DT center NN is VBZ . SENT Your PP$ adapter NN could MD be VB wired VVN either DT way NN . SENT Don't NP get VVP it PP backwards RB . SENT X SYM V NN Inserting VVG plug NN breaks VVZ connection NN at IN X NP Battery NP o NN Adapter NN o NN o NN Equipment NP Ring NP , , o NN Battery NP Adapter NN o NN o NN Equipment NP Center NP , , Warning NP . SENT if IN you PP do VVP not RB use VV an DT automatic JJ disconnect VV socket NN , , remove VV the DT battery NN holder NN or CC otherwise RB disable VV it PP accidentally RB using VVG the DT wall NN adapter NN with IN the DT batteries NNS installed VVN could MD result VV in IN leakage NN or CC even RB an DT explosion NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT 8 CD Converting VVG an DT AC NP output NN wall NN adapter NN to TO DC NP Where WRB a DT modest JJ source NN of IN DC NP is VBZ required VVN for IN an DT appliance NN or CC other JJ device NN , , it PP may MD be VB possible JJ to TO add VV a DT rectifier NN and CC filter NN capacitor NN and CC possibly RB a DT regulator NN as RB well RB to TO a DT wall NN adapter NN with IN an DT AC NP output NN . SENT While IN many JJ wall NN adapter NN output NN DC NP , , some DT modems NNS and CC some DT phone NN answering NN machines NNS , , for IN example NN are VBP just RB transformers NNS and CC output NN low JJ voltage NN AC NP . SENT To TO convert VV such PDT an DT adapter NN to TO DC NP requires VVZ the DT use NN of IN . SENT Bridge NP rectifier NN turns VVZ AC NP into IN pulsating VVG DC NP . SENT Filter NP capacitor NN smooths VVZ the DT output NN reducing VVG its PP$ ripple NN . SENT Regulator NN produces VVZ a DT nearly RB constant JJ output NN voltage NN . SENT Depending VVG on IN your PP$ needs NNS , , you PP may MD find VV a DT suitable JJ wall NN adapter NN in IN your PP$ junk NN box NN maybe RB from IN that DT 2400 CD baud NN modem NN that WDT was VBD all PDT the DT rage NN a DT couple NN of IN years NNS ago RB . SENT . SENT The DT basic JJ circuit NN is VBZ shown VVN below RB . SENT Bridge NP Rectifier NP Filter NP Capacitor NN AC NP o NN o NN DC NP In IN from IN AC NP o NN 10 CD . SENT 9 CD Adding VVG an DT IC NP regulator NN to TO a DT wall NN adapter NN or CC battery NN For IN many JJ applications NNS , , it PP is VBZ desirable JJ to TO have VH a DT well RB regulated VVN source NN of IN DC NP power NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB the DT case NN when WRB running VVG equipment NN from IN batteries NNS as IN well RB as RB from IN a DT wall NN adapter NN that IN outputs NNS a DT DC NP voltage NN or CC the DT enhanced JJ adapter NN described VVN in IN the DT section NN . SENT Converting VVG an DT AC NP output NN wall NN adapter NN to TO DC NP . SENT The DT following NN is VBZ a DT very RB basic JJ introduction NN to TO the DT construction NN of IN a DT circuit NN with IN appropriate JJ modifications NNS will MD work VV for IN outputs NNS in IN the DT range NN of IN about IN 1 CD . SENT 25 CD to TO 35 CD V NN and CC currents NNS up IN 1 CD A DT . SENT This DT can MD also RB be VB used VVN as IN the DT basis NN for IN a DT small JJ general JJ purpose NN power NN supply NN for IN use NN with IN electronics NN experiments NNS . SENT For IN an DT arbitrary JJ voltage NN between IN about IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD and CC 35 CD V NN what WP you PP want VVP is VBZ an DT IC NP called VVD an DT adjustable JJ voltage NN regulator NN . SENT LM NP 317 CD is VBZ one CD example NN Radio NP Shack NP should MD have VH it PP along RB with IN a DT schematic NN . SENT The DT LM NP 317 CD looks VVZ like IN a DT power NN transistor NN but CC is VBZ a DT complete JJ regulator NN on IN a DT chip NN . SENT Where WRB the DT output NN needs VVZ to TO be VB a DT common JJ value NN like IN 5 CD V NN or CC 12 CD V NN , , ICs NNS called VVD fixed JJ voltage NN regulators NNS are VBP available JJ which WDT are VBP preprogrammed VVN for IN these DT . SENT Typical JJ ICs NNS have VHP designations NNS of IN 78 CD xx NN positive JJ output NN and CC 79 CD xx NN negative JJ output NN . SENT For IN example NN . SENT Positive JJ Negative JJ Voltage NN Regulator NN Voltage NN Regulator NN 7805 CD 5 CD V NN 7905 CD 5 CD V NN 7809 CD 9 CD V NN 7909 CD 9 CD V NN 7812 CD 12 CD V NN 7912 CD 12 CD V NN 7815 CD 15 CD V NN 7915 CD 15 CD V NN and CC so RB forth RB . SENT Where WRB these DT will MD suffice VV , , the DT circuit NN below RB can MD be VB simplified VVN by IN eliminating VVG the DT resistors NNS and CC tying VVG the DT third JJ terminal NN to TO ground NN . SENT Note NN . SENT pinouts NNS differ VVP between IN positive JJ and CC negatve NN types NNS check VVP the DT datasheet NN . SENT Here RB is VBZ a DT sample NN circuit NN using VVG the DT LM NP 317 CD . SENT I NP O NP Vin NP o NN LM NP 317 CD o NN Vout NP A NP R NP 1 CD 240 CD C NP 1 CD C $ 2 CD 0 CD LM NP 317 CD . SENT 01 CD 1 CD uF NN 1 CD Adjust VVP uF NP 2 CD Output NN 3 CD Input NN R NP 2 CD 123 CD Vin NP o NN o NN Vout NP Note NN . SENT Not RB all DT voltage NN regulator NN ICs NNS use VVP this DT pinout NN . SENT If IN you PP are VBP not RB using VVG an DT LM NP 317 CD , , double RB check VV its PP$ pinout NN as RB well RB as IN all PDT the DT other JJ specifications NNS . SENT For IN the DT LM NP 317 CD . SENT 1 CD . SENT R SYM 2 CD 192 CD x SYM Vout NP 240 CD , , where WRB R NP 2 CD in IN ohms NNS , , Vout NP is VBZ in IN volts NNS and CC must MD be VB at IN between IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN and CC 35 CD V NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Vin NP should MD be VB at IN least JJS 2 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN greater JJR than IN Vout NP . SENT Select VV a DT wall NN adapter NN with IN a DT voltage NN at IN least JJS 2 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN greater JJR than IN your PP$ regulated JJ output NN at IN full JJ load NN . SENT However RB , , note VVP that IN a DT typical JJ adapter's NN voltage NN may MD vary VV quite PDT a DT bit NN depending VVG on IN manufacturer NN and CC load NN . SENT You PP will MD have VH to TO select VV one CD that IN isn't NN too RB much RB greater JJR than IN what WP you PP really RB want VVP since IN this DT will MD add VV unnecessary JJ wasted VVN power NN in IN the DT device NN and CC additional JJ heat NN dissipation NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Maximum JJ output NN current NN is VBZ 1 CD A NP . SENT Your PP$ adapter NN must MD be VB capable JJ of IN supplying VVG the DT maximum JJ current NN safely RB and CC without IN its PP$ voltage NN drooping VVG below IN the DT requirement NN in IN 2 CD above RB . SENT 4 LS . SENT Additional JJ filter NN capacitance NN across IN C $ 1 CD on IN the DT adapter's JJ output NN may MD help VV or CC be VB required VVN to TO reduce VV its PP$ ripple NN and CC thus RB the DT swing NN of IN its PP$ input NN . SENT This DT may MD allow VV you PP to TO use VV an DT adapter NN with IN a DT lower JJR output NN voltage NN and CC reduce VV the DT power NN dissipation NN in IN the DT regulator NN as IN well RB . SENT Using VVG 10 CD , , 000 CD uF NN per IN amp NN of IN output NN current JJ will MD result VV in IN less JJR than IN 1 CD V NN p NN p NN ripple NN on IN the DT input NN to TO the DT regulator NN . SENT As RB long RB as IN the DT input NN is VBZ always RB greater JJR than IN your PP$ desired VVN output NN voltage NN plus IN 2 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN , , the DT regulator NN will MD totally RB remove VV this DT ripple NN resulting VVG in IN a DT constant JJ DC NP output NN independent JJ of IN line NN voltage NN and CC load VV current JJ fluctuations NNS . SENT For IN you PP purists NNS , , the DT regulator NN isn't NN quite RB perfect JJ but CC is VBZ good JJ enough RB for IN most JJS applications NNS . SENT Make VV sure JJ you PP select VVP a DT capacitor NN with IN a DT voltage NN rating NN at IN least JJS 25 CD greater JJR than IN the DT adapter's JJ unloaded JJ peak NN output NN voltage NN and CC observe VVP the DT polarity NN . SENT Note NN . SENT wall NN adapters NNS designed VVN as IN battery NN chargers NNS may MD not RB have VH any DT filter NN capacitors NNS so IN this DT will MD definitely RB be VB needed VVN with IN this DT type NN . SENT Quick JJ check NN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN on IN the DT adapter's NNS output NN drops VVZ to TO zero VV as RB soon RB as IN it PP is VBZ pulled VVN from IN the DT wall NN even RB with IN no DT load NN it PP does VVZ not RB have VH a DT filter NN capacitor NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT tab NN of IN the DT LM NP 317 CD is VBZ connected VVN to TO the DT center NN pin NN keep VV this DT in IN mind NN because IN the DT chip NN will MD have VH to TO be VB on IN a DT heat NN sink NN if IN it PP will MD be VB dissipating VVG more JJR than IN a DT watt NN or CC so RB . SENT P NN Vout NP Vin NP Iout NP . SENT 6 CD . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ considerations NNS check VVP the DT datasheet NN for IN the DT LM NP 317 CD particularly RB if IN you PP are VBP running VVG near IN the DT limits NNS of IN 35 CD V NN and CC or CC 1 CD A DT . SENT Chapter NP 11 CD Equipment NP Power NP Supplies VVZ 11 CD . SENT 1 CD AC NP plug NN in IN power NN supplies NNS Reread VVD Safety NN info NN before IN tackling VVG any DT power NN supply NN problem NN in IN a DT VCR NP . SENT If IN your PP$ equipment NN uses VVZ an DT AC NP adapter NN wall NN wart NN , , see VVP the DT Chapter NN . SENT AC NP Adapters NNS first JJ . SENT Consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN typically RB uses VVZ one CD of IN four CD types NNS of IN power NN supplies NNS There EX are VBP no DT doubt NN others NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Power NN transformer NN with IN linear JJ regulator NN using VVG 78 CD 79 CD XX NP ICs NNS or CC discrete JJ components NNS . SENT The DT power NN transformer NN will MD be VB large JJ and CC very RB near IN the DT AC NP line NN cord NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Power NN transformer NN with IN hybrid JJ regulator NN like IN STK NP 5481 CD or CC any DT of IN its PP$ cousins NNS multioutput NN with IN some DT outputs NNS switched VVN by IN power NN on IN . SENT If IN it PP has VHZ one CD of IN these DT , , check VV ECG NP , , SK NP , , or CC NTE NP , , or CC post VV to TO sci NNS . SENT electronics NNS . SENT repair NN and CC someone NN can MD probably RB provide VV the DT pinout NN . SENT Again RB , , the DT power NN transformer NN will MD be VB large JJ and CC very RB near IN the DT AC NP line NN cord NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Small JJ switching VVG power NN supply NN . SENT Most RBS common JJ problems NNS . SENT shorted VVN semiconductors NNS , , bad JJ capacitors NNS , , open JJ fusable JJ resistors NNS . SENT In IN this DT case NN there EX is VBZ usually RB no DT large JJ power NN transformer NN near IN the DT line NN input NN but CC a DT smaller JJR transformer NN amidships RB . SENT This DT is VBZ rare JJ in IN audio JJ equipment NN as IN the DT switching VVG noise NN is VBZ difficult JJ to TO keep VV out RP of IN the DT audio JJ circuits NNS . SENT These DT are VBP more JJR often RB found VVN found VVN in IN some DT VCRs NNS , , TVs NNS , , monitors NNS , , fax NN machines NNS , , and CC printers NNS . SENT Some DT comments NNS for IN each DT type NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Troubleshooting NN is VBZ quite RB straightforward JJ as IN the DT components NNS are VBP readily RB identified VVN and CC it PP is VBZ easy JJ to TO trace VV through RP from IN the DT power NN transformer NN , , bridge NN or CC centertapped JJ full JJ wave NN rectifiers NNS , , regulators NNS , , caps NNS , , etc FW . SENT 2 LS . SENT Failures NNS of IN one CD or CC more JJR of IN the DT outputs NNS of IN these DT hybrid JJ regulators NNS are VBP very RB common JJ . SENT Use VV ECG NP STK NP NTE NP cross NN reference NN to TO identify VV the DT correct JJ output NN voltages NNS . SENT Test NN with IN power NN switch NN in IN both DT positions NNS . SENT Any DT discrepancy NN indicates VVZ likely JJ problem NN . SENT While IN an DT excessive JJ load NN dragging VVG down RP a DT voltage NN is VBZ possible JJ , , the DT regulator NN is VBZ the DT first JJ suspect NN . SENT Replacement NN cost NN is VBZ usually RB under IN 10 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT Switching VVG supplies NNS . SENT These DT are VBP tougher JJR to TO diagnose VV , , but CC it PP is VBZ possible JJ without IN service NN literature NN by IN tracing VVG the DT circuit NN and CC checking NN for IN bad JJ semiconductors NNS with IN an DT ohmmeter NN . SENT Common JJ problems NNS dried VVD up RP capacitors NNS , , shorted VVN semiconductors NNS , , and CC bad JJ solder NN joints NNS . SENT See VV the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Small NP Switchmode NP Power NP Supplies VVZ for IN more JJR detailed JJ information NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT 2 CD Totally RB dead JJ power NN supply NN non JJ switching NN type NN Don't NP overlook VVP the DT possibility NN of IN bad JJ solder NN connections NNS or CC even RB a DT bad JJ line NN cord NN or CC plug NN . SENT Maybe RB Fido NP was VBD hungry JJ . SENT First RB , , make VV sure RB the DT outlet NN is VBZ live JJ try VV a DT lamp NN . SENT Even RB a DT neon NN circuit NN tester NN is VBZ not RB a DT 100 CD guarantee NN the DT outlet NN may MD have VH a DT high JJ resistance NN marginal JJ connection NN . SENT Check NN for IN blown VVN fuses NNS near IN the DT line NN cord NN input NN . SENT With IN the DT unit NN unplugged VVD , , test NN for IN continuity NN from IN the DT AC NP plug NN to TO the DT fuse NN , , on IN off IN switch NN and CC power NN transformer NN . SENT With IN the DT power NN switch NN in IN the DT on IN position NN , , testing VVG across IN the DT AC NP plug NN should MD result VV in IN a DT resistance NN of IN 1 CD to TO 100 CD ohms NNS depending VVG on IN the DT size NN of IN the DT equipment NN see VV the DT section NN . SENT Internal JJ fuse NN blew VVD during IN lightning NN storm NN or CC elephant NN hit NN power NN pole NN for IN typical JJ resistance NN readings NNS of IN transformer NN primary JJ windings NNS . SENT If IN the DT fuse NN blew VVD and CC the DT readings NNS are VBP too RB low JJ , , the DT transformer NN primary NN may MD be VB partially RB or CC totally RB shorted VVN . SENT If IN the DT resistance NN is VBZ infinite JJ even RB directly RB across IN the DT primary NN of IN the DT power NN transformer NN , , it PP may MD be VB open JJ or CC there EX may MD be VB an DT open JJ thermal JJ fuse NN underneath IN the DT outer JJ layer NN of IN insulation NN wrapping NN . SENT If IN the DT fuse NN blew VVD but CC resistance NN is VBZ reasonable JJ , , try VV a DT new JJ fuse NN of IN the DT proper JJ ratings NNS . SENT If IN this DT blows NNS instantly RB , , there EX is VBZ still RB a DT fault NN in IN the DT power NN supply NN or CC one CD of IN its PP$ loads NNS . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT About IN fuses NNS , , IC NP protectors NNS , , and CC circuit NN breakers NNS . SENT If IN these DT check NN out RP , , then RB the DT problem NN is VBZ likely JJ on IN the DT secondary JJ side NN . SENT One CD or CC more JJR outputs NNS may MD be VB low JJ or CC missing VVG due JJ to TO bad JJ regulator NN components NNS . SENT A DT secondary JJ winding VVG could MD be VB open JJ though RB is VBZ is VBZ less RBR common JJ than IN primary JJ side NN failure NN as IN the DT wire NN in IN transistorized VVN equipment NN at IN least JJS is VBZ much RB thicker JJR . SENT 11 CD . SENT 3 CD Low NP or CC missing JJ power NN supply NN outputs NNS non JJ switching VVG type NN Once IN the DT line NN input NN and CC primary JJ circuits NNS have VHP been VBN found VVN to TO be VB good JJ or CC at IN have VHP continuity NN and CC a DT resistance NN that WDT is VBZ reasonable JJ , , the DT problems NNS is VBZ most RBS likely JJ in IN the DT secondary JJ side NN fuses NNS , , rectifiers NNS , , filter NN capacitors NNS , , regulator NN components NNS , , bad JJ connections NNS , , excess JJ load NN due JJ to TO electronic JJ problems NNS elsewhere RB . SENT Depending VVG on IN the DT type NN of IN equipment NN , , there EX may MD be VB a DT single JJ output NN of IN several JJ outputs NNS from IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT A DT failure NN of IN one CD of IN these DT can MD result VV in IN multiple JJ systems NNS problems NNS depending VVG on IN what WP parts NNS of IN the DT equipment NN use VV what WP supply NN . SENT Check NN for IN bad JJ fuses NNS in IN the DT secondary JJ circuits NNS test NN with IN an DT ohmmeter NN . SENT I PP once RB even RB found VVD an DT intermittent JJ fuse NN . SENT Try VV a DT new JJ fuse NN of IN the DT same JJ ratings NNS . SENT If IN this DT one CD blows NNS immediately RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT fault NN in IN the DT power NN supply NN or CC one CD of IN its PP$ loads NNS . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT About IN fuses NNS , , IC NP protectors NNS , , and CC circuit NN breakers NNS . SENT The DT use NN of IN a DT series NN current JJ limiting VVG resistor NN a DT low JJ wattage NN light NN bulb NN , , for IN example NN may MD be VB useful JJ to TO allow VV you PP to TO make VV measurements NNS without IN undo VV risk NN of IN damage NN and CC an DT unlimited JJ supply NN of IN fuses NNS . SENT Locate VV the DT large JJ electrolytic JJ filter NN capacitor NN s PP . SENT These DT will MD probably RB be VB near IN the DT power NN transformer NN connections NNS to TO the DT circuit NN board NN with IN the DT power NN supply NN components NNS . SENT Test NN for IN voltage NN across IN each DT of IN these DT with IN power NN on IN . SENT If IN they PP are VBP in IN pairs NNS , , this DT may MD be VB a DT dual JJ polarity NN supply NN , , very RB common JJ in IN audio JJ equipment NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , two CD or CC more JJR capacitors NNS are VBP simply RB used VVN to TO provide VV a DT higher JJR uF NN rating NN . SENT If IN you PP find VVP no DT voltage NN on IN one CD of IN these DT capacitors NNS , , trace VV back RB to TO determine VV if IN the DT problem NN is VBZ a DT rectifier NN diode NN , , bad JJ connection NN , , or CC bad JJ secondary JJ winding VVG on IN the DT power NN transformer NN the DT latter NN is VBZ somewhat RB uncommon JJ as IN the DT wire NN is VBZ relatively RB thick JJ , , however RB . SENT Dried VVN up IN electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS will MD result VV in IN excessive JJ ripple NN leading VVG to TO hum VV or CC reduced JJ headroom NN in IN audio JJ outputs NNS and CC possible JJ regulation NN problems NNS as RB well RB . SENT Test NN with IN a DT scope NN or CC multimeter NN on IN its PP$ AC NP scale NN but CC not RB all DT multimeters NNS have VHP DC NP blocking VVG capacitors NNS on IN its PP$ AC NP input NN and CC these DT readings NNS may MD be VB confused VVN by IN the DT DC NP level NN . SENT If IN ripple NN is VBZ excessive JJ as IN a DT guideline NN if IN it PP is VBZ more JJR than IN 10 CD to TO 20 CD of IN the DT DC NP level NN then RB substitute NN or CC jumper NN across IN with IN a DT good JJ capacitor NN of IN similar JJ uF NN rating NN and CC at IN least JJS the DT same JJ voltage NN rating NN . SENT If IN you PP find VVP voltages NNS that WDT are VBP lower JJR than IN expected VVN , , this DT could MD be VB due JJ to TO bad JJ filter NN capacitors NNS , , an DT open JJ diode NN or CC connection NN one NN side NN of IN a DT full JJ wave NN rectifier NN circuit NN , , or CC excessive JJ load NN which WDT may MD be VB either RB in IN the DT regulator NN s PP , , if IN any DT , , or CC driven VVN circuitry NN . SENT Disconnect VV the DT output NN of IN the DT power NN supply NN from IN its PP$ load NN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN jumps VVZ up RP dramatically RB or CC the DT fuse NN now RB survives VVZ or CC the DT series NN light NN bulb NN now RB goes VVZ out RP or CC glows VVZ dimly RB , , then RB a DT short JJ or CC excess JJ load NN is VBZ likely JJ . SENT If IN the DT behavior NN does VVZ not RB change VV substantially RB , , the DT problem NN may MD be VB in IN the DT regulator NN s PP . SENT Transistors NNS , , zener JJR diodes NNS , , resistors NNS , , and CC other JJ discrete JJ components NNS , , and CC IC NP regulators NNS like IN LM NP 317 CD s PP or CC 7809 CD s PP can MD be VB tested VVN with IN an DT ohmmeter NN or CC by IN substitution NN . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ failures NNS are VBP shorts NNS for IN semiconductors NNS , , opens VVZ for IN resistors NNS , , and CC no DT or CC low JJ output NN for IN ICs NN . SENT Where WRB the DT supply NN uses VVZ a DT hybrid JJ regulator NN like IN an DT STK NP 5481 CD , , confirming VVG proper JJ input NN and CC then RB testing VVG each DT output NN is VBZ usually RB sufficient JJ to TO identify VV a DT failure NN . SENT A DT defective JJ hybrid JJ regulator NN will MD likely RB provide VV no RB or CC very RB low JJ output NN on IN one CD or CC more JJR outputs NNS . SENT Confirm VV by IN disconnecting VVG the DT load NN . SENT Test NN with IN any DT on IN off JJ logic NN control NN in IN both DT states NNS . SENT 11 CD . SENT 4 CD Uninterruptible JJ power NN supplies NNS UPSs NN and CC power NN inverters NNS Caution NN . SENT reread VVN safety NN guidelines NNS as IN portions NNS of IN these DT devices NNS can MD be VB nasty JJ . SENT Note NN . SENT inexpensive JJ UPSs NN and CC inverters NNS generate VVP a DT squarewave NN output NN so IN don't NN be VB surprised VVN at IN how WRB ugly JJ the DT waveform NN appears VVZ if IN you PP look VVP at IN it PP on IN a DT scope NN . SENT This DT is VBZ probably RB normal JJ . SENT More RBR sophisticated JJ and CC expensive JJ units NNS may MD use VV a DT modified JJ sinewave NN actually RB a DT 3 CD or CC 5 CD level NN discrete JJ approximation NN to TO a DT sinewave NN instead RB of IN a DT 2 CD level NN squarewave NN . SENT The DT highest JJS quality NN units NNS will MD generate VV a DT true JJ sinewave NN using VVG high JJ frequency NN bipolar JJ pulse NN width NN modulation NN . SENT Don't NP expect VVP to TO find VV this DT in IN a DT 100 CD K NP Mart NP special JJ , , however RB . SENT A DT UPS NP incorporates VVZ a DT battery NN charger NN , , lead JJ acid NN usually RB storage NN battery NN , , DC NP AC NP inverter NN , , and CC control NN and CC bypass NN circuitry NN . SENT Note NN that IN if IN finding VVG a DT UPS NP that WDT provides VVZ surge NN protection NN is VBZ an DT important JJ consideration NN , , look VVP for IN one CD that WDT runs VVZ the DT output NN off RP of IN the DT battery NN at IN all DT times NNS rather RB than IN bypassing VVG the DT inverter NN during IN normal JJ operation NN . SENT The DT battery NN will MD act VV as IN a DT nearly RB perfect JJ filter NN in IN so RB far RB as IN short JJ term NN line NN voltage NN variations NNS , , spikes NNS , , and CC noise NN , , are VBP concerned VVN . SENT A DT DC NP AC NP power NN inverter NN used VVN to TO run VV line NN powered VVN equipment NN from IN an DT automotive JJ battery NN or CC other JJ low JJ voltage NN source NN is VBZ similar JJ to TO the DT internal JJ inverter NN in IN a DT UPS NP . SENT For IN a DT unit NN that WDT appears VVZ dead JJ and CC the DT power NN has VHZ not RB been VBN off RB for IN more JJR than IN its PP$ rated VVN holdup NN time NN and CC the DT outlet NN is VBZ live JJ , , first JJ , , check NN for IN a DT blown VVN fuse NN external JJ or CC internal JJ . SENT Perhaps RB , , someone NN was VBD attempting VVG to TO run VV their PP$ microwave NN oven NN off RB of IN the DT UPS NP or CC inverter NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN on IN . SENT Fuse NN post NN mortems NNS to TO identify VV likely JJ failure NN mode NN . SENT If IN you PP find VVP one PP and CC it PP is VBZ blown VVN due RB to TO a DT short JJ circuit NN then RB there EX are VBP likely RB internal JJ problems NNS like IN shorted VVN components NNS . SENT However RB , , if IN it PP is VBZ blown VVN due RB to TO a DT modest JJ overload NN , , the DT powered VVN equipment NN may MD simply RB be VB of IN too RB high JJ a DT wattage NN for IN the DT UPS NP or CC inverter NN or CC it PP may MD be VB defective JJ . SENT Failures NNS of IN a DT UPS NP can MD be VB due JJ to TO . SENT 1 LS . SENT Battery NN charging VVG circuit NN if IN the DT battery NN does VVZ not RB appear VV to TO be VB charging VVG even RB after IN an DT extended JJ time NN , , measure NN across IN the DT battery NN with IN the DT unit NN both CC unplugged VVD and CC plugged VVD in RP . SENT The DT voltage NN should MD jump VV up RP some DT amount NN with IN power NN on IN when WRB it PP is VBZ supposed VVN to TO be VB charging VVG . SENT Disconnect VV the DT battery NN and CC try VV again RB if IN there EX is VBZ no DT action NN the DT battery NN may MD be VB shorted VVN totally RB . SENT Check NN for IN blown VVN fuses NNS , , smoked VVD parts NNS , , and CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT Battery NN deteriorated VVN or CC abused VVN lead JJ acid NN batteries NNS are VBP very RB common JJ . SENT If IN the DT battery NN will MD not RB charge VV or CC hold VV a DT charge NN , , battery NN problems NNS are VBP likely JJ . SENT A DT UPS NP or CC any DT kind NN of IN lead JJ acid JJ battery NN powered VVN equipment NN that WDT lies VVZ idle JJ for IN a DT long JJ time NN say VVP a DT year NN or CC two CD without IN power NN to TO top VV off RP the DT battery NN will MD likely RB result VV in IN a DT dead JJ not RB salvageable JJ battery NN due JJ to TO sulfation NN . SENT Symptoms NNS will MD be VB . SENT voltage NN on IN battery NN climbs VVZ to TO more JJR than IN 2 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN per IN cell NN when WRB first JJ put NN on IN charge NN and CC even RB after IN a DT long JJ charging VVG period NN , , the DT battery NN has VHZ essentially RB no DT capacity NN . SENT If IN the DT battery NN voltage NN is VBZ at IN its PP$ nominal JJ value NN even RB when WRB the DT inverter NN should MD be VB running VVG from IN it PP and CC there EX is VBZ no RB or CC low JJ output NN , , then RB there EX is VBZ a DT problem NN in IN the DT inverter NN or CC its PP$ connections NNS or CC there EX is VBZ excess JJ load NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Inverter NN troubleshooting NN is VBZ similar JJ to TO that DT required VVN for IN a DT switchmode NN power NN supply NN . SENT Common JJ problems NNS . SENT shorted VVN power NN semiconductors NNS , , open JJ fusable JJ resistors NNS , , dried VVD up RP electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS , , and CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT See VV the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Small NP Switchmode NP Power NP Supplies VVZ . SENT A DT visual JJ inspection NN may MD reveal VV parts NNS that WDT have VHP exploded VVN or CC lost VVN their PP$ smoke NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Line NN bypass NN circuit NN if IN used VVN check NN for IN problems NNS in IN the DT controller NN or CC its PP$ standby JJ power NN supply NN , , or CC power NN switchover NN components NNS , , and CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT 11 CD . SENT 5 CD About IN fuses NNS , , IC NP protectors NNS , , and CC circuit NN breakers NNS The DT purpose NN of IN fuses NNS and CC circuit NN breakers NNS is VBZ to TO protect VV both CC the DT wiring NN from IN heating NN and CC possible JJ fire NN due JJ to TO a DT short JJ circuit NN or CC severe JJ overload NN and CC to TO prevent VV damage NN to TO the DT equipment NN due JJ to TO excess JJ current JJ resulting VVG from IN a DT failed VVN component NN or CC improper JJ use NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , excess JJ volume NN to TO loudspeakers NNS . SENT Fuses NNS use VVP a DT fine JJ wire NN or CC strip NN called VVD the DT element NN made VVN from IN a DT metal NN which WDT has VHZ enough JJ resistance NN more JJR than IN for IN copper NN usually RB to TO be VB heated VVN by IN current JJ flow NN and CC which WDT melts VVZ at IN a DT relatively RB low JJ well RB defined VVN temperature NN . SENT When WRB the DT rated VVN current NN is VBZ exceeded VVN , , this DT element NN heats VVZ up RP enough RB to TO melt VV or CC vaporize VV . SENT How WRB quickly RB this DT happens VVZ depends VVZ on IN the DT extent NN of IN the DT overload NN and CC the DT type NN of IN fuse NN . SENT Fuses NNS found VVD in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN are VBP usually RB cartridge NN type NN consisting VVG of IN a DT glass NN or CC sometimes RB ceramic JJ body NN and CC metal NN end NN caps NNS . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ sizes NNS are VBP 1 CD 1 CD 4 CD mm NNS x SYM 1 CD 4 CD or CC 20 CD mm NNS x SYM 5 CD mm NN . SENT Some DT of IN these DT have VHP wire NN leads VVZ to TO the DT end NN caps NNS and CC are VBP directly RB soldered VVN to TO the DT circuit NN board NN but CC most RBS snap JJ into IN a DT fuse NN holder NN or CC fuse NN clips NNS . SENT Miniature JJ types NNS include VVP . SENT Pico NN tm NN fuses NNS that WDT look VVP like IN green JJ 1 CD 4 CD W NP resistors NNS or CC other JJ miniature JJ cylindrical JJ or CC square JJ varieties NNS , , little JJ clear JJ plastic NN buttons NNS , , etc FW . SENT Typical JJ circuit NN board NN markings NNS are VBP F NP or CC PR NP . SENT IC NP protectors NNS are VBP just RB miniature JJ fuses NNS specifically RB designed VVN to TO have VH a DT very RB rapid JJ response NN to TO prevent VV damage NN to TO sensitive JJ solid JJ state NN components NNS including VVG intergrated JJ circuits NNS and CC transistors NNS . SENT These DT usually RB are VBP often RB in IN TO TO 92 CD plastic NN cases NNS but CC with IN only RB 2 CD leads NNS or CC little JJ rectangular JJ cases NNS about RB . SENT 1 CD W NP x NN . SENT 3 CD L NP x NN . SENT 2 CD H NN . SENT Test NN just RB like IN a DT fuse NN . SENT These DT may MD be VB designated VVN ICP NP , , PR NP , , or CC F NN . SENT Circuit NN breakers NNS may MD be VB thermal JJ , , magnetic JJ , , or CC a DT combination NN of IN the DT two CD . SENT Small JJ push NN button NN circuit NN breakers NNS for IN electronic JJ equipment NN are NN most RBS often RB thermal JJ metal NN heats VVZ up RB due JJ to TO current JJ flow NN and CC breaks VVZ the DT circuit NN when WRB its PP$ temperature NN exceeds VVZ a DT set VVN value NN . SENT The DT mechanism NN is VBZ often RB the DT bending VVG action NN of IN a DT bimetal JJ strip NN or CC disc NN similar JJ to TO the DT operation NN of IN a DT thermostat NN . SENT Flip JJ type NN circuit NN breakers NNS are VBP normally RB magnetic JJ . SENT An DT electro NN magnet NN pulls VVZ on IN a DT lever NN held VVN from IN tripping VVG by IN a DT calibrated VVN spring NN . SENT These DT are VBP not RB usually RB common JJ in IN consumer NN equipment NN but CC are VBP used VVN at IN the DT electrical JJ service NN panel NN . SENT At IN just RB over IN the DT rated VVN current JJ , , it PP may MD take VV minutes NNS to TO break VV the DT circuit NN . SENT At IN 10 CD times NNS rated VVN current JJ , , the DT fuse NN may MD blow VV or CC circuit NN breaker NN may MD open VV in IN milliseconds NNS . SENT The DT response NN time NN of IN a DT normal JJ or CC rapid JJ action NN fuse NN or CC circuit NN breaker NN depends VVZ on IN the DT instantaneous JJ value NN of IN the DT overcurrent NN . SENT A DT slow JJ blow NN or CC delayed JJ action NN fuse NN or CC circuit NN breaker NN allows VVZ instantaneous JJ overload NN such JJ as IN normal JJ motor NN starting VVG but CC will MD interrupt VV the DT circuit NN quickly RB for IN significant JJ extended JJ overloads NNS or CC short JJ circuits NNS . SENT A DT large JJ thermal JJ mass NN delays NNS the DT temperature NN rise NN so RB that IN momentary JJ overloads NNS are VBP ignored VVN . SENT The DT magnetic JJ type NN breaker NN adds VVZ a DT viscous JJ damping VVG fluid NN to TO slow VV down RP the DT movement NN of IN the DT tripping VVG mechanism NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT 6 CD Fuse NP post NN mortems NNS Quite PDT a DT bit NN can MD be VB inferred VVN from IN the DT appearance NN of IN a DT blown VVN fuse NN if IN the DT inside NN is VBZ visible JJ as RB is VBZ the DT case NN with IN a DT glass NN cartridge NN type NN . SENT One CD advantage NN to TO the DT use NN of IN fuses NNS is VBZ that IN this DT diagnostic JJ information NN is VBZ often RB available JJ . SENT A DT fuse NN which WDT has VHZ an DT element NN that WDT looks VVZ intact JJ but CC tests NNS open RB may MD have VH just RB become VVN tired JJ with IN age NN . SENT Even RB if IN the DT fuse NN does VVZ not RB blow VV , , continuous JJ cycling NN at IN currents NNS approaching VVG its PP$ rating NN or CC instantaneous JJ overloads NNS results NNS in IN repeated JJ heating NN and CC cooling VVG of IN the DT fuse NN element NN . SENT It PP is VBZ quite RB common JJ for IN the DT fuse NN to TO eventually RB fail VV when WRB no DT actual JJ fault NN is VBZ present JJ . SENT A DT fuse NN where WRB the DT element NN is VBZ broken VVN in IN a DT single JJ or CC multiple JJ locations NNS blew VVD due JJ to TO an DT overload NN . SENT The DT current NN was VBD probably RB more JJR than IN twice RB the DT fuse's JJ rating NN but CC not RB a DT dead RB short JJ . SENT A DT fuse NN with IN a DT blackened VVN or CC silvered VVN discoloration NN on IN the DT glass NN where WRB the DT entire JJ element NN is VBZ likely RB vaporized VVN blew VVD due JJ to TO a DT short JJ circuit NN . SENT This DT information NN can MD be VB of IN use NN in IN directly RB further RBR troubleshooting JJ . SENT 11 CD . SENT 7 CD Fuse NP or CC circuit NN breaker NN replacement NN As IN noted VVN , , sometimes RB a DT fuse NN will MD blow VV for IN no DT good JJ reason NN . SENT Replace VV fuse NN , , end NN of IN story NN . SENT In IN this DT situation NN , , or CC after IN the DT problem NN is VBZ found VVN , , what WP are VBP the DT rules NNS of IN safe JJ fuse NN replacement NN . SENT It PP is VBZ inconvenient JJ , , to TO say VV the DT least JJS , , to TO have VH to TO wait VV a DT week NN until IN the DT proper JJ fuse NN arrives VVZ or CC to TO venture VV out RP to TO Radio NP Shack NP in IN the DT middle NN of IN the DT night NN . SENT Even RB with IN circuit NN breakers NNS , , a DT short JJ circuit NN may MD so RB damage VV the DT contacts NNS or CC totally RB melt VV the DT device NN that IN replacement NN will MD be VB needed VVN . SENT Four CD parameters NNS characterizes VVZ a DT fuse NN or CC circuit NN breaker NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Current JJ rating NN this DT should MD not RB be VB exceeded VVN you PP have VHP heard VVN about IN not RB putting VVG pennies NNS in IN fuse NN boxes NNS , , right RB . SENT The DT one CD exception NN to TO this DT rule NN is VBZ if IN all DT other JJ testing NN fails VVZ to TO reveal VV which WDT component NN caused VVD the DT fuse NN to TO blow VV in IN the DT first JJ place NN . SENT Then RB , , and CC only RB then RB , , putting VVG a DT larger JJR fuse NN in IN or CC jumpering VVG across IN the DT fuse NN just RB for IN testing NN will MD allow VV the DT faulty JJ component NN to TO identify VV itself PP by IN smoking NN or CC blowing VVG its PP$ top NN . SENT A DT smaller JJR current JJ rating NN can MD safely RB be VB used VVN but CC depending VVG on IN how WRB close JJ the DT original JJ rating NN was VBD to TO the DT actual JJ current NN , , this DT may MD blow VV immediately RB . SENT 2 LS . SENT Voltage NN rating NN this DT is VBZ the DT maximum JJ safe JJ working VVG voltage NN of IN the DT circuit NN including VVG any DT inductive JJ spikes NNS which WDT the DT device NN will MD safety VV interrupt VV . SENT It PP is VBZ safe JJ to TO use VV a DT replacement NN with IN equal JJ or CC high JJ voltage NN rating NN . SENT 3 LS , , Type NN normal JJ , , fast JJ blow NN , , slow JJ blow NN , , etc FW . SENT It PP is VBZ safe JJ to TO substitute VV a DT fuse NN or CC circuit NN breaker NN with IN a DT faster JJR response NN characteristic NN but CC there EX may MD be VB consistent JJ or CC occasional JJ failure NN mostly RB during IN power NN on IN . SENT The DT opposite NN should MD be VB avoided VVN as IN it PP risks VVZ damage NN to TO the DT equipment NN as IN semiconductors NNS tend VVP to TO die VV quite RB quickly RB . SENT 4 LS . SENT Mounting VVG it PP is VBZ usually RB quite RB easy JJ to TO obtain VV an DT identical JJ replacement NN . SENT However RB , , as RB long RB as IN the DT other JJ specifications NNS are VBP met VVN , , soldering VVG a DT normal JJ 1 CD 1 CD 4 CD 3 CD AG NP fuse NN across IN a DT 20 CD mm NP fuse NN is VBZ perfectly RB fine JJ , , for IN example NN . SENT Sometimes RB a DT fuse NN will MD have VH wire NN leads NNS and CC be VB soldered VVN directly RB onto IN the DT circuit NN board NN . SENT However RB , , your PP$ own JJ wires NNS can MD be VB carefully RB soldered VVN to TO the DT much RB more RBR common JJ cartridge NN type NN to TO create VV a DT suitable JJ replacement NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT 8 CD Testing NP a DT power NN transformer NN Here RB are VBP some DT simple JJ tests NNS to TO perform VV where WRB you PP want VVP to TO determine VV if IN a DT used JJ or CC new JJ power NN transformer NN with IN known VVN specifications NNS is VBZ actually RB good JJ . SENT 0 CD . SENT Look NN for IN obvious JJ signs NNS of IN distress NN . SENT Smell VVP it PP to TO determine VV if IN there EX is VBZ any DT indication NN of IN previous JJ overheating VVG , , burning NN , , etc FW . SENT 1 LS . SENT Plug VV it PP in RP and CC check VV for IN output NN voltages NNS to TO be VB reasonably RB close JJ probably RB somewhat RB high JJ to TO what WP you PP expect VVP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Leave VV it PP on IN for IN awhile RB . SENT It PP may MD get VV anywhere RB from IN just RB detectable JJ to TO moderately RB warm JJ but CC not RB to TO hot JJ to TO touch VV and CC it PP shouldn't VVD melt VV down RP , , smoke VV , , or CC blow VV up RP . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , if IN it PP does VVZ any DT of IN the DT latter NN , , the DT tests NNS are VBP concluded VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Find VV a DT suitable JJ load NN based VVN on IN . SENT R SYM V NN I NN from IN the DT specifications NNS and CC make VV sure JJ it PP can MD supply VV the DT current JJ without IN overheating VVG . SENT The DT voltage NN should MD also RB not RB drop VV excessively RB between IN no DT and CC full JJ load NN but CC this DT depends VVZ on IN the DT design NN , , quality NN of IN constructions NNS , , whether IN you PP got VVD it PP at IN Radio NP Shack NP . SENT , , etc FW . SENT 11 CD . SENT 9 CD Identifying VVG the DT connections NNS on IN an DT unknown JJ power NN transformer NN Start NP with IN a DT good JJ multimeter NN DMM NP on IN the DT lowest JJS ohms NNS scale NN or CC VOM NN on IN the DT X NP 1 CD resistance NN range NN . SENT You PP will MD need VV to TO be VB able JJ to TO measure VV down RB to TO . SENT 1 CD ohms NNS for IN many JJ of IN these DT . SENT This DT will MD permit VV you PP to TO map VV the DT windings NNS . SENT First RB , , identify VV all DT connections NNS that WDT have VHP continuity NN between IN them PP . SENT Except IN for IN the DT possible JJ case NN of IN a DT water NN soaked VVD transformer NN with IN excessive JJ leakage NN , , any DT reading NN less RBR than IN infinity NN on IN the DT meter NN is VBZ an DT indication NN of IN a DT connection NN . SENT The DT typical JJ values NNS will MD be VB between IN something NN very RB close JJ to TO 0 CD ohms NNS and CC 100 CD ohms NNS . SENT Each DT group NN of IN connected JJ terminals NNS represents VVZ one PP winding VVG . SENT The DT highest JJS reading NN for IN each DT group NN will MD be VB between IN the DT ends NNS of IN the DT winding VVG . SENT others NNS will MD be VB lower JJR . SENT With IN a DT few JJ measurements NNS and CC some DT logical JJ thinking NN , , you PP will MD be VB able JJ to TO label VV the DT arrangement NN ends NNS and CC taps NNS of IN each DT winding VVG . SENT Once RB you PP do VVP this DT , , applying VVG a DT low JJ voltage NN AC NP input NN from IN another DT power NN transformer NN driven VVN by IN a DT Variac NP will MD enable VV you PP to TO determine VV voltage NN ratios NNS . SENT Then RB , , you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO make VV some DT educated VVN guesses VVZ as RB to TO the DT primary JJ and CC secondary JJ . SENT Often RB , , primary JJ and CC secondary JJ windings NNS will MD exit VV from IN opposite JJ sides NNS of IN the DT transformer NN . SENT For IN typical JJ power NN transformers NNS , , there EX will MD be VB two CD primary JJ wires NNS but CC international JJ power NN transformers NNS may MD have VH multiple JJ taps NNS as RB well RB as IN a DT pair NN or CC primary JJ windings NNS possibly RB with IN multiple JJ taps NNS for IN switching VVG between IN 110 CD 115 CD 120 CD VAC NN and CC 220 CD 230 CD 240 CD VAC NN operation NN . SENT Typical JJ color NN codes NNS for IN the DT primary NN winding VVG s PP will MD be VB black JJ or CC black JJ with IN various JJ color NN stripes NNS . SENT Almost RB any DT colors NNS can MD be VB used VVN for IN secondary JJ windings NNS . SENT Stripes NNS may MD indicate VV center NN tap VV connections NNS but CC not RB always RB . SENT Note NN . SENT for IN safety NN , , use VVP the DT Variac NP and CC another DT isolated JJ transformer NN for IN this DT . SENT 11 CD . SENT 10 CD Determining VVG unknown JJ connection NN on IN international JJ power NN transformers NNS Most RBS likely RB , , you PP can MD figure VV this DT out RP if IN you PP can MD identify VV the DT input NN connections NNS . SENT There EX will MD be VB two CD primary JJ windings NNS resistance NN between IN the DT two CD will MD be VB infinite JJ . SENT Each DT of IN these DT may MD also RB have VH additional JJ taps NNS to TO accommodate VV various JJ slight JJ variations NNS in IN input NN voltage NN . SENT For IN example NN , , there EX may MD be VB taps NNS for IN 110 CD 220 CD , , 115 CD 230 CD , , 120 CD 240 CD , , etc FW . SENT For IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT 110 CD VAC NN , , the DT two CD primary JJ windings NNS will MD be VB wired VVN in IN parallel NN . SENT For IN overseas RB 220 CD VAC NN operation NN , , they PP will MD be VB wired VVN in IN series NN . SENT When WRB switching VVG from IN one CD to TO the DT other JJ make VVP sure RB you PP get VVP the DT phases NNS of IN the DT two CD windings NNS correct VVP otherwise RB you PP will MD have VH a DT short JJ circuit NN . SENT You PP can MD test VV for IN this RB when WRB you PP apply VVP power NN leave VVP one CD end NN of IN one CD winding VVG disconnected JJ and CC measure NN between IN these DT two CD points NNS there RB should MD be VB close JJ to TO zero CD voltage NN present JJ if IN the DT phase NN is VBZ correct JJ . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN is VBZ significant JJ , , reverse JJ one NN of IN the DT windings NNS and CC then RB confirm VV . SENT A DT multimeter NN on IN the DT lowest JJS resistance NN scale NN should MD permit VV you PP to TO determine VV the DT internal JJ arrangement NN of IN any DT taps NNS on IN the DT primaries NNS and CC which WDT sets VVZ of IN secondary JJ terminals NNS are VBP connected VVN to TO each DT winding VVG . SENT This DT will MD probably RB need VV to TO be VB a DT DMM NP as IN many JJ VOMs NNS do VVP not RB have VH low JJ enough JJ resistance NN ranges NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ best RBS to TO test VV with IN a DT Variac NP so IN you PP can MD bring VV up RP the DT voltage NN gradually RB and CC catch VV your PP$ mistakes NNS before IN anything NN smokes VVZ . SENT You PP can MD then RB power VV it PP from IN a DT low JJ voltage NN AC NP source NN , , say VVP 10 CD VAC NN from IN your PP$ Variac NP or CC even RB an DT AC NP wall NN adapter NN , , to TO be VB safe JJ and CC make VV your PP$ secondary JJ measurements NNS . SENT Then RB scale VV all PDT these DT voltage NN readings NNS appropriately RB . SENT 11 CD . SENT 11 CD Determining VVG the DT ratings NNS of IN a DT fried JJ power NN transformer NN A DT power NN transformer NN can MD die VV in IN a DT number NN of IN ways NNS . SENT The DT following VVG are VBP the DT most RBS common JJ . SENT Primary JJ open NN . SENT This DT usually RB is VBZ the DT result NN of IN a DT power NN surge NN but CC could MD also RB be VB a DT short JJ on IN the DT output NN leading JJ to TO overheating VVG . SENT Since IN the DT primary NN is VBZ open JJ , , the DT transformer NN is VBZ totally RB lifeless JJ . SENT First RB , , confirm VVP that IN the DT transformer NN is VBZ indeed RB beyond IN redemption NN . SENT Some DT have VHP thermal JJ or CC normal JJ fuses NNS under IN the DT outer JJ layer NN of IN insulating VVG tape NN or CC paper NN . SENT Short JJ in IN primary JJ or CC secondary JJ . SENT This DT may MD have VH been VBN the DT result NN of IN overheating VVG or CC just RB due JJ to TO poor JJ manufacturing NN but CC for IN whatever WDT reason NN , , two CD wires NNS are VBP touching VVG . SENT One CD or CC more JJR outputs NNS may MD be VB dead JJ and CC even RB those DT that WDT provide VVP some DT voltage NN may MD be VB low JJ . SENT The DT transformer NN may MD now RB blow VV the DT equipment NN fuse NN and CC even RB if IN it PP does VVZ not RB , , probably RB overheats VVZ very RB quickly RB . SENT First RB , , make VV sure RB that IN it PP isn't VVD a DT problem NN in IN the DT equipment NN being VBG powered VVN . SENT Disconnect VV all DT outputs NNS of IN the DT transformer NN and CC confirm VV that IN it PP still RB has VHZ nearly RB the DT same JJ symptoms NNS . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ approaches NNS to TO analyzing VVG the DT blown VVN transformer NN and CC or CC identifying VVG what WP is VBZ needed VVN as IN a DT replacement NN . SENT If IN you PP have VHP the DT time NN and CC patience NN and CC the DT transformer NN is VBZ not RB totally RB sealed VVN in IN Epoxy NN or CC varnish NN , , disassembling VVG it PP and CC counting VVG the DT number NN of IN turns NNS of IN wire NN for IN each DT of IN the DT windings NNS may MD be VB the DT surest JJS approach NN . SENT This DT isn't NN as IN bad JJ as IN it PP sounds VVZ . SENT The DT total JJ time NN required VVN from IN start NN to TO dumping VVG the DT remains VVZ in IN the DT trash NN will MD likely RB be VB less JJR than IN 20 CD minutes NNS for IN a DT small JJ power NN transformer NN . SENT Remove VV the DT case NN and CC frame NN if IN any DT and CC separate JJ and CC discard VV the DT iron NN core NN . SENT The DT insulating VVG tape NN or CC paper NN can MD then RB be VB pealed VVN off IN revealing VVG each DT of IN the DT windings NNS . SENT The DT secondaries NNS will MD be VB the DT outer JJ ones NNS . SENT The DT primary NN will MD be VB the DT last JJ closest JJS to TO the DT center NN . SENT As RB you PP unwind VV the DT wires NNS , , count VV the DT number NN of IN full JJ turns NNS around IN the DT form NN or CC bobbin NN . SENT By IN counting VVG turns NNS , , you PP will MD know VV the DT precise JJ open JJ circuit NN voltages NNS of IN each DT of IN the DT outputs NNS . SENT Even RB if IN the DT primary NN is VBZ a DT melted VVN charred VVN mass NN , , enough RB of IN the DT wire NN will MD likely RB be VB intact JJ to TO permit VV a DT fairly RB accurate JJ count NN . SENT Don't JJ worry NN , , an DT error NN of IN a DT few JJ turns NNS between IN friends NNS won't JJ matter NN . SENT Measuring VVG the DT wire NN size NN will MD help VV to TO determine VV the DT relative JJ amount NN of IN current JJ each DT of IN the DT outputs NNS was VBD able JJ to TO supply VV . SENT The DT overall JJ ratings NNS of IN the DT transformer NN are VBP probably RB more RBR reliably RB found VVN from IN the DT wattage NN listed VVN on IN the DT equipment NN nameplate NN . SENT If IN you PP cannot NN do VVP this DT for IN whatever WDT reason NN , , some DT educated VVN guesswork NN will MD be VB required VVN . SENT Each DT of IN the DT outputs NNS will MD likely RB drive VV either RB a DT half NN wave NN one CD diode NN , , full JJ wave NN 2 CD diodes NNS if IN it PP has VHZ a DT centertap NN , , or CC bridge NN module NN or CC 4 CD diodes NNS . SENT For IN the DT bridge NN , , there EX might MD be VB a DT centertap NN as RB well RB to TO provide VV both CC a DT positive JJ and CC negative JJ output NN . SENT You PP can MD sometimes RB estimate VV the DT voltage NN needed VVN by IN looking VVG at IN the DT components NNS in IN the DT power NN supply NN filter NN cap NN voltage NN ratings NNS and CC regulators NNS . SENT The DT capacitor NN voltage NN ratings NNS will MD give VV you PP an DT upper JJ bound VVN they PP are VBP probably RB going VVG to TO be VB at IN least JJS 25 CD to TO 50 CD percent NN above IN the DT PEAK NN of IN the DT input NN voltage NN . SENT Where WRB there EX are VBP regulators NNS , , their PP$ type NN and CC ratings NNS and CC or CC the DT circuit NN itself PP may MD reveal VV what WP the DT expected VVN output NN will MD be VB and CC thus RB the DT required JJ input NN voltage NN to TO the DT regulators NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , if IN there EX is VBZ a DT 7805 CD regulator NN chip NN , , you PP will MD know VV that IN its PP$ input NN must MD be VB greater JJR than IN about IN 7 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN valleys NNS of IN the DT ripple NN to TO produce VV a DT solid JJ 5 CD V NN output NN . SENT If IN there EX are VBP no DT regulators NNS , , then RB the DT ICs NN , , relays NNS , , motors NNS , , whatever WDT , , that WDT are VBP powered VVN may MD have VH voltage NN and CC current JJ ratings NNS indicating VVG what WP power NN supply NN is VBZ expected VVN min NP max NP . SENT 11 CD . SENT 12 CD Determining VVG power NN VA NP ratings NNS of IN unknown JJ transformers NNS For IN a DT transformer NN with IN a DT single JJ output NN winding VVG , , measuring VVG temperature NN rise NN isn't VVD a DT bad JJ way NN to TO go VV . SENT Since IN you PP don't VVD know VV what WP an DT acceptable JJ temperature NN is VBZ for IN the DT transformer NN , , a DT conservative JJ approach NN is VBZ to TO load VV it PP increase VV the DT current JJ gradually RB until IN it PP runs VVZ warm JJ to TO the DT touch NN after IN an DT extended JJ period NN say VVP an DT hour NN of IN time NN . SENT Where WRB multiple JJ output NN windings NNS are VBP involved VVN , , this DT is VBZ more RBR difficult JJ since IN the DT safe JJ currents NNS from IN each DT are VBP unknown JJ . SENT From IN . SENT Greg NP Szekeres NP szekeres NP pitt NP . SENT edu NN . SENT Generally RB , , the DT VA NP rating NN of IN individual JJ secondary JJ taps NNS can MD be VB measured VVN . SENT While IN measuring VVG the DT no DT load NN voltage NN , , start VVP to TO load VV the DT winding VVG until IN the DT voltage NN drops VVZ 10 CD , , stop VV measure VV the DT voltage NN and CC measure NN or CC compute VV the DT current JJ . SENT 10 CD would MD be VB a DT very RB safe JJ value NN . SENT A DT cheap JJ transformer NN may MD compute VV the DT VA NP rating NN with IN a DT 20 CD drop NN . SENT 15 CD is VBZ considered VVN good JJ . SENT You PP will MD have VH to TO play VV around RP with IN it PP to TO make VV sure JJ everything NN is VBZ ok VV with IN no DT overheating VVG , , etc FW . SENT From IN . SENT James NP Meyer NP jimbob NN acpub NN . SENT duke NN . SENT edu NN . SENT With IN the DT open JJ circuit NN voltage NN of IN the DT individual JJ windings NNS , , and CC their PP$ DC NP resistance NN , , you PP can MD make VV a DT very RB reasonable JJ assumption NN as RB to TO the DT relative JJ amounts NNS of IN power NN available JJ at IN each DT winding VVG . SENT Set VVN up IN something NN like IN a DT spread NN sheet NN model NN and CC adjust VV the DT output NN current JJ to TO make VV the DT losses NNS equal VVP in IN each DT secondary JJ . SENT The DT major JJ factor NN in IN any DT winding's JJ safe JJ power NN capability NN is VBZ wire NN size NN since IN the DT volts NNS per IN turn NN and CC therefore RB the DT winding's NNS length NN is VBZ fixed VVN for IN any DT particular JJ output NN voltage NN . SENT For IN the DT advanced JJ course NN . SENT From IN Winfield NP Hill NP hill NN rowland NP . SENT org NP . SENT We PP know VVP there EX are VBP many JJ things NNS you PP can MD learn VV about IN a DT fully RB potted JJ transformer NN . SENT Certainly RB the DT turns VVZ ratio NN from IN ratio NN of IN ac JJ input NN output NN voltage NN , , and CC the DT magnetizing VVG and CC leakage NN inductances NNS can MD be VB easily RB measured VVN . SENT With IN some DT assumptions NNS about IN the DT core JJ material NN which WDT may MD actually RB be VB visible JJ at IN some DT spot NN , , we PP can MD move VV on IN to TO an DT estimation NN of IN the DT number NN of IN turns NNS , , which WDT with IN the DT DC NP resistance NN tells VVZ us PP the DT likely JJ wire NN size NN . SENT . SENT . SENT calculating VVG winding VVG fill NN area NN as IN a DT double JJ check NN , , we PP can MD hone VV in IN on IN possible JJ core NN gaps NNS . SENT Next JJ , , measuring VVG primary JJ core NN saturation NN further RBR illuminates VVZ the DT earlier RBR guesses VVZ about IN the DT core JJ material NN , , gaps NNS and CC windings NNS . SENT By IN the DT time NN one NN is VBZ finished VVN with IN this DT process NN it PP may MD be VB possible JJ to TO have VH a DT rather RB complete JJ description NN of IN the DT transformer NN , , allowing VVG not RB only RB for IN more JJR accurate JJ engineering NN with IN it PP , , but CC also RB its PP$ replication NN or CC improvement NN for IN your PP$ task NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT 13 CD Transformer NN repair VVP Some DT power NN transformers NNS include VVP a DT thermal JJ fuse NN under IN the DT outer JJ layers NNS of IN insulation NN . SENT In IN many JJ cases NNS , , an DT overload NN will MD result VV in IN a DT thermal JJ fuse NN opening NN and CC if IN you PP can MD get VV at IN it PP , , replacement NN will MD restore VV the DT transformer NN to TO health NN . SENT Where WRB an DT open JJ thermal JJ fuse NN is VBZ not RB the DT problem NN , , aside RB from IN bad JJ solder NN or CC crimp VV connections NNS where WRB the DT wire NN leads NNS or CC terminals NNS connect VVP to TO the DT transformer NN windings NNS , , anything NN else RB will MD require VV unwrapping VVG one CD or CC more JJR of IN the DT windings NNS to TO locate VV an DT open JJ or CC short JJ . SENT Where WRB a DT total NN melt VV down RB has VHZ occurred VVN and CC the DT result NN is VBZ a DT charred VVN hunk NN of IN copper NN and CC iron NN , , even RB more RBR drastic JJ measures NNS would MD be VB required VVN . SENT In IN principle NN , , it PP would MD be VB possible JJ to TO totally RB rebuild VV a DT faulty JJ transformer NN . SENT All DT that WDT is VBZ needed VVN is VBZ to TO determine VV the DT number NN of IN turns NNS , , direction NN , , layer NN distribution NN and CC order NN for IN each DT winding VVG . SENT Suitable JJ magnet NN sometimes RB called VVD motor NN wire NN is VBZ readily RB available JJ . SENT However RB , , unless IN you PP really RB know VVP what WP you PP are VBP doing VVG and CC obtain VV the DT proper JJ insulating VVG material NN and CC varnish NN , , long JJ term NN reliability NN and CC safety NN are VBP unknown JJ . SENT Therefore RB , , I PP would MD definitely RB recommend VV obtaining VVG a DT proper JJ commercial JJ replacement NN if IN at IN all DT possible JJ . SENT However RB , , DIY NN transformer NN construction NN is VBZ nothing NN new JJ . SENT From IN . SENT Robert NP Blum NP rfblum NN worldnet NN . SENT att NP . SENT net JJ . SENT I PP have VHP a DT book NN from IN the DT Government NP Printing NP Office NP . SENT The DT title NN is VBZ . SENT Information NN for IN the DT Amateur JJ Designer NN of IN Transformers NNS for IN 25 CD to TO 60 CD cycle NN circuits NNS by IN Herbert NP B NP . SENT Brooks NP . SENT It PP was VBD issued VVN June NP 14 CD , , 1935 CD so IN I PP do VVP not RB know VV if IN it PP is VBZ still RB in IN print NN . SENT At IN the DT time NN I PP got VVD it PP it PP cost VVD . SENT 10 CD . SENT From IN . SENT Mark NP Zenier NP mzenier NN netcom NN . SENT com NN . SENT Practical JJ Transformer NN Design NN Handbook NN by IN Eric NP Lowdon NP . SENT Trouble NN is VBZ , , last VV I PP checked VVN it's NNS out RP of IN print NN . SENT Published VVN by IN both DT Sams NPS and CC Tab NP Professional NP Books NPS . SENT From IN . SENT Paul NP Giancaterino NP PAULYGS NP prodigy NN . SENT net JJ . SENT I PP found VVD a DT decent JJ article NN on IN the DT subject NN in IN Radio NP Electronics NP , , May NP 1983 CD . SENT The DT article NN explains VVZ the DT basics NNS , , including VVG how WRB to TO figure VV what WDT amps NNS your PP$ transformer NN can MD handle VV and CC how WRB to TO size NN the DT wiring NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT 14 CD Grounding NN of IN computer NN equipment NN While IN electronic JJ equipment NN with IN 3 CD prong NN plugs NNS will MD generally RB operate VV properly RB without IN an DT earth NN ground NN you PP know VVP , , using VVG those DT 3 CD 2 CD prong NN adapters NNS without IN attaching VVG the DT ground NN wire NN lug NN , , there EX are VBP 3 CD reasons NNS why WRB this DT is VBZ a DT bad JJ idea NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Safety NN . SENT The DT metal NN cases NNS of IN computer NN equipment NN should MD be VB grounded VVN so RB that IN it PP will MD trip VV a DT breaker NN or CC GFCI NP should MD an DT internal JJ power NN supply VVP short RB occur VV . SENT The DT result NN can MD be VB a DT serious JJ risk NN of IN shock NN that WDT will MD go VV undetected JJ until IN the DT wrong JJ set NN of IN circumstances NNS occur VVP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Line NN noise NN suppression NN . SENT There EX are VBP RLC NN filters NNS in IN the DT power NN supplies VVZ of IN computer NN and CC peripheral JJ equipment NN which WDT bypass VV power NN supply NN noise NN to TO ground NN . SENT Without IN a DT proper JJ ground NN , , these DT are VBP largely RB ineffective JJ . SENT The DT result NN may MD be VB an DT increased JJ number NN of IN crashes NNS and CC lockups NNS or CC just RB plain JJ erratic JJ wierd NN behavior NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Effectiveness NN of IN surge NN suppressors NNS . SENT There EX are VBP surge NN suppression NN components NNS inside IN PC NN power NN supplies NNS and CC surge NN suppression NN outlet NN strips NNS . SENT Without IN a DT proper JJ ground NN , , H NP G NP and CC N NP G NP surge NN protection NN devices NNS are VBP not RB effective JJ . SENT The DT result NN may MD be VB increased VVN hard JJ failures NNS due JJ to TO line NN spikes NNS and CC overvoltage NN events NNS . SENT Chapter NN 12 CD Batteries NNS 12 CD . SENT 1 CD Battery NP technology NN The DT desire NN for IN portable JJ power NN seems VVZ to TO be VB increasing VVG exponentially RB with IN the DT proliferation NN of IN notebook NN and CC palmtop NN computers NNS , , electronic JJ organizers NNS , , PDAs NP , , cellular JJ phones NNS and CC faxes NNS , , pagers NNS , , pocket NN cameras NNS , , camcorders NNS and CC audio JJ cassette NN recorders NNS , , boomboxes VVZ the DT list NN is VBZ endless JJ . SENT Two CD of IN the DT hottest JJS areas NNS in IN engineering VVG these DT days NNS are VBP in IN developing VVG higher JJR capacity NN battery NN technologies NNS electrochemical JJ systems NNS for IN rechargeable JJ equipment NN and CC in IN the DT implementation NN of IN smart JJ power NN management NN optimal JJ charging NN and CC high JJ efficiency NN power NN conversion NN for IN portable JJ devices NNS . SENT Lithium NN and CC Nickel NP Metal NP Hydride NN are VBP among IN the DT more JJR recent JJ additions NNS to TO the DT inventory NN of IN popular JJ battery NN technologies NNS . SENT A DT variety NN of IN ICs NNS are VBP now RB available JJ to TO implement VV rapid JJ charging VVG techniques NNS while IN preserving VVG battery NN life NN . SENT Low JJ cost NN DC NP DC NP convertor NN designs NNS are VBP capable JJ of IN generating VVG whatever WDT voltages NNS are VBP required VVN by IN the DT equipment NN at IN over IN 90 CD efficiency NN However RB , , most JJS of IN the DT devices NNS you PP are VBP likely JJ to TO encounter VV still RB use VV pretty RB basic JJ battery NN technologies NNS most RBS commonly RB throwaway JJ Alkaline JJ and CC Lithium NN followed VVN by IN rechargeable JJ Nickel NP Cadmium NN or CC Lead JJ Acid NN . SENT The DT charging VVG circuits NNS are VBP often RB very RB simple JJ and CC don't VVD really RB do VV the DT best JJS job NN but CC it PP is VBZ adequate JJ for IN many JJ applications NNS . SENT For IN more JJR detailed JJ information NN on IN all DT aspects NNS of IN battery NN technology NN , , see VVP the DT articles NNS at IN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT repairfaq NP . SENT org NP filipg NP FAQ NP BODY NN F NP Battery NP . SENT html NN There EX is VBZ more JJR on IN batteries NNS than IN you PP ever RB dreamed VVD of IN ever RB needing VVG . SENT The DT sections NNS below RB represent VVP just RB a DT brief JJ introduction NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 2 CD Battery NP basics NNS A DT battery NN is VBZ , , strictly RB speaking VVG , , made VVD up RP of IN a DT number NN of IN individual JJ cells NNS most RBS often RB wired VVN in IN series NN to TO provide VV multiples NNS of IN the DT basic JJ cell NN voltage NN for IN the DT battery NN technology NN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD , , 1 CD . SENT 5 CD , , 2 CD . SENT 0 CD , , or CC 3 CD . SENT 0 CD V NN are NN most JJS common JJ . SENT However RB , , the DT term NN is VBZ popularly RB used VVN even RB for IN single JJ cells NNS . SENT Four CD types NNS of IN batteries NNS are VBP typically RB used VVN in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Alkaline JJ consisting VVG of IN one CD or CC more JJR primary JJ cells NNS with IN a DT nominal JJ terminal NN voltage NN of IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN . SENT Examples NNS are VBP AAA NP , , AA NN , , C NP , , D NP , , N NP , , 9 CD V NN transistor NN , , lantern NN batteries NNS 6 CD V NN or CC more JJR , , etc FW . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ other JJ available JJ sizes NNS including VVG miniature JJ button NN cells NNS for IN specialty NN applications NNS like IN clocks NNS , , watches NNS , , calculators NNS , , and CC cameras NNS . SENT In IN general JJ recharging VVG of IN alkaline JJ batteries NNS is VBZ not RB practical JJ due RB to TO their PP$ chemistry NN and CC construction NN . SENT Exceptions NNS which WDT work VVP if IN not RB entirely RB consistently RB as RB of IN this DT writing NN are VBP the DT rechargeable JJ Alkalines NP e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , Renewals NNS . SENT Advantages NNS of IN alkalines NNS are VBP high JJ capacity NN and CC long JJ shelf NN life NN . SENT These DT now RB dominate VVP the DT primary JJ battery NN marketplace NN largely RB replacing VVG the DT original JJ carbon NN zinc NN and CC heavy JJ duty NN types NNS . SENT Note NN that IN under IN most JJS conditions NNS , , it PP not RB necessary JJ to TO store VV alkaline JJ batteries NNS in IN the DT fridge NN to TO obtain VV maximum JJ shelf NN life NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Lithium NN these DT primary JJ cells NNS have VHP a DT much RB higher JJR capacity NN than IN alkalines NNS . SENT The DT terminal NN voltage NN is VBZ around IN 3 CD volts NNS per IN cell NN . SENT These DT are VBP often RB used VVN in IN cameras NNS where WRB their PP$ high JJ cost NN is VBZ offset VVN by IN the DT convenience NN of IN long JJ life NN and CC compact JJ size NN . SENT Lithium NN batteries NNS in IN common JJ sizes NNS like IN 9 CD V NN are VBP beginning VVG to TO appear VV . SENT In IN general JJ , , I PP would MD not RB recommend VV the DT use NN of IN lithiums NNS for IN use NN in IN applications NNS where WRB a DT device NN can MD be VB accidentally RB left VVN on IN particularly RB with IN kids NNS toys NNS . SENT Your PP$ batteries NNS will MD be VB drained VVN overnight RB whether IN a DT cheap JJ carbon NN zinc NN or CC a DT costly JJ lithium NN . SENT However RB , , for IN smoke NN alarms NNS , , the DT lithium NN 9 CD V NN battery NN assuming VVG they PP hold VVP up RP to TO their PP$ longevity NN claims NNS is VBZ ideal JJ as IN a DT 5 CD 10 CD year NN service NN life NN without IN attention NN can MD be VB expected VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Nickel NN Cadmium NN NiCd NP these DT are VBP the DT most RBS common JJ type NN of IN rechargeable JJ battery NN technology NN use NN in IN small JJ electronic JJ devices NNS . SENT They PP are VBP available JJ in IN all PDT the DT poplar NN sizes NNS . SENT However RB , , their PP$ terminal NN voltage NN is VBZ only RB 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN per IN cell NN compared VVN to TO 1 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN per IN cell NN for IN alkalines NNS unloaded VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB the DT whole JJ story NN , , however RB , , as IN NiCds NP terminal NN voltage NN holds VVZ up RP better JJR under IN load NN and CC as IN they PP are VBP discharged VVN . SENT Manufacturers NNS claim VVP 500 CD 1000 CD charge NN discharge NN cycles NNS but CC expect VVP to TO achieve VV these DT optimistic JJ ratings NNS only RB under IN certain JJ types NNS of IN applications NNS . SENT In IN particular JJ it PP is VBZ usually RB recommended VVN that IN NiCds NP should MD not RB be VB discharged VVN below IN about RB 1 CD V NN per IN cell NN and CC should MD not RB be VB left VVN in IN a DT discharged VVN state NN for IN too RB long JJ . SENT Overcharging VVG is VBZ also RB an DT enemy NN of IN NiCds NP and CC will MD reduce VV their PP$ ultimate JJ life NN . SENT An DT electric JJ shaver NN is VBZ an DT example NN of IN a DT device NN that WDT will MD approach VV this DT cycle NN life NN as IN it PP is VBZ used VVN until IN the DT battery NN starts VVZ to TO poop VV out RP and CC then RB immediately RB put VVN on IN charge NN . SENT If IN a DT device NN is VBZ used VVN and CC then RB neglected VVN like IN a DT seldom RB used VVN printing NN calculator NN , , don't JJS be VB surprised VVN to TO find VV that IN the DT NiCd NP battery NN will MD not RB charge VV or CC will MD not RB hold VV a DT charge NN next IN time NN the DT calculator NN is VBZ used VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Lead JJ Acid NN similar JJ to TO the DT type NN used VVN in IN your PP$ automobile NN but CC generally RB specially RB designed VVN in IN a DT sealed JJ package NN which WDT cannot JJ leak NN acid NN under IN most JJS conditions NNS . SENT These DT come VVP in IN a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN capacities NNS but CC not RB in IN standard JJ sizes NNS like IN AA NN or CC D NP . SENT They PP are VBP used VVN in IN some DT camcorders NNS , , flashlights NNS , , CD NN players NNS , , security NN systems NNS , , emergency NN lighting NN , , and CC many JJ other JJ applications NNS . SENT Nominal JJ terminal NN voltage NN is VBZ 2 CD . SENT 0 CD V NN per IN cell NN . SENT These DT batteries NNS definitely RB do VVP not RB like VV to TO be VB left VVN in IN a DT discharged VVN condition NN even RB more RBR so RB than IN NiCds NP and CC will MD quickly RB become VV unusable JJ if IN left VVN that IN way NN for IN any DT length NN of IN time NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 3 CD Battery NP chargers NNS The DT energy NN storage NN capacity NN , , C NP , , of IN a DT battery NN is VBZ measured VVN in IN ampere NN hours NNS denoted VVD a DT A NP h NN or CC mA NN h NN for IN smaller JJR types NNS . SENT The DT charging VVG rate NN is VBZ normally RB expressed VVN as IN a DT fraction NN of IN C NP e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , . SENT 5 CD C NP or CC C NP 2 CD . SENT In IN most JJS cases NNS , , trickle VVP charging VVG at IN a DT slow JJ rate NN C NP 100 CD to TO C $ 20 CD is VBZ easier JJR on IN batteries NNS . SENT Where WRB this DT is VBZ convenient JJ , , you PP will MD likely RB see VV better JJR performance NN and CC longer JJR life NN . SENT Such PDT an DT approach NN should MD be VB less RBR expensive JJ in IN the DT long RB run VVN even RB if IN it PP means VVZ having VHG extra JJ cells NNS or CC packs NNS on IN hand NN to TO pop VV in IN when WRB the DT others NNS are VBP being VBG charged VVN . SENT Fast RB charging VVG is VBZ hard JJ on IN batteries NNS it PP generates VVZ heat NN and CC gasses VVZ and CC the DT chemical NN reactions NNS may MD be VB less RBR uniform JJ . SENT Each DT type NN of IN battery NN requires VVZ a DT different JJ type NN of IN charging VVG technique NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT NiCd JJ batteries NNS are VBP charged VVN with IN a DT controlled VVN usually RB constant JJ current NN . SENT Fast JJ charge NN may MD be VB performed VVN at IN as RB high JJ as IN a DT . SENT 5 CD 1 CD C NP rate NN for IN the DT types NNS of IN batteries NNS in IN portable JJ tools NNS and CC laptop NN computers NNS . SENT C NP here RB is VBZ the DT amp NN hour NN capacity NN of IN the DT battery NN . SENT A DT . SENT 5 CD C NP charge NN rate NN for IN a DT 2 CD amp NN hour NN battery NN pack NN would MD use VV a DT current JJ equal JJ to TO 1 CD A DT , , for IN example NN . SENT Trickle NN charge NN at IN a DT 1 CD 20 CD 1 CD 10 CD C NP rate NN . SENT Sophisticated JJ charges NNS will MD use VV a DT variety NN of IN techniques NNS to TO sense NN end NN of IN charge NN . SENT Inexpensive JJ chargers NNS and CC the DT type NN in IN many JJ cheap JJ consumer NN electronics NN devices NNS simply RB trickle VVP charge NN at IN a DT constant JJ current NN . SENT Rapid JJ chargers NNS for IN portable JJ tools NNS , , laptop JJ computers NNS , , and CC camcorders NNS , , do VVP at IN least JJS sense NN the DT temperature NN rise NN which WDT is VBZ one CD indication NN of IN having VHG reached VVN full JJ charge NN but CC this DT is VBZ far RB from IN totally RB reliable JJ and CC some DT damage NN is VBZ probably RB unavoidable JJ as IN some DT cells NNS reach VVP full JJ charge NN before IN others NNS due JJ to TO slight JJ unavoidable JJ differences NNS in IN capacity NN . SENT Better RBR charging VVG techniques NNS depend VVP on IN sensing VVG the DT slight JJ voltage NN drop NN that WDT occurs VVZ when WRB full JJ charge NN is VBZ reached VVN but CC even RB this DT can MD be VB deceptive JJ . SENT The DT best JJS power NN management NN techniques NNS use VVP a DT combination NN of IN sensing VVG and CC precise JJ control NN of IN charge NN to TO each DT cell NN , , knowledge NN about IN the DT battery's JJ characteristics NNS , , and CC state NN of IN charge NN . SENT While IN slow JJ charging NN is VBZ better JJR for IN NiCds NP , , long JJ term NN trickle NN charging VVG is VBZ generally RB not RB recommended VVN . SENT Problems NNS with IN simple JJ NiCd NP battery NN chargers NNS are VBP usually RB pretty RB easy JJ to TO find VV bad JJ transformer NN , , rectifiers NNS , , capacitors NNS , , possibly RB a DT regulator NN . SENT Where WRB temperature NN sensing VVG is VBZ used VVN , , the DT sensor NN in IN the DT battery NN pack NN may MD be VB defective JJ and CC there EX may MD be VB problems NNS in IN the DT control NN circuits NNS as RB well RB . SENT However RB , , more RBR sophisticated JJ power NN management NN systems NNS controlled VVN by IN microprocessors NNS or CC custom NN ICs NNS and CC may MD be VB impossible JJ to TO troubleshoot NN for IN anything NN beyond IN obviously RB bad JJ parts NNS or CC bad JJ connections NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT Lead JJ acid JJ batteries NNS are VBP charged VVN with IN a DT current JJ limited JJ but CC voltage NN cutoff NN technique NN . SENT Although IN the DT terminal JJ voltage NN of IN a DT lead JJ acid NN battery NN is VBZ 2 CD . SENT 00 CD V NN per IN cell NN nominal NN , , it PP may MD actually RB reach VV more JJR than IN 2 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN per IN cell NN while IN charging VVG . SENT For IN an DT automotive JJ battery NN , , 15 CD V NN is VBZ still RB within IN the DT normal JJ range NN of IN voltages NNS to TO be VB found VVN on IN the DT battery NN terminals NNS when WRB the DT engine NN and CC alternator NN are VBP running VVG . SENT A DT simple JJ charger NN for IN a DT lead JJ acid NN battery NN is VBZ simply RB a DT stepped VVD down RB rectified VVN AC NP source NN with IN some DT resistance NN to TO provide VV current JJ limiting VVG . SENT The DT current NN will MD naturally RB taper VV off RP as IN the DT battery NN voltage NN approaches VVZ the DT peaks NNS of IN the DT charging VVG waveform NN . SENT This DT is VBZ how WRB inexpensive JJ automotive JJ battery NN chargers NNS are VBP constructed VVN . SENT For IN small JJ sealed JJ lead NN acid NN batteries NNS , , an DT IC NP regulator NN may MD be VB used VVN to TO provide VV current JJ limited JJ constant JJ voltage NN charging VVG . SENT A DT 1 CD A NP max NP charger NN for IN a DT 12 CD V NN battery NN may MD use VV an DT LM NP 317 CD , , 3 CD resistors NNS , , and CC two CD capacitors NNS , , running VVG off RP of IN a DT 15 CD V NN or CC greater JJR input NN supply NN . SENT Trickle NN chargers NNS for IN lead JJ acid JJ batteries NNS are VBP usually RB constant JJ voltage NN and CC current JJ tapers NNS off RB as IN the DT battery NN reaches VVZ full JJ charge NN . SENT Therefore RB , , leaving VVG the DT battery NN under IN constant JJ charge NN is VBZ acceptable JJ and CC will MD maintain VV it PP at IN the DT desired VVN state NN of IN full JJ charge NN . SENT Problems NNS with IN lead JJ acid JJ battery NN chargers NNS are VBP usually RB pretty RB easy JJ to TO diagnose VV due JJ to TO the DT simplicity NN of IN most JJS designs NNS . SENT 12 CD . SENT 4 CD Substituting VVG NiCds NP for IN Alkalines NP First NP note NN that IN rechargeable JJ batteries NNS are VBP NOT RB suitable JJ for IN safety NN critical JJ applications NNS like IN smoke NN detectors NNS unless IN they PP are VBP used VVN only RB as IN emergency NN power NN fail VVP backup JJ the DT smoke NN detector NN is VBZ also RB plugged VVD into IN the DT AC NP line NN and CC are VBP on IN continuous JJ trickle NN charge NN . SENT NiCds NP self NN discharge NN with IN no DT load NN at IN a DT rate NN which WDT will MD cause VV them PP to TO go VV dead JJ in IN a DT month NN or CC two CD . SENT For IN many JJ toys NNS and CC games NNS , , portable JJ phones NNS , , tape NN players NNS and CC CD NN players NNS , , and CC boomboxes NNS , , TVs NNS , , palmtop NN computers NNS , , and CC other JJ battery NN gobbling VVG gadgets NNS , , it PP may MD be VB possible JJ to TO substitute VV rechargeable JJ batteries NNS for IN disposable JJ primary JJ batteries NNS . SENT However RB , , NiCds NNS have VHP a DT lower JJR terminal NN voltage NN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN vs NP . SENT 1 LS . SENT 5 CD V NN and CC some DT devices NNS will MD just RB not RB be VB happy JJ . SENT In IN particular JJ , , tape NN players NNS may MD not RB work VV well RB due JJ to TO this DT reduced JJ voltage NN not RB being VBG able JJ to TO power VV the DT motor NN at IN a DT constant JJ correct JJ speed NN . SENT Manufacturers NNS may MD specifically RB warn VV against IN their PP$ use NN . SENT Flashlights NNS will MD not RB be VB as RB bright JJ unless IN the DT light JJ bulb NN is VBZ also RB replaced VVN with IN a DT lower JJR voltage NN type NN . SENT Other JJ equipment NN may MD perform VV poorly RB or CC fail VVP to TO operate VV entirely RB on IN NiCds NP . SENT When WRB in IN doubt NN , , check VV your PP$ instruction NN manual JJ . SENT 12 CD . SENT 5 CD Can MD a DT large JJ electrolytic JJ capacitor NN be VB substituted VVN for IN a DT NiCd NP . SENT The DT quick JJ answer NN is VBZ . SENT probably RB not RB . SENT The DT charger NN very RB likely RB assumes VVZ that IN the DT NiCds NP will MD limit VV voltage NN . SENT The DT circuits NNS found VVN in IN many JJ common JJ appliances NNS just RB use VVP a DT voltage NN source NN significantly RB higher JJR than IN the DT terminal JJ voltage NN of IN the DT battery NN pack NN through IN a DT current JJ limiting VVG resistor NN . SENT If IN you PP replace VVP the DT NiCd NP with IN a DT capacitor NN and CC the DT voltage NN will MD end VV up RP much RB higher JJR than IN expected VVN with IN unknown JJ consequences NNS . SENT For IN more JJR sophisticated JJ chargers NNS , , the DT results NNS might MD be VB even RB more RBR unpredictable JJ . SENT Furthermore RB , , even RB a DT SuperCap NN connot NN begin VVP to TO compare VV to TO a DT small JJ NiCd NN for IN capacity NN . SENT A DT 5 CD . SENT 5 CD V NN 1 CD F NN that's NNS Farad NN capacitor NN holds VVZ about IN 15 CD W NP s PP of IN energy NN which WDT is VBZ roughly RB equivalent JJ to TO a DT 5 CD V NN battery NN of IN 3 CD A DT s NN capacity NN less JJR than IN 1 CD mA NN h NN . SENT A DT very RB tiny JJ NiCd NP pack NN is VBZ 100 CD mA NN h NN or CC two CD orders NNS of IN magnitude NN larger JJR . SENT 12 CD . SENT 6 CD Determining VVG the DT actual JJ capacity NN of IN a DT NiCd NP battery NN When WRB a DT battery NN pack NN is VBZ not RB performing VVG up RP to TO expectations NNS or CC is VBZ not RB marked VVN in IN terms NNS of IN capacity NN , , here RB are VBP some DT comments NNS on IN experimentally RB determining VVG the DT A DT h NN rating NN . SENT When WRB laying VVG eggs NNS , , start NN with IN a DT chicken NN . SENT . SENT Actually RB , , you PP have VHP to TO estimate VV the DT capacity NN so RB that IN charge NN and CC discharge NN rates NNS can MD be VB approximated VVN . SENT However RB , , this DT is VBZ usually RB easy JJ to TO do VV with IN a DT factor NN of IN 2 CD either CC way RB just RB be VB size NN . SENT Size NN of IN cells NNS Capacity NN range NN , , A DT h NN AAA NP . SENT 2 LS . SENT 4 CD AA NN . SENT 4 CD 1 CD C NP 1 CD 2 CD D NP 1 CD 5 CD Cordless JJ phone NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT 3 CD Camcorder NN 1 CD 3 CD Laptop NN computer NN 1 CD 5 CD First RB , , you PP must MD charge VV the DT battery NN fully RB . SENT For IN a DT battery NN that WDT does VVZ not RB appear VV to TO have VH full JJ capacity NN , , this DT may MD be VB the DT only JJ problem NN . SENT Your PP$ charger NN may MD be VB cutting VVG off RP prematurely RB due JJ to TO a DT fault NN in IN the DT charger NN and CC not RB the DT battery NN . SENT This DT could MD be VB due JJ to TO dirty JJ or CC corroded VVN contacts NNS on IN the DT charger NN or CC battery NN , , bad JJ connections NNS , , faulty JJ temperature NN sensor NN or CC other JJ end NN of IN charge NN control NN circuitry NN . SENT Monitoring VVG the DT current NN during IN charge NN to TO determine VV if IN the DT battery NN is VBZ getting VVG roughly RB the DT correct VV A DT h NN to TO charge VV it PP fully RB would MD be VB a DT desirable JJ first JJ step NN . SENT Figure NN about IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD to TO 1 CD . SENT 5 CD times NNS the DT A NP h NN of IN the DT battery NN capacity NN to TO bring VV it PP to TO full JJ charge NN . SENT Then RB discharge VV at IN approximately RB a DT C NP 20 CD C NP 10 CD rate NN until IN the DT cell NN voltages NNS drops VVZ to TO about RB 1 CD V NN don't NN discharge NN until IN flat JJ or CC damage NN may MD occur VV . SENT Capacity NN is VBZ calculated VVN as IN average JJ current NN x SYM elapsed VVN time NN since IN the DT current JJ for IN a DT NiCd NP will MD be VB farily RB constant JJ until IN very RB near IN the DT end NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 7 CD NiCd NP batteries NNS and CC the DT infamous JJ memory NN effect NN Whether IN the DT NiCd NP memory NN effect NN is VBZ fact NN or CC fiction NN seems VVZ to TO depend VV on IN one's JJ point NN of IN view NN and CC anecdotal JJ evidence NN . SENT What WP most JJS people NNS think VVP is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT memory NN effect NN is VBZ more RBR accurately RB described VVN as IN voltage NN depression NN reduced VVD voltage NN and CC therefore RB , , reduced JJ power NN and CC capacity NN during IN use NN . SENT The DT next JJ section NN is VBZ from IN . SENT Bob NP Myers NP myers NP fc NN . SENT hp NN . SENT com NN and CC are VBP based VVN on IN a DT GE NP technical JJ note NN on IN NiCd NP batteries NNS . SENT The DT following VVG are VBP the DT most RBS common JJ causes NNS of IN application NN problems NNS wrongly RB attributed VVD to TO memory NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Cutoff NN voltage NN too RB high RB basically RB , , since IN NiCds NP have VH such PDT a DT flat JJ voltage NN vs NP . SENT discharge NN characteristic NN , , using VVG voltage NN sensing VVG to TO determine VV when WRB the DT battery NN is VBZ nearly RB empty JJ can MD be VB tricky JJ . SENT an DT improper JJ setting NN coupled VVN with IN a DT slight JJ voltage NN depression NN can MD cause VV many JJ products NNS to TO call VV a DT battery NN dead RB even RB when WRB nearly RB the DT full JJ capacity NN remains VVZ usable JJ albeit IN at IN a DT slightly RB reduced VVN voltage NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT High JJ temperature NN conditions NNS NiCds NNS suffer VVP under IN high JJ temp NN conditions NNS . SENT such JJ environments NNS reduce VV both CC the DT charge NN that WDT will MD be VB accepted VVN by IN the DT cells NNS when WRB charging VVG , , and CC the DT voltage NN across IN the DT battery NN when WRB charged VVN and CC the DT latter NN , , of IN course NN , , ties NNS back RB into IN the DT above JJ problem NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Voltage NN depression NN due JJ to TO long JJ term NN overcharge NN Self NP explanatory JJ . SENT NiCds NNS can MD drop VV 0 CD . SENT 1 CD 0 CD . SENT 15 CD V NN cell NN if IN exposed VVN to TO a DT long JJ term NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , a DT period NN of IN months NNS overcharge NN . SENT Such PDT an DT overcharge NN is VBZ not RB unheard JJ of IN in IN consumer NN gear NN , , especially RB if IN the DT user NN gets VVZ in IN the DT habit NN of IN leaving VVG the DT unit NN in IN a DT charger NN of IN simplistic JJ design NN but CC which WDT was VBD intended VVN to TO provide VV enough RB current JJ for IN a DT relatively RB rapid JJ charge NN . SENT As IN a DT precaution NN , , I PP do VVP NOT RB leave VV any DT of IN my PP$ NiCd NP gear NN on IN a DT charger NN longer RBR than IN the DT recommended JJ time NN UNLESS IN the DT charger NN is VBZ specifically RB designed VVN for IN long JJ term NN trickle NN charging VVG , , and CC explicitly RB identified VVN as IN such JJ by IN the DT manufacturer NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT There EX are VBP a DT number NN of IN other JJ possible JJ causes NNS listed VVN in IN a DT miscellaneous JJ category NN . SENT these DT include VVP Operation NN below IN 0 CD degrees NNS C NP . SENT High JJ discharge NN rates NNS above IN 5 CD C NP if IN not RB specifically RB designed VVN for IN such JJ use NN . SENT Inadequate JJ charging VVG time NN or CC a DT defective JJ charger NN . SENT One CD or CC more RBR defective JJ or CC worn VVN out IN cells NNS . SENT They PP do VVP not RB last VV forever RB . SENT To TO close VV with IN a DT quote NN from IN the DT GE NP note NN . SENT To TO recap VV , , we PP can MD say VV that DT true JJ memory NN is VBZ exceedingly RB rare JJ . SENT When WRB we PP see VVP poor JJ battery NN performance NN attributed VVD to TO memory NN , , it PP is VBZ almost RB always RB certain JJ to TO be VB a DT correctable JJ application NN problem NN . SENT Of IN the DT . SENT . SENT . SENT problems NNS noted VVD above IN , , Voltage NN Depression NN is VBZ the DT one CD most RBS often RB mistaken VVN for IN memory NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT This DT information NN should MD dispel VV many JJ of IN the DT myths NNS that WDT exaggerate VV the DT idea NN of IN a DT memory NN phenomenon NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 8 CD Care NN and CC feeding NN of IN NiCds NNS Here RB are VBP six CD guidelines NNS to TO follow VV which WDT will MD hopefully RB avoid VV voltage NN depression NN or CC the DT memory NN effect NN or CC whatever JJ . SENT Portions NNS of IN the DT following VVG guidelines NNS are VBP from IN the DT NiCd NP FAQ NP written VVN by IN . SENT Ken NP A NP . SENT Nishimura NP KO NP 6 CD AF NN 1 CD . SENT DON'T NP deliberately RB discharge VV the DT batteries NNS to TO avoid VV memory NN . SENT You PP risk VVP reverse RB charging VVG one CD or CC more JJR cell NN which WDT is VBZ a DT sure JJ way NN of IN killing VVG them PP . SENT 2 LS . SENT DO VV let VV the DT cells NNS discharge NN to TO 1 CD . SENT 0 CD V NN cell NN on IN occasion NN through IN normal JJ use NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT DON'T NP leave VVP the DT cells NNS on IN trickle NN charge NN for IN long JJ times NNS , , unless IN voltage NN depression NN can MD be VB tolerated VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT DO VV protect VV the DT cells NNS from IN high JJ temperature NN both CC in IN charging VVG and CC storage NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT DON'T JJ overcharge NN the DT cells NNS . SENT Use VV a DT good JJ charging VVG technique NN . SENT With IN most JJS inexpensive JJ equipment NN , , the DT charging VVG circuits NNS are VBP not RB intelligent JJ and CC will MD not RB terminate VV properly RB only RB charge VV for IN as RB long RB as RB recommended VVN in IN the DT user NN manual JJ . SENT 6 CD . SENT DO VV choose VV cells NNS wisely RB . SENT Sponge NN foam NN plates NNS will MD not RB tolerate VV high JJ charge NN discharge NN currents NNS as RB well RB as IN sintered VVN plate NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , it PP is VBZ rare JJ that IN this DT choice NN exists VVZ . SENT Author's NNS note VVP . SENT I PP refuse VVP to TO get VV involved VVN in IN the DT flame NN wars NNS with IN respect NN to TO NiCd NP battery NN myths NNS and CC legends NNS sam NP . SENT 12 CD . SENT 9 CD Why WRB there EX will MD never RB actually RB be VB closure NN on IN this DT topic NN From IN . SENT Mark NP Kinsler NP kinsler NP froggy JJ . SENT frognet NN . SENT net JJ . SENT All DT of IN which WDT tends VVZ to TO support VV my PP$ basic JJ operating NN theory NN about IN the DT charging NN of IN nickel JJ cadmium NN batteries NNS . SENT 1 CD Man NN is VBZ born VVN in IN sin NN and CC must MD somehow RB arrange VV for IN the DT salvation NN of IN his PP$ immortal JJ soul NN . SENT 2 LS All DT nickel JJ cadmium NN batteries NNS must MD be VB recharged VVN . SENT 3 CD There RB is VBZ no DT proper JJ method NN of IN performing VVG either DT task NN 1 CD or CC task NN 2 CD to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN anyone NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 10 CD NiCd NP battery NN pack NN will MD not RB hold VV a DT charge NN This DT applies VVZ if IN the DT pack NN appears VVZ to TO charge VV normally RB and CC the DT terminal NN voltage NN immediately RB after IN charging VVG is VBZ at IN least JJS 1 CD . SENT 2 CD x SYM n NN where WRB n NN is VBZ the DT number NN of IN cells NNS in IN the DT pack NN but CC after IN a DT couple NN of IN days NNS , , the DT terminal NN voltage NN has VHZ dropped VVN drastically RB . SENT For IN example NN , , a DT 12 CD V NN pack NN reads VVZ only RB 6 CD V NN 48 CD hours NNS after IN charging VVG without IN being VBG used VVN . SENT What WP is VBZ most RBS likely JJ happening NN is VBZ that RB several JJ of IN the DT NiCd NP cells NNS have VHP high JJ leakage NN current NN and CC drain VV themselves PP quite RB rapidly RB . SENT If IN they PP are VBP bad JJ enough RB , , then RB a DT substantial JJ fraction NN of IN the DT charging VVG current JJ itself PP is VBZ being VBG wasted VVN so RB that IN even RB right JJ after IN charging VVG , , their PP$ capacity NN is VBZ less JJR than IN expected VVN . SENT However RB , , in IN many JJ cases NNS , , the DT pack NN will MD deliver VV close VV to TO rated VVN capacity NN if IN used VVN immediately RB after IN charging VVG . SENT If IN the DT pack NN is VBZ old JJ and CC unused JJ or CC abused VVN especially RB , , it PP seems VVZ , , if IN it PP is VBZ a DT fast JJ recharge NN type NN of IN pack NN , , this DT is VBZ quite RB possible JJ . SENT The DT cause NN is VBZ the DT growth NN of IN fine JJ metallic JJ whiskers NNS called VVD dendrites NNS that WDT partially RB shorts NNS the DT cell NN s PP . SENT If IN severe JJ enough NN , , a DT dead JJ short JJ is VBZ created VVN and CC no DT charge NN at IN all DT is VBZ possible JJ . SENT Sometimes RB this DT can MD be VB repaired VVN temporarily RB at IN least JJS by IN zapping VVG using VVG a DT large JJ charged JJ capacitor NN to TO blow VV out RP the DT whiskers NNS or CC densrites NNS that WDT are VBP causing VVG the DT leakage NN on IN a DT cell NN by IN cell NN basis NN but CC my PP$ success NN on IN these DT types NNS of IN larger JJR or CC high JJ charge NN rate NN packs VVZ such JJ as RB used VVN in IN laptop JJ computers NNS or CC camcorders NNS has VHZ been VBN less JJR than IN spectacular JJ . SENT Is VBZ my PP$ battery NN charging NN . SENT If IN you PP are VBP trying VVG to TO substitute VV a DT battery NN of IN a DT different JJ type NN , , all DT bets NNS may MD be VB off RP . SENT For IN example NN , , NiCd NP and CC lead JJ acid NN are VBP quite RB different JJ in IN operation NN and CC termination NN conditions NNS . SENT Thus RB , , your PP$ charger NN may MD not RB be VB fully RB charging VVG the DT new JJ pack NN for IN some DT reason NN or CC one CD or CC more JJR of IN the DT cells NNS may MD be VB defective JJ . SENT If IN you PP can MD , , monitor VV both DT current JJ and CC voltage NN into IN the DT battery NN during IN charging VVG . SENT The DT voltage NN should MD top VV out RP somewhat RB over IN the DT marked JJ ratings NNS . SENT The DT current NN should MD work VV out RP to TO around IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD times NNS the DT A NP h NN rating NN over IN the DT charging VVG period NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ the DT case NN , , put VVD a DT load NN on IN the DT battery NN and CC see VV if IN you PP get VVP something NN near IN the DT A NP h NN rating NN out RB . SENT 12 CD . SENT 11 CD What WP is VBZ this DT thing NN in IN my PP$ NiCd NP battery NN pack NN . SENT In IN addition NN to TO the DT NiCd NP cells NNS , , you PP will MD often RB find VV one CD or CC more JJR small JJ parts NNS that WDT are VBP generally RB unrecognizable JJ . SENT Normally RB , , you PP won't VVD see VV these DT until IN you PP have VHP a DT problem NN and CC , , ignoring VVG all DT warnings NNS , , open VV the DT pack NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ a DT little JJ rectangular JJ silver NN box NN in IN series NN with IN one CD of IN the DT positive JJ or CC negative JJ terminals NNS of IN the DT pack NN , , it PP is VBZ probably RB a DT thermostat NN and CC is VBZ there RB to TO shut VV down RP the DT charging VVG or CC discharging VVG if IN the DT temperature NN of IN the DT pack NN rises VVZ too RB high JJ . SENT If IN it PP tests VVZ open JJ at IN room NN temperature NN , , it PP is VBZ bad JJ . SENT With IN care NN , , you PP can MD safely RB substitute VV a DT low JJ value NN resistor NN or CC auto NN tail NN light JJ bulb NN and CC see VV if IN the DT original JJ problem NN goes VVZ away RB or CC at IN least JJS the DT behavior NN changes NNS . SENT However RB , , if IN there EX is VBZ a DT dead RB short JJ somewhere RB , , that DT device NN may MD have VH sacrificed VVN its PP$ life NN to TO protect VV your PP$ equipment NN or CC charger NN and CC going VVG beyond IN this DT like IN shorting VVG it PP out RP entirely RB should MD be VB done VVN with IN extreme JJ care NN . SENT If IN it PP looks VVZ like IN a DT small JJ diode NN or CC resistor NN , , it PP could MD be VB a DT temperature NN sensing VVG thermistor NN which WDT is VBZ used VVN by IN the DT charger NN to TO determine VV that IN the DT cells NNS are VBP heating VVG which WDT in IN its PP$ simple JJ minded JJ way NN means VVZ the DT cells NNS are VBP being VBG overcharged VVN and CC it PP is VBZ should MD quit VV charging VVG them PP . SENT You PP can MD try VV using VVG a DT resistor NN in IN place NN of IN the DT thermistor NN to TO see VV if IN the DT charger NN will MD now RB cooperate VV . SENT Try VV a DT variety NN of IN values NNS while IN monitoring VVG the DT current JJ or CC charge NN indicators NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT problem NN may MD actually RB be VB in IN the DT charger NN controller NN and CC not RB the DT thermistor NN . SENT The DT best JJS approach NN is VBZ to TO try VV another DT pack NN . SENT It PP could MD be VB any DT of IN a DT number NN of IN other JJ possible JJ components NNS but CC they PP all RB serve VVP a DT protective JJ and CC or CC charge VV related JJ function NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , the DT part NN may MD be VB bad JJ due RB to TO a DT fault NN in IN the DT charger NN not RB shutting VVG down RB or CC not RB properly RB limiting VVG the DT current JJ as RB well RB . SENT 12 CD . SENT 12 CD Zapping VVG NiCds NNS to TO clear VV shorted VVN cells NNS Nickel NP Cadmium NN batteries NNS that WDT have VHP shorted VVN cells NNS can MD sometimes RB be VB rejuvenated VVN at IN least JJS temporarily RB by IN a DT procedure NN affectionately RB called VVD zapping VVG . SENT The DT cause NN of IN these DT bad JJ NiCd NP cells NNS is VBZ the DT formation NN of IN conductive JJ filaments NNS called VVD whiskers NNS or CC dendrites NNS that WDT pierce VV the DT separator NN and CC short RB the DT positive JJ and CC negative JJ electrodes NNS of IN the DT cell NN . SENT The DT result NN is VBZ either RB a DT cell NN that WDT will MD not RB take VV a DT charge NN at IN all RB or CC which WDT self NN discharges NNS in IN a DT very RB short JJ time NN . SENT A DT high JJ current JJ pulse NN can MD sometimes RB vaporize VV the DT filament NN and CC clear VV the DT short JJ . SENT The DT result NN may MD be VB reliable JJ particularly RB if IN the DT battery NN is VBZ under IN constant JJ charge NN float NN service NN and CC or CC is VBZ never RB discharged VVN fully RB . SENT Since IN there EX are VBP still RB holes NNS in IN the DT separator NN , , repeated JJ shorts NNS are VBP quite RB likely JJ especially RB if IN the DT battery NN is VBZ discharged VVN fully RB which WDT seems VVZ to TO promote VV filament NN formation NN , , I PP have VHP used VVN zapping VVG with IN long JJ term NN reliability NN with IN the DT restrictions NNS identified VVN above IN on IN NiCds NNS for IN shavers NNS , , Dust NP Busters NNS , , portable JJ phones NNS , , and CC calculators NNS . SENT WARNING NN . SENT There EX is VBZ some DT danger NN in IN the DT following VVG procedures NNS as IN heat NN is VBZ generated VVN . SENT The DT cell NN may MD explode VV . SENT Take VV appropriate JJ precautions NNS and CC don't NN overdo VV it PP . SENT If IN the DT first JJ few JJ attempts NNS do VVP not RB work VV , , dump VV the DT battery NN pack NN . SENT ATTEMPT NN ZAPPING VVG AT IN YOUR PP$ OWN JJ RISK NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT You PP will MD need VV a DT DC NP power NN supply NN and CC a DT large JJ capacitor NN one NN of IN those DT 70 CD , , 000 CD uF NN 40 CD V NN types NNS used VVN for IN filtering VVG in IN multimegawatt NN geek NN type NN automotive JJ audio JJ systems NNS , , for IN example NN . SENT A DT smaller JJR capacitor NN can MD be VB tried VVN as RB well RB . SENT Alternatively RB , , a DT you PP can MD use VV a DT 50 CD 100 CD A DT 5 CD volt NN power NN supply NN that IN doesn't JJ mind NN or CC is VBZ protected VVN against IN being VBG overloaded VVN or CC shorted VVN . SENT Some DT people NNS recommend VVP the DT use NN of IN a DT car NN battery NN for IN NiCd NP zapping VVG . SENT DO VVP NOT RB be VB tempted VVN there EX is VBZ nearly RB unlimited JJ current JJ available JJ and CC you PP could MD end VV with IN a DT disaster NN including VVG the DT possible JJ destruction NN of IN that DT battery NN , , your PP$ NiCd NP , , you PP , , and CC anything NN else NN that WDT is VBZ in IN the DT vicinity NN . SENT OK UH , , you PP have VHP read VVN the DT warnings NNS . SENT Remove VV the DT battery NN pack NN from IN the DT equipment NN . SENT Gain NN access NN to TO the DT shorted VVN cell NN s PP by IN removing VVG the DT outer JJ covering NN or CC case NN of IN the DT battery NN pack NN and CC test VV the DT individual JJ cells NNS with IN a DT multimeter NN . SENT Since IN you PP likely RB tried VVD charging VVG the DT pack NN , , the DT good JJ cells NNS will MD be VB around IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN and CC the DT shorted VVN cells NNS will MD be VB exactly RB 0 CD V NN . SENT You PP must MD perform VV the DT zapping VVG directly RB across IN each DT shorted VVN cell NN for IN best JJS results NNS . SENT Connect VV a DT pair NN of IN heavy JJ duty NN clip NN leads VVZ 12 CD wire NN would MD be VB fine JJ directly RB across IN the DT first JJ shorted VVN cell NN . SENT Clip VV your PP$ multimeter NN across IN the DT cell NN as RB well RB to TO monitor VV the DT operation NN . SENT Put VV it PP on IN a DT high JJ enough JJ scale NN such JJ that IN the DT full JJ voltage NN of IN your PP$ power NN supply NN or CC capacitor NN won't NN cause VV any DT damage NN to TO the DT multimeter NN . SENT WEAR VV YOUR PP$ EYE NN PROTECTION NN . SENT . SENT . SENT 1 LS . SENT Using VVG the DT large JJ capacitor NN . SENT Charge VV the DT capacitor NN from IN a DT current JJ limited JJ 12 CD 24 CD V NN DC NP power NN supply NN . SENT Momentarily RB touch VV the DT leads NNS connected VVN across IN the DT shorted VVN cell NN to TO the DT charged VVN capacitor NN . SENT There EX will MD be VB sparks NNS . SENT The DT voltage NN on IN the DT cell NN may MD spike VV to TO a DT high JJ value NN up RB to TO the DT charged VVN voltage NN level NN on IN the DT capacitor NN . SENT The DT capacitor NN will MD discharge VV almost RB instantly RB . SENT 2 LS . SENT Using VVG the DT high JJ current JJ power NN supply NN . SENT Turn VV on IN the DT supply NN . SENT Momentarily RB touch VV the DT leads NNS connected VVN across IN the DT shorted VVN cell NN to TO the DT power NN supply NN output NN . SENT There EX will MD be VB sparks NNS . SENT DO VVP NOT RB maintain VV contact NN for IN more JJR than IN a DT couple NN of IN seconds NNS . SENT The DT NiCd NP may MD get VV warm JJ . SENT While IN the DT power NN supply NN is VBZ connected VVN , , the DT voltage NN on IN the DT cell NN may MD rise VV to TO anywhere RB up RB to TO the DT supply NN voltage NN . SENT Now RB check VV the DT voltage NN on IN the DT hopefully RB previously RB shorted VVN cell NN . SENT If IN the DT filaments NNS have VHP blown VVN , , the DT voltage NN on IN the DT cell NN should MD have VH jumped VVD to TO anywhere RB from IN a DT few JJ hundred CD millivolts NNS to TO the DT normal JJ 1 CD V NN of IN a DT charged VVN NiCd NP cell NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ no DT change NN or CC if IN the DT voltage NN almost RB immediately RB decays VVZ back RB to TO zero VV , , you PP can MD try VV zapping VVG couple NN more JJR times NNS but CC beyond IN this DT is VBZ probably RB not RB productive JJ . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN has VHZ increased VVN and CC is VBZ relatively RB stable JJ , , immediately RB continue VV charging VVG the DT repaired VVN cell NN at IN the DT maximum JJ SAFE JJ rate NN specified VVN for IN the DT battery NN pack NN . SENT Note NN . SENT if IN the DT other JJ cells NNS of IN the DT battery NN pack NN are VBP fully RB charged VVN as RB is VBZ likely JJ if IN you PP had VHD attempted VVN to TO charge VV the DT pack NN , , don't NP put VVD the DT entire JJ pack NN on IN high JJ current JJ charge NN as IN this DT will MD damage VV the DT other JJ cells NNS through IN overcharging VVG . SENT One CD easy JJ way NN is VBZ to TO use VV your PP$ power NN supply NN with IN a DT current JJ limiting VVG resistor NN connected VVN just RB to TO the DT cell NN you PP just RB zapped VVD . SENT A DT 1 CD 4 CD C NP rate NN should MD be VB safe JJ and CC effective JJ but CC avoid VV overcharging VVG . SENT Then RB trickle VV charge NN at IN the DT 1 CD 10 CD C NP rate NN for IN several JJ hours NNS . SENT C NP here RB is VBZ the DT amp NN hour NN capacity NN of IN the DT cell NN . SENT Therefore RB , , a DT 1 CD 10 CD C NP rate NN for IN a DT 600 CD mA NN NiCd NP is VBZ 50 CD mA NN . SENT This DT works VVZ better JJR on IN small JJ cells NNS like IN AAs NNS than IN on IN C NP or CC D NP cells NNS since IN the DT zapping VVG current JJ requirement NN is VBZ lower JJR . SENT Also RB , , it PP seems VVZ to TO be VB more RBR difficult JJ to TO reliably RB restore VV the DT quick JJ charge NN type NN battery NN packs VVZ in IN portable JJ tools NNS and CC laptop NN computers NNS that WDT have VHP developed VVN shorted VVN cells NNS though IN there EX are VBP some DT success NN stories NNS . SENT My PP$ experience NN has VHZ been VBN that IN if IN you PP then RB maintain VVP the DT battery NN pack NN in IN float NN service NN on IN a DT trickle NN charger NN and CC or CC make VV sure JJ it PP never RB discharges NNS completely RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT good JJ chance NN it PP will MD last VV . SENT However RB , , allow VV the DT bad JJ cells NNS to TO discharge VV to TO near IN 0 CD volts NNS and CC those DT mischievous JJ dendrites NNS will MD make VV their PP$ may MD through IN the DT separator NN again RB and CC short RB out IN the DT cell NN s PP . SENT 12 CD . SENT 13 CD Identifying VVG technology NN of IN umarked JJ battery NN packs NNS Since IN the DT nominal JJ rated VVN voltages NNS for IN the DT common JJ battery NN technologies NNS differ VVP , , it PP is VBZ often RB possible JJ to TO identify VV which WDT type NN is VBZ inside RB a DT pack NN by IN the DT total JJ output NN voltage NN . SENT NiCd JJ packs NNS will MD be VB a DT multiple NN of IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN . SENT Lead JJ acid JJ packs NNS will MD be VB a DT multiple NN of IN 2 CD . SENT 0 CD V NN . SENT Alkaline JJ packs NNS will MD be VB a DT multiple NN of IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Note NN that IN these DT are VBP open JJ circuit NN voltages NNS and CC may MD be VB very RB slightly RB higher RBR when WRB fully RB charged VVN or CC new JJ . SENT Therefore RB , , it PP is VBZ generally RB easy JJ to TO tell VV what WP kind NN of IN technology NN is VBZ inside RB a DT pack NN even RB if IN the DT type NN is VBZ not RB marked VVN as RB long RB as IN the DT voltage NN is VBZ . SENT Of IN course NN , , there EX are VBP some DT like IN 6 CD V NN that WDT will MD be VB ambiguous JJ . SENT 12 CD . SENT 14 CD Problems NP with IN battery NN operated VVD equipment NN For IN primary JJ batteries NNS like IN Alkalines NP , , first JJ try VVP a DT fresh JJ set NN . SENT For IN NiCds NP , , test NN across IN the DT battery NN pack NN after IN charging VVG overnight JJ or CC as RB recommended VVN by IN the DT manufacturer NN of IN the DT equipment NN . SENT The DT voltage NN should MD be VB 1 CD . SENT 2 CD x SYM n NN V NN where WRB n NN is VBZ the DT number NN of IN cells NNS in IN the DT pack NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ much RB lower JJR off RP by IN a DT multiple NN of IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD V NN , , one CD or CC more JJR cells NNS is VBZ shorted VVN and CC will MD need VV to TO be VB replaced VVN or CC you PP can MD attempt VV zapping VVG it PP to TO restore VV the DT shorted VVN cells NNS . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Zapping VVG NiCds NNS to TO clear VV shorted VVN cells NNS . SENT Attempt NN at IN your PP$ own JJ risk NN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN drops VVZ when WRB the DT device NN is VBZ turned VVN on IN or CC the DT batteries NNS are VBP installed VVN and CC the DT batteries NNS are VBP known VVN to TO be VB good JJ then RB an DT overload NN may MD be VB pulling VVG the DT voltage NN down RB . SENT Assuming VVG the DT battery NN is VBZ putting VVG out RP the DT proper JJ voltage NN , , then RB a DT number NN of IN causes NNS are VBP possible JJ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Corroded VVN contacts NNS or CC bad JJ connections NNS in IN the DT battery NN holder NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Bad JJ connections NNS or CC broken JJ wires NNS inside IN the DT device NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Faulty JJ regulator NN in IN the DT internal JJ power NN supply NN circuits NNS . SENT Test NN semiconductors NNS and CC IC NP regulators NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT Faulty JJ DC NP DC NP inverter NN components NNS . SENT Test NN semiconductors NNS and CC other JJ components NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT Defective JJ on IN off JJ switch NN . SENT . SENT or CC logic NN problem NN in IN power NN control NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Other JJ problems NNS in IN the DT internal JJ circuitry NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT 15 CD Battery NP juice NN and CC corroded VVD contacts NNS Unless IN you PP have VHP just RB arrived VVN from IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT galaxy NN where WRB such JJ problems NNS do VVP not RB exist VV , , you PP know VVP that IN so RB called VVN leak NN proof NN batteries NNS even RB those DT with IN fancy JJ warranties NNS and CC high JJ budget NN advertising NN sometimes RB leak VV . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT lot NN less RBR common JJ with IN modern JJ technologies NNS than IN with IN the DT carbon NN zinc NN cells NNS of IN the DT good JJ old JJ days NNS , , but CC still RB can MD happen VV . SENT It PP is VBZ always RB good JJ advice NN to TO remove VV batteries NNS from IN equipment NN when WRB not RB being NN used VVN for IN an DT extended JJ period NN of IN time NN . SENT Dead JJ batteries NNS also RB seem VVP to TO be VB more RBR prone JJ to TO leakage NN than IN fresh JJ ones NNS in IN some DT cases NNS because IN the DT casing NN material NN is VBZ depleted VVN in IN the DT chemical NN reaction NN which WDT generates VVZ electricity NN and CC thus RB gets VVZ thinner JJR or CC develops VVZ actual JJ holes NNS . SENT In IN most JJS cases NNS , , the DT actual JJ stuff NN that IN leaks NNS from IN a DT battery NN is VBZ not RB battery NN acid NN but CC rather RB some DT other JJ chemical NN . SENT For IN example NN , , alkaline JJ batteries NNS are VBP so RB called VVN because IN their PP$ electrolyte NN is VBZ an DT alkaline JJ material NN just RB the DT opposite NN in IN reactivity NN from IN an DT acid NN . SENT Usually RB it PP is VBZ not RB particularly RB reactive JJ but CC isn't JJ something NN you PP would MD want VV to TO eat VV . SENT One CD exception NN is VBZ the DT lead JJ acid NN type NN where WRB the DT liquid JJ inside NN is VBZ sulfuric JJ acid NN of IN varying VVG degrees NNS of IN strength NN depending VVG on IN charge NN . SENT This DT is VBZ nasty JJ and CC should MD be VB neutralized VVN with IN an DT alkaline JJ material NN like IN baking VVG soda NN before IN being VBG cleaned VVN up RP . SENT Fortunately RB , , these DT sealed JJ lead NN acid NN battery NN packs VVZ rarely RB leak VV though IN I PP did VVD find VV one PP with IN a DT scary JJ looking VVG bulging VVG case NN , , probably RB due JJ to TO overcharging VVG got VVN rid JJ of IN that DT in IN a DT hurry NN . SENT Nickel JJ Cadmium NN cells NNS contain VVP so RB called VVN heavy JJ metal NN compounds NNS which WDT are VBP also RB bad JJ for IN you PP if IN you PP feast VV on IN them PP but CC can MD be VB safely RB cleaned VVN up RP without IN harm NN . SENT Scrape NN dried VVD up RP battery NN juice NN from IN the DT battery NN compartment NN and CC contacts NNS with IN a DT plastic NN or CC wooden JJ stick VVP and CC or CC wipe VV any DT liquid NN up RB first JJ with IN a DT dry JJ paper NN towel NN . SENT Then RB use VV a DT damp JJ paper NN towel NN to TO pick VV up RP as IN much JJ residue NN as IN possible JJ . SENT Dispose VV of IN the DT dirty JJ towels NNS promptly RB . SENT If IN the DT contacts NNS are VBP corroded VVN , , use VVP fine JJ sandpaper NN or CC a DT small JJ file NN to TO remove VV the DT corrosion NN and CC brighten VV the DT metal NN . SENT Do VVP not RB use VV an DT emery NN board NN , , emery NN paper NN , , or CC steel NN wool NN as IN any DT of IN these DT will MD leave VV conductive JJ particles NNS behind IN which WDT will MD be VB difficult JJ to TO remove VV . SENT If IN the DT contacts NNS are VBP eaten VVN through IN entirely RB , , you PP will MD have VH to TO improvise VV alternative JJ contacts NNS or CC obtain VV replacements NNS . SENT Sometimes RB the DT corrosion NN extends VVZ to TO the DT solder NN and CC circuit NN board NN traces VVZ as RB well RB and CC some DT additional JJ repairs NNS may MD be VB needed VVN possible JJ requiring VVG disassembly NN to TO gain VV access NN to TO the DT wiring NN . SENT Don't NP forget VVP that IN many JJ batteries NNS do VVP come VV with IN explicit JJ or CC implicit JJ warranties NNS against IN leakage NN and CC resulting VVG damage NN which WDT cover VVP the DT equipment NN they PP are VBP in IN as RB well RB . SENT Thus RB , , you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO obtain VV a DT replacement NN device NN from IN the DT battery NN manufacturer NN for IN at IN most JJS shipping NN charges NNS . SENT I PP don't VVD know VV if IN this DT extends VVZ to TO expensive JJ products NNS like IN palmtop NN computers NNS . SENT . SENT 12 CD . SENT 16 CD Automotive JJ power NN While IN it PP is VBZ tempting JJ to TO want VV to TO use VV your PP$ car's JJ battery NN as IN a DT power NN source NN for IN small JJ portable JJ appliances NNS , , audio JJ equipment NN , , and CC laptop JJ computers NNS , , beware VV . SENT the DT power NN available JJ from IN your PP$ car's JJ electrical JJ system NN is VBZ not RB pretty RB . SENT The DT voltage NN can MD vary VV from IN 9 CD 0 CD for IN a DT dead JJ battery NN to TO 15 CD V NN under IN normal JJ conditions NNS and CC much RB higher JJR spikes NNS or CC excursions NNS are VBP possible JJ when WRB loads NNS like IN the DT radiator NN fan NN or CC air NN conditioner NN are VBP switched VVN on RP or CC off RP . SENT Unless IN the DT equipment NN is VBZ designed VVN specifically RB for IN such JJ power NN , , you PP are VBP taking VVG a DT serious JJ risk NN that IN it PP will MD be VB damaged VVN or CC blown VVN away RB . SENT Furthermore RB , , there EX is VBZ essentially RB unlimited JJ current JJ available JJ from IN the DT battery NN cigarette NN lighter JJR and CC 20 CD A NP or CC more JJR without IN blowing VVG a DT fuse NN . SENT This DT will MD instantly RB turn VV your PP$ expensive JJ CD NN player NN to TO toast NN should MD you PP get VV the DT connections NNS wrong JJ . SENT No DT amount NN of IN internal JJ protection NN can MD protect VV equipment NN from IN fools NNS . SENT My PP$ recommendation NN for IN laptop JJ computers NNS is VBZ to TO use VV a DT commercially RB available JJ DC NP AC NP inverter NN with IN the DT laptop's NNS normal JJ AC NP power NN pack NN . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB the DT most RBS efficient JJ but CC is VBZ the DT safest JJS and CC should MD maintain VV the DT laptop's NNS warranty NN should MD something NN go VV wrong JJ . SENT For IN CD NN players NNS and CC other JJ audio JJ equipment NN , , only JJ use NN approved VVD automotive JJ adapters NNS . SENT For IN something NN like IN a DT CD NN player NN that WDT runs VVZ on IN a DT 9 CD VDC NP wall NN adapter NN , , even RB if IN the DT droid NN at IN Radio NP Shack NP says VVZ it PP will MD work VV without IN dropping VVG the DT voltage NN , , proceed VV with IN caution NN . SENT The DT 3 CD V NN difference NN isn't VVD the DT only JJ problem NN you PP might MD get VV away RB with IN that DT though IN I PP would MD recommend VV against IN it PP measure VV the DT open JJ circuit NN voltage NN out IN of IN your PP$ AC NP adapter NN it PP is VBZ probably RB closer JJR to TO 12 CD V NN or CC more RBR anyhow RB . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT other JJ nastiness NN of IN the DT automotive JJ power NN . SENT Putting VVG 4 CD diodes NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , 1 CD N NP 4002 CD in IN series NN with IN the DT power NN would MD drop VV the DT voltage NN to TO be VB closer JJR to TO 9 CD V NN but CC the DT spikes NNS will MD sail VV right RB through IN If IN it PP were VBD mine JJ , , I PP would MD probably RB add VV some DT filtering VVG to TO the DT 12 CD V NN maybe RB 10 CD , , 000 CD uF NNS , , 35 CD V NN , , and CC then RB use VV a DT 7809 CD or CC LM NP 317 CD regulator NN to TO drop VV it PP to TO 9 CD V NN . SENT This DT isn't NN a DT guarantee NN but CC is VBZ much RB better RBR than IN ignoring VVG the DT issues NNS entirely RB . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Adding VVG an DT IC NP regulator NN to TO a DT wall NN adapter NN or CC battery NN . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT one NN more RBR minor JJ problem NN when WRB starting VVG , , the DT voltage NN can MD easily RB drop VV to TO 9 CD V NN or CC less JJR . SENT With IN the DT regulator NN , , the DT output NN would MD be VB closer JJR to TO 7 CD V NN which WDT may MD or CC may MD not RB be VB enough JJ . SENT So RB , , the DT player NN may MD quit VV while IN starting VVG but CC I PP suppose VVP there EX are VBP more RBR important JJ things NNS to TO worry VV about RB . SENT As RB with IN a DT laptop NN , , another DT option NN is VBZ to TO use VV a DT small JJ 12 CD VDC NN to TO 115 CD VAC NN inverter NN , , perhaps RB 25 CD . SENT This DT would MD definitely RB protect VV the DT player NN assuming VVG the DT adapter NN doesn't NN mind VV the DT squarewave NN it PP puts VVZ out RP but CC would MD not RB be VB very RB efficient JJ . SENT I PP received VVD a DT dead JJ CD NN player NN with IN an DT auto NN adapter NN included VVD . SENT It PP was VBD supposed VVN to TO run VV on IN 3 CD V NN . SENT Guess VV what WP . SENT There EX was VBD no DT circuitry NN in IN the DT adapter NN . SENT That DT was VBD probably RB a DT Radio NP Shack NP recommendation NN as RB well RB . SENT . SENT Just RB because IN the DT plugs NNS match VVP doesn't NN mean VVP it PP will MD work VV and CC not RB blow VV up RP . SENT 12 CD . SENT 17 CD How WRB do VV those DT on IN battery NN or CC on IN the DT package NN battery NN testers NNS work VVP . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT graded VVN width NN resistance NN element NN that WDT gets VVZ connected JJ when WRB you PP pinch VV those DT two CD points NNS . SENT It PP heats VVZ up RP substantially RB , , BTW NP . SENT Some DT sort NN of IN liquid JJ crystal NN or CC other JJ heat NN sensitive JJ material NN changes NNS from IN dark NN to TO clear JJ or CC yellow JJ at IN a DT fairly RB well RB defined VVN temperature NN . SENT Incidentally RB , , since IN the DT current NN is VBZ significant JJ , , repeated JJ testing NN will MD drain VV the DT batteries NNS as IN with IN any DT proper JJ under IN load NN battery NN test NN . SENT This DT isn't NN an DT issue NN for IN occasional JJ testing NN but CC if IN the DT kids NNS figure VVP how WRB to TO do VV this DT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Personally RB , , I PP would MD rather RB use VV a DT 3 CD battery NN checker NN instead RB of IN paying VVG for IN throw VV away RP frills NNS . SENT Chapter NP 13 NP Motors NPS and CC Relays VVZ 13 CD . SENT 1 CD Small JJ motors NNS in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN A DT variety NN of IN motor NN types NNS are VBP found VVN in IN audio JJ and CC other JJ electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT For IN the DT additional JJ information NN on IN the DT specific JJ types NNS of IN motors NNS used VVN in IN VCRs NNS and CC CD NN players NNS , , see VVP the DT documents NNS . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Video NP Cassette NP Recorders NNS and CC Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Compact JJ Disc NN Players NNS and CC CDROM NP Drives NNS . SENT Types NNS of IN motors NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Small JJ brush NN type NN permanent JJ magnet NN PM NP DC NP motors NNS similar JJ to TO those DT found VVN in IN battery NN operated VVN appliances NNS . SENT Such JJ motors NNS are VBP used VVN in IN cassette NN decks NNS and CC boomboxes NNS , , answering VVG machines NNS , , motorized VVN toys NNS , , CD NN players NNS and CC CDROM NP drives NNS , , and CC VCRs NNS . SENT Where WRB speed NN is VBZ critical JJ , , these DT may MD include VV an DT internal JJ mechanical JJ governor NN or CC electronic JJ regulator NN . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS there EX will MD be VB an DT auxiliary JJ tachometer NN winding VVG for IN speed NN control NN feedback NN . SENT These DT are VBP usually RB quite RB reliable JJ but CC can MD develop VV shorted VVN or CC open JJ windings NNS , , a DT dirty JJ commutator NN , , gummed VVN up IN lubrication NN , , or CC dry JJ or CC worn JJ bearings NNS . SENT Replacement NN is VBZ best RBS but RB mechanical JJ repair NN lubrication NN , , cleaning NN is VBZ sometimes RB possible JJ . SENT Also RB see VV the DT section NN . SENT General JJ tape NN speed NN problems NNS slow JJ , , fast RB , , or CC dead JJ . SENT Additional JJ info NN on IN these DT types NNS of IN motors NNS can MD be VB found VVN in IN Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Compact JJ Disc NN Players NNS and CC CDROM NP Drives NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT A DT low JJ profile NN or CC pancake NN brushless JJ DC NP motor NN may MD provide VV power NN for IN a DT in IN some DT Walkman NP type NN tape NN players NNS , , direct JJ drive NN capstans NNS and CC general JJ power NN in IN VCRs NNS or CC tape NN decks NNS . SENT Since IN these DT are VBP electronically RB controlled VVN , , any DT non JJ mechanical JJ failures NNS are VBP difficult JJ to TO diagnose VV . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS , , electronic JJ component NN malfunction NN can MD be VB identified VVN and CC remedied VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT AC NP induction NN motors NNS shaded VVD pole NN or CC synchronous JJ type NN used VVN in IN inexpensive JJ turntables NNS . SENT These DT motors NNS are VBP extremely RB reliable JJ and CC are VBP easy JJ to TO disassemble VV , , clean VV , , and CC lubricate VV . SENT Just RB do VVP not RB lose VV any DT of IN the DT spacer NN washers NNS on IN each DT end NN of IN the DT shaft NN and CC make VV notes NNS to TO assure VV proper JJ reassembly NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Miniature JJ synchronous JJ motors NNS used VVN in IN mechanical JJ clock NN drives NNS as RB found VVD in IN older JJR clock NN radios NNS or CC electric JJ clocks NNS powered VVN from IN the DT AC NP line NN , , appliance NN controllers NNS , , and CC refrigerator NN defrost VV timers NNS . SENT These DT assemblies NNS include VVP a DT gear NN train NN either CC sealed VVN inside IN the DT motor NN or CC external JJ to TO it PP . SENT If IN the DT motor NN does VVZ not RB start VV up RP , , it PP is VBZ probably RB due JJ to TO dried VVN gummed VVN up RP lubrication NN . SENT Getting VVG inside RB can MD be VB a DT joy NN but CC it PP is VBZ usually RB possible JJ to TO pop VV the DT cover NN and CC get VV at IN the DT rotor NN shaft NN which WDT is VBZ usually RB where WRB the DT lubrication NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT However RB , , the DT tiny JJ pinion NN gear NN may MD need VV to TO be VB removed VVN to TO get VV at IN both DT ends NNS of IN the DT rotor NN shaft NN and CC bearings NNS . SENT 13 CD . SENT 2 CD Motor NP noise NN in IN audio JJ equipment NN Of IN course NN you PP expect VVP your PP$ audio JJ equipment NN to TO be VB absolutely RB silent JJ unless IN told VVN to TO perform VV . SENT Motor NP noise NN should MD not RB be VB objectionable JJ . SENT However RB , , what WP if IN it PP is VBZ . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ kinds NNS of IN noise NN . SENT rotating VVG noise NN , , vibration NN , , and CC electrical JJ interference NN . SENT If IN the DT noise NN is VBZ related VVN to TO the DT rotating VVG motor NN shaft NN , , try VVP lubricating VVG the DT motor NN or CC other JJ suspect JJ bearings NNS a DT single JJ drop NN of IN electric JJ motor NN oil NN , , sewing NN machine NN oil NN , , or CC other JJ light JJ oil NN NOT RB WD NP 40 CD it PP is VBZ not RB a DT suitable JJ lubricant NN , , to TO the DT bearings NNS at IN each DT end NN for IN the DT motor NN . SENT This DT may MD help VV at IN least JJS as IN a DT temporary JJ fix NN . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS , , using VVG a DT slightly RB heavier JJR oil NN will MD help VV with IN a DT worn JJ bearing NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Lubrication NN of IN electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT For IN AC NP motors NNS and CC transformers NNS , , steel NN laminations NNS or CC the DT motor's JJ mounting VVG may MD be VB loose RB resulting VVG in IN a DT buzz NN or CC hum NN . SENT Tightening VVG a DT screw NN or CC two CD may MD quiet VV it PP down RP . SENT Painting VVG the DT laminations NNS with IN varnish NN suitable JJ for IN electrical JJ equipment NN may MD be VB needed VVN in IN extreme JJ cases NNS . SENT Sometimes RB , , the DT noise NN may MD actually RB be VB a DT result NN of IN a DT nearby JJ metal NN shield NN or CC other JJ chassis NN hardware NN that WDT is VBZ being VBG vibrated VVN by IN the DT motor's JJ magnetic JJ field NN . SENT A DT strategically RB placed VVN shim NN or CC piece NN of IN masking VVG tape NN may MD work VV wonders NNS . SENT If IN the DT noise NN a DT buzz NN or CC whine NN is VBZ actually RB coming VVG from IN the DT audio JJ output NN but CC only RB occurs VVZ with IN the DT motor NN running VVG , , the DT interference NN filter NN on IN the DT motor NN power NN supply NN may MD have VH failed VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ often RB just RB a DT capacitor NN across IN the DT motor NN terminals NNS and CC it PP may MD be VB defective JJ or CC there EX may MD be VB a DT bad JJ connection NN . SENT 13 CD . SENT 3 CD Finding VVG a DT replacement NN motor NN In IN many JJ cases NNS , , motors NNS are VBP fairly RB standardized JJ and CC you PP may MD be VB able JJ to TO find VV a DT generic JJ replacement NN much RB more RBR cheaply RB than IN the DT original JJ manufacturer's NN part NN . SENT However RB , , the DT replacement NN must MD match VV the DT following NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Mechanical JJ you PP must MD be VB able JJ to TO mount VV it PP . SENT In IN most JJS cases NNS , , this DT really RB does VVZ mean VV an DT exact JJ drop NN in IN . SENT Sometimes RB , , a DT slightly RB longer JJR shaft NN or CC mounting VVG hole NN out RP of IN place NN can MD be VB tolerated VVN . SENT The DT pulley NN or CC other JJ drive NN bushing NN , , if IN any DT , , must MD be VB able JJ to TO be VB mounted VVN on IN the DT new JJ motor's NN shaft NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ a DT press NN fit NN on IN the DT old JJ motor NN , , take VV extreme JJ care NN so RB as RB not RB to TO damage VV this DT part NN when WRB removing VVG it PP even RB if IN this DT means NN destroying VVG the DT old JJ motor NN in IN the DT process NN it PP is VBZ garbage NN anyway RB . SENT 2 LS . SENT Electrical JJ the DT voltage NN and CC current JJ ratings NNS must MD be VB similar JJ . SENT 3 LS . SENT Rotation NN direction NN with IN conventional JJ DC NP motors NNS , , this DT may MD be VB reversible JJ by IN changing VVG polarity NN of IN the DT voltage NN source NN . SENT With IN AC NP motors NNS , , turning VVG the DT stator NN around IN with IN respect NN to TO the DT rotor NN will MD reverse VV rotation NN direction NN . SENT However RB , , some DT motors NNS have VHP a DT fixed JJ direction NN of IN rotation NN which WDT cannot NN be VB altered VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Speed NN for IN tape NN players NNS and CC turntables NNS this DT may MD not RB be VB feedback NN controlled VVN . SENT With IN a DT little JJ care NN you PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO determine VV the DT normal JJ rpms NNS of IN the DT motor NN . SENT For IN example NN , , with IN a DT cassette NN deck NN , , knowing VVG the DT tape NN speed NN 1 CD 7 CD 8 CD inches NNS per IN second JJ is VBZ standard JJ , , it PP is VBZ straightforward JJ calculate VV the DT motor NN shaft NN speed NN based VVN on IN simple JJ measurements NNS of IN pulley NN and CC capstan NN diameter NN ratios NNS . SENT MCM NP Electronics NP , , Dalbani NP , , and CC Premium NN Parts NNS stock NN a DT variety NN of IN generic JJ replacement NN motors NNS for IN tape NN decks NNS , , Walkmen NP , , boomboxes NNS , , and CC CD NN players NNS . SENT 13 CD . SENT 4 CD Relay NN basics NNS The DT ubiquitous JJ electromechanical JJ relay NN is VBZ a DT device NN that WDT is VBZ used VVN in IN a DT large JJ variety NN of IN applications NNS to TO switch VV power NN as RB well RB as IN signals NNS in IN electrical JJ and CC electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT Operation NN is VBZ quite RB simple JJ . SENT An DT electromagnet NN powered VVN by IN an DT AC NP or CC DC NP coil NN pulls VVZ on IN an DT armature NN having VHG a DT set NN of IN moving VVG contacts NNS which WDT make VVP or CC break VVP a DT connection NN with IN a DT set NN of IN stationary JJ contacts NNS . SENT Most RBS common JJ relays NNS can MD be VB characterized VVN by IN three CD sets NNS of IN parameters NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Coil NN voltage NN . SENT resistance NN , , current JJ , , or CC power NN consumption NN . SENT and CC whether IN it PP is VBZ AC NP or CC DC NP . SENT For IN AC NP coils VVZ only RB , , the DT VA NP volt NN amps NNS rating NN may MD be VB used VVN instead RB of IN or CC in IN addition NN to TO power NN consumption NN due JJ to TO the DT inductive JJ coil NN . SENT Typical JJ coil NN voltages NNS range VVP from IN 5 CD V NN to TO 480 CD V NN AC NP or CC DC NP and CC beyond IN . SENT Current JJ and CC power NN consumption NN depend VVP on IN the DT size NN of IN the DT relay NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Contact NN configuration NN number NN of IN sets NNS of IN contacts NNS and CC whether IN they PP are VBP their PP$ type NN . SENT The DT designation NN will MD be VB something NN like IN SPST NP NO RB , , DPDT NP , , 4 CD PST NP NC NP , , 6 CD PDT NP , , etc FW . SENT The DT first JJ two CD letters NNS refers VVZ to TO the DT number NN of IN sets NNS of IN simultaneously RB activated VVN contacts NNS S NP 1 CD , , D NP 2 CD , , numbers NNS are VBP usually RB used VVN for IN more JJR than IN 2 CD sets NNS of IN contacts NNS . SENT The DT second JJ two CD letters NNS refers VVZ to TO the DT contact NN configuration NN ST NP NO RB or CC NC NP but CC no DT common JJ terminal NN , , DT NP will MD have VH a DT common NN there EX will MD be VB both CC an DT NO RB and CC NC NP terminal NN . SENT Where WRB contacts NNS are VBP ST NP , , the DT last JJ two CD letters NNS indicate VVP NO RB or CC NC NP . SENT An DT almost RB unlimited JJ number NN of IN variations NNS are VBP possible JJ . SENT Typical JJ relays NNS have VHP anywhere RB from IN 1 CD to TO 6 CD or CC more JJR separate JJ sets NNS of IN ST NP or CC DT NP contacts NNS or CC a DT mixture NN of IN the DT two CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT Contact NN ratings NNS this DT may MD be VB specified VVN for IN a DT number NN of IN types NNS of IN applications NNS . SENT For IN example NN . SENT in IN amperes NNS at IN a DT particular JJ voltage NN for IN DC NP resistive JJ loads NNS , , or CC in IN horsepower NN at IN various JJ voltages NNS for IN AC NP inductive JJ loads NNS . SENT Like IN fuse NN ratings NNS , , these DT are VBP maximum JJ ratings NNS and CC lower JJR values NNS are VBP almost RB always RB acceptable JJ . SENT Small JJ relays NNS may MD be VB able JJ to TO switch VV only RB a DT few JJ hundred CD mA NN at IN 32 CD V NN while IN large JJ industrial JJ contactors NNS can MD switch VV 1000 CD s NN of IN A DT at IN 1000 CD s PP of IN V NN . SENT Even RB the DT contactor NN in IN your PP$ automobile's JJ starter NN must MD control VV hundreds NNS of IN amps NNS to TO the DT starter JJ motor NN . SENT The DT common JJ C NP contacts NNS connect VVP to TO the DT normally RB closed VVN NC NP contacts NNS when WRB the DT coil NN is VBZ unpowered JJ and CC to TO the DT normally RB open JJ NO DT contacts NNS when WRB the DT coil NN is VBZ powered VVN . SENT Miniature JJ and CC subminiature JJ relays NNS are VBP used VVN to TO switch VV phone NN line NN signals NNS in IN modems NNS , , fax NN machines NNS , , and CC telephone NN answering NN machines NNS . SENT audio JJ amplifier NN speaker NN protection NN circuits NNS . SENT multiscan JJ monitor NN deflection NN components NNS . SENT and CC many JJ other JJ places NNS . SENT Small JJ relays NNS control VVP power NN in IN lighting VVG equipment NN , , TVs NNS and CC other JJ home NN appliances NNS , , automotive JJ systems NNS and CC accessories NNS , , and CC the DT like IN . SENT Large JJ relays NNS often RB called VVD contactors NNS are VBP used VVN for IN the DT control NN of IN central JJ air NN conditioning NN systems NNS compressor NN and CC blower NN motors NNS , , all DT types NNS and CC sizes NNS of IN industrial JJ machinery NN as IN well RB as RB in IN the DT starter NN of IN your PP$ automobile NN . SENT 13 CD . SENT 5 CD Relay NN identification NN A DT relay NN without IN a DT pin NN connection NN diagram NN can MD usually RB be VB identified VVN with IN a DT multimeter NN and CC variable JJ power NN supply NN or CC by IN eye NN . SENT Many JJ have VHP the DT critical JJ information NN printed VVN on IN the DT cover NN . SENT However RB , , for IN detailed JJ specifications NNS , , referring VVG to TO the DT manufacturer's JJ databook NN or CC WEB NN page NN really RB is VBZ best JJS . SENT The DT following NN assumes VVZ a DT subminiature JJ DIP NN relay NN . SENT Lower JJR coil NN resistances NNS , , higher JJR coil NN voltages NNS , , and CC other JJ variations NNS may MD exist VV for IN larger JJR relays NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT If IN the DT case NN of IN the DT relay NN is VBZ transparent JJ or CC you PP can MD pop VV the DT top NN , , examine VV the DT pole NN piece NN of IN the DT electromagnet NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ a DT copper NN ring NN around IN half PDT the DT pole NN piece NN , , the DT relay NN coil NN is VBZ designed VVN for IN AC NP usually RB line NN frequency NN 50 CD or CC 60 CD Hz NP operation NN . SENT An DT AC NP relay NN operated VVD on IN DC NP will MD overheat VV very RB quickly RB but CC can MD be VB tested VVN on IN DC NP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Determine VV the DT coil NN pins NNS . SENT Use VV your PP$ eyeball NN if IN possible JJ or CC your PP$ multimeter NN on IN the DT low JJ resistance NN scale NN . SENT For IN a DT small JJ relay NN , , the DT coil NN will MD most RBS likely RB be VB a DT few JJ hundred CD ohms NNS . SENT All DT other JJ combinations NNS of IN pins NNS will MD be VB zero NN or CC infinity NN . SENT If IN the DT resistance NN is VBZ under IN , , say VV , , 100 CD ohms NNS , , you PP may MD have VH an DT AC NP coil NN rather RB than IN a DT DC NP coil NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Power NN the DT relay NN from IN a DT variable JJ DC NP supply NN I PP am VBP assuming VVG it PP has VHZ a DT DC NP coil NN which WDT is VBZ likely JJ for IN a DT DIP NN relay NN . SENT You PP can MD still RB do VV this DT with IN an DT AC NP coil NN but CC it PP will MD heat VV up RP quickly RB . SENT Start NN at IN zero CD and CC increase VV the DT voltage NN until IN you PP hear VVP the DT contacts NNS close NN . SENT This DT will MD probably RB be VB at IN around IN 3 CD volts NNS for IN a DT 5 CD V NN coil NN or CC 8 CD volts NNS for IN a DT 12 CD V NN coil NN this DT will MD be VB roughly RB 60 CD of IN nominal JJ coil NN voltage NN . SENT If IN you PP do VVP not RB hear VV anything NN , , reverse VV the DT polarity NN of IN the DT coil NN and CC try VVP again RB you PP may MD have VH a DT latching VVG relay NN . SENT Alternatively RB , , put VVD your PP$ multimeter NN on IN the DT resistance NN scale NN across IN one CD of IN the DT pairs NNS of IN pins NNS that WDT measured VVD zero CD ohms NNS as IN it PP is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB a DT NC NP set NN of IN contacts NNS . SENT This DT will MD change VV to TO infinity NN ohms NNS when WRB the DT relay NN switches VVZ . SENT 4 LS . SENT Now RB that IN you PP can MD switch VV the DT relay NN on RP and CC off RP , , you PP can MD use VV your PP$ multimeter NN on IN the DT resistance NN scale NN to TO determine VV which WDT contacts NNS are VBP normally RB open JJ NO RB and CC which WDT contacts NNS are VBP normally RB closed VVN NC NP . SENT Normally RB here RB means VVZ unpowered JJ . SENT 5 LS , , The DT power NN rating NN of IN the DT contacts NNS can MD be VB estimated VVN by IN their PP$ diameter NN if IN they PP are VBP visible JJ . SENT Rough JJ current JJ estimates NNS resistive JJ loads NNS . SENT 20 CD A NP 5 CD mm NP , , 10 CD A DT 3 CD mm NNS , , 5 LS A DT 2 CD mm NNS , , 1 LS A DT 1 CD mm NNS . SENT These DT must MD be VB derated VVN substantially RB for IN inductive JJ loads NNS . SENT For IN latching VVG relays NNS , , the DT polarity NN of IN the DT coil NN voltage NN determines VVZ whether IN the DT relay NN is VBZ switched VVN on RP or CC off RP . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , to TO switch VV to TO the DT opposite JJ state NN requires VVZ the DT polarity NN of IN the DT voltage NN to TO the DT coil NN to TO be VB reversed VVN . SENT Other JJ types NNS are VBP possible JJ but CC not RB very RB common JJ . SENT 13 CD . SENT 6 CD Relay NN testing NN and CC repair NN If IN the DT relay NN is VBZ totally RB inoperative JJ , , test NN for IN voltage NN to TO the DT coil NN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN is VBZ correct JJ , , the DT relay NN may MD have VH an DT open JJ coil NN . SENT If IN the DT voltage NN is VBZ low JJ or CC zero CD , , the DT coil NN may MD be VB shorted VVN or CC the DT driving VVG circuit NN may MD be VB defective JJ . SENT If IN the DT relay NN makes VVZ a DT normal JJ switching VVG sound NN but CC does VVZ not RB correctly RB control VV its PP$ output NN connections NNS , , the DT contacts NNS may MD be VB corroded VVN , , dirty JJ , , worn JJ , , welded VVN closed JJ , , binding JJ , , or CC there EX may MD be VB other JJ mechanical JJ problems NNS . SENT Remove VV the DT relay NN from IN the DT circuit NN if IN possible JJ and CC measure VV the DT coil NN resistance NN . SENT Compare VV your PP$ reading NN with IN the DT marked JJ or CC specified JJ value NN and CC or CC compare VV with IN a DT known VVN working NN relay NN of IN the DT same JJ type NN . SENT An DT open JJ coil NN is VBZ obviously RB defective JJ but CC sometimes RB the DT break NN is VBZ right RB at IN the DT terminal NN connections NNS and CC can MD be VB repaired VVN easily RB . SENT If IN you PP can MD gain VV access NN by IN removing VVG the DT cover NN , , a DT visual JJ examination NN will MD confirm VV this DT . SENT If IN the DT resistance NN is VBZ too RB low JJ , , some DT of IN the DT windings NNS are VBP probably RB shorted VVN . SENT This DT will MD result VV in IN overheating VVG as RB well RB as IN no DT or CC erratic JJ operation NN . SENT Replacement NN will MD be VB required VVN . SENT Relay NN contacts NNS start VVP out RP bright JJ and CC shiny JJ . SENT As IN they PP are VBP used VVN , , arcing VVG , , dirt NN , , and CC wear VV take VV their PP$ toll NN . SENT A DT sealed JJ relay NN used VVN at IN well RB below IN its PP$ rated VVN current JJ with IN a DT resistive JJ load NN may MD work VV reliably RB for IN millions NNS of IN cycles NNS . SENT However RB , , this DT will MD be VB significantly RB reduced VVN when WRB switching VVG high JJ currents NNS especially RB with IN inductive JJ loads NNS which WDT results NNS in IN contact NN arcing VVG . SENT One CD speck NN of IN dirt NN can MD prevent VV a DT contact NN from IN closing VVG so IN cleanliness NN is VBZ important JJ . SENT Excessive JJ arcing VVG can MD result VV in IN the DT contacts NNS getting VVG welded VVN together RB as RB well RB . SENT The DT resistance NN of IN closed JJ contacts NNS on IN a DT relay NN that WDT is VBZ in IN good JJ condition NN should MD be VB very RB low JJ probably RB below IN the DT measurable JJ limits NNS on IN a DT typical JJ multimeter NN a DT few JJ milliohms NNS . SENT If IN you PP measure VV significant JJ or CC erratic JJ resistance NN for IN the DT closed JJ contacts NNS as IN the DT relay NN is VBZ switched VVN or CC if IN very RB gentle JJ tapping VVG results NNS in IN erratic JJ resistance NN changes NNS , , the DT contacts NNS are VBP probably RB dirty JJ , , corroded VVD , , or CC worn JJ . SENT If IN you PP can MD get VV at IN the DT contacts NNS , , the DT use NN of IN contact NN cleaner JJR first JJ and CC a DT piece NN of IN paper NN pulled VVD back RB and CC forth RB through IN the DT closed JJ contacts NNS may MD help VV . SENT Superfine JJ sandpaper NN may MD be VB used VVN as IN a DT last JJ resort NN but CC this DT is VBZ only RB a DT short JJ term NN fix NN . SENT The DT relay NN will MD most RBS likely RB need VVP to TO be VB replaced VVN if IN the DT contacts NNS are VBP switching VVG any DT substantial JJ power NN . SENT Chapter NP 14 CD General NP Equipment NP 14 CD . SENT 1 CD IC NP and CC hybrid JJ power NN audio NN amplifiers NNS Note VV . SENT troubleshooting NN of IN large JJ audio JJ amplifiers NNS constructed VVN with IN discrete JJ output NN stages NNS is VBZ left VVN to TO a DT separate JJ document NN . SENT See VV . SENT BIG JJ audio JJ power NN amps NNS . SENT The DT audio JJ amplifiers NNS found VVN in IN small JJ radios NNS , , Walkmen NP , , portable JJ cassette NN recorders NNS , , and CC other JJ low JJ power NN devices NNS are VBP often RB single JJ chips NNS with IN few JJ external JJ components NNS . SENT Obtain VV a DT pin NN diagram NN , , test NN inputs NNS and CC output NN s PP with IN an DT audio JJ signal NN tracer NN and CC or CC oscilloscope NN . SENT A DT dead JJ output NN where WRB inputs NNS and CC power NN are VBP present JJ usually RB indicate VVP a DT defective JJ IC NP as RB does VVZ one NN that WDT becomes VVZ excessively RB hot JJ assuming VVG that IN the DT output NN is VBZ not RB overloaded VVN . SENT Larger JJR audio JJ amplifiers NNS may MD use VV ICs NNS up RB to TO 10 CD or CC 20 CD W NP or CC hybrid JJ modules NNS up RB to TO 100 CD W NP per IN channel NN and CC beyond IN . SENT Purists NNS may MD argue VV about IN the DT quality NN of IN the DT sound NN from IN these DT compared VVN to TO discrete JJ component NN designs NNS but CC they PP are VBP being VBG used VVN in IN many JJ designs NNS at IN most JJS price NN points NNS except IN perhaps RB the DT stratosphere NN of IN audiophile NN land NN . SENT Hybrids NNS modules NNS called VVD blocks NNS or CC bricks NNS by IN some DT may MD be VB totally RB self NN contained VVD requiring VVG just RB power NN and CC line NN level NN inputs NNS or CC may MD be VB just RB the DT final JJ stage NN in IN an DT overall JJ system NN including VVG external JJ amplifier NN circuitry NN which WDT is VBZ effectively RB a DT power NN op NN amp NN high JJ gain NN with IN negative JJ feedback NN . SENT Failure NN of IN these DT bricks NNS is VBZ quite RB common JJ . SENT Note NN that IN testing NN of IN these DT op NN amp NN designs NNS whether IN discrete JJ or CC brick NN based VVN can MD be VB very RB confusing JJ due RB to TO the DT high JJ gain NN and CC feedback NN . SENT Intermediate JJ signals NNS in IN a DT working VVG channel NN may MD look VV like IN power NN supply NN ripple NN and CC noise NN . SENT In IN a DT dead JJ channel NN these DT same JJ points NNS may MD appear VV to TO be VB normal JJ or CC highly RB distorted JJ audio NN depending VVG on IN which WDT stage NN you PP test VVP . SENT In IN addition NN , , since IN extensive JJ negative JJ feedback NN is VBZ used VVN , , power NN supply NN ripple NN and CC noise NN is VBZ much RB less RBR important JJ significant JJ and CC there EX may MD be VB substantial JJ amounts NNS of IN both DT in IN a DT normally RB operating VVG amplifier NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT bricks NNS may MD be VB shorted VVN resulting VVG in IN a DT blown VVN fuse NN or CC overheating VVG of IN other JJ components NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ usually RB safe JJ to TO unsolder VV each DT of IN the DT hybrids NNS to TO determine VV if IN the DT other JJ channel NN or CC at IN least JJS other JJ portions NNS of IN the DT unit NN come VVN back RB to TO life NN and CC without IN blowing VVG fuses NNS . SENT With IN stereo JJ amplifiers NNS , , it PP is VBZ normally RB safe JJ and CC most RBS effective JJ to TO swap VV components NNS between IN the DT working NN and CC dead JJ channels NNS as RB long RB as IN you PP are VBP sure JJ there EX is VBZ no DT short JJ circuit NN on IN the DT output NN . SENT This DT is VBZ by IN far RB the DT quickest JJS way NN to TO confirm VV a DT dead JJ brick NN . SENT I PP would MD be VB a DT lot NN more RBR reluctant JJ to TO make VV this DT recommendation NN for IN a DT large JJ audio JJ amplifier NN constructed VVN with IN discrete JJ transistors NNS in IN the DT final JJ power NN stage NN as IN multiple JJ cascade NN failures NNS are VBP possibly RB and CC likely RB if IN all DT defective JJ parts NNS are VBP not RB located VVN before IN power NN is VBZ reapplied JJ . SENT 14 CD . SENT 2 CD Amplifier NN noise NN caused VVN by IN bad JJ hybrid JJ bricks NNS . SENT There EX can MD be VB all DT sorts NNS of IN sources NNS for IN low JJ level NN noise NN or CC static JJ including VVG bad JJ connections NNS almost RB anywhere RB , , defective JJ semiconductors NNS , , and CC erratic JJ power NN amp NN modules NNS . SENT These DT are VBP usually RB hybrid JJ circuits NNS multiple JJ devices NNS mounted VVN on IN a DT common JJ substrate NN and CC interconnected VVN via IN a DT variety NN of IN technologies NNS . SENT Think VV of IN them PP as IN entire JJ subsystems NNS encased VVN in IN plastic NN . SENT Thus RB , , hybrid JJ bricks NNS may MD have VH problems NNS with IN noise NN especially RB considering VVG that IN they PP may MD run VV hot JJ and CC be VB abused VVN by IN poor JJ tastes NNS in IN music NN or CC at IN least JJS high JJ volume NN levels NNS . SENT Thermal JJ cycling NN can MD take VV its PP$ toll NN on IN this DT kind NN of IN device NN . SENT If IN you PP have VHP eliminated VVN other JJ likely JJ causes NNS , , replacing VVG the DT brick NN would MD be VB the DT next JJ step NN if IN the DT module NN is VBZ not RB that RB expensive JJ how WRB much RB do VVP you PP value VVP your PP$ time NN and CC hair NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , if IN there EX are VBP separate JJ bricks NNS for IN each DT channel NN , , one CD channel NN is VBZ most RBS affected VVN , , and CC the DT volume NN control NN does VVZ not RB affect VV the DT level NN of IN the DT noise NN , , the DT choice NN is VBZ clear JJ swap NN . SENT This DT will MD be VB relatively RB low JJ risk NN in IN most JJS cases NNS . SENT A DT hot JJ air NN gun NN used VVN carefully RB on IN the DT final JJ modules NNS might MD also RB be VB a DT good JJ way NN of IN inducing VVG or CC changing VVG symptoms NNS resulting VVG from IN marginal JJ connections NNS or CC components NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 3 CD Andy's NP quick JJ tips NNS for IN locating VVG shorted VVN bad JJ amplifier NN parts NNS From IN . SENT Andy NP Cuffe NP baltimora NP psu NP . SENT edu NN . SENT If IN it PP has VHZ IC's NNS for IN the DT audio JJ output NN you PP can MD just RB remove VV one PP of IN them PP . SENT If IN the DT fuse NN still RB blows NNS try VVP removing VVG the DT other JJ one CD . SENT If IN the DT fuse NN blows NNS with IN both DT output NN ICs NN out IN you PP know VVP there EX are VBP problems NNS in IN an DT other JJ part NN of IN the DT unit NN , , probably RB the DT power NN supply NN . SENT If IN it PP uses VVZ transistors NNS instead RB of IN ICs JJS you PP just RB need VVP to TO check VV them PP with IN an DT ohmmeter NN . SENT The DT bad JJ ones NNS almost RB always RB measure VV close NN to TO 0 CD ohms NNS between IN at IN least JJS 2 CD of IN the DT three CD pins NNS . SENT Once RB you PP find VVP the DT bad JJ pair NN try VV the DT stereo NN with IN them PP removed VVD . SENT You PP should MD get VV normal JJ sound NN from IN the DT channel NN with IN the DT good JJ transistors NNS . SENT To TO determine VV if IN there EX is VBZ more JJR damage NN to TO the DT amplifier NN you PP can MD swap VV the DT good JJ transistors NNS into IN the DT damaged JJ channel NN . SENT Before IN you PP remove VV anything NN WRITE VV DOWN RP where WRB they PP go VVP because IN it's NNS easy JJ to TO get VV them PP mixed VVN up RP . SENT I PP strongly RB recommend VVP that IN you PP don't VVD bypass VV the DT fuse NN unless IN you PP don't VVD want VV to TO fix VV it PP very RB much RB . SENT I PP have VHP seen VVN a DT lot NN of IN repairable JJ electronics NNS ruined VVN by IN this DT type NN of IN troubleshooting NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 4 CD Substituting VVG Darlington NP transistors NNS in IN audio JJ amplifiers NNS From IN Daan NP van NP der NP Veer NP D NP . SENT J NP . SENT C SYM . SENT vanderVeer NP stm NN . SENT tudelft NN . SENT nl NN . SENT I PP have VHP good JJ experiences NNS with IN the DT use NN of IN Darlingtons NPS instead RB of IN normal JJ output NN transistors NNS in IN audio JJ power NN amplifiers NNS . SENT The DT only JJ problem NN is VBZ that IN you PP have VHP to TO readjust VV the DT bias NN current JJ of IN the DT bases NNS of IN the DT drivers NNS . SENT Furthermore RB , , reduced VVN or CC increased VVN frequency NN response NN is VBZ almost RB always RB corrected VVN by IN the DT amplifier's JJ feedback NN . SENT Readjusting VVG the DT bias NN current NN is VBZ very RB simple JJ with IN a DT scope NN and CC a DT sine NN wave NN generator NN , , but CC could MD also RB be VB done VVN with IN a DT simple JJ voltmeter NN . SENT And CC a DT computer NN is VBZ a DT very RB handy JJ tool NN in IN diagnosing VVG amps NNS , , if IN you PP have VHP a DT soundcard NN , , you PP can MD mis NNS use VV it PP to TO measure VV a DT frequency NN response NN of IN any DT everyday JJ amp NN frequency NN response NN of IN most JJS soundblaster NN compatible JJ soundcards NNS is VBZ 44 CD kHz NN . SENT And CC with IN a DT very RB precisely RB tuned VVN high JJ quality NN notch NN filter NN you PP can MD even RB measure VV the DT THD NN of IN any DT amp NN , , real JJ time NN . SENT This DT is VBZ very RB handy JJ if IN you PP want VVP to TO adjust VV output NN transistor NN bias NN current JJ , , to TO a DT minimum NN of IN crossover NN distortion NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 5 CD Noisy JJ or CC intermittent JJ switches NNS and CC controls NNS Symptoms NNS include VVP audible JJ noise NN when WRB rotating VVG knobs NNS , , erratic JJ operation NN of IN mode NN selectors NNS , , random JJ changes NNS in IN volume NN , , switches NNS , , or CC controls NNS that WDT need VVP to TO be VB jiggled VVN or CC tapped VVN to TO make VV them PP cooperate VV . SENT The DT causes NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB either DT dirt NN or CC wear NN . SENT First RB , , try VVP a DT spray NN control NN contact NN cleaner JJR even RB the DT stuff NN from IN Radio NP Shack NP may MD make VV a DT remarkable JJ difference NN iff NN 1 CD dirt NN is VBZ the DT problem NN and CC 2 CD you PP can MD get VV the DT cleaner JJR inside IN the DT troublesome JJ part NN . SENT DO VVP NOT RB use VV WD NP 40 CD or CC a DT similar JJ product NN because IN aside RB from IN the DT flammability NN issues VVZ their PP$ use NN may MD result VV in IN rapid JJ failure NN even RB if IN you PP get VVP the DT immediate JJ gratification NN often RB provided VVN by IN these DT sprays NNS . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Why WRB NOT RB to TO use VV WD NP 40 CD on IN noisy JJ controls NNS . SENT Some DT types NNS of IN contact NN and CC control NN cleaners NNS can MD be VB used VVN safely RB with IN low JJ voltage NN circuits NNS while IN they PP are VBP powered VVN but CC not RB always RB read VV the DT label NN directions NNS . SENT Select VV a DT product NN that WDT specifically RB states VVZ that WDT is VBZ it PP safe JJ for IN switches NNS and CC controls NNS . SENT Use VV the DT extension NN tube NN that WDT comes VVZ with IN the DT spray NN can MD and CC snake VV it PP into IN or CC near IN any DT visible JJ access NN holes NNS . SENT Operate VV the DT control NN or CC switch VV to TO help VV the DT cleaning NN action NN . SENT Don't NP overdoe NP it PP if IN you PP get VVP to TO the DT right JJ spot NN , , a DT little JJ is VBZ all PDT that DT is VBZ needed VVN . SENT Resist VV the DT urge NN to TO use VV sandpaper NN or CC steelwool NN ack NP . SENT on IN switch NN or CC connector NN contacts NNS . SENT However RB , , pulling VVG a DT piece NN paper NN through IN a DT set NN of IN contacts NNS or CC the DT occasional JJ gentle JJ use NN of IN a DT soft JJ pencil NN eraser NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , Pink NP Pearl NP may MD be VB helpful JJ . SENT If IN this DT does VVZ not RB help VV or CC only RB helps VVZ short JJ term NN the DT part NN may MD be VB worn VVN . SENT Sometimes RB , , repair NN is VBZ possible JJ a DT slide NN switch NN with IN contacts NNS that WDT have VHP loosened VVN with IN use NN , , for IN example NN but CC replacement NN is VBZ better JJR if IN you PP can MD find VV an DT exact JJ or CC suitably RB close JJ match NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Interchangeability NN of IN components NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 6 CD Why WRB NOT RB to TO use VV WD NP 40 CD on IN noisy JJ controls NNS This DT may MD not RB apply VV to TO the DT resistive JJ elements NNS in IN all DT many JJ most JJS controls NNS but CC why WRB risk NN it PP . SENT . SENT From IN . SENT Richardson NP rchvid NN 7 CD flash NN . SENT net JJ . SENT Here RB are VBP some DT facts NNS after IN seeing VVG the DT results NNS first JJ hand NN in IN an DT environment NN where WRB Pro NP TV NP editors NNS were VBD using VVG up RP controls NNS in IN audio JJ mixers NNS manufactured VVN by IN Shure NP Brothers NPS . SENT WD NP 40 CD when WRB used VVN for IN the DT first JJ time NN resulted VVN in IN good JJ operation NN for IN 5 CD days NNS . SENT After IN that DT time NN the DT controls NNS started VVD to TO deteriorate VV very RB quickly RB and CC were VBD junk NN the DT next JJ week NN . SENT The DT situation NN was VBD clear JJ after IN opening VVG up RP the DT pots NNS afterward RB . SENT The DT carbon NN material NN was VBD bonded VVN to TO itself PP and CC to TO the DT phenol NN substrate NN by IN some DT chemical NN which WDT became VVD soft JJ after IN being VBG exposed VVN to TO the DT hydrocarbon NN base NN of IN the DT WD NP 40 CD . SENT It PP soon RB deteriorated VVD to TO mush NN . SENT The DT use NN of IN LPS NP 1 CD did VVD not RB cause VV such PDT a DT dramatic JJ failure NN of IN the DT surfaces VVZ but CC did VVD not RB provide VV any DT improvement NN that WDT lasted VVD . SENT In IN the DT past NN we PP could MD get VV good JJ results NNS with IN Freon NN cleaning NN spray NN , , but CC it PP is VBZ getting VVG harder RBR to TO get VV than IN the DT replacement NN controls VVZ . SENT In IN test NN pots NNS the DT only JJ way NN to TO get VV an DT improvement NN was VBD to TO carefully RB remove VV residue NN and CC relubricate NN with IN a DT lubricant NN like IN Radio NP Shack NP Gel NN Lube NP or CC the DT latest JJS Sony NP grease NN available JJ for IN broadcast NN and CC pro JJ use NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 7 CD Resuscitating VVG potentiometers NNS From IN . SENT Rene NP Zuidema NP cps VVZ rjz NN cistron NN . SENT nl NN . SENT Often RB , , pots NNS are VBP not RB really RB dirty JJ , , but CC the DT pot NN wiper NN just RB worn VVN out IN the DT resistive JJ layer NN . SENT No DT amount NN of IN cleaning NN will MD solve VV the DT problem NN . SENT Just RB carefully RB re IN bend VV the DT wiper NN contacts NNS to TO follow VV another DT track NN alongside IN the DT damaged JJ resistive JJ material NN . SENT If IN done VVN well RB , , the DT wiper NN will MD now RB track VV intact JJ resistive JJ material NN again RB . SENT As RB new JJ . SENT This DT specially RB works VVZ for IN servo's NNS as IN used VVN in IN RC NP cars NNS planes NNS etc NN . SENT In IN these DT applications NNS the DT resistive JJ track NN around IN the DT servo JJ neutral JJ position NN is VBZ worn VVN out RP after IN some DT seasons NNS of IN use NN . SENT From IN . SENT Paul NP Weber NP webpa NN aol NN . SENT com NN . SENT Disassemble VV the DT pot NN by IN carefully RB bending VVG the DT tabs NNS that WDT hold VVP the DT cover NN on IN assuming VVG this DT is VBZ a DT cheap JJ consumer NN type NN pot NN . SENT Inspect VV the DT works NNS with IN a DT magnifying NN glass NN . SENT find VV the DT fingers NNS on IN the DT rotor NN that IN touch NN the DT resistor NN material NN . SENT Using VVG a DT needle NN or CC dental JJ pick VVP carefully RB bend VV the DT fingers NNS out RP of IN the DT furrow NN they've NN worn VVN in IN the DT resistor NN material NN . SENT Objective NN is VBZ to TO make VV contact NN with IN an DT unworn JJ area NN on IN the DT resistor NN material NN . SENT Clean VV the DT whole JJ thing NN with IN spray NN cleaner NN and CC re NN assemble VVP . SENT Overall JJ resistance NN may MD be VB slightly RB changed VVN due JJ to TO the DT lost VVN resistance NN material NN , , but CC this DT is VBZ usually RB not RB a DT problem NN in IN consumer NN applications NNS . SENT Good JJ luck NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 8 CD General NP intermittent JJ or CC erratic JJ behavior NN Any DT intermittent JJ problems NNS that WDT cause VVP random JJ sudden JJ changes NNS in IN performance NN are VBP likely RB due JJ to TO bad JJ connections NNS , , internal JJ connectors NNS that WDT need VVP to TO be VB cleaned VVN and CC reseated VVN , , or CC dirty JJ switches NNS and CC controls NNS . SENT First RB , , see VVP the DT section NN . SENT Noisy JJ or CC intermittent JJ switches NNS and CC controls NNS . SENT Bad JJ solder NN joints NNS are VBP very RB common JJ in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN due JJ both CC to TO poor JJ quality NN manufacturing NN where WRB cost NN reduction NN may MD be VB the DT most RBS important JJ consideration NN . SENT In IN addition NN solder NN connections NNS deteriorate VVP after IN numerous JJ thermal JJ cycles NNS , , vibration NN , , and CC physical JJ abuse NN . SENT Circuit NN board NN connections NNS to TO large JJ hot JJ parts NNS or CC parts NNS that WDT may MD have VH mechanical JJ stress NN applied VVN to TO them PP are VBP most RBS likely RB be VB suffer VV from IN hairline NN solder NN fractures NNS often RB called VVD cold JJ solder NN joints NNS when WRB they PP result VVP from IN poor JJ quality NN soldering VVG at IN the DT time NN of IN manufacture NN . SENT However RB , , since IN the DT solder NN is VBZ often RB the DT only JJ thing NN anchoring VVG these DT components NNS , , mechanical JJ stress NN can MD eventually RB crack VV the DT solder NN bond NN as IN well RB . SENT To TO locate VV cold JJ solder NN joints NNS , , use VVP a DT strong JJ light NN and CC magnifier NN and CC examine VV the DT pins NNS of IN large JJ components NNS and CC components NNS that WDT are VBP subject JJ to TO physical JJ stress NN like IN headphone NN jacks NNS and CC power NN connectors NNS for IN hairline NN cracks NNS in IN the DT solder NN around IN the DT pin NN . SENT Gently RB wiggle VVP the DT component NN if IN possible JJ with IN the DT power NN off RP . SENT Any DT detectable JJ movement NN at IN the DT joint NN indicates VVZ a DT problem NN . SENT A DT just RB perceptible JJ hairline NN crack NN around IN the DT pin NN is VBZ also RB an DT indication NN of IN a DT defective JJ solder NN connection NN . SENT With IN the DT power NN on IN , , gently RB prod VV the DT circuit NN board NN and CC suspect JJ components NNS with IN an DT insulated VVN tool NN to TO see VV if IN the DT problem NN can MD be VB effected VVN . SENT When WRB in IN doubt NN , , resolder JJR any DT suspicious JJ connections NNS . SENT Some DT device NN may MD use VV double RB sided VVN circuit NN boards NNS which WDT do VVP not RB have VH plated VVN through IN holes NNS . SENT In IN these DT cases NNS , , solder NN both CC top JJ and CC bottom JJ to TO be VB sure JJ that IN the DT connections NNS are VBP solid JJ . SENT Use VV a DT large JJ enough JJ soldering VVG iron NN to TO assure VV that IN your PP$ solder NN connection NN is VBZ solid JJ . SENT Put VV a DT bit NN of IN new JJ solder NN with IN flux NN on IN every DT connection NN you PP touch VVP up RB even RB if IN there EX was VBD plenty RB of IN solder NN there RB before RB . SENT In IN addition NN to TO soldering VVG problems NNS , , check NN for IN loose JJ or CC corroded VVN screw NN type NN ground NN or CC other JJ terminals NNS , , and CC internal JJ connectors NNS that WDT need VVP to TO be VB cleaned VVN and CC reseated VVN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 9 CD Need NN to TO turn VV up RP volume NN to TO get VV sound NN to TO come VV on RP If IN at IN times NNS , , it PP is VBZ necessary JJ to TO turn VV the DT volume NN way NN up RB or CC possibly RB to TO tap VV or CC whack VV the DT unit NN to TO get VV the DT sound NN in IN one CD or CC both DT channels NNS to TO come VV on IN when WRB the DT unit NN is VBZ first RB powered VVN up RP , , the DT speaker NN protection NN relay NN could MD be VB faulty JJ . SENT Receivers NNS and CC audio JJ amplifiers NNS often RB include VVP a DT set NN of IN relay NN contacts NNS in IN series NN with IN each DT output NN to TO protect VV the DT loudspeakers NNS from IN power NN on IN and CC power NN off IN transients NNS as RB well RB as IN damage NN due JJ to TO a DT fault NN in IN the DT audio JJ circuits NNS . SENT However RB , , these DT contacts NNS may MD deteriorate VV after IN awhile RB resulting VVG in IN intermittent JJ sound NN . SENT While IN this DT set NN of IN symptoms NNS could MD be VB the DT result NN of IN general JJ bad JJ connections NNS or CC even RB dirty JJ controls NNS or CC switches NNS , , the DT relay NN is VBZ often RB at IN fault NN . SENT This DT is VBZ exacerbated VVN by IN switching VVG the DT unit NN on RP and CC off RP at IN high JJ volume NN levels NNS as RB well RB as IN this DT may MD cause VV contact NN arcing VVG . SENT To TO determine VV if IN the DT relay NN is VBZ at IN fault NN , , either CC test VV it PP as RB outlined VVD in IN the DT section NN . SENT Relay NN testing NN and CC repair NN or CC with IN the DT unit NN on IN , , very RB gently RB tap VV the DT relay NN to TO see VV if IN the DT sound NN comes VVZ as RB goes VVZ . SENT If IN the DT relay NN is VBZ bad JJ , , you PP can MD try VV cleaning VVG its PP$ contacts NNS or CC replace VV with IN one CD that WDT has VHZ similar JJ electrical JJ specifications NNS as RB long RB as IN you PP can MD mount VV is VBZ somehow RB . SENT Don't JJS be VB tempted VVN to TO bypass VV the DT relay NN as IN it PP serves VVZ a DT very RB important JJ protective JJ function NN for IN both CC the DT amplifier NN and CC your PP$ loudspeakers NNS . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ not RB the DT relay NN , , see VVP the DT sections NNS . SENT General JJ intermittent JJ or CC erratic JJ behavior NN as IN well RB as RB Noisy JJ or CC intermittent JJ switches NNS and CC controls NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 10 CD Speakers NNS take VVP a DT while NN to TO come VV on IN You PP turn VVP on IN your PP$ stereo JJ receiver NN and CC everything NN appears VVZ normal JJ display NN , , tuning VVG , , signal NN strength NN , , etc FW . SENT , , but CC there EX is VBZ no DT sound NN . SENT A DT few JJ minutes NNS later RBR , , just RB when WRB you PP had VHD entirely RB given VVN up RP any DT hope NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT click NN and CC everything NN is VBZ normal JJ until IN the DT next JJ time NN you PP power VV down RP . SENT The DT amplifier NN is VBZ taunting VVG you PP hehe NN , , I PP will MD come VV on IN when WRB I PP feel VVP like IN it PP . SENT Note NN that IN if IN it PP never RB comes VVZ on RP , , then RB there RB could MD be VB a DT real JJ problem NN that IN the DT protection NN circuitry NN is VBZ catching VVG such JJ as IN shorted VVN components NNS in IN one CD of IN the DT power NN amplifiers NNS . SENT This DT sounds VVZ like IN the DT signal NN to TO power VV the DT speaker NN relays NNS is VBZ not RB being VBG generated VVN . SENT The DT underlying JJ cause NN could MD be VB a DT fault NN in IN the DT time NN delay NN or CC fault NN protection NN overload NN circuit NN . SENT It PP could MD be VB as RB simple JJ as IN a DT bad JJ capacitor NN . SENT A DT first JJ test NN might MD be VB to TO check VV for IN an DT audio JJ signal NN at IN the DT input NN to TO the DT speaker NN relay NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ signal NN almost RB as RB soon RB as IN you PP power VV it PP up RP , , then RB trace VV back RB from IN the DT relay NN coil NN to TO see VV what WP type NN of IN circuitry NN is VBZ there RB . SENT A DT schematic NN will MD probably RB be VB needed VVN unless IN you PP find VVP an DT obvious JJ bad JJ connection NN or CC dried VVD up RP capacitor NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 11 CD Amplifier NN clicking VVG and CC shutting VVG down RP on IN music NN peaks NNS From IN . SENT Frank NP Fendley NP frank JJ . SENT fendley NP datacom NP . SENT iglou NN . SENT com NN . SENT It PP sounds VVZ like IN the DT protection NN circuit NN usually RB a DT relay NN is VBZ cutting VVG in IN during IN louder JJR music NN passages NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ caused VVN by IN an DT imbalance NN in IN the DT amplifier NN circuitry NN , , generally RB resulting VVG in IN a DT DC NP offset VVN voltage NN appearing VVG on IN the DT output NN . SENT The DT usual JJ cause NN is VBZ a DT defective JJ transistor NN s PP , , probably RB in IN the DT earlier JJR stages NNS in IN this DT case NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , it PP could MD also RB be VB that IN you PP have VHP 10 CD sets NNS of IN speakers NNS connected VVN to TO the DT amplifier NN and CC all PDT the DT volume NN levels NNS turned VVD to TO the DT stops NNS it PP is VBZ simply RB protecting VVG itself PP from IN abuse NN . SENT . SENT sam NP . SENT 14 CD . SENT 12 CD Speaker NP outputs NNS do VVP not RB come VV on RP or CC shut VV off RP immediately RB From IN . SENT Ronald NP Dozier NP dozier JJR strauss NP 2 CD . SENT udel NN . SENT edu NN . SENT The DT protection NN relay NN usually RB detects VVZ DC NP offset VVN at IN the DT speaker NN terminals NNS and CC then RB open's NNS the DT speaker NN leads VVZ . SENT Check NN for IN a DT DC NP offset VVD 100 CD mV NN or CC so RB before RB at IN the DT output NN , , before IN the DT protection NN relays VVZ . SENT Leaky JJ outputs NNS are VBP the DT first JJ to TO suspect VV . SENT In IN most JJS PP NP drivers NNS the DT voltage NN between IN the DT bases NNS of IN the DT output NN transistors NNS should MD be VB about IN 2 CD Vbe NP or CC around IN 1 CD . SENT 2 CD volts NNS . SENT 0 CD V NN is VBZ definitely RB a DT problem NN . SENT I PP have VHP only RB seen VVN one CD amp NN mine NN that WDT used VVD 4 CD Vbe NP . SENT or CC about IN 3 CD . SENT 2 CD volts NNS . SENT The DT voltage NN across IN the DT emitter NN resistors NNS without IN a DT load NN are VBP in IN the DT 0 CD to TO 20 CD mV NN range NN . SENT This DT voltage NN should MD not RB increase VV appreciably RB over IN time NN and CC is VBZ set VVN with IN the DT bias NN adjustment NN . SENT Careless JJ playing NN with IN the DT bias NN pot NN will MD result VV in IN output NN transistor NN destruction NN . SENT It PP is VBZ best RBS set VVN with IN the DT aid NN of IN a DT distortion NN analyzer NN . SENT All DT resistors NNS transistors NNS in IN the DT driver NN and CC output NN stage NN and CC in IN some DT cases NNS the DT pre NP amp NN are VBP all RB suspect JJ . SENT The DT small JJ valued VVN ones NNS like VVP to TO change VV value NN . SENT Compare VV with IN functioning VVG channel NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 13 CD Dead NP channels NNS on IN front JJ end NN audio NN components NNS Unlike IN big JJ amplifiers NNS , , these DT are VBP not RB normally RB failures NNS caused VVN by IN abuse NN or CC high JJ power NN components NNS . SENT This DT type NN of IN equipment NN includes VVZ preamps NNS , , cassette NN decks NNS , , CD NN players NNS , , tuners NNS , , etc FW . SENT First RB , , eliminate VV the DT audio JJ patch NN cables NNS by IN trying VVG a DT different JJ set NN or CC swapping VVG left NN and CC right NN at IN both DT ends NNS . SENT In IN addition NN , , confirm VVP that IN your PP$ amplifier NN is VBZ operating VVG on IN all DT cylinders NNS or CC channels NNS . SENT Assuming VVG this DT does VVZ not RB turn VV up RP anything NN . SENT For IN a DT tuner NN , , the DT problem NN is VBZ almost RB certainly RB very RB near IN the DT output NN probably RB a DT bad JJ connection NN , , bad JJ jack NN , , or CC bad JJ final JJ IC NP or CC transistor NN stage NN . SENT There RB isn't JJ much RB between IN the DT demodulator NN and CC the DT line NN output NN . SENT For IN a DT tape NN deck NN , , much RB more RBR can MD be VB involved VVN . SENT First RB , , clean VV any DT mechanical JJ REC NN PLAY NN mode NN and CC other JJ switches NNS with IN contact NN cleaner JJR as IN dirty JJ contacts NNS may MD result VV in IN one CD channel NN dropping VVG out RP . SENT If IN this DT does VVZ not RB help VV , , determine VV if IN the DT output NN of IN the DT tape NN head NN is VBZ making VVG it PP to TO the DT toutput NN by IN touching VVG the DT terminals NNS on IN the DT playback NN head NN with IN a DT tiny JJ screwdriver NN when WRB in IN play NN mode NN you PP should MD get VV a DT hum NN when WRB you PP are VBP on IN the DT appropriate JJ signal NN wire NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ none NN for IN the DT bad JJ channel NN , , then RB you PP will MD have VH to TO either RB trace VV forward RB from IN the DT head NN or CC backward RB from IN the DT output NN . SENT If IN you PP do VVP hear VV a DT hum NN in IN the DT defective JJ channel NN , , the DT tape NN head NN itself PP may MD be VB bad JJ shorted VVN or CC open VV very RB dirty JJ . SENT Older JJR tuners NNS , , receivers NNS , , premaps NNS , , tape NN decks NNS , , etc FW . SENT used VVN discrete JJ transistors NNS and CC circuit NN tracing VVG was VBD possible JJ . SENT Modern JJ equipment NN relies VVZ on IN ICs NNS but CC pinouts NNS , , at IN least JJS , , are VBP generally RB available JJ by IN checking VVG a DT cross NN reference NN guide NN such JJ as IN those DT put VVN out RP by IN ECG NP , , NTE NP , , or CC SK NP . SENT Again RB , , first RB eliminate VV bad JJ jacks NNS or CC cables NNS and CC with IN tape NN decks NNS clean VV the DT REC NN PLAY NN and CC other JJ mode NN selector NN switches NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 14 CD Equipment NP hums NNS or CC buzzes VVZ Assuming VVG there RB are VBP no DT other JJ symptoms NNS and CC the DT sound NN is VBZ coming VVG from IN inside IN the DT unit NN and CC not RB the DT loudspeakers NNS , , this DT is VBZ probably RB simply RB due JJ to TO vibrating VVG laminations NNS in IN the DT power NN transformer NN or CC motor NN s PP or CC nearby JJ sheetmetal NN that WDT is VBZ affected VVN by IN the DT magnetic JJ fields NNS from IN the DT power NN transformer NN or CC motor NN s PP . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT time NN , , this DT is VBZ harmless JJ but CC can MD definitely RB be VB quite RB annoying VVG especially RB when WRB one PP expects VVZ total JJ silence NN from IN their PP$ audio JJ equipment NN . SENT If IN the DT noise NN is VBZ coming VVG from IN any DT motors NNS or CC their PP$ vicinity NN , , refer VVP to TO the DT section NN . SENT Motor NP noise NN in IN audio JJ equipment NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , simply RB tightening VVG the DT screws NNS that WDT hold VVP the DT transformer NN or CC motor NN together RB or CC the DT mounting VVG screws NNS will MD be VB all PDT that DT is VBZ needed VVN . SENT Placing VVG a DT toothpick NN or CC piece NN of IN plastic NN in IN a DT strategic JJ location NN may MD help VV . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB possible JJ to TO coat NN the DT offending VVG component NN with IN a DT varnish NN or CC sealer NN suitable JJ for IN electronic JJ equipment NN but CC be VB careful JJ not RB to TO use VV so RB much RB that IN cooling NN is VBZ compromised VVN or CC getting VVG any DT in IN bearings NNS or CC locations NNS that WDT would MD interfere VV with IN rotating VVG parts NNS . SENT Dirty JJ power NN a DT light JJ dimmer NN on IN the DT same JJ circuit NN may MD also RB result VV in IN increased JJ magnetic JJ noise NN . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Dirty JJ power NN and CC buzz NN from IN equipment NN . SENT If IN the DT hum NN or CC buzz NN is VBZ in IN the DT audio NN , , there EX could MD be VB a DT bad JJ filter NN capacitor NN in IN the DT power NN supply NN , , other JJ power NN supply NN problems NNS , , bad JJ grounds NNS inside IN the DT unit NN or CC general JJ ground NN problems NNS with IN external JJ equipment NN , , or CC other JJ bad JJ connections NNS . SENT Disconnect VV all DT external JJ devices NNS except IN the DT speakers NNS if IN you PP do VVP not RB have VH a DT pair NN of IN headphones NN and CC determine VV if IN the DT problem NN still RB exists VVZ . SENT Proceed VV accordingly RB . SENT Some DT Sony NP receivers NNS are VBP known VVN to TO develop VV bad JJ grounds NNS internally RB and CC just RB tightening VVG the DT circuit NN board NN mounting VVG screws NNS and CC or CC resoldering VVG ground NN connections NNS will MD cure VV these DT . SENT Overloads NNS can MD also RB cause VV a DT hum NN or CC buzz NN but CC would MD generally RB result VV in IN other JJ symptoms NNS like IN a DT totally RB or CC partially RB dead JJ amplifier NN , , severe JJ distortion NN , , smoke NN , , six CD foot NN flames NNS , , etc FW . SENT If IN the DT problem NN is VBZ only RB annoying VVG when WRB the DT equipment NN is VBZ not RB in IN use NN , , as IN a DT last JJ resort NN where WRB no DT memory NN or CC clock NN functions NNS run VVN off IN the DT AC NP line NN , , putting VVG in IN an DT AC NP line NN switch NN may MD not RB be VB such PDT a DT bad JJ idea NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 15 CD Dirty JJ power NN and CC buzz NN from IN equipment NN Power NN line NN waveforms NNS that WDT are VBP not RB sinusoidal JJ can MD cause VV buzz NN . SENT Multiple JJ devices NNS on IN the DT same JJ circuit NN or CC even RB different JJ circuits NNS can MD interact VV . SENT A DT TV NN or CC other JJ equipment NN may MD add VV to TO the DT problem NN since IN its PP$ switching VVG power NN supply NN draws VVZ current JJ only RB on IN part NN of IN each DT cycle NN . SENT Excessive JJ voltage NN can MD also RB increase VV the DT magnetic JJ noise NN from IN motors NNS and CC power NN transformers NNS . SENT This DT sound NN is VBZ a DT result NN of IN core NN or CC winding VVG vibrations NNS . SENT You PP need VVP to TO check VV for IN both DT of IN these DT possibilities NNS a DT calibrated VVN scope NN is VBZ best JJS . SENT DMMs NP and CC VOMs NP may MD not RB read VV correctly RB with IN non JJ sinusoidal JJ waveforms NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 16 CD Identifying VVG and CC correcting VVG sources NNS of IN interference NN Although IN this DT is VBZ a DT rather RB special JJ application NN , , similar JJ problems NNS and CC solutions NNS apply VVP to TO other JJ interference NN problems NNS . SENT Also RB see VV the DT section NN . SENT Interference NN on IN AM NP radio NN band NN . SENT I PP am VBP using VVG a DT 12 CD V NN DC NP to TO 110 CD VAC NN converter NN in IN my PP$ car NN , , to TO run VV a DT small JJ TV NP VCR NP . SENT It PP works VVZ fine JJ . SENT But CC the DT TV NN speaker NN is VBZ not RB very RB good JJ . SENT So RB I PP got VVD one CD of IN those DT cassette NN adapters NNS that WDT has VHZ an DT audio JJ cassette NN on IN one CD end NN , , and CC a DT headphone NN jack NN on IN the DT other JJ . SENT I PP plug VVP that IN into IN the DT TV NN , , and CC the DT cassette NN slot NN on IN my PP$ car NN stereo NN . SENT So RB then RB I PP can MD hear VV the DT TV NN sound NN on IN the DT car NN speakers NNS , , which WDT are VBP much RB better JJR speakers NNS . SENT But CC now RB there EX is VBZ a DT lot NN of IN high JJ frequency NN noise NN that IN way NN , , on IN the DT car NN speakers NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ very RB irritating VVG . SENT A DT high JJ frequency NN buzz NN of IN some DT kind NN . SENT How WRB can MD I PP reduce VV or CC eliminate VV that DT noise NN . SENT From IN Duncan NP duncan NP punk NN . SENT net JJ . SENT First RB we PP have VHP to TO figure VV out RP where WRB it PP is VBZ coming VVG from IN . SENT The DT inverter NN is VBZ certainly RB a DT noise NN source NN , , and CC without IN spending VVG a DT large JJ sum NN for IN a DT well RB filtered VVN inverter NN you PP have VHP to TO deal VV with IN the DT noise NN somehow RB . SENT One CD possibility NN is VBZ that IN the DT noise NN is VBZ on IN the DT 12 CD volt NN power NN supply NN going VVG to TO your PP$ car NN stereo NN . SENT To TO test VV for IN this DT , , play VV a DT blank JJ tape NN while IN running VVG the DT TV NN and CC listen VV for IN the DT same JJ noise NN . SENT Fix VV with IN filters NNS on IN the DT power NN leads VVZ of IN stereo JJ and CC or CC inverter NN , , wire NN to TO a DT solid JJ clean JJ rail NN very RB close JJ to TO the DT battery NN . SENT Another DT possibility NN is VBZ capacitive JJ coupling NN between IN the DT TV NN , , connected VVN to TO the DT higher JJR voltage NN side NN of IN your PP$ inverter NN , , and CC the DT tape NN deck's NN playback NN heads VVZ . SENT This DT might MD be VB alleviated VVN by IN using VVG a DT different JJ , , more RBR isolated VVN inverter NN or CC by IN using VVG another DT method NN of IN getting VVG the DT audio NN into IN the DT stereo JJ system NN . SENT FM JJ modulators NNS intended VVN for IN portable JJ CD NN players NNS might MD work VV . SENT Another DT possibility NN is VBZ that IN the DT power NN supply NN of IN the DT television NN is VBZ not RB rejecting VVG the DT higher JJR frequency NN components NNS of IN the DT inverter's NNS signal VVP . SENT The DT fix NN here RB would MD be VB to TO add VV more JJR capacitors NNS and CC perhaps RB resistive JJ or CC inductive JJ filter NN elements NNS inside IN the DT television NN . SENT Check VV this DT by IN plugging VVG headphones NN into IN the DT same JJ jack NN and CC listening VVG for IN the DT noise NN . SENT Still RB another DT possibility NN is VBZ that IN the DT noise NN you PP hear VVP is VBZ part NN of IN the DT horizontal JJ sync NN signal NN , , which WDT is VBZ not RB rejected VVN well RB by IN all DT televisions NNS . SENT This DT causes VVZ a DT high JJ pitched JJ continuous JJ squeal NN which WDT is VBZ inaudible JJ to TO some DT people NNS . SENT The DT only JJ easy JJ work NN arounds NNS here RB would MD be VB to TO try VV a DT different JJ television NN or CC to TO turn VV down RP the DT treble NN or CC select VV Dolby NP B NP on IN your PP$ car NN stereo NN . SENT To TO test VV for IN this DT effect NN , , try VVP the DT same JJ hookup NN in IN your PP$ house NN with IN your PP$ home NN stereo NN , , cassette NN deck NN , , adaptor NN cassette NN , , and CC television NN . SENT Or CC just RB hook VV up RP your PP$ HiFi NP stereo NN VCR NP to TO the DT home NN stereo NN , , move VV the DT whole JJ mess NN into IN the DT car NN , , and CC ignore VV the DT car NN stereo NN . SENT Four CD of IN Radio NP Shack's NP little JJ Pro NP 7 CD speakers NNS with IN a DT Marantz NP 25 CD watt NN by IN four CD channel NN amplifier NN worked VVD quite RB well RB for IN me PP , , especially RB when WRB combined VVN with IN a DT hand NN held VVN LCD NP monitor NN . SENT . SENT 14 CD . SENT 17 CD Interference NN on IN AM NP radio NN band NN This DT sort NN of IN problem NN is VBZ usually RB in IN the DT form NN of IN a DT buzz NN or CC hum NN at IN 60 CD Hz NP or CC 120 CD Hz NP or CC 50 CD Hz NP or CC 100 CD Hz NP if IN your PP$ power NN is VBZ at IN 50 CD Hz NP . SENT There EX may MD be VB a DT little JJ of IN this DT on IN a DT small JJ portion NN of IN the DT AM NP band NN but CC if IN it PP is VBZ excessive JJ and CC interferes VVZ with IN even RB strong JJ stations NNS , , then RB a DT remedy NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT The DT following VVG approach NN should MD serve VV to TO locate VV the DT source NN if IN it PP isn't VVD obvious JJ . SENT From IN . SENT Doug NP dslosty NP pipeline NN . SENT com NN . SENT First RB , , turn VV off RP the DT main JJ house NN breakers NNS and CC listen VV on IN AM NP with IN a DT battery NN operated VVD portable JJ radio NN . SENT If IN the DT noise NN has VHZ disappeared VVN , , then RB you PP are VBP generating VVG the DT interference NN in IN your PP$ own JJ home NN and CC its PP$ time NN to TO check VV out RP things NNS like IN light JJ dimmers NNS , , fluorescent JJ lamps NNS , , touch NN control NN incandescent JJ lamps NNS , , motors NNS , , even RB cordless JJ phones NNS , , etc FW . SENT If IN the DT interference NN is VBZ still RB present JJ on IN the DT portable JJ AM NP radio NN , , with IN the DT breakers NNS off RP , , walk VV around RP the DT perimeter NN of IN the DT house NN and CC see VV if IN it's NN loudest JJS near IN the DT electric JJ service NN entrance NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ , , walk VV up RP and CC down RB the DT street NN and CC try VV to TO see VV if IN the DT intensity NN varies VVZ your PP$ neighbors NNS will MD think VV you're NN weird JJ but CC what WP the DT heck NN . SENT . SENT If IN the DT interference NN comes VVZ from IN outside NN of IN your PP$ home NN , , it's NNS time NN to TO call VV the DT electric JJ utility NN company NN and CC ask VV to TO speak VV with IN one CD of IN their PP$ engineers NNS . SENT The DT electric JJ industry NN is VBZ required VVN by IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT FCC NP . SENT to TO keep VV radio NN interference NN RFI NP to TO a DT minimum NN . SENT They PP may MD try VV to TO stonewall VV you PP but CC if IN you PP persist VVP , , they PP will MD sent VVD out RP an DT engineer NN with IN radio NN direction NN finding VVG equipment NN to TO locate VV the DT source NN of IN the DT interference NN . SENT If IN the DT source NN is VBZ a DT piece NN of IN equipment NN on IN a DT non JJ cooperative JJ neighbor's NNS property NN , , you PP may MD have VH another DT problem NN but CC one CD step NN at IN a DT time NN . SENT I've NNS been VBN through IN this DT procedure NN several JJ times NNS . SENT Last JJ time NN , , the DT electric JJ company NN engineer NN tracked VVD it PP to TO a DT broken JJ and CC arching VVG pole NN insulator NN . SENT As IN a DT former JJ AM NP broadcast NN engineer NN and CC current JJ HAM NN radio NN operator NN , , I've NP experienced VVD this DT problem NN enough RB to TO know VV that IN while IN challenging VVG , , the DT interference NN source NN can MD always RB be VB found VVN . SENT From IN . SENT Mr NP Fixit NP mrfixit NN cyberhighway NN . SENT net JJ . SENT Radio NP Shack NP sells VVZ RF NP chokes NNS . SENT Label NN says VVZ SNAP NN ON IN FILTER NN CHOKES VVZ 2 CD cat NN . SENT no UH . SENT 273 CD 104 CD They PP open VV up RP and CC snap VVP together RB over IN your PP$ wires NNS . SENT Very RB simple JJ to TO install VV and CC come VV with IN comprehensive JJ instructions NNS . SENT With IN a DT little JJ experimentation NN you PP can MD see VV if IN you PP need VVP it PP on IN your PP$ power NN cord NN , , on IN the DT speaker NN wires NNS or CC both DT . SENT these DT wires NNS can MD act VV as IN antennas NNS for IN certain JJ frequencies NNS of IN RFI NP I PP use VVP them PP all DT over IN my PP$ house NN on IN phones NNS , , TV's NP , , stereos NNS , , computer NN speakers NNS etc NN to TO block VV out RP RFI NP from IN my PP$ CB NP base NN station NN and CC vis FW versa FW . SENT BTW NP . SENT if IN you PP happen VVP to TO have VH any DT unneeded JJ computer NN monitor NN cables NNS laying VVG around RP , , the DT oversize JJ collar NN near IN the DT end NN is VBZ a DT RF NP choke VV . SENT I PP had VHD a DT couple NN so IN I PP cut VVD the DT covering VVG and CC slid VVD them PP off IN the DT cable NN . SENT I PP put VVD them PP onto IN our PP$ cordless JJ phone NN base NN unit NN antenna NN as IN an DT experiment NN to TO see VV if IN it PP would MD reduce VV the DT ever RB present JJ buzz NN it PP had VHD . SENT To TO my PP$ surprise NN , , the DT buzz NN disappeared VVD with IN no DT loss NN of IN signal NN strength NN . SENT From IN . SENT Dan NP Hicks NP danhicks NNS millcomm NP . SENT com NN . SENT An DT even RB better JJR idea NN is VBZ to TO put VV these DT chokes NNS on IN the DT RF NP generators NNS in IN your PP$ house NN . SENT I'm NP not RB sure RB if IN it's JJ code NN to TO install VV them PP on IN permanent JJ wiring NN , , but CC it PP should MD be VB safe JJ to TO do VV so RB so RB long JJ as IN you PP are VBP reasonably RB careful JJ . SENT And CC it's NNS easy JJ to TO install VV them PP on IN any DT plug NN in IN devices NNS that WDT appear VVP to TO cause VV problems NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 18 CD Internal NP fuse NN blew VVD during IN lightning NN storm NN or CC elephant NN hit NN power NN pole NN Power NN surges NNS or CC nearby JJ lightning NN strikes NNS can MD destroy VV electronic JJ equipment NN . SENT However RB , , most JJS of IN the DT time NN , , damage NN is VBZ minimal JJ or CC at IN least JJS easily RB repaired VVN . SENT With IN a DT direct JJ hit NN , , you PP may MD not RB recognize VV what WP is VBZ left VVN of IN it PP . SENT Ideally RB , , electronic JJ equipment NN should MD be VB unplugged VVN both DT AC NP line NN and CC phone NN line NN . SENT during IN electrical JJ storms NNS if IN possible JJ . SENT Modern JJ TVs NNS , , VCRs NNS , , microwave NN ovens NNS , , and CC even RB stereo JJ equipment NN is VBZ particularly RB susceptible JJ to TO lightning NN and CC surge NN damage NN because IN some DT parts NNS of IN the DT circuitry NN are VBP always RB alive JJ and CC therefore RB have VH a DT connection NN to TO the DT AC NP line NN . SENT Telephones NNS , , modems NNS , , and CC fax NN machine NN are VBP directly RB connected VVN to TO the DT phone NN lines NNS . SENT Better JJR designs NNS include VVP filtering VVG and CC surge NN suppression NN components NNS built VVN in IN . SENT With IN a DT near JJ miss VVP , , the DT only JJ thing NN that WDT may MD happen VV is VBZ for IN the DT internal JJ fuse NN to TO blow VV or CC for IN the DT microcontroller NN to TO go VV bonkers JJ and CC just RB require VV power NN cycling NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT possible JJ protection NN against IN a DT direct JJ strike NN . SENT However RB , , devices NNS with IN power NN switches NNS that WDT totally RB break VVP the DT line NN connection NN are VBP more RBR robust JJ since IN it PP takes VVZ much RB more JJR voltage NN to TO jump VV the DT gap NN in IN the DT switch NN than IN to TO fry VV electronic JJ parts NNS . SENT Monitors NNS and CC TVs NNS may MD also RB have VH their PP$ CRTs NP magnetized VVN due RB to TO the DT electromagnetic JJ fields NNS associated VVN with IN a DT lightning NN strike NN similar JJ but CC on IN a DT smaller JJR scale NN to TO the DT EMP NP of IN a DT nuclear JJ detonation NN . SENT Was VBD the DT unit NN operating NN or CC on IN standby NN at IN the DT time NN . SENT If IN was VBD switched VVN off IN using VVG an DT actual JJ power NN switch VV not RB a DT logic NN pushbutton NNS , , then RB either RB a DT component NN in IN front NN of IN the DT switch NN has VHZ blown VVN , , the DT surge NN was VBD enough JJ to TO jump VV the DT gap NN between IN the DT switch NN contacts NNS , , or CC it PP was VBD just RB a DT coincidence NN yeh NP , , right RB . SENT If IN it PP was VBD operating VVG or CC on IN standby NN or CC has VHZ no DT actual JJ power NN switch NN , , then RB a DT number NN of IN parts NNS could MD be VB fried VVN . SENT Many JJ devices NNS have VHP their PP$ own JJ internal JJ surge NN protection NN devices NNS like IN MOVs NP Metal NP Oxide NN Varistors NNS after IN the DT fuse NN . SENT So RB it PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN all PDT that DT is VBZ wrong JJ is VBZ that IN the DT line NN fuse NN has VHZ blown VVN . SENT Remove VV the DT case NN unplug VV it PP . SENT and CC start NN at IN the DT line NN connector NN . SENT If IN you PP find VVP a DT blown VVN fuse NN , , remove VV it PP and CC measure VV across IN the DT in IN board NN side NN of IN fuse NN holder NN and CC the DT other JJ should MD be VB the DT neutral JJ side NN of IN the DT line NN . SENT With IN the DT power NN switch NN off RB , , this DT reading NN should MD be VB very RB high JJ . SENT With IN the DT switch NN on IN , , it PP may MD be VB quite RB low JJ if IN the DT unit NN uses VVZ a DT large JJ power NN transformer NN a DT few JJ ohms NNS or CC less JJR . SENT For IN example NN assuming VVG power NN transformer NN operated VVD supply NN . SENT Small JJ AC NP adapter NN 100 CD to TO 500 CD ohms NNS . SENT Large JJ AC NP adapter NN 10 CD to TO 100 CD ohms NNS . SENT VCR NP 15 CD to TO 30 CD ohms NNS . SENT Cassette NN deck NN or CC CD NN player NN 25 CD to TO 100 CD ohms NNS . SENT Stereo JJ receiver NN or CC amplifier NN . SENT 5 CD to TO 10 CD ohms NNS . SENT Some DT may MD be VB outside IN these DT ranges NNS but CC if IN the DT reading NN is VBZ extremely RB low JJ , , the DT power NN transformer NN could MD have VH a DT partially RB or CC totally RB shorted VVN primary JJ . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ very RB high JJ greater JJR than IN 1 CD K NP ohms NNS , , then RB the DT primary NN of IN the DT power NN transformer NN may MD be VB open JJ or CC there EX may MD be VB blown VVN thermal JJ fuse NN under IN the DT outer JJ insulation NN wrappings NNS of IN the DT transformer NN windings NNS . SENT This DT may MD be VB replaceable JJ . SENT If IN the DT unit NN has VHZ a DT switching VVG power NN supply NN , , see VVP the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Small NP Switchmode NP Power NP Supplies VVZ . SENT If IN the DT resistance NN checks VVZ out RP , , replace VV the DT fuse NN and CC try VV powering VVG the DT unit NN . SENT There EX will MD be VB 3 CD possibilities NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT It PP will MD work VV fine NN , , problem NN solved VVN . SENT 2 LS . SENT It PP will MD immediately RB blow VV the DT fuse NN . SENT This DT means VVZ there EX is VBZ at IN least JJS one CD component NN shorted VVN possibilities NNS include VVP an DT MOV NP , , line NN filter NN capacitor NN , , transformer NN primary NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT It PP will MD not RB work VV properly RB or CC still RB appear VV dead JJ . SENT This DT could MD mean VV there EX are VBP blown VVN fuses NNS or CC fusable JJ resistors NNS or CC other JJ defective JJ parts NNS in IN the DT power NN supply NN or CC other JJ circuitry NN . SENT In IN this DT case NN further JJR testing NN will MD be VB needed VVN and CC at IN some DT point NN you PP may MD require VV the DT schematic NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 19 CD Use NN of IN surge NN suppressors NNS and CC line NN filters NNS Should MD you PP always RB use VVP a DT surge NN suppressor NN outlet NN strip NN or CC line NN circuit NN . SENT Sure RB , , it PP shouldn't VVD hurt VVN . SENT Just RB don't NN depend VVP on IN these DT to TO provide VV protection NN under IN all DT circumstances NNS . SENT Some DT are VBP better JJR than IN others NNS and CC the DT marketing NN blurb NN is VBZ at IN best JJS of IN little JJ help NN in IN making VVG an DT informed JJ selection NN . SENT Product NN literature NN unless IN it PP is VBZ backed VVN up RP by IN testing NN from IN a DT reputable JJ lab NN is VBZ usually RB pretty RB useless JJ and CC often RB confusing JJ . SENT Line NN filters NNS can MD also RB be VB useful JJ if IN power NN in IN you PP area NN is VBZ noisy JJ or CC prone JJ to TO spikes NNS or CC dips NNS . SENT However RB , , keep VV in IN mind NN that IN most RBS well RB designed VVN electronic JJ equipment NN already RB includes VVZ both DT surge NN suppressors NNS like IN MOVs NP as RB well RB as IN L NP C NP line NN filters NNS . SENT More JJR is VBZ not RB necessarily RB better JJR but CC may MD move VV the DT point NN of IN failure NN to TO a DT readily RB accessible JJ outlet NN strip NN rather RB than IN the DT innards NN of IN your PP$ equipment NN if IN damage NN occurs VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ still RB best JJS to TO unplug VV everything NN if IN the DT air NN raid NN sirens NNS go VVP off RP or CC you PP see VVP an DT elephant NN wearing VVG thick JJ glasses NNS running VVG through IN the DT neighborhood NN or CC an DT impending JJ lightning NN storm NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 20 CD Surge NN Suppressor NN UPS NP cascading VVG From IN . SENT Fred NP Noble NP f SYM noble JJ suttondesigns NNS . SENT com NN . SENT A DT large JJ number NN of IN users NNS still RB seem VVP confused VVN about IN the DT use NN of IN a DT Surge NN Suppressor NN in IN line NN with IN a DT UPS NP . SENT The DT general JJ rule NN is VBZ , , do VVP NOT RB plug VV a DT surge NN suppressor NN INTO IN the DT OUTPUT NN of IN a DT UPS NP that WDT produces VVZ a DT non JJ sinewave NN output NN that WDT exceeds VVZ 5 CD Total JJ Harmonic JJ Distortion NN or CC THD NN when WRB the DT UPS NP operates VVZ from IN battery NN supporting VVG any DT load NN under IN any DT ambient JJ conditions NNS . SENT Do VVP NOT RB plug VV a DT Line NP Conditioner NN or CC other JJ type NN of IN filter NN into IN the DT UPS NP either RB . SENT You PP can MD plug VV a DT UPS NP into IN a DT well RB grounded VVN surge NN suppressor NN , , but CC this DT is VBZ not RB always RB a DT good JJ idea NN , , especially RB when WRB we PP are VBP talking VVG about IN various JJ low JJ cost NN surge NN suppressors NNS of IN questionable JJ electrical JJ integrity NN . SENT We PP constantly RB hear VVP of IN low JJ end NN surge NN suppressor NN recalls VVZ for IN safety NN reasons NNS , , with IN several JJ recent JJ recalls NNS ordered VVN by IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Consumer NP Product NP Safety NP Commission NP , , for IN example NN , , http NN . SENT cpsc NN . SENT gov NP cpscpub NP prerel NN prhtml NN 97 CD 97078 CD . SENT html NN . SENT A DT cursory JJ search NN using VVG the DT keywords NNS surge NN arrester NN consumer NN recalls VVZ with IN the DT Excite VV engine NN reveals VVZ several JJ such JJ recalls NNS . SENT If IN the DT surge NN suppressor NN you PP plug VVP the DT UPS NP into IN is VBZ electrically RB safe JJ you PP are VBP still RB extending VVG the DT ground NN path NN with IN such PDT a DT cascading JJ arrangement NN , , which WDT , , on IN balance NN , , may MD not RB be VB wise JJ . SENT The DT UPS NP should MD provide VV Surge NN Suppression NN energy NN ratings NNS of IN 480 CD Joules NNS or CC more JJR . SENT Then RB , , you PP probably RB wouldn't VVD require VV the DT additional JJ upstream JJ surge NN suppressor NN at IN all DT . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB mean VV that IN you PP shouldn't VVD also RB have VH a DT surge NN suppressor NN installed VVN at IN the DT MAINS NNS or CC the DT branch NN panel NN , , however RB . SENT We PP are VBP only RB talking VVG about IN the DT extra JJ , , stand VVP alone RB , , AC NP protection NN devices NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ also RB not RB to TO say VV that IN you PP should MD not RB provide VV additional JJ surge NN suppression NN for IN your PP$ modem NN or CC UTP NN connections NNS . SENT . SENT This DT you PP must MD do VV , , and CC a DT low JJ cost NN device NN that WDT is VBZ also RB a DT high JJ quality NN device NN , , should MD be VB used VVN . SENT These DT devices NNS are VBP designed VVN specifically RB for IN the DT protection NN of IN DC NP electrical JJ surges NNS and CC they PP are VBP not RB used VVN in IN series NN with IN a DT UPS NP anyway RB . SENT 14 CD . SENT 21 CD Lightning NP , , surge NN supressors NNS , , and CC telephone NN equipment NN From IN . SENT aa NN 2 CD deltanet NN . SENT com NN deltanet NN . SENT com NN Nothing NN will MD stop VV a DT good JJ lightning NN strike NN , , but CC there EX are VBP things NNS you PP can MD do VV to TO put VV the DT odds NNS more RBR in IN your PP$ favor NN . SENT For IN telephone NN line NN protection NN , , the DT place NN to TO start VV is VBZ where WRB the DT phone NN line NN comes VVZ into IN your PP$ house NN . SENT Locate VV the DT protector NN and CC verify VV you PP have VHP a DT good JJ ground NN close JJ to TO it PP . SENT Next JJ , , replace VV the DT standard JJ carbon NN protector NN elements NNS with IN gas NN tubes NNS . SENT These DT often RB look VVP like IN large JJ brass NN hex NN bolts NNS with IN no DT wires NNS attached VVN , , but CC the DT exact JJ design NN will MD vary VV . SENT Carbon NN protectors NNS operate VVP rather RB slowly RB . SENT gas NN tubes NNS ionize VV very RB quickly RB and CC carry VV large JJ amounts NNS of IN current JJ . SENT You PP may MD have VH to TO shop VV around RP your PP$ local JJ telco NP supplier NN to TO find VV these DT . SENT Strictly RB speaking VVG , , these DT are VBP on IN the DT telco NP side NN of IN the DT demarc NN and CC you're NN not RB supposed VVN to TO fool VV with IN them PP , , but CC if IN you PP won't VVD tell VV , , I PP won't VVD either RB . SENT Or CC you PP could MD call VV your PP$ local JJ telco NP and CC ask VV for IN the DT gas NN tubes NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT Then RB add VV your PP$ store NN bought VVD protector NN inside RB . SENT Make VV sure JJ it PP has VHZ a DT good JJ ground NN , , too RB . SENT It PP can't VVD hurt VVN , , and CC it PP might MD help VV . SENT But CC the DT best JJS place NN to TO try VV and CC stop VV the DT lightning NN is VBZ before IN it PP enters VVZ your PP$ house NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 22 CD Equipment NP dropped VVD or CC abused VVD I PP have VHP heard VVN of IN someone NN fighting VVG off RP a DT would MD be VB mugger NN with IN a DT tape NN deck NN but CC this DT is VBZ generally RB not RB a DT recommended JJ practice NN . SENT However RB , , once IN it PP happens VVZ your PP$ cassette NN deck NN fell VVD off RP its PP$ shelf NN or CC you PP prized VVN walkman NP fell VVD from IN your PP$ hang NN glider NN ok VV , , maybe RB that IN will MD be VB too RB much JJ even RB for IN miracles NNS what WP should MD you PP do VVP . SENT Overall RB , , electronic JJ equipment NN especially RB portable JJ devices NNS are VBP quite RB tough JJ . SENT However RB , , falling VVG or CC being VBG beaten VVN in IN just RB the DT wrong JJ way NN can MD do VV substantial JJ and CC possibly RB not RB immediately RB visible JJ damage NN . SENT If IN you PP take VVP it PP in IN for IN service NN , , the DT estimate NN you PP get VVP may MD make VV the DT national JJ debt NN look NN like IN pocket NN change NN in IN comparison NN . SENT Attempting VVG to TO repair VV anything NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN dropped VVN is VBZ a DT very RB uncertain JJ challenge NN and CC since IN time NN is VBZ money NN for IN a DT professional JJ , , spending VVG an DT unknown JJ amount NN of IN time NN on IN a DT single JJ repair NN is VBZ very RB risky JJ . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT harm NN is VBZ getting VVG an DT estimate NN though IN many JJ shops NNS charge VVP for IN just RB agreeing VVG that IN what WP you PP are VBP holding VVG was VBD once RB a DT say VVP tapedeck NN . SENT This DT doesn't NN mean VVP you PP should MD not RB tackle VV it PP yourself PP . SENT There EX may MD be VB nothing NN wrong JJ or CC very RB minor JJ problems NNS that WDT can MD easily RB be VB remedied VVN . SENT First RB , , unplug VV the DT unit NN even RB if IN it PP looks VVZ fine JJ . SENT Until IN you PP do VVP a DT thorough JJ internal JJ inspection NN , , there EX is VBZ no RB telling VVG what WP may MD have VH been VBN knocked VVN out RP of IN whack NN or CC broken VVN . SENT Electrical JJ parts NNS may MD be VB shorting VVG due RB to TO a DT broken JJ circuit NN board NN or CC one NN that WDT has VHZ just RB popped VVN free JJ . SENT Don't JJS be VB tempted VVN to TO apply VV power NN even RB if IN there EX are VBP no DT obvious JJ signs NNS of IN damage NN turning VVG it PP on IN may MD blow VV something NN due JJ to TO a DT shorting NN circuit NN board NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ a DT portable JJ , , remove VV the DT batteries NNS . SENT Then RB , , inspect VVP the DT exterior NN for IN cracking VVG , , chipping VVG , , or CC dents NNS . SENT In IN addition NN to TO identifying VVG cosmetic JJ problems NNS , , this DT will MD help VV to TO locate VV possible JJ areas NNS to TO check VV for IN internal JJ damage NN once IN the DT covers NNS are VBP removed VVN . SENT Next JJ , , remove VV the DT covers NNS and CC check NN for IN mechanical JJ problems NNS like IN a DT bent NN or CC deformed VVN brackets NNS , , cracked VVD plastic JJ parts NNS , , and CC anything NN that WDT may MD have VH shifted VVN position NN or CC jumped VVD from IN its PP$ mountings NNS . SENT Carefully RB straighten VV any DT bent JJ metal NN parts NNS . SENT Replace VV parts NNS that WDT were VBD knocked VVN loose RB , , glue NN and CC possibly RB reinforce VV cracked VVN or CC broken VVN plastic NN . SENT Plastics NNS , , in IN particular JJ , , are VBP troublesome JJ because IN most JJS glues NNS even RB plastic JJ cement NN do VVP not RB work VV very RB well RB . SENT Using VVG a DT splint NN medical JJ term NN or CC sistering NN construction NN term NN to TO reinforce VV a DT broken JJ plastic NN part NN is VBZ often RB a DT good JJ idea NN . SENT Use VV multiple JJ layers NNS of IN Duco NP Cement NP or CC clear JJ windshield NN sealer NN and CC screws NNS sheetmetal NN or CC machine NN screws NNS may MD be VB best JJS depending VVG on IN the DT thickness NN and CC type NN of IN plastic NN . SENT Wood NN glue NN and CC Epoxy NN do VVP not RB work VV well RB on IN plastic NN . SENT Some DT brands NNS of IN superglue NN , , PVC NP pipe NN cement NN , , or CC plastic JJ hobby NN cement NN may MD work VV depending VVG on IN the DT type NN of IN plastic NN . SENT Cycle NN the DT the DT mechanism NN and CC check NN for IN free JJ movement NN of IN the DT various JJ moving VVG parts NNS . SENT Inspect VV for IN any DT broken JJ electronic JJ components NNS these DT will MD need VV to TO be VB replaced VVN . SENT Check NN for IN blown VVN fuses VVZ the DT initial JJ impact NN may MD have VH shorted VVN something NN momentarily RB which WDT then RB blew VVD a DT fuse NN . SENT There EX is VBZ always RB a DT slight JJ risk NN that IN the DT initial JJ impact NN has VHZ already RB fried VVN electronic JJ parts NNS as IN a DT result NN of IN a DT momentary JJ short JJ or CC from IN broken JJ circuit NN traces VVZ and CC there EX will MD still RB be VB problems NNS even RB after IN repairing VVG the DT visible JJ damage NN and CC or CC replacing VVG the DT broken JJ components NNS . SENT Examine VV the DT circuit NN boards NNS for IN any DT visible JJ breaks NNS or CC cracks NNS . SENT These DT will MD be VB especially RB likely JJ at IN the DT corners NNS where WRB the DT stress NN may MD have VH been VBN greatest JJS . SENT If IN you PP find VVP any DT cracks NNS , , no DT matter NN how WRB small JJ in IN the DT circuit NN board NN , , you PP will MD need VV to TO carefully RB inspect VV to TO determine VV if IN any DT circuit NN traces NNS run VVN across IN these DT cracks NNS . SENT If IN they PP do VVP , , then RB there EX are VBP certainly RB breaks NNS in IN the DT circuitry NN which WDT will MD need VV to TO be VB repaired VVN . SENT Circuit NN boards NNS in IN consumer NN equipment NN are VBP almost RB never RB more JJR than IN two CD layers NNS so IN repair NN is VBZ possible JJ but CC if IN any DT substantial JJ number NN of IN traces NNS are VBP broken VVN , , it PP will MD take VV a DT great JJ deal NN of IN painstaking JJ work NN to TO jumper NN across IN these DT traces NNS with IN fine JJ wire NN you PP cannot VV just RB run VV over IN them PP with IN solder NN as IN this DT will MD not RB last VV . SENT Use VV a DT fine NN tipped VVD low JJ wattage NN soldering VVG iron NN under IN a DT magnifying NN lens NN and CC run VV 28 CD to TO 30 CD gauge NN insulated VVN wires NNS between IN convenient JJ endpoints NNS these DT don't NN need VVP to TO be VB directly RB on IN either DT side NN of IN the DT break NN . SENT Double RB check VV each DT connection NN after IN soldering VVG for IN correct JJ wiring NN and CC that IN there EX are VBP no DT shorts NNS before IN proceeding VVG to TO the DT next JJ . SENT Also RB see VV the DT section NN . SENT Repair NN of IN printed JJ circuit NN board NN traces NNS . SENT If IN the DT circuit NN board NN is VBZ beyond IN hope NN or CC you PP do VVP not RB feel VV you PP would MD be VB able JJ to TO repair VV it PP in IN finite JJ time NN , , replacements NNS may MD be VB available JJ but CC their PP$ cost NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB more JJR than IN the DT equipment NN is VBZ worth JJ . SENT Locating VVG a DT junk NN unit NN of IN the DT same JJ model NN to TO cannibalize VV for IN parts NNS may MD be VB a DT more RBR realistic JJ option NN . SENT Once RB all DT visible JJ damage NN has VHZ been VBN repaired VVN and CC broken VVN parts NNS have VHP been VBN replaced VVN , , power VV it PP up RP and CC see VV what WP happens VVZ . SENT Be VB prepared VVN to TO pull VV the DT plug NN if IN there EX are VBP serious JJ problems NNS billowing VVG smoke NN would MD qualify VV . SENT Determine VV if IN it PP appears VVZ to TO initialize VV correctly RB without IN shutting VVG down RP . SENT Play VV a DT garbage NN tape NN to TO determine VV if IN there EX are VBP any DT problems NNS that WDT might MD damage VV the DT tape NN . SENT Listen VV carefully RB for IN any DT evidence NN of IN poor JJ tracking NN , , tape NN speed NN instability NN , , or CC weak JJ or CC muddy JJ audio NN that WDT might MD indicate VV that DT tape NN path NN alignment NN requires VVZ further JJR attention NN . SENT Listen VV as RB well RB for IN any DT unexpected JJ mechanical JJ sounds NNS that WDT were VBD not RB there RB before RB . SENT Very RB likely RB , , the DT unit NN will MD be VB fine JJ , , you PP can MD replace VV the DT covers NNS , , and CC now RB find VV a DT more RBR secure JJ spot NN for IN it PP to TO prevent VV this DT sort NN of IN event NN in IN the DT future NN . SENT Maybe RB hang VVP gliding VVG is VBZ just RB not RB for IN you PP . SENT 14 CD . SENT 23 CD Decayed VVN glue NN in IN electronic JJ equipment NN Larger NP components NNS like IN electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS are VBP often RB secured VVN to TO the DT circuit NN board NN with IN some DT sort NN of IN adhesive NN . SENT Originally RB , , it PP is VBZ white JJ and CC inert JJ . SENT However RB , , with IN heat NN and CC age NN , , some DT types NNS decay NN to TO a DT brown JJ , , conductive JJ and CC or CC corrosive JJ material NN which WDT can MD cause VV all DT sorts NNS of IN problems NNS including VVG the DT creation NN of IN high JJ leakage NN paths NNS or CC dead JJ shorts NNS and CC eating VVG away RB at IN nearby JJ wiring NN traces NNS . SENT The DT bottom JJ line NN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT time NN , , this DT stuff NN serves VVZ no DT essential JJ purpose NN anyhow RB and CC should MD be VB removed VVN . SENT A DT non JJ corrosive NN RTV NP or CC hot JJ melt NN glue NN can MD be VB used VVN in IN its PP$ place NN if IN structural JJ support NN is VBZ needed VVN . SENT From IN . SENT Richard NP Rasker NP r NN . SENT e SYM . SENT rasker NN student NN . SENT utwente NN . SENT nl NN . SENT Are VBP you PP repairing VVG somewhat RB older JJR Japanese JJ Yamaha NN , , Nikko NP , , etc FW . SENT equipment NN , , but CC the DT problem NN seems VVZ very RB obscure VV . SENT Then RB maybe RB this DT may MD interest VV you PP . SENT In IN some DT amplifiers NNS and CC other JJ equipment NN , , the DT supply NN capacitors NNS and CC other JJ large JJ pcb NN mounted VVD devices NNS are VBP secured VVN in IN place NN by IN a DT type NN of IN gluelike JJ substance NN , , that WDT after IN several JJ years NNS causes VVZ corrosion NN to TO all DT metal NN parts NNS that IN it PP touches NNS . SENT eventually RB , , the DT metal NN connections NNS like IN component NN wire NN leads NNS and CC wire NN bridges NNS will MD fail VV . SENT The DT substance NN in IN question NN is VBZ a DT dark JJ yellow JJ rubber NN like IN compound NN , , coloring VVG brown JJ and CC turning VVG rather RB hard JJ on IN the DT places NNS where WRB damage NN is VBZ done VVN to TO other JJ components NNS . SENT The DT only JJ solution NN is VBZ to TO scratch VV it PP away RB completely RB and CC replace VV all DT components NNS affected VVD . SENT I've NP already RB repaired VVD five CD amps NNS where WRB this DT turned VVN out RP to TO be VB the DT cause NN of IN trouble NN with IN very RB vague JJ symptoms NNS , , like IN a DT missing JJ ground NN reference NN to TO an DT endstage JJ , , an DT on IN board NN controller NN that IN wouldn't NN start VVP up RP , , etc FW . SENT The DT first JJ time NN it PP took VVD me PP forever RB to TO find VV , , so RB if IN this DT posting VVG will MD make VV even RB one CD repair NN easier JJR for IN someone NN , , I'm NP already RB happy JJ . SENT Hope VV this DT makes VVZ life NN a DT little JJ bit NN easier JJR for IN all PDT those DT people NNS out IN there RB trying VVG to TO repair VV stuff NN , , instead RB of IN throwing VVG it PP away RP . SENT P NN . SENT S NP . SENT My PP$ theory NN about IN this DT process NN . SENT I PP think VVP that IN the DT substance NN used VVN is VBZ a DT rubber NN compound NN with IN an DT excess NN of IN sulfur NN , , which WDT will MD very RB slowly RB react VV with IN oxygen NN and CC moisture NN to TO form VV corroding VVG chemicals NNS like IN sulfites NNS . SENT If IN anyone NN has VHZ a DT better JJR theory NN or CC the DT correct JJ explanation NN , , please VV let VV me PP know VV . SENT From IN . SENT Jake NP Gray NP jake NP 79 CD hotmail NN . SENT com NN . SENT I PP have VHP found VVN in IN a DT lot NN of IN electronical JJ gear NN and CC more RBR recently RB in IN my PP$ monitor NN . SENT The DT glue NN has VHZ been VBN designed VVN mainly RB to TO hold VV leads NNS and CC wires NNS in IN place NN , , also RB to TO hold VV capacitors NNS in IN place NN . SENT It PP eventually RB soaks VVZ up RP the DT moisture NN from IN the DT air NN , , giving VVG it PP a DT conductive JJ effect NN and CC the DT places NNS that IN it PP is VBZ located VVN don't NN like IN having VHG a DT conductor NN across IN them PP . SENT And CC , , as IN time NN goes VVZ on RP , , the DT glue NN seems VVZ to TO carbonize VV and CC become VV an DT even RB better JJR conductor NN . SENT Just RB keep VV and CC eye NN out IN for IN it PP , , it PP is VBZ like IN a DT creamy JJ colour NN and CC remove VV it PP ASAP NN . SENT With IN many JJ appliances NNS , , especially RB those DT with IN many JJ IC's NNS , , I PP have VHP found VVN that IN with IN the DT removal NN of IN the DT glue NN , , they PP work VVP fine NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 24 CD Repair NP of IN printed JJ circuit NN board NN traces VVZ In IN most JJS cases NNS , , a DT functional JJ repair NN using VVG wire NN to TO bridge VV the DT breaks NNS soldered VVD to TO conveniently RB located VVN pads NNS is VBZ all PDT that DT is VBZ needed VVN . SENT This DT will MD be VB at IN least JJS as RB reliable JJ as IN the DT original JJ foil NN wiring NN if IN done VVN properly RB . SENT However RB , , there EX are VBP those DT times NNS when WRB a DT complete JJ restoration NN is VBZ desired VVN . SENT Note NN . SENT If IN the DT original JJ cause NN was VBD chemical JJ corrosion NN rather RB than IN mechanical JJ , , ALL RB of IN the DT offending VVG material NN must MD be VB removed VVN and CC or CC neutralized VVN before IN any DT sort NN of IN reliable JJ repair NN can MD be VB attempted VVN . SENT From IN . SENT MKILGORE NP mkilgore NP aol NN . SENT com NN . SENT Yes UH , , you PP can MD repair VV damaged JJ lifted VVN conductors NNS and CC pads NNS on IN circuit NN boards NNS . SENT If IN you PP would MD like VV to TO repair VV the DT damaged JJ area NN professionally RB , , track NN repair NN kits NNS are VBP available JJ from IN sources NNS such JJ as IN Pace NP . SENT These DT repairs NNS once RB completed VVN are VBP almost RB undistinguishable JJ from IN the DT original JJ work NN . SENT Damaged JJ pad NN replacement NN Using VVG a DT scalple NN or CC Xacto NP knife NN follow VVP the DT run NN attached VVN to TO the DT pad NN back RB to TO a DT point NN where WRB it PP is VBZ still RB firmly RB secured VVN , , at IN a DT 45 CD degree NN angle NN , , cut VVD the DT trace VV loose RB and CC remove VV it PP from IN the DT board NN and CC discard VV . SENT Scrape VV any DT solder NN mask NN from IN the DT end NN of IN the DT trace VV back RB about IN 3 CD trace NN widths NNS , , and CC clean VV the DT area NN with IN an DT ink NN eraser NN , , then RB tin NN the DT area NN . SENT Select VV a DT pad NN with IN trace VV from IN the DT kit NN various JJ sizes NNS are VBP included VVN position NN it PP in IN place NN of IN the DT damaged JJ run NN and CC form VV it PP so IN it PP follows VVZ the DT contour NN of IN the DT board NN to TO the DT 45 CD degree NN angle NN cut NN and CC rests VVZ on IN top NN of IN the DT original JJ trace VV by IN about RB 2 CD trace NN widths NNS . SENT Now RB prepare VV a DT small JJ amount NN of IN two CD part NN epoxy NN and CC flow VV it PP on IN the DT board NN where WRB the DT replacement NN conductor NN will MD lie VV , , do VVP not RB get VV any DT on IN the DT tinned JJ conductor NN . SENT Lay VV the DT replacement NN conductor NN in IN place NN and CC allow VV the DT epoxy NN to TO dry VV , , this DT can MD be VB speeded VVD up RP with IN a DT heat NN lamp NN . SENT Once RB dry JJ simply RB apply VV flux NN to TO the DT joint JJ and CC solder VV the DT two CD pieces NNS together RB . SENT If IN this DT was VBD a DT plated VVN through IN hole NN , , or CC strength NN is VBZ an DT issue NN , , the DT kit NN contains VVZ eyelets NNS which WDT can MD be VB installed VVN through IN the DT board NN . SENT However RB , , if IN the DT trace NN you PP wish VVP to TO repair VV is VBZ merely RB lifted VVN you PP can MD simply RB use VV the DT epoxy NN and CC secure VV it PP back RB in IN place NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 25 CD Circuit NP repair NN where WRB a DT pad NN has VHZ been VBN lifted VVN due RB to TO mechanical JJ stress NN This DT might MD be VB the DT case NN where WRB someone NN tripped VVN over IN the DT AC NP adapter NN cord NN of IN a DT walkman NP or CC laptop JJ computer NN thus RB ripping VVG the DT jack NN from IN the DT circuit NN board NN . SENT From IN . SENT KIRTO NP Kholson NP cris NP . SENT com NN . SENT As IN you PP will MD see VV in IN the DT following NN , , I PP recommend VVP using VVG something NN other JJ than IN the DT pad NN to TO get VV that DT strength NN . SENT I PP suggest VVP you PP provide VV mechanical JJ connection NN between IN the DT jack NN and CC the DT board NN so RB that IN the DT jack NN can't NN move NN with IN respect NN to TO the DT board NN . SENT Techniques NNS include VVP a DT wire NN strap NN over IN the DT component NN near IN the DT back NN and CC soldered VVD to TO the DT board NN like IN you PP see VVP on IN crystals NNS or CC adhesive NN under IN the DT jack NN like IN you PP see VVP on IN large JJ caps NNS in IN midboard NN . SENT Another DT possibility NN is VBZ to TO put VV a DT rubber NN bumper NN atop IN the DT jack NN so RB that IN the DT front JJ cannot NN tip NN inward RB when WRB it's NNS in IN the DT case NN . SENT A DT stick NN on IN foot NN might MD be VB a DT start NN , , with IN whatever WDT foot NN surgery NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO fit VV . SENT If IN the DT jack NN has VHZ a DT rim NN near IN the DT front NN like IN a DT std JJ keyboard NN connector NN you PP might MD be VB able JJ to TO put VV triangular JJ braces NNS on IN either DT side NN of IN it PP with IN adhesive NN and CC some DT stiff JJ rubber NN or CC plastic NN . SENT I PP have VHP seen VVN this DT problem NN happen VV when WRB someone NN trips NNS on IN a DT cord NN and CC thus RB pulls VVZ the DT connected JJ jack NN at IN a DT sharp JJ angle NN with IN high JJ force NN . SENT Warn VV the DT customer NN about IN this DT possibility NN , , and CC suggest VVP using VVG an DT extension NN cord NN on IN the DT power NN adaptor NN . SENT From IN . SENT Hank NP Sievers NP textax NN aol NN . SENT com NN . SENT The DT best JJS way NN that IN I PP can MD think VV of IN is VBZ to TO bend VV down RB whatever WDT part NN of IN the DT leg NN extends VVZ through IN the DT board NN and CC bridge NN with IN a DT heavy JJ bare JJ wire NN and CC plenty NN of IN solder NN to TO as RB much JJ of IN the DT nearest JJS part NN of IN the DT trace NN scraped VVD to TO the DT copper NN , , of IN course NN as IN you PP can MD . SENT Then RB , , for IN good JJ measure NN put VVD a DT drop NN of IN magic JJ glue NN or CC some DT silcone NN sealant NN where WRB the DT leg NN comes VVZ through IN the DT hole NN . SENT Should MD be VB stronger JJR than IN the DT original JJ . SENT I PP am VBP a DT charter NN member NN of IN the DT the DT down RP to TO the DT component NN troubleshooting NN fraternity NN , , since IN I PP am VBP naturally RB curious JJ and CC fortunate JJ enough RB to TO have VH the DT time NN , , since IN I PP am VBP retired VVN . SENT However RB , , I PP can MD see VV where WRB it PP is VBZ often RB important JJ to TO the DT bottom JJ money NN line NN , , not RB to TO spend VV too RB much JJ time NN on IN a DT repair NN and CC so RB replace VV the DT entire JJ unit NN . SENT Time NN is VBZ money NN also RB . SENT 14 CD . SENT 26 CD Boombox NN or CC other JJ equipment NN went VVD to TO the DT beach NN sand NN and CC or CC surf NN A DT former JJ relative NN took VVD your PP$ boombox NN to TO the DT beach NN this DT summer NN and CC now RB it PP has VHZ sand NN or CC perhaps RB salt NN in IN it PP . SENT Or CC , , maybe RB you PP could MD not RB resist VV sing'n NN in IN the DT rain NN and CC a DT big JJ bus NN went VVD by IN without IN slowing NN . SENT Now RB neither RB of IN the DT tape NN decks NNS will MD play VV . SENT Can MD this DT possibly RB be VB fixed VVN . SENT Will MD it PP be VB worth IN the DT effort NN . SENT Unless IN this DT is VBZ a DT really RB expensive JJ sophisticated JJ unit NN , , I PP doubt VVP whether IN it PP will MD pay VV you PP to TO take VV it PP anywhere RB for IN repair NN . SENT Furthermore RB , , as RB with IN equipment NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN dropped VVN or CC physically RB abused JJ , , few JJ repair NN shops NNS will MD be VB inclined VVN to TO touch VV the DT job NN . SENT They PP really RB don't VVD like IN challenges NNS of IN this DT sort NN . SENT That DT leaves VVZ you PP . SENT If IN saltwater JJ was VBD involved VVN in IN a DT significant JJ way NN , , you PP can MD probably RB forget VV it PP . SENT Without IN immediate JJ attention NN , , saltwater JJ corrosion NN can MD set VV in IN very RB quickly RB and CC attacks VVZ electronic JJ components NNS , , circuit NN board NN traces NNS , , cable NN wiring NN , , and CC mechanical JJ parts NNS . SENT The DT only JJ thing NN worse JJR is VBZ damage NN caused VVN by IN forgotten JJ , , leaky JJ batteries NNS . SENT Although IN it PP is VBZ probably RB too RB late JJ , , the DT first JJ thing NN to TO do VV when WRB electronic JJ equipment NN gets VVZ wet JJ is VBZ to TO remove VV the DT power NN source NN switch VV it PP off RP and CC pull VV the DT plug NN or CC remove VV the DT batteries NNS if IN possible JJ . SENT Don't JJS be VB tempted VVN to TO apply VV power NN until IN you PP have VHP determined VVN that IN it PP is VBZ completely RB dried VVN out RP . SENT If IN power NN was VBD on IN when WRB the DT incident NN took VVD place NN , , then RB electronic JJ damage NN may MD have VH already RB resulted VVN which WDT will MD not RB be VB apparent JJ until IN after IN cleaning NN , , drying VVG , , and CC lubrication NN . SENT The DT following VVG description NN assumes VVZ a DT dual JJ cassette NN boombox NN . SENT Adjust VV as RB appropriate JJ for IN your PP$ patient NN . SENT If IN the DT tape NN decks NNS are VBP totally RB dead JJ , , you PP may MD have VH serious JJ electronic JJ or CC corrosion NN which WDT will MD make VV any DT salvage NN unlikely JJ . SENT If IN they PP sort NN of IN move NN or CC even RB twitch VV a DT bit NN but CC the DT sound NN is VBZ erratic JJ , , weak JJ , , fluttery JJ , , etc FW . SENT then RB there EX may MD be VB hope NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , if IN it PP got VVD wet JJ , , you PP should MD not RB have VH done VVN this DT test NN until IN everything NN was VBD cleaned VVN and CC dried VVN . SENT NEVER RB use VV strong JJ solvents NNS for IN any DT cleaning NN . SENT These DT may MD attack VV plastic JJ parts NNS or CC cause VV internal JJ damage NN to TO electronic JJ components NNS . SENT Mechanical JJ intensive JJ care NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Remove VV the DT tape NN decks NNS . SENT This DT will MD be VB a DT pain NN but CC otherwise RB you PP will MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO get VV at IN everything NN . SENT Make VV as RB many JJ as IN drawings NNS as RB needed VVD so IN you PP will MD be VB able JJ to TO reassemble VV . SENT 2 LS . SENT Make VV a DT drawing NN of IN the DT belt NN routing NN , , remove VV the DT belt NN s PP , , wash VV and CC dry VV them PP , , label VV and CC set VV them PP aside RP . SENT 3 LS . SENT Use VV a DT soft JJ brush NN like IN a DT paintbrush NN to TO dust NN out RP as IN much JJ sand NN as IN possible JJ . SENT Hopefully RB , , you PP can MD get VV it PP all PDT this DT way NN . SENT A DT vacuum NN cleaner JJR with IN a DT wand NN attachment NN may MD prove VV handy JJ to TO suck VV out RP sand NN . SENT Don't JJ use NN high JJ pressure NN compressed VVN air NN it PP will MD just RB spread VV the DT sand NN around RB . SENT Any DT grease NN or CC oil NN on IN which WDT sand NN has VHZ collected VVN will MD need VV to TO be VB totally RB removed VVN and CC replaced VVN with IN fresh JJ lubrication NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ evidence NN of IN salt NN remember VVP , , I PP said VVD forget VV it PP . SENT . SENT . SENT but CC , , you PP will MD need VV to TO wash VV it PP off RP . SENT Yes UH , , wash VV it PP . SENT Keep VV water NN out RP of IN the DT motors NNS . SENT Use VV low JJ pressure NN compressed VVN air NN a DT blow NN dryer NN on IN low JJ heat NN should MD be VB fine JJ to TO dry VV so RB that IN it PP does VVZ not RB rust VV . SENT Ditto NN if IN it PP is VBZ still RB wet JJ with IN contaminated JJ liquid NN we PP won't VVD say VV where WRB this DT came VVD from IN , , wash VV with IN fresh JJ water NN to TO remove VV all DT traces NNS of IN it PP as RB quickly RB as RB possible JJ . SENT A DT final JJ rinse NN with IN 91 CD or CC pure JJ isopropyl NN alcohol NN will MD decrease VV drying VVG time NN and CC should MD not RB damage VV mechanical JJ assemblies NNS . SENT Degreaser NP may MD be VB used VVN if IN it PP is VBZ safe JJ for IN plastic NN and CC rubber NN parts NNS . SENT Lubricate VV all DT bearing VVG points NNS with IN a DT drop NN of IN light JJ machine NN oil NN electric JJ motor NN oil NN , , sewing NN machine NN oil NN , , etc FW . SENT Never RB never RB never RB WD NP 40 CD . SENT Lubricate VV gears NNS , , cams NNS , , and CC sliding VVG parts NNS with IN a DT light JJ plastic JJ safe JJ grease NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Replace VV the DT belts NNS and CC reinstall VV the DT tape NN decks NNS . SENT Electronic JJ intensive JJ care NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Remove VV the DT circuit NN boards NNS and CC label VV the DT connectors NNS if IN there EX is VBZ any DT possibility NN of IN getting VVG them PP mixed VVN up RP . SENT If IN the DT circuit NN board NN s PP are VBP soldered VVN to TO the DT rest NN of IN the DT equipment NN , , then RB you PP will MD have VH to TO improvise VV . SENT 2 LS . SENT Wash NP with IN water NN and CC dry JJ thoroughly RB . SENT This DT does VVZ work NN . SENT I PP use VVP it PP routinely RB for IN degunking VVG remote JJ controls NNS and CC rubber NN membrane NN keypads NNS , , for IN example NN . SENT The DT most RBS important JJ objective NN should MD be VB to TO get VV corrosive JJ liquids NNS off IN the DT components NNS and CC circuit NN traces NNS as IN quickly RB and CC completely RB as RB possible JJ . SENT A DT final JJ rinse NN with IN isopropyl NN alcohol NN will MD decrease VV drying VVG time NN . SENT However RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT slight JJ risk NN of IN damage NN to TO sensitive JJ electronic JJ components NNS should MD some RB be VB trapped VVN inside RB . SENT Moisture NN will MD be VB trapped VVN in IN controls NNS , , coils NNS , , selector NN switches NNS , , relays NNS , , transformer NN cores NNS , , connectors NNS , , and CC under IN large JJ components NNS like IN ICs NN . SENT Pat NP dry JJ , , then RB use VV warm JJ air NN from IN a DT hair NN dryer NN or CC heat NN gun NN on IN low JJ to TO completely RB dry VV every DT nook NN and CC cranny NN . SENT DO VVP NOT RB operate VV until IN everything NN inside RB and CC out RB is VBZ thoroughly RB dry JJ . SENT 3 LS . SENT Inspect VV for IN damage NN due JJ to TO short JJ circuits NNS including VVG blown VVN fuses NNS , , fried JJ components NNS , , and CC melted VVN traces NNS . SENT These DT will MD need VV to TO be VB repaired VVN or CC replaced VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Use NN spray NN contact NN cleaner JJR on IN the DT switches NNS and CC control VV cleaner JJR on IN the DT user NN controls NNS and CC adjustment NN pots NNS . SENT DO VVP NOT RB turn VV the DT internal JJ adjustments NNS without IN precisely RB marking VVG the DT original JJ positions NNS else JJ realignment NN will MD be VB needed VVN . SENT Exercise VV the DT user NN controls VVZ to TO help VV the DT cleaning NN process NN . SENT Once RB everything NN is VBZ reassembled VVN , , power NN the DT unit NN up RP and CC see VV what WP happens VVZ . SENT Be VB prepared VVN to TO pull VV the DT plug NN or CC pop VV the DT batteries NNS if IN there EX are VBP serious JJ problems NNS . SENT Attempt NN to TO play VV a DT garbage NN tape NN to TO determine VV if IN there EX are VBP any DT problems NNS that WDT might MD damage VV the DT tape NN . SENT Look VV and CC listen VV for IN any DT abnormalities NNS which WDT may MD require VV additional JJ attention NN . SENT There EX could MD still RB be VB electronic JJ faults NNS not RB repairable JJ without IN schematics NNS and CC test NN equipment NN . SENT Obviously RB , , this DT description NN is VBZ very RB simplistic JJ . SENT The DT important JJ thing NN is VBZ to TO get VV every DT last JJ grain NN of IN sand NN , , salt NN , , and CC other JJ contaminants NNS off RB of IN the DT mechanisms NNS quickly RB . SENT Similar JJ comments NNS apply VVP to TO equipment NN that WDT went VVD for IN an DT actual JJ swim VVP you PP dropped VVD your PP$ portable JJ CD NN player NN in IN the DT toilet NN . SENT The DT most RBS important JJ objective NN is VBZ to TO clean VV and CC dry VV it PP as RB quickly RB as IN possible JJ and CC then RB relube VV any DT motor NN and CC other JJ bearings NNS . SENT Use VV your PP$ judgement NN as RB to TO the DT severity NN of IN the DT dunking VVG in IN terms NNS of IN how WRB deeply RB the DT liquid NN penetrated VVN . SENT Surface NN moisture NN will MD not RB hurt VV anything NN as RB long RB as IN it PP is VBZ dried VVN up RP quickly RB . SENT If IN you PP left VVD it PP soaking VVG on IN the DT other JJ hand NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT As RB noted VVD above IN , , moisture NN may MD collect VV inside IN certain JJ electronic JJ parts NNS and CC it PP is VBZ essential JJ that WDT these DT be VB dried VVN completely RB before IN attempting VVG to TO apply VV power NN to TO the DT unit NN . SENT If IN you PP do VVP not RB , , at IN best JJS it PP will MD not RB work VV properly RB and CC you PP may MD do VV additional JJ serious JJ damage NN due JJ to TO short JJ circuits NNS . SENT For IN the DT mechanics NNS , , the DT same JJ applies VVZ though IN this DT is VBZ trickier JJR since IN certain JJ parts NNS need VVP to TO be VB lubricated VVN and CC these DT may MD not RB be VB readily RB accessible JJ or CC obvious JJ . SENT Don't JJS be VB tempted VVN to TO overdo VV the DT lubrication NN either CC too RB much RB is VBZ worse JJR that IN too RB little JJ . SENT For IN high JJ tech NN devices NNS like IN CD NN players NNS , , some DT parts NNS of IN the DT internal JJ optics NN or CC shielded VVD DC NP DC NP convertors NNS may MD be VB impossible JJ to TO access VV and CC clean VV of IN scum NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 27 CD Salt NP water NN salvage NN From IN . SENT John NP Baker NP jbaker NN flash NN . SENT net JJ . SENT I PP have VHP repaired VVN equipment NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN soaked VVN in IN salt NN water NN and CC it PP depends VVZ on IN what WP type NN of IN components NNS it PP has VHZ on IN the DT boards NNS . SENT If IN they PP have VHP any DT batteries NNS on IN them PP , , get VV them PP off RP as IN soon RB as RB possible JJ . SENT transformers NNS are VBP usually RB good JJ for IN rusty JJ paperweights NNS . SENT Get VV the DT boards NNS out RP of IN the DT salt NN water NN and CC into IN fresh JJ water NN ASAP NN . SENT I PP have VHP not RB found VVN any DT chemicals NNS that WDT will MD remove VV the DT salt NN deposits NNS and CC leave VV the DT traces NNS . SENT The DT best JJS bet NN is VBZ to TO use VV a DT small JJ nylon NN brush NN along IN with IN a DT chemical NN called VVD Flux NN Off IN nr NN , , there EX are VBP several JJ types NNS of IN Flux NN Off RP , , get VV the DT one NN that WDT does VVZ not RB harm VV plastic JJ parts NNS , , it PP is VBZ not RB as RB strong JJ but CC it PP workes VVZ just RB as RB well RB in IN this DT case NN . SENT From IN there RB it PP takes VVZ a DT lot NN of IN time NN . SENT Use VV the DT brush NN and CC remove VV all DT salt NN deposits NNS , , try VV and CC get VV under IN all DT components NNS , , especially RB IC's NP . SENT Most JJS components NNS can MD take VV being VBG under IN salt NN water NN with IN no DT damage NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT batteries NNS and CC metal NN that IN cause NN problems NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 28 CD Fil's NP notes NNS on IN rescuing VVG soggy JJ equipment NN From IN . SENT Filip NP I'll NP buy VV a DT vowel NN Gieszczykiewicz NP filipg NP repairfaq NP . SENT org NP . SENT Greetings NP . SENT I've NP recently RB had VHD the DT opportunity NN to TO rescue VV several JJ rather RB expensive JJ electronic JJ units NNS after IN the DT owner NN flipped VVD the DT canoe NN and CC spilled VVD the DT beans NNS , , so RB to TO speak VV . SENT The DT dead JJ units NNS were VBD . SENT a DT Casio NN solar JJ powered VVN calculator NN , , a DT car NN alarm NN key JJ ring NN transmitter NN , , a DT 10 CD satellite JJ GPS NP unit NN yowser NN . SENT , , and CC some DT smaller JJR items NNS . SENT Note NN . SENT GPS NP unit NN was VBD waterproofed VVN and CC did VVD not RB suffer VV much RB . SENT Solution NN sorry RB , , pun NN was VBD . SENT purchase NN 1 CD gallon NN of IN distilled JJ water NN , , disassemble VV the DT units NNS and CC submerge VV the DT PCBs NNS and CC keypads NNS and CC displays NNS in IN containers NNS . SENT The DT devices NNS were VBD left VVN soaking VVG for IN more JJR than IN 20 CD minutes NNS . SENT Then RB , , they PP were VBD removed VVN and CC dried VVN with IN a DT hair NN dryer NN and CC fan NN for IN less JJR expensive JJ items NNS . SENT Results NNS . SENT excellent JJ . SENT All DT items NNS have VHP been VBN brought VVN back RB to TO life NN . SENT Some DT did VVD require VV purchase NN of IN new JJ rather RB expensive JJ Lithium NN batteries NNS but CC that DT was VBD a DT small JJ price NN to TO pay VV . SENT Hint NN . SENT It PP is VBZ highly RB useful JJ to TO have VH a DT brush NN to TO clean VV the DT area NN between IN ICs JJ pins NNS after IN 10 CD minutes NNS of IN soaking VVG . SENT This DT helps VVZ to TO remove VV any DT minerals NNS that WDT are VBP not RB as RB soluble JJ in IN water NN as IN others NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ more JJR of IN an DT issue NN if IN the DT items NNS came VVD in IN contact NN with IN flood NN stage NN stream NN than IN a DT sinkful NN of IN tap VV water NN . SENT . SENT Observation NN . SENT devices NNS that WDT were VBD on IN at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT dunking VVG were VBD the DT most RBS damaged VVN and CC required VVN the DT most JJS time NN to TO soak VV . SENT Batteries NNS had VHD to TO be VB replaced VVN since IN they PP all RB started VVD to TO leak VV . SENT 14 CD . SENT 29 CD Reviving VVG old JJ antique JJ equipment NN If IN you PP have VHP a DT true JJ antique NN really RB old JJ , , and CC valuable JJ , , you PP should MD refer VV to TO the DT extensive JJ literature NN available JJ on IN this DT subject NN . SENT The DT following NN applies VVZ more RBR to TO that IN 30 CD year NN old JJ record NN player NN amp NN found VVD in IN the DT storage NN loft NN of IN your PP$ garage NN during IN spring NN cleaning NN . SENT Common JJ problems NNS relate VVP to TO two CD types NNS of IN components NNS . SENT vacuum NN tubes NNS valves NNS for IN all DT of IN you PP on IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT lake NN and CC capacitors NNS paper NN and CC electrolytic JJ type NN . SENT Push VV all PDT the DT tubes NNS down RB in IN their PP$ sockets NNS as IN well RB they PP will MD work VV their PP$ way NN loose RB with IN non JJ use NN and CC vibration NN . SENT However RB , , thorough JJ cleaning NN of IN all DT socket NN and CC switch NN contacts NNS , , and CC controls NNS will MD almost RB certainly RB be VB needed VVN . SENT Warning NN . SENT the DT voltages NNS inside IN tube NN type NN equipment NN can MD exceed VV 400 CD V NN and CC contact NN with IN that WDT can MD be VB real RB painful JJ not RB to TO say VV dangerous JJ . SENT AC NP DC NP type NN sets NNS are VBP not RB isolated VVN from IN the DT power NN line NN . SENT In IN some DT really RB old JJ equipment NN , , even RB the DT chassis NN may MD be VB tied VVN to TO one CD side NN of IN the DT line NN . SENT This DT could MD also RB happen VV as IN a DT result NN of IN a DT shorted VVN component NN . SENT The DT electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS can MD hold VV a DT charge NN for IN quite PDT a DT while NN . SENT Read VV , , understand VV , , and CC follow VV the DT recommendations NNS in IN the DT document NN . SENT Safety NN Guidelines NNS for IN High NP Voltage NN and NP or CC Line NP Powered VVN Equipment NP . SENT Use VV extreme JJ care NN when WRB probing VVG or CC even RB touching JJ anything NN . SENT This DT isn't JJ 5 CD V NN logic NN . SENT Vacuum NN tubes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB possible JJ to TO fully RB test VV vacuum NN tubes NNS without IN proper JJ equipment NN but CC the DT inspection NN and CC tests NNS below RB will MD find VV most RBS bad JJ tubes NNS but CC will MD not RB pick VV up RP weak JJ tubes NNS . SENT As IN a DT side NN note NN , , when WRB a DT repair NN shop NN replaced VVD tubes NNS , , perhaps RB 20 CD of IN the DT tubes NNS they PP replaced VVD were VBD actually RB bad JJ I PP know VVP because IN the DT local JJ TV NN repair NN shop's NNS trash NN can NN was VBD a DT favorite JJ hangout NNS on IN pickup NN day NN and CC nearly RB all PDT the DT tubes NNS I PP scrounged VVD tested VVN perfectly RB good JJ on IN a DT real JJ tube NN tester NN once IN they PP were VBD washed VVN of IN coffee NN grounds NNS and CC cigarette NN ash NN . SENT Whether IN this DT represented VVN legitimate JJ preventive JJ maintenance NN or CC just RB IPM NP Increased VVD Profit NN Margin NN , , I PP really RB do VVP not RB know VV . SENT 1 LS . SENT Look VV for IN a DT silvery JJ metallic JJ spot NN somewhere RB inside IN the DT tube NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT getter NN and CC is VBZ there RB to TO remove VV the DT last JJ traces NNS of IN gasses VVZ . SENT If IN you PP see VVP this DT , , the DT vacuum NN is VBZ intact JJ . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ milky JJ white JJ or CC red JJ , , the DT tube NN has VHZ lost VVN its PP$ vacuum NN and CC is VBZ dead RB dead JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Use VV an DT ohmmeter NN to TO test VV for IN filament NN continuity NN . SENT The DT nice JJ thing NN about IN tubes NNS aside RB from IN their PP$ cheery JJ glow NN is VBZ that IN you PP can MD see VV inside IN at IN least JJS for IN the DT ones NNS with IN a DT glass NN envelope NN and CC locate VV the DT filament NN connections NNS by IN tracing VVG from IN the DT pins NNS it PP will MD be VB the DT whitish JJ fine NN wire NN in IN the DT center NN of IN each DT of IN the DT tube NN sections NNS . SENT The DT filament NN is VBZ almost RB always RB pins VVZ 3 CD 4 CD on IN a DT 7 CD pin NN tube NN , , 4 CD 5 CD on IN a DT 9 CD pin NN tube NN , , and CC 2 CD 7 CD on IN an DT 8 CD pin NN tube NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT You PP can MD check VV for IN inter VV element NN shorts NNS but CC not RB at IN normal JJ operating NN conditions NNS with IN a DT VOM NP or CC DMM NP . SENT For IN glass NN tubes NNS , , even RB without IN a DT tube NN manual JJ , , you PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO deduce VV which WDT elements NNS are VBP supposed VVN to TO be VB isolated VVN by IN visual JJ examination NN . SENT Now RB , , just RB jump NN into IN your PP$ time NN machine NN , , back RB about IN 20 CD 30 CD years NNS should MD do VV it PP remember VV . SENT when WRB every DT corner NN drugstore NN and CC TV NN repair NN shop NN had VHD a DT tube NN tester NN . SENT There EX is VBZ , , of IN course NN a DT good JJ chance NN that IN your PP$ local JJ TV NN repair NN shop NN still RB has VHZ one CD if IN they PP can MD find VV it PP under IN an DT inch NN layer NN of IN dust NN and CC it PP may MD even RB work VV . SENT Capacitors NNS and CC resistors NNS . SENT If IN you PP just RB dug VVD this DT thing NN out RP of IN the DT attic NN , , it PP is VBZ very RB likely JJ that IN electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS have VHP dried VVN up RP and CC paper NN capacitors NNS have VHP turned VVN leaky JJ . SENT Professional JJ restorers NNS will MD often RB install VV modern JJ replacements NNS for IN all DT of IN these DT capacitors NNS without IN even RB testing VVG the DT old JJ ones NNS . SENT To TO maintain VV the DT authenticity NN of IN the DT vintage JJ equipment NN , , they PP may MD actually RB remove VV the DT guts NNS of IN the DT old JJ capacitors NNS and CC mount VV the DT new JJ ones NNS which WDT are VBP much RB smaller JJR anyhow RB inside IN the DT original JJ cans NNS . SENT Old JJ carbon NN resistors NNS can MD absorb VV moisture NN and CC change NN value NN . SENT If IN your PP$ measurements NNS do VVP not RB agree VV with IN their PP$ marked JJ rating NN based VVN on IN their PP$ tolerance NN , , consider VV replacements NNS . SENT However RB , , if IN within IN , , say VV , , 20 CD , , for IN now RB , , leave VV them PP alone RB . SENT Sockets NNS , , switches NNS , , and CC controls NNS . SENT Vacuum NN and CC or CC use VV a DT small JJ paintbrush NN to TO remove VV dust NN , , spider NN webs NNS , , dead JJ insects NNS and CC anything NN larger JJR . SENT Use NN contact NN cleaner JJR on IN all PDT the DT tube NN sockets NNS and CC selector NN switches NNS . SENT Use NN control NN cleaner JJR on IN all PDT the DT potentiometers NNS and CC reostats NNS . SENT Apply VV a DT drop NN of IN oil NN to TO any DT variable JJ capacitor NN bearings NNS and CC mechanical JJ dial NN pointers NNS . SENT Testing NN use VVP an DT isolation NN transformer NN with IN AC NP DC NP line NN connected VVN sets NNS . SENT Much RB of IN this DT old JJ equipment NN had VHD schematic JJ diagrams NNS pasted VVN to TO the DT cover NN really RB handy JJ if IN the DT paper NN hasn't NN totally RB disintegrated VVD . SENT Turn NN on IN the DT power NN but CC be VB prepared VVN to TO pull VV the DT plug NN in IN a DT hurry NN if IN , , for IN example NN , , a DT capacitor NN should MD decide VV to TO blow VV up RP this DT shouldn't NN be VB a DT problem NN if IN you PP replaced VVD them PP all RB unless IN some DT electrolytics NNS are VBP in IN backwards RB . SENT It PP is VBZ probably RB best JJS to TO use VV a DT Variac NP to TO increase VV the DT voltage NN gradually RB . SENT In IN fact NN , , this DT will MD help VV to TO reform VV old JJ electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS that WDT have VHP developed VVN excessive JJ leakage NN . SENT However RB , , by IN gradually RB , , we PP may MD be VB talking VVG hours NNS or CC days NNS to TO reform VV capacitors NNS . SENT I PP would MD still RB recommend VV replacement NN even RB if IN this DT appears VVZ to TO work VV . SENT Do VV the DT filaments NNS light NN up RP . SENT If IN your PP$ equipment NN has VHZ a DT power NN transformer NN , , the DT filaments NNS are VBP probably RB wired VVN in IN parallel NN , , so RB if IN one CD tube NN is VBZ out RP , , that DT tube NN is VBZ bad JJ or CC its PP$ socket NN . SENT If IN they PP are VBP all RB out RB , , then RB the DT power NN transformer NN or CC AC NP line NN input NN is VBZ bad JJ . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ an DT AC NP DC NP set VVD like IN a DT table NN radio NN , , then RB the DT tube NN filaments NNS are VBP wired VVN in IN series NN . SENT If IN one PP is VBZ bad JJ , , they PP will MD all RB be VB out RP . SENT Get VV out RP your PP$ ohmmeter NN , , pull VV each DT tube NN , , and CC check VV it PP for IN filament NN continuity NN . SENT Assuming VVG the DT filaments NNS check VVP out RP all DT sections NNS glowing VVG for IN metal NN tubes NNS , , feel VVP the DT case NN for IN warmth NN after IN a DT few JJ minutes NNS though IN this DT won't JJ guarantee NN that IN all DT sections NNS are VBP alive JJ when WRB power NN is VBZ applied VVN . SENT WARNING NN . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ for IN metal NN cased VVD tubes NNS to TO develop VV a DT short JJ between IN one CD of IN the DT high JJ voltage NN electrodes NNS like IN the DT plate NN and CC the DT metal NN case NN . SENT Test NN with IN a DT voltmeter NN before IN grabbing VVG one CD of IN these DT and CC keep VV that DT other JJ hand NN in IN your PP$ back JJ pocket NN . SENT Check NN for IN DC NP voltages NNS out RP of IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT There EX will MD be VB big JJ filter NN capacitors NNS check VVP across IN those DT . SENT Watch VV out RP . SENT we PP are VBP talking VVG several JJ hundred CD volts NNS and CC BIG JJ capacitors NNS ouch NN . SENT With IN no DT signal NN , , check NN plate NN voltages NNS on IN the DT various JJ stages NNS there RB should MD something NN . SENT If IN you PP measure NN 0 CD , , then RB a DT plate NN resistor NN or CC coil NN could MD be VB open JJ or CC the DT tube NN may MD be VB shorted VVN . SENT The DT rest NN is VBZ just RB basic JJ troubleshooting NN . SENT Think VV of IN the DT vacuum NN tubes NNS as IN oversize JJ high JJ voltage NN depletion NN mode NN FETs NP field NN effect NN tubes NNS , , why WRB not RB . SENT . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB much RB different JJ than IN modern JJ equipment NN except IN for IN the DT bites VVZ the DT relatively RB high JJ voltages NNS can MD take VV out RP of IN your PP$ hide NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 30 CD Additional JJ comments NNS on IN old JJ equipment NN restoration NN From IN . SENT Carl NP Ratner NP artdeco NN bway NN . SENT net JJ . SENT A DT good JJ place NN to TO post VV problems NNS is VBZ rec NN . SENT antiques NNS . SENT radio NN phono NN . SENT There EX are VBP often RB discussions NNS there RB about IN fixing VVG vintage JJ electronic JJ gear NN . SENT Many JJ long JJ books NNS have VHP been VBN written VVN about IN fixing VVG old JJ radios NNS . SENT If IN you PP don't VVD want VV to TO do VV a DT lot NN of IN reading NN and CC learn VV a DT lot NN of IN theory NN , , here RB are VBP some DT practical JJ tips NNS . SENT First RB , , give VV the DT radio NN a DT thorough JJ physical JJ inspection NN with IN the DT power NN disconnected VVN . SENT Use VV your PP$ eyes NNS and CC your PP$ nose NN . SENT Look VV carefully RB for IN broken JJ or CC disconnected JJ wires NNS , , charred VVN components NNS , , damaged JJ insulation NN , , etc FW . SENT If IN you PP see VVP wax NN dripping VVG from IN a DT transformer NN or CC if IN it PP smells VVZ burnt JJ , , there EX has VHZ been VBN an DT overload NN of IN some DT sort NN that WDT will MD need VV to TO be VB identified VVN . SENT If IN the DT set NN has VHZ an DT internal JJ antenna NN , , make VV sure RB that IN it PP is VBZ connected VVN . SENT If IN an DT external JJ antenna NN is VBZ required VVN , , connect VVP a DT long JJ piece NN of IN insulated VVN wire NN , , say VVP 15 CD feet NNS , , and CC lay VV it PP on IN the DT floor NN . SENT Old JJ sets NNS will MD play VV very RB weakly RB or CC not RB at IN all DT if IN the DT antenna NN is VBZ missing VVG . SENT Always RB replace VV the DT power NN cord NN if IN it PP is VBZ deteriorated VVN . SENT In IN radios NNS of IN 1930 CD s PP vintage JJ , , it's NNS very RB likely RB that IN all DT wax NN paper NN capacitors NNS , , as RB well RB as IN the DT electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS , , are VBP bad JJ . SENT First JJ thing NN to TO do VV is VBZ replace VV all PDT the DT wax NN paper NN ones NNS with IN modern JJ mylar NN types NNS . SENT If IN you PP have VHP the DT tall JJ metal NN can MD electrolytics NNS , , you PP can MD put VV modern JJ ones NNS under IN the DT chassis NN the DT new JJ ones NNS are VBP tiny JJ . SENT However RB , , you PP must MD disconnect VV the DT old JJ ones NNS from IN the DT circuit NN . SENT . SENT . SENT don't JJ bridge NN the DT new JJ ones NNS across IN the DT old JJ . SENT Be VB sure JJ to TO observe VV polarity NN of IN electrolytics NNS . SENT You PP may MD leave VV the DT old JJ cans NNS in IN place NN to TO retain VV original JJ appearance NN . SENT BTW NP , , the DT old JJ square JJ mica NN capacitors NNS seldom RB need VVP to TO be VB replaced VVN unless IN the DT cases NNS are VBP cracked VVN open JJ of IN they PP have VHP other JJ obvious JJ damage NN . SENT Even RB if IN some DT of IN the DT old JJ wax NN paper NN capacitors NNS are VBP still RB good JJ , , they PP are VBP likely JJ to TO fail VV within IN a DT few JJ days NNS if IN you PP start VVP using VVG the DT set NN . SENT I've NP restored VVD hundreds NNS of IN old JJ radios NNS and CC have VHP learned VVN this DT from IN experience NN . SENT Get VV them PP all DT out RP of IN there RB and CC save VV yourself PP a DT lot NN of IN trouble NN . SENT You PP should MD also RB check VV the DT value NN of IN all PDT the DT carbon NN resistors NNS in IN the DT set NN . SENT They PP tend VVP to TO go VV high JJ or CC open JJ with IN age NN . SENT Replace VV the DT bad JJ ones NNS with IN modern JJ equivalents NNS same JJ resistance NN and CC wattage NN . SENT You PP may MD have VH to TO disconnect VV one CD side NN of IN a DT resistor NN when WRB testing VVG it PP , , as IN the DT associated VVN circuitry NN can MD cause VV a DT low JJ reading NN . SENT However RB , , if IN a DT resistor NN reads VVZ way RB too RB high JJ , , you PP don't VVD have VH to TO bother VV disconnecting VVG it PP for IN testing VVG as IN it PP is VBZ definitely RB bad JJ . SENT Your PP$ set NN should MD start VV playing VVG quite RB well RB after IN you PP change VVP all PDT the DT capacitors NNS and CC possibly RB some DT resistors NNS . SENT You PP noted VVD that IN you PP had VHD changed VVN the DT tubes NNS , , and CC I'll NP assume VVP that IN all PDT the DT replacements NNS are VBP good JJ . SENT Tubes NNS don't NN fail VVP nearly RB as RB often RB as IN people NNS would MD expect VV , , however RB , , and CC it's NNS possible JJ that IN the DT set's JJ original JJ tubes NNS were VBD OK JJ . SENT Once RB you PP get VVP the DT set NN working VVG , , you PP can MD substitute VV the DT old JJ tubes NNS one NN at IN a DT time NN to TO see VV if IN the DT set NN continues VVZ to TO play VV . SENT Then RB just RB keep VV the DT good JJ ones NNS as IN spares NNS . SENT Set VVN still RB dead JJ . SENT If IN you PP have VHP a DT multimeter NN , , check VV the DT B NP voltage NN . SENT The DT audio JJ output NN tube's NNS plate NN connection NN is VBZ a DT good JJ place NN to TO do VV this DT . SENT This DT can MD be VB 250 CD 350 CD hundred CD volts NNS in IN a DT transformer NN set NN , , so RB work NN with IN care NN . SENT If IN B NP is VBZ absent JJ or CC some DT very RB low JJ value NN , , you PP have VHP a DT problem NN in IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT If IN you PP tell VVP me PP the DT tube NN numbers NNS in IN your PP$ set NN , , I PP can MD give VV you PP some DT of IN the DT pinouts NNS for IN testing NN If IN the DT rectifier NN tube NN is VBZ known VVN to TO be VB good JJ , , and CC you PP have VHP already RB changed VVN the DT electrolytics NNS , , then RB you PP may MD have VH a DT bad JJ power NN transformer NN large JJ black JJ box NN , , usually RB near IN a DT back JJ corner NN of IN the DT chassis NN . SENT These DT are VBP hard JJ to TO find VV nowadays RB and CC very RB costly JJ . SENT I'm NN assuming VVG here RB that IN you PP don't VVD have VH a DT B NN short RB somewhere RB else RB in IN the DT radio NN . SENT You PP will MD know VV about RB that IN because IN something NN will MD be VB smoking VVG if IN such PDT a DT short JJ exists VVZ . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ components NNS that WDT can MD fail VV . SENT Inspect VV the DT speaker NN for IN physical JJ damage NN . SENT You PP can MD test VV the DT voice NN coil NN and CC field NN coil NN for IN continuity NN . SENT Replace VV if IN open JJ . SENT A DT modern JJ permanent JJ magnet NN speaker NN can MD be VB substituted VVN for IN an DT old JJ field NN coil NN speaker NN , , but CC a DT power NN resistor NN of IN abut VV 1500 CD ohms NNS , , 20 CD watts NNS must MD be VB added VVN to TO replace VV the DT field NN coil NN . SENT Dirty JJ volume NN controls NNS and CC band NN switches NNS can MD cause VV noisy JJ , , weak JJ or CC intermittent JJ sound NN too RB . SENT Clean VV them PP with IN a DT good JJ spray NN cleaner NN such JJ as IN Deoxit NP D NP 5 CD . SENT Avoid VV the DT tuner NN cleaner NN that WDT is VBZ sold VVN at IN Radio NP Shack NP . SENT It PP is VBZ worthless JJ for IN fixing VVG old JJ radios NNS . SENT As IN a DT final JJ step NN , , your PP$ set NN may MD need VV an DT alignment NN . SENT This DT consists VVZ of IN adjusting VVG all PDT the DT tuned VVN circuits NNS to TO factory NN specifications NNS to TO obtain VV the DT best RBS possible JJ performance NN from IN your PP$ set NN . SENT You PP need VVP a DT signal NN generator NN and CC an DT output NN meter NN to TO do VV this DT properly RB . SENT It PP is VBZ strongly RB recommended VVN that IN you PP do VVP not RB twiddle VV any DT screwdriver NN adjustments NNS on IN the DT IF IN transformer NN cans NNS or CC elsewhere RB in IN the DT set NN unless IN you PP know VVP exactly RB what WP you PP are VBP doing VVG . SENT Misadjustment NP will MD cause VV the DT set NN to TO play VV very RB poorly RB or CC not RB at IN all DT . SENT End NN of IN short JJ course NN in IN fixing VVG old JJ radios NNS . SENT From IN . SENT R SYM . SENT G NP . SENT Keen JJ keen JJ eden NP . SENT com NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Use VV a DT battery NN or CC ohmmeter NN to TO verify VV that IN the DT speaker NN clicks VVZ when WRB electricity NN hits VVZ it PP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Disconnect VV the DT output NN transformer NN primary NN and CC use VV the DT battery NN on IN the DT primary NN to TO verify VV that IN it PP makes VVZ the DT speaker NN click NN , , albeit IN faintly RB . SENT 3 LS . SENT Power NN the DT amp NN . SENT verify VV that IN the DT plate NN s PP on IN the DT output NN tube NN s PP are VBP sitting VVG slightly RB below IN B NP , , and CC that DT cathode NN is VBZ near IN ground NN , , grid NN more RBR negative JJ than IN cathode NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Touch VV a DT probe NN to TO the DT grid NN of IN the DT output NN tube NN , , listen VVP for IN a DT click NN in IN the DT speaker NN . SENT No DT click NN means VVZ that IN the DT output NN tube NN or CC it's NNS surrounding VVG circuitry NN is VBZ bad JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT Assuming VVG that IN 4 CD worked VVN , , go VV one CD tube NN back RB up IN the DT signal NN chain NN at IN a DT time NN , , touching VVG grids NNS and CC listening VVG for IN clicks NNS . SENT When WRB the DT clicks NNS stop VVP , , that IN tube NN or CC the DT circuitry NN around IN it PP is VBZ bad JJ . SENT 6 CD . SENT When WRB you PP find VVP the DT bad JJ one CD s PP , , measure VV all PDT the DT resistors NNS and CC check VV the DT capacitors NNS for IN leakage NN . SENT Measure VV the DT tube NN pin NN voltages NNS for IN plate NN high NN , , cathode NN low NN and CC grid NN less JJR than IN cathode NN . SENT sub NN in IN a DT new JJ tube NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT It PP could MD be VB an DT open JJ volume NN or CC tone NN pot NN between IN stages NNS . SENT Also RB a DT bad JJ solder NN joint NN . SENT remelt NN and CC touch NN with IN a DT bit NN of IN rosin NN core NN solder VV every DT joint NN in IN the DT bad JJ stage NN . SENT From IN . SENT John NP Mitchell NP j NN . SENT b LS . SENT mitchell NP qmw NP . SENT ac NNS . SENT uk NP . SENT Get VV a DT hold NN of IN the DT The DT Amp NN Book NN or CC something NN like IN that DT by IN Aspen NP Pittman NP . SENT It's NP stuffed VVD full JJ of IN dozens NNS and CC dozens NNS of IN tube NN amp NN schematics NNS plus CC other JJ info NN on IN mods NNS servicing VVG etc NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 31 CD Tube NN amp NN web NN sites NNS Tube NN amp NN FAQ NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT eden NP . SENT com NN keen JJ tubeampfaq JJ tube NN amp NN . SENT htm NP Sites NP with IN tube NN amp NN design NN , , troubleshooting NN , , info NN , , links NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Duncan NP Munro NP postmaster NN muffy JJ . SENT demon NN . SENT co NP . SENT uk NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT duncanamps NNS . SENT simplenet NN . SENT com NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT triodeel NN . SENT com NN From IN . SENT Jan NP B NP . SENT Jensen NP jbj NP lif NN . SENT dk NP . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT foundmark NN . SENT com NN ComJute NP RealMcCoy NP . SENT html NN http NN . SENT venus NP . SENT aros NNS . SENT net JJ tboy NN ampage NN schems NNS twdpwr NN 100 CD . SENT gif NN http NN . SENT mirinae NNS . SENT yonsei NP . SENT ac NNS . SENT kr NN hscheon NN tube NN http NN . SENT nanaimo NN . SENT ark NN . SENT com NN pat NN index NN . SENT htm NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT eden NP . SENT com NN keen JJ http NN . SENT www NP 2 CD . SENT aros NNS . SENT net JJ koda NP htac NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT geocities NNS . SENT com NN TimesSquare NP 1965 CD music NN etc NN . SENT html NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT phy NP . SENT ohiou NN . SENT edu NP cigna NP amps NNS 14 CD . SENT 32 CD TV NP VCR NP combos NNS These DT hybrids NNS which WDT include VVP both CC a DT TV NP and CC VCR NP and CC sometimes RB other JJ stuff NN as RB well RB seem VVP to TO combine VV the DT worst JJS of IN all DT possibilities NNS . SENT Although IN , , in IN principle NN , , the DT idea NN of IN a DT combination NN TV NP VCR NP sounds VVZ good JJ no RB cabling VVG to TO worry VV about RB , , ease VV of IN use NN , , compatibility NN assured VVD , , the DT result NN may MD be VB less RBR than IN meets VVZ the DT eye NN . SENT While IN TV NP VCR NP combo NN units NNS do VVP include VV both CC a DT TV NN screen NN and CC a DT VCR NP transport NN , , very RB often RB there EX is VBZ only RB a DT single JJ shared JJ tuner NN so RB that IN viewing VVG and CC recording VVG of IN different JJ programs NNS is VBZ not RB possible JJ unless IN one CD is VBZ from IN an DT external JJ baseband NN video NN source NN assuming VVG there RB is VBZ a DT suitable JJ input NN jack NN like IN you PP guessed VVD it PP a DT VCR NP or CC laserdisc NN player NN . SENT If IN either CC the DT TV NP or CC VCR NP poops VVZ out RP and CC needs VVZ repair NN , , the DT entire JJ unit NN may MD be VB unusable JJ either RB because IN of IN shared VVN circuitry NN or CC because IN the DT whole JJ thing NN is VBZ in IN the DT shop NN . SENT Construction NN quality NN tends VVZ to TO be VB shoddy JJ and CC some DT designs NNS are VBP poor JJ to TO begin VV with IN . SENT Finally RB , , as RB if IN this DT is VBZ not RB enough JJ , , servicing NN is VBZ difficult JJ and CC painful JJ because IN everything NN is VBZ crammed VVD into IN a DT single JJ compact NN at IN least JJS that DT is VBZ a DT good JJ feature NN . SENT unit NN . SENT Refer VV to TO the DT appropriate JJ documents NNS for IN your PP$ particular JJ problems NNS . SENT TVs NNS Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Television NP Sets VVZ . SENT VCRs NNS Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Video NP Cassette NP Recorders NNS . SENT Power NP supplies VVZ Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Audio JJ Equipment NP and CC other JJ Miscellaneous JJ Stuff NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 33 CD Boomboxes NNS and CC compact JJ stereo JJ systems NNS These DT combine VVP a DT stereo JJ receiver NN and CC a DT single JJ or CC dual JJ cassette NN deck NN , , and CC or CC a DT CD NN player NN or CC changer NN , , and CC a DT pair NN of IN detachable JJ speakers NNS , , into IN a DT single JJ unit NN . SENT Most JJS are VBP fairly RB portable JJ but CC larger JJR boomboxes NNS and CC compact JJ stereos NNS may MD require VV a DT forklift NN to TO move VV any DT great JJ distance NN . SENT While IN the DT individual JJ subsystems NNS CD NN player NN for IN example NN are VBP usually RB relatively RB self NN contained VVD electrically RB except IN for IN a DT common JJ power NN supply NN , , mechanically RB , , everything NN tends VVZ to TO be VB jumbled VVN together RB even RB on IN units NNS that WDT have VHP an DT outward RB appearance NN of IN separate JJ components NNS . SENT Both CC cassette NN transports NNS are VBP usually RB driven VVN from IN a DT single JJ motor NN . SENT Getting VVG at IN the DT CD NP player NN may MD require VV removal NN of IN both DT cassette NN decks NNS , , audio JJ amplifier NN , , and CC power NN supply NN . SENT Working VVG on IN these DT is VBZ not RB fun NN . SENT As IN usual JJ , , take VV careful JJ notes NNS as IN you PP disassemble VV the DT unit NN and CC expect VV it PP to TO require VV some DT time NN just RB to TO get VV to TO what WP you PP are VBP after IN . SENT Be VB especially RB careful JJ when WRB removing VVG and CC replacing VVG the DT individual JJ modules NNS if IN printed JJ flex NN cables NNS are VBP used VVN for IN interconnections NNS . SENT Refer VV to TO the DT relevant JJ sections NNS on IN cassette NN transports NNS , , loudspeakers NNS , , and CC power NN supplies NNS for IN problems NNS with IN these DT units NNS . SENT Refer VV to TO the DT document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Compact JJ Disc NN Players NNS and CC CDROM NP Drives NNS for IN CD NP specific JJ problems NNS . SENT Since IN these DT do VVP get VV abused JJ bumped VVN , , dropped VVD , , dunked VVD , , etc FW . SENT , , bad JJ connections NNS , , and CC other JJ damage NN is VBZ very RB common JJ . SENT See VV the DT sections NNS . SENT General JJ intermittent JJ or CC erratic JJ behavior NN as IN well RB as RB Noisy JJ or CC intermittent JJ switches NNS and CC controls NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 34 CD Design NN to TO discourage VV repair NN Here RB is VBZ a DT description NN of IN the DT pain NN involved VVN in IN attempting VVG to TO get VV at IN the DT CD NP player NN part NN of IN a DT Garrard NP boombox NN . SENT Sadly RB , , this DT is VBZ all DT too RB typical JJ of IN Getto NP Blaster NP construction NN . SENT From IN . SENT BELJAN NP E NP lvpy NP 67 CD c SYM ix NN . SENT netcom NN . SENT com NN . SENT I PP managed VVD to TO get VV the DT whole JJ Garrard NP mess NN disassembled VVD this DT thing NN is VBZ a DT major JJ pain NN to TO service NN . SENT The DT CD NN mechanism NN is VBZ removable JJ , , but CC just RB try VV it PP . SENT This DT boombox NN has VHZ all DT sorts NNS of IN modules NNS . SENT main JJ board NN , , display NN , , cassette NN , , radio NN , , power NN supply NN , , and CC CD NP are VBP all RB separate JJ . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ the DT way NN it PP is VBZ designed VVN you PP simply RB cannot VV reach VV all PDT the DT connectors NNS to TO get VV the DT CD NN player NN out RB . SENT If IN I PP could MD get VV the DT CD NN player NN out RB , , I PP could MD disassemble VV it PP and CC find VV the DT solution NN . SENT By IN the DT way NN , , voltage NN to TO CD NP section NN appears VVZ OK JJ . SENT I PP would MD not RB have VH been VBN able JJ to TO find VV loose JJ connections NNS had VHD there RB been VBN any DT . SENT I PP put VVD it PP back RB together RB , , CD NP still RB dead JJ , , everything NN else RB still RB works VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ convenient JJ to TO service VV only RB if IN you PP intend VVP on IN replacing VVG the DT entire JJ mechanisms NNS possibly RB Garrard's NP motive NN . SENT . SENT If IN I PP really RB needed VVN to TO , , I PP could MD simply RB detach VV the DT CD NN mechanism NN and CC replace VV it PP . SENT I PP wouldn't VVD bother VV . SENT I PP see VVP they PP now RB have VHP Garrard NP Boombox NP with IN Dual JJ CD NN players NNS , , and CC one CD with IN all DT sorts NNS of IN features NNS , , one CD with IN detachable JJ speakers NNS and CC so RB on IN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT mystery NN , , with IN the DT voltages NNS OK JJ , , it PP would MD seem VV that IN there EX would MD be VB a DT loose JJ connection NN , , but CC none NN are VBP visible JJ remember VVP I PP cannot NN get VV the DT whole JJ thing NN out RP . SENT I PP say VVP this DT thing NN is VBZ a DT pain NN to TO service NN , , here RB is VBZ why WRB . SENT 1 LS . SENT You PP must MD have VH an DT 8 CD inch NN long JJ thin JJ phillips NP screwdriver NN to TO disassemble VV it PP . SENT 2 LS . SENT You PP must MD remove VV the DT cassette NN player NN to TO reach VV the DT Display NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT You PP must MD remove VV the DT display NN to TO reach VV the DT switches NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT You PP must MD remove VV the DT switches NNS to TO reach VV the DT CD NN mechanism NN . SENT An DT interesting JJ note NN . SENT the DT display NN modules NNS are VBP connected VVN to TO the DT CD NP mech NP , , along RB with IN the DT headphone NN module NN , , they PP work VVP fine NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT you PP must MD unscrew VV the DT CD NN player NN from IN behind RB , , then RB attempt VVP to TO slide VV it PP forward RB , , while IN it PP is VBZ connected VVN to TO the DT main JJ board NN from IN behind RB with IN white JJ push NN on IN connectors NNS . SENT You PP get VVP it PP halfway RB out RP , , careful JJ now RB , , you PP don't VVD want VV to TO damage VV the DT Cassette NP deck NN , , which WDT is VBZ connected VVN somewhere RB out RB of IN visibility NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Once RB you PP slide VV it PP forward RB , , you PP must MD try VV to TO loosen VV the DT slide NN on IN connectors NNS without IN dropping VVG the DT whole JJ mechanism NN on IN the DT main JJ board NN . SENT you PP need VVP 6 CD hands NNS and CC screwdrivers NNS to TO try VV to TO do VV this DT . SENT 7 CD . SENT On IN top NN of IN all PDT that DT , , the DT Whole JJ Front NP of IN the DT unit NN is VBZ hanging VVG there RB , , connected VVN also RB out RB of IN site NN This DT unit NN is VBZ incredible JJ . SENT Truly RB incredible JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ easy JJ to TO replace VV whole JJ components NNS , , but CC servicing NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 35 CD Panel NN lamps NNS out RB In IN the DT old JJ days NNS , , this DT was VBD due JJ to TO the DT failure NN of IN easily RB replaceable JJ and CC widely RB available JJ miniature JJ incandescent JJ lamps NNS . SENT Even RB today NN , , may MD displays NNS are VBP not RB LEDs NNS as IN you PP might MD think VV but CC LCDs NP with IN backlighting VVG provided VVN by IN you PP guessed VVD it PP incandescent JJ lamps NNS . SENT Unfortunately RB , , they PP are VBP rarely RB easily RB replaceable JJ and CC or CC as RB widely RB available JJ . SENT This DT will MD be VB particularly RB likely JJ if IN the DT display NN color NN is VBZ anything NN but CC the DT most RBS common JJ for IN LEDs NP red NN . SENT You PP might MD find VV green JJ LEDs NNS but CC will MD not RB likely RB find VV orange NN and CC certainly RB not RB blue JJ or CC purple JJ . SENT LEDs NNS would MD not RB be VB orange JJ because IN the DT additional JJ cost NN of IN orange JJ LEDs NNS would MD not RB translate VV into IN increased JJ sales NNS of IN boomboxes NNS or CC whatever JJ . SENT Blue NP LEDs NPS are VBP very RB expensive JJ and CC purple JJ ones NNS do VVP not RB exist VV . SENT The DT bulbs NNS are VBP replaceable JJ . SENT Getting VVG at IN them PP may MD be VB easy JJ or CC require VV entirely RB disassembling VVG the DT unit NN . SENT Soldering VVG may MD be VB required VVN as IN the DT manufacturer NN saved VVD a DT nickel NN by IN not RB providing VVG a DT socket NN . SENT They PP may MD be VB tiny JJ and CC special JJ try VVP places NNS like IN MCM NP Electronics NPS for IN replacements NNS . SENT If IN they PP are VBP really RB red JJ LEDs NNS or CC vacuum VV fluorescent JJ displays NNS , , then RB the DT most RBS likely JJ problem NN is VBZ a DT bad JJ connection NN or CC other JJ physical JJ damage NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 36 CD Adjusting VVG station NN channel NN settings NNS on IN tuning VVG dials NNS So IN 95 CD . SENT 7 CD MHz NN comes VVZ in IN a DT 100 CD . SENT 1 CD MHz NN on IN the DT dial NN . SENT Don't JJ touch NN any DT of IN the DT trimmers NNS on IN the DT tuning VVG capacitor NN . SENT They PP didn't VVD magically RB change VV their PP$ settings NNS . SENT Just RB move VV the DT pointer NN on IN the DT dial NN cord NN to TO match VV a DT known VVN centrally RB located VVN station NN . SENT If IN it PP is VBZ glued VVN , , you PP may MD have VH to TO carefully RB break VV the DT bond NN between IN the DT pointer NN and CC the DT dial NN cord NN . SENT Then RB put VV a DT drop NN of IN household NN cement NN to TO fix VV its PP$ position NN when WRB you PP are VBP satisfied VVN with IN the DT adjustment NN . SENT Only RB if IN the DT ends NNS of IN the DT dial NN are VBP way NN off IN frequency NN should MD you PP consider VV anything NN beyond IN this DT mechanical JJ fix NN . SENT Caution NN . SENT Be VB careful JJ . SENT Should MD you PP accidentally RB cut VVD the DT dial NN cord NN or CC have VH it PP pop VV off RP of IN the DT pulleys NNS , , you PP will MD have VH a DT much RB bigger JJR job NN ahead RB of IN you PP . SENT In IN this DT unfortunate JJ circumstance NN , , see VVP the DT section NN . SENT Repairing VVG a DT broken JJ dial NN cord NN or CC tuning VVG gang NN wire NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 37 CD Repairing VVG a DT broken JJ dial NN cord NN or CC tuning VVG gang NN wire NN With IN age NN , , use NN , , or CC through IN some DT mishap NN , , it PP is VBZ inevitable JJ . SENT your PP$ analog JJ dial NN no DT longer JJR works NNS because IN the DT string NN that WDT runs VVZ between IN the DT tuning VVG knob NN , , variable JJ capacitor NN , , and CC dial NN indicator NN has VHZ broken VVN . SENT How WRB does VVZ one PP repair VV it PP . SENT The DT simple JJ answer NN is VBZ . SENT very RB carefully RB . SENT . SENT These DT are VBP a DT royal JJ pain NN especially RB if IN you PP do VVP not RB know VV the DT original JJ routing NN . SENT In IN this DT case NN , , some DT of IN it PP is VBZ going VVG to TO be VB by IN trial NN and CC error NN . SENT Some DT of IN my PP$ learned VVN the DT hard JJ way NN tips NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Major JJ electronics NN distributors NNS will MD actually RB be VB able JJ to TO supply VV dial NN cord NN material NN without IN making VVG too RB much RB of IN a DT face NN though IN they PP may MD have VH to TO go VV into IN a DT dusty JJ old JJ bin NN to TO locate VV it PP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Start NN at IN the DT variable JJ capacitor NN pulley NN . SENT Tie VV your PP$ favorite JJ knot NN and CC secure VV it PP with IN some DT semi NN flexible JJ adhesive NN like IN Duco NP Cement NP tm NN or CC windshield NN sealer NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Route NN the DT cord NN around IN the DT appropriate JJ idlers NNS and CC the DT tuning VVG knob NN shaft NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT As IN a DT default NN , , 3 CD turns NNS on IN the DT tuning VVG knob NN shaft NN seems VVZ to TO be VB common JJ . SENT If IN there RB isn't JJ enough JJ space NN for IN 3 CD turns NNS , , use NN 2 CD turns NNS . SENT If IN it PP slips VVZ with IN 3 CD turns NNS , , use NN 4 CD turns NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT If IN in IN doubt NN about IN the DT direction NN , , determine VV which WDT way NN it PP will MD end VV up RP turning VVG the DT variable JJ capacitor NN . SENT Clockwise JJ rotation NN of IN the DT tuning VVG knob NN should MD increase VV the DT channel NN frequency NN by IN decreasing VVG the DT capacitance NN plates NNS separating VVG . SENT 6 CD . SENT Use NN bits NNS of IN electrical JJ tape NN or CC putty NN to TO keep VV the DT cord NN from IN popping VVG off RP of IN the DT idlers NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , until IN you PP have VHP it PP firmly RB attached VVD to TO the DT spring NN on IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT variable JJ capacitor NN pulley NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Once RB you PP are VBP happy JJ with IN the DT routing NN , , pull VV it PP tight RB enough JJ to TO stretch VV the DT tensioning VVG spring NN about IN half DT way NN . SENT With IN the DT cord NN held VVN in IN place NN with IN your PP$ finger NN , , confirm VVP free JJ and CC smooth JJ movement NN throughout IN the DT entire JJ tuning VVG range NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT Tie VV the DT cord NN off RP and CC seal VV it PP as IN in IN 1 CD above RB . SENT 9 CD . SENT Install VV the DT dial NN pointer NN it PP usually RB just RB clips NNS on IN . SENT Tune VV a DT known VVN station NN and CC slide VV the DT pointer NN along IN until IN it PP lines NNS up RB with IN the DT correct JJ frequency NN . SENT Use VV a DT dab NN of IN sealer NN to TO keep VV it PP from IN wandering VVG off RP . SENT Congratulations NNS . SENT You PP are VBP done VVN . SENT Hopefully RB , , only RB 3 CD or CC 4 CD iterations NNS were VBD needed VVN . SENT Now RB , , if IN you PP need VVP to TO do VV this DT again RB , , it PP will MD be VB easier JJR . SENT And CC , , your PP$ supply NN of IN tuning VVG cord NN will MD probably RB last VV centuries NNS . SENT One CD more JJR gotcha NP . SENT Don't JJ attempt NN to TO solder VV circuitry NN near IN a DT dial NN cord NN get VV your PP$ iron NN near IN it PP and CC the DT stuff NN often RB used VVD melts VVZ instantly RB much JJ fun NN . SENT Push VV it PP out RP of IN the DT way NN or CC shield VV it PP with IN something NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 38 CD Revival NN of IN dead JJ or CC tired JJ remote JJ control NN units NNS There EX are VBP two CD types NNS of IN problems NNS with IN hand NN held VVN remote JJ controls NNS . SENT they PP have VHP legs NNS of IN their PP$ own JJ and CC they PP get VVP abused VVN or CC forgotten VVN . SENT I PP cannot NN help VV you PP with IN walking VVG remotes NNS . SENT Where WRB response NN is VBZ intermittent JJ or CC the DT reliable JJ operating NN distance NN is VBZ reduced VVN , , first RB check VV the DT batteries NNS and CC battery NN contacts NNS . SENT If IN some DT buttons NNS are VBP intermittent JJ or CC dead JJ , , than IN the DT most RBS likely JJ cause NN is VBZ dirty JJ or CC worn JJ contacts NNS under IN the DT rubber NN buttons NNS or CC on IN the DT circuit NN board NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ no DT response NN to TO any DT functions NNS by IN the DT TV NP or CC VCR NP , , verify VV that IN any DT mode NN switches NNS are VBP set VVN correctly RB on IN both CC the DT remote JJ and CC the DT TV NP or CC VCR NP . SENT Unplug VV the DT TV NP or CC VCR NP for IN 30 CD seconds NNS not RB just RB power NN off RP , , unplug VV . SENT This DT sometimes RB resets VVZ a DT microcontroller NN that WDT may MD have VH been VBN confused VVN by IN a DT power NN surge NN . SENT Confirm VV that IN the DT remote JJ has VHZ not RB accidentally RB been VBN set VVN to TO an DT incorrect JJ mode NN VCR NP instead RB of IN TV NN , , for IN example NN . SENT If IN it PP a DT universal JJ type NN , , it PP may MD have VH lost VVN its PP$ programming NN reset VV it PP . SENT Make VV sure JJ you PP are VBP using VVG the DT proper JJ remote JJ if IN have VHP multiple JJ similar JJ models NNS . SENT Test VV the DT remote JJ with IN an DT IR JJ detector NN . SENT An DT IR JJS detector NN card NN can MD be VB purchased VVN for IN about IN 6 CD . SENT Alternatively RB , , construct VV the DT IR JJ detector NN circuit NN described VVN in IN the DT companion NN document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Hand NP Held NP Remote JJ Controls NP . SENT If IN the DT remote JJ is VBZ putting VVG out RP an DT IR JJ signal NN , , then RB the DT remote JJ or CC the DT TV NP or CC VCR NP may MD have VH forgotten VVN its PP$ settings NNS or CC the DT problem NN may MD be VB in IN the DT TV NP or CC VCR NP and CC not RB the DT hand NN unit NN . SENT The DT following NN is VBZ just RB a DT summary NN more RBR detailed JJ information NN is VBZ available JJ in IN the DT companion NN document NN . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Hand NP Held NP Remote JJ Controls NP . SENT Problems NNS with IN remote JJ hand NN units NNS . SENT All DT except IN 1 CD and CC 2 CD require VVP disassembly NN there EX may MD be VB a DT screw NN or CC two CD and CC then RB the DT case NN will MD simply RB crack VV in IN half NN by IN gently RB prying VVG with IN a DT knife NN or CC screwdriver NN . SENT Look VV for IN hidden JJ snap JJ interlocks NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Dead JJ batteries NNS solution NN obvious JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Corroded VVN battery NN contacts NNS , , Thoroughly RB remove VV chemical NN deposits NNS . SENT Clean JJ contacts NNS with IN pencil NN eraser NN and CC or CC sandpaper NN or CC nailfile NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Broken JJ connections NNS often RB between IN battery NN contacts NNS and CC circuit NN board NN , , possibly RB on IN the DT circuit NN board NN resolder NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Bad JJ resonator NN or CC crystal NN replace VVP , , but CC diagnosing VVG this DT without IN an DT oscilloscope NN may MD be VB tough JJ . SENT Broken JJ connections NNS on IN resonator NN legs NNS are VBP common JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT Dirt NN spills NNS gunk NN preventing VVG keys NNS from IN operating VVG reliably RB . SENT Disassemble VV and CC wash VV rubber NN membrane NN and CC circuit NN board NN with IN water NN and CC mild JJ detergent NN and CC or CC then RB alcohol NN dry JJ completely RB . SENT 6 CD . SENT Worn VVN or CC corroded VVN contact NN pads NNS on IN circuit NN board NN . SENT Clean NP and CC then RB use VV conductive JJ Epoxy NN or CC paint NN or CC metal NN foil NN to TO restore VV . SENT 7 CD . SENT Worn JJ or CC dirty JJ pads NNS on IN rubber NN keypad NN . SENT Clean NP . SENT If IN worn VVN , , use VVP conductive JJ paint NN or CC metal NN foil NN to TO restore VV . SENT 8 CD . SENT Cracked VVN circuit NN board NN can MD usually RB be VB repaired VVN as IN these DT are VBP usually RB single JJ sided VVN with IN big JJ traces NNS . SENT Scrape NN off IN insulating VVG coating NN and CC jumper NN breaks NNS with IN fine JJ wire NN and CC solder NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT Bad JJ LED VVD . SENT If IN IR JJ tester NN shows VVZ no DT output NN , , remove VV LED VVN and CC power VV it PP from IN a DT 9 CD V NN battery NN in IN series NN with IN a DT 500 CD ohm NN resistor NN . SENT If IN still RB no DT output NN , , replace VV with IN readily RB available JJ high JJ power NN IR NNS LED VVD . SENT Otherwise RB , , check VV driver NN circuits NNS . SENT 10 CD . SENT Bad JJ IC NP if IN it PP is VBZ a DT custom NN chip NN , , forget VV it PP . SENT Failure NN of IN the DT IC NP is VBZ usually RB quite RB unlikely JJ . SENT The DT following NN is VBZ from IN Duane NP P NN Mantick NP . SENT An DT awful JJ lot NN of IN IR JJ remotes NNS use VVP IC's NP from IN the DT same JJ or CC similar JJ series NN . SENT A DT common JJ series NN comes VVZ from IN NEC NP and CC is VBZ the DT uPD JJ 1986 CD C NP which WDT , , incidentally RB is VBZ called VVN out RP in IN the DT NTE JJ replacements NNS book NN as IN an DT NTE JJ 1758 CD . SENT A DT lot NN of IN these DT chips NNS are VBP cheap JJ and CC not RB too RB difficult JJ to TO find VV , , and CC are VBP made VVN in IN easy JJ to TO work VV with IN 14 CD or CC 16 CD pin NN DIP NN packages NNS . SENT Unless IN you PP have VHP no DT soldering VVG or CC desoldering VVG skills NNS , , replacement NN isn't NN difficult JJ . SENT There EX are VBP a DT large JJ variety NN of IN universal JJ remotes NNS available JJ from IN 10 CD 100 CD . SENT For IN general JJ TV NP VCR NP cable NN use NN , , the DT 10 CD variety NN are VBP fine JJ . SENT However RB , , the DT preprogrammed JJ variety NN will MD not RB provide VV special JJ functions NNS like IN programming NN of IN a DT TV NP or CC VCR NP . SENT Don't NP even RB think VVP about IN going VVG to TO the DT original JJ manufacturer NN they PP will MD charge VV an DT arm NN and CC a DT leg NN or CC more JJR . SENT However RB , , places NNS like IN MCM NP Electronics NPS do VVP stock NN a DT variety NN of IN original JJ remotes NNS prices NNS range VVP from IN 9 CD 143 CD Wow NN 143 CD , , for IN just RB a DT stupid JJ remote JJ . SENT It PP doesn't VVD even RB have VH high JJ definition NN sound NN or CC anything NN exotic JJ . SENT The DT average JJ price NN is VBZ around IN 40 CD . SENT 14 CD . SENT 39 CD Problems NP with IN keypads NNS or CC touchpanels VVZ Most JJS common JJ are VBP moisture NN problems NNS followed VVN by IN physical JJ damage NN . SENT Very RB often RB , , a DT little JJ overzealous JJ cleaning NN results NNS in IN moisture NN trapped VVN inside IN a DT not RB quite RB perfectly RB sealed VVN membrane NN keypad NN or CC touchpanel NN . SENT First RB , , of IN course NN , , dry JJ off IN the DT exterior NN as IN best JJS you PP can MD . SENT Any DT moisture NN that WDT seeped VVD inside NN may MD be VB difficult JJ to TO remove VV without IN surgery NN which WDT is VBZ definitely RB not RB something NN you PP want VVP to TO undertake VV as IN the DT long JJ term NN reliability NN will MD be VB compromised VVN . SENT I PP would MD recommend VV waiting VVG a DT while IN a DT week NN may MD be VB required VVN for IN it PP to TO totally RB dry VV out RP . SENT You PP could MD also RB try VV confirming VVG across IN the DT touchpad NN contacts NNS with IN an DT ohmmeter NN that IN there EX is VBZ still RB low JJ resistance NN even RB 10 CD s PP of IN K NP ohms NNS may MD look VV like IN a DT button NN press NN . SENT It PP is VBZ nearly RB impossible JJ to TO speed VV up RP this DT process NN without IN subjecting VVG the DT device NN to TO conditions NNS that WDT may MD harm VV the DT device NN heat NN and CC or CC vacuum NN . SENT You PP possibly RB try VVP something NN like IN isopropyl NN alcohol NN in IN the DT hope NN that IN it PP will MD displace VV the DT water NN and CC dry JJ quickly RB . SENT I PP do VVP not RB know VV if IN this DT will MD be VB safe JJ in IN every DT situation NN , , however RB . SENT Of IN course NN , , it PP is VBZ also RB possible JJ that WDT are VBP other JJ problems NNS but CC I PP have VHP seen VVN these DT things NNS take VVP a DT very RB long JJ time NN to TO dry VV out RP . SENT However RB , , significant JJ damage NN a DT membrane NN type NN touchpad NN is VBZ punctured VVN may MD require VV replacement NN unless IN you PP can MD repair VV the DT internal JJ wiring NN . SENT The DT connections NNS are VBP usually RB made VVN with IN flex NN cables NNS which WDT are VBP difficult JJ or CC impossible JJ to TO repair VV . SENT See VV the DT section NN . SENT Repairing VVG flexible JJ printed JJ cables NNS . SENT Damage NN to TO any DT membrane NN buttons NNS may MD result VV in IN stuck JJ buttons NNS or CC improper JJ operation NN of IN other JJ buttons NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 40 CD Repairing VVG flexible JJ printed JJ cables NNS It PP seems VVZ that IN more JJR and CC more JJR consumer NN devices NNS from IN pocket NN cameras NNS to TO laptop JJ computers NNS are VBP being VBG built VVN with IN miniature JJ multiconductor NN flexible JJ printed VVN cables NNS . SENT Very RB often RB one CD or CC more JJR traces NNS to TO develop VV hairline NN cracks NNS due JJ to TO repeated VVN flexing VVG . SENT In IN addition NN , , damage NN from IN moving VVG circuit NN boards NNS and CC modules NNS during IN servicing NN is VBZ all RB to TO common JJ . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , repairing VVG any DT kind NN of IN flex NN cable NN is VBZ a DT real JJ pain NN . SENT Caution NN . SENT many JJ devices NNS like IN calculators NNS have VHP printed VVN cables NNS that WDT use VVP a DT material NN that WDT will MD not RB take VV solder NN and CC are VBP glued VVN rather RB than IN soldered VVN at IN their PP$ ends NNS the DT logic NN board NN and CC LCD NP panel NN , , for IN example NN . SENT Repair NN of IN problems NNS with IN the DT cables NNS is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ . SENT Take VV great JJ care NN when WRB working VVG inside RB of IN devices NNS with IN this DT sort NN of IN cabling VVG to TO prevent VV damage NN to TO the DT cables NNS or CC their PP$ termination NN . SENT With IN types NNS like IN these DT in RB particular JJ where WRB soldering VVG is VBZ not RB possible JJ at IN all DT , , the DT use NN of IN conductive JJ paint NN , , conductive JJ Epoxy NN , , or CC the DT stuff NN in IN a DT windshield NN defrost VV heater NN repair NN kit NN are VBP worth JJ trying VVG . SENT For IN the DT metallic JJ conductor NN types NNS , , I PP have VHP succeeded VVN by IN carefully RB scraping VVG the DT plastic NN off RP with IN an DT Xacto NP knife NN and CC then RB soldering VVG fine JJ wire NN 30 CD gauge NN wire NN wrap NN for IN example NN to TO the DT traces NNS . SENT This DT presumes VVZ that IN the DT conductors NNS on IN your PP$ cable NN will MD even RB take VV solder NN . SENT I PP then RB cover VV up RP the DT joints NNS with IN a DT flexible JJ sealer NN for IN electrical JJ and CC mechanical JJ protection NN . SENT However RB , , you PP need VVP to TO make VV sure JJ that IN the DT wire NN you PP use VVP can MD be VB flexed VVN or CC that IN the DT joint NN is VBZ set VVN up RP in IN such PDT a DT way NN that IN the DT wire NN does VVZ not RB flex VV much RB else RB you PP will MD just RB end VV up RP with IN broken JJ wires NNS pretty RB quickly RB . SENT Soldering VVG from IN end NN point NN to TO end VV point NN if IN possible JJ may MD be VB preferable JJ . SENT Even RB going VVG to TO only RB one CD endpoint NN would MD reduce VV the DT risk NN of IN immediate JJ damage NN and CC reliability NN problems NNS in IN the DT future NN . SENT With IN multiple JJ traces NNS broken VVN or CC damaged VVN , , you PP are VBP probably RB better RBR off IN replacing VVG the DT cable NN entirely RB . SENT From IN . SENT Steinar NP Botten NP sbo NP nera NP . SENT no UH . SENT I PP just RB fixed VVD an DT electronic JJ kitchen NN scale NN where WRB the DT glued VVN on IN flex NN cable NN had VHD begun VVN to TO come VV loose RB from IN the DT LCD NP display NN , , causing VVG some DT of IN the DT segments NNS to TO grow VV faint VV and CC disappear VV , , while IN others NNS showed VVD when WRB they PP shouldn't VVD . SENT In IN my PP$ first JJ attempts NNS I PP used VVD conductive JJ paint NN , , but CC I PP couldn't NN get VV the DT viscosity NN right RB so RB that IN the DT paint NN didn't NN spread NN and CC short JJ circuit NN some DT of IN the DT connections NNS . SENT So RB I PP removed VVD and CC discarded VVD the DT flex NN cable NN and CC cleaned VVD the DT tracks NNS on IN the DT PCB NP where WRB the DT cable NN had VHD been VBN attached VVN . SENT I PP searched VVD through IN my PP$ collection NN of IN IC NP sockets NNS and CC found VVD one CD type NN with IN fork VV type NN contact NN springs VVZ that WDT could MD be VB removed VVN from IN the DT socket NN and CC that DT fit NN snugly RB over IN the DT glass NN edge NN of IN the DT display NN . SENT The DT spacing NN of IN the DT contact NN points NNS of IN the DT display NN left VVD just RB enough JJ room NN for IN insulation NN I PP used VVD linen NN thread NN because IN the DT subsequent JJ soldering VVG would MD have VH melted VVN plastic JJ tape NN between IN the DT contact NN springs VVZ . SENT After IN having VHG fixed VVN the DT display NN back RB on IN the DT PCB NP with IN double RB sided VVN tape NN I PP soldered VVD fine JJ copper NN wire NN between IN the DT springs VVZ and CC the DT PCB NP . SENT And CC voila NN , , the DT display NN was VBD OK JJ again RB . SENT Some DT ASCII NP art NN might MD make VV things NNS clearer JJR , , here RB is VBZ a DT side NN view NN of IN the DT LCD NP display NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT contact NN . SENT . SENT . SENT side NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT 14 CD . SENT 41 CD Comments NNS on IN soldered VVN flex NN cables NNS From IN . SENT Ken NP Bouchard NP bouchard NP ime NN . SENT net JJ . SENT These DT are VBP the DT leading JJ cause NN of IN problems NNS for IN me PP . SENT I PP repair VVP camcorders NNS for IN a DT living NN , , and CC all RB too RB often RB have VHP seen VVN these DT flex NN cables NNS fall VVP off IN the DT PCB NP , , or CC are VBP so RB delicate JJ in IN construction NN that IN they PP fall VVP away RB from IN the DT PCB NP . SENT In IN many JJ cases NNS during IN repair NN stage NN , , I PP often RB touch VV up RP the DT soldering VVG with IN a DT low JJ heat NN iron NN , , while IN pressing VVG down RP on IN the DT soldered VVN to TO PCB NP area NN of IN the DT cable NN , , with IN a DT flat JJ plastic NN blade NN , , enough RB to TO re NN flow NN the DT connection NN . SENT Then RB I PP take VV and CC apply VV some DT general JJ purpose NN glue NN around IN the DT cable NN to TO get VV it PP to TO adhere VV better RBR to TO the DT PCB NP and CC prevent VV tearing VVG . SENT Of IN course NN the DT consumer NN never RB should MD encounter VV a DT problem NN unless IN the DT camcorder NN is VBZ dropped VVN , , and CC the DT case NN splits VVZ open JJ and CC rips VVZ the DT connectors NNS away RB from IN the DT PCB NP . SENT Sony NP is VBZ infamous JJ for IN having VHG connectors NNS fall VVP off RP the DT boards NNS . SENT Many JJ brands NNS of IN camcorders NNS are VBP infamous JJ for IN having VHG connectors NNS that IN mate NN 2 CD boards NNS together RB break VVP away RB from IN the DT PCB NP . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT very RB bad JJ situation NN because IN the DT boards NNS they PP work VVP with IN are VBP very RB expensive JJ to TO replace VV . SENT For IN the DT cost NN of IN a DT simple JJ piece NN of IN flex NN cable NN and CC 2 CD insertion NN force NN sockets NNS , , it PP is VBZ amazing JJ they PP are VBP cheap JJ and CC choose VV to TO mate NN the DT boards NNS together RB directly RB , , knowing VVG that DT failure NN is VBZ just RB around IN the DT corner NN . SENT Most RBS commonly RB the DT CCD NP board NN or CC camera NN assembly NN is VBZ mated VVN to TO the DT video JJ main JJ PCB NP in IN this DT fashion NN and CC it PP is VBZ very RB sad JJ when WRB they PP break VVP due RB to TO stress VV . SENT This DT is VBZ one CD reason NN that IN the DT consumer NN should MD never RB ever RB attempt VV to TO repair VV delicate JJ items NNS like IN this DT . SENT The DT best JJS you PP can MD hope VV for IN in IN dealing VVG with IN these DT is VBZ to TO never RB attempt VV to TO repair VV the DT flex NN cable NN by IN soldering VVG to TO it PP , , etc FW . SENT That DT is VBZ asking VVG for IN future JJ problems NNS at IN best JJS . SENT . SENT . SENT Don't JJ tin NN the DT ends NNS of IN the DT cable NN either RB , , you PP simply RB melt VV and CC distort VV it PP so RB that IN it PP will MD no RB longer RB get VV a DT good JJ connection NN into IN the DT socket NN . SENT Only RB clean VV it PP possibly RB with IN denatured VVN alcohol NN if IN needed VVD otherwise RB replace VV it PP . SENT Also RB do VVP not RB stress VV them PP , , you PP soon RB discover VVP how WRB easily RB they PP rip VV . SENT 14 CD . SENT 42 CD About IN elastomer NN zebra NN stripe NN connectors NNS Remember VV that IN first JJ or CC last JJ digital JJ watch NN you PP took VVD apart RB . SENT Remember VV how WRB a DT little JJ piece NN of IN rubber NN fell VVD on IN the DT shag NN carpet NN and CC you PP thought VVD . SENT What WP the DT heck NN , , that DT can't NN be VB anything NN important JJ . SENT Remember VV how WRB the DT watch's NNS display VVP never RB worked VVN again RB . SENT Well RB , , you PP lost VVD the DT connector NN that WDT linked VVD the DT LCD NP panel NN to TO the DT logic NN board NN . SENT Elastomer NN or CC zebra NN stripe NN connectors NNS are VBP used VVN to TO attach VV LCD NP panels NNS to TO the DT logic NN board NN and CC interconnect JJ multiple JJ boards NNS on IN digital JJ watches NNS , , calculators NNS , , pocket NN computers NNS , , and CC many JJ other JJ modern JJ gizmos NNS . SENT It PP seems VVZ as RB if IN every DT cheap JJ and CC many JJ not RB so RB cheap JJ gadgets NNS now RB uses VVZ this DT connector NN technology NN . SENT They PP can MD shift VV position NN , , become VVN dirty JJ , , and CC lose VV pressure NN due JJ to TO warpage NN or CC damage NN to TO the DT plastic JJ retainers NNS . SENT Very RB often RB , , a DT weak JJ display NN or CC missing JJ segments NNS can MD be VB traced VVN to TO a DT problem NN with IN these DT zebra NN stripe NN connectors NNS . SENT Equally RB often RB , , disassembling VVG , , cleaning VVG all DT parts NNS with IN alcohol NN , , drying VVG , , and CC reassembling VVG will NN return VV the DT device NN to TO better JJR than IN new JJ condition NN . SENT When WRB installing VVG , , make VV sure RB the DT striped JJ edges NNS are VBP against IN the DT circuit NN traces VVZ if IN there EX is VBZ any DT ambiguity NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , it PP isn't VVD that IN the DT zebra NN stripe NN shifts NNS position NN a DT small JJ amount NN by IN its PP$ nature NN this DT should MD not RB matter VV . SENT However RB , , if IN the DT display NN shifts NNS with IN respect NN to TO the DT circuit NN board NN contacts NNS or CC the DT zebra NN stripe NN material NN becomes VVZ twisted VVN or CC angled VVN , , poor JJ and CC or CC erratic JJ connections NNS will MD result VV . SENT From IN . SENT Spehro NP Pefhany NP speff NP gold NN . SENT interlog NN . SENT com NN . SENT These DT are VBP conductive JJ elastomer NN connectors NNS made VVN from IN alternating VVG layers NNS of IN conductive JJ carbon NN filled VVN and CC insulating VVG silicone NN rubber NN . SENT There EX are VBP also RB lower JJR resistance NN versions NNS with IN embedded VVN wires NNS , , but CC they PP are VBP not RB used VVN for IN LCD NP displays NNS because IN the DT series NN resistance NN doesn't NN matter NN for IN LCD's NP . SENT Alignment NN to TO the DT PCB NP is VBZ critical JJ as RB is VBZ even RB pressure NN , , so RB they PP tend VVP to TO be VB used VVN only RB in IN high JJ volume NN applications NNS where WRB a DT metal NN stamping VVG or CC plastic NN molding NN is VBZ used VVN to TO hold VV all PDT the DT parts NNS in IN place NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 43 CD Identifying VVG wiring NN on IN an DT auto NN radio NN cassette NN So IN you PP want VVP to TO use VV your PP$ old JJ car NN stereo NN as IN a DT boombox NN but CC don't NN have VHP the DT connection NN information NN . SENT Here RB is VBZ what WP I PP would MD do VV . SENT Locate VV the DT power NN there EX will MD be VB a DT 12 CD switched VVN and CC possibly RB a DT 12 CD unswitched NN for IN channel NN memory NN . SENT At IN least JJS one CD may MD be VB obvious JJ if IN has VHZ an DT in IN line NN fuse NN . SENT Use VV an DT ohmmeter NN if IN necessary JJ . SENT Once RB you PP have VHP found VVN the DT power NN connections NNS , , power VV it PP from IN your PP$ 12 CD V NN power NN supply NN . SENT Keep VV the DT volume NN way NN down RB and CC use VV the DT balance NN and CC fader NN controls NNS to TO identify VV the DT speaker NN connections NNS . SENT There EX will MD be VB either RB 2 CD pairs NNS of IN wires NNS or CC more RBR likely JJ 4 CD pairs NNS for IN front NN and CC rear JJ speakers NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT 44 CD Ray's NP notes NNS on IN plastic JJ part NN repair NN From IN . SENT Raymond NP Carlsen NP rrcc NN u NN . SENT washington NP . SENT edu NN . SENT I PP recently RB had VHD to TO repair VV a DT power NN supply NN for IN a DT camcorder NN . SENT It PP was VBD dropped VVN . SENT Parts NNS of IN the DT case NN were VBD broken VVN , , and CC the DT circuit NN board NN inside RB was VBD cracked VVN . SENT Board NP repair NN was VBD easy JJ . SENT I PP glued VVD the DT PC NN back RB together RB with IN superglue NN and CC soldered VVD across IN the DT broken JJ traces NNS with IN jumper NN wires NNS . SENT The DT plastic JJ case NN presented VVD me PP with IN more JJR of IN a DT challenge NN . SENT Two CD little JJ ears NNS held VVD the DT front JJ end NN cap NN on IN the DT unit NN with IN small JJ screws NNS . SENT The DT ears NNS were VBD broken VVN into IN several JJ pieces NNS and CC could MD be VB heard VVN rattling VVG around RP inside IN the DT case NN . SENT I PP could MD glue VV them PP back RB together RB , , but CC the DT results NNS have VHP , , in IN the DT past JJ , , been VBN unreliable JJ at IN best JJS . SENT I PP decided VVD to TO try VV and CC reinforce VV the DT plastic NN . SENT I PP often RB melt VV solid JJ hookup NN wire NN across IN a DT break NN on IN the DT inside NN , , where WRB it PP doesn't VVD show NN with IN a DT soldering VVG iron NN to TO strengthen VV a DT glued VVN area NN , , but CC these DT tabs NNS were VBD so RB small JJ , , any DT heat NN would MD warp VV them PP and CC the DT case NN would MD not RB fit VV back RB together RB . SENT What WP to TO do VV . SENT I PP noticed VVD once RB that IN when WRB Superglue NP gets VVZ on IN ordinary JJ notebook NN paper NN , , it PP gets VVZ hard RB as IN a DT rock NN . SENT It PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO tear VV , , but CC is VBZ flexible JJ enough RB to TO bend VV a DT little JJ without IN breaking VVG . SENT Since IN one CD side NN of IN the DT little JJ plastic NN ears NNS were VBD essentially RB flat JJ , , I PP superglued VVD a DT strip NN of IN paper NN on IN each DT ear NN . SENT The DT glue NN partially RB melted VVD the DT plastic NN and CC made VVD a DT good JJ strong JJ bond NN . SENT After IN the DT glue NN set VVD up RP , , I PP trimmed VVD the DT edges NNS with IN an DT Xacto NP knife NN and CC poked VVD holes NNS in IN the DT paper NN for IN the DT mounting VVG screws NNS . SENT The DT finished JJ repair NN is VBZ stronger JJR than IN the DT original JJ product NN . SENT The DT paper NN reinforcement NN is VBZ thin JJ enough RB that IN there EX was VBD no DT problem NN fitting NN the DT front NN back RB on IN the DT case NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 45 CD Putting VVG equipment NN into IN long JJ term NN storage NN Self NP Stor NP , , etc FW . SENT Electronic JJ equipment NN is VBZ happiest JJS if IN kept VVN in IN the DT same JJ type NN of IN environment NN that IN humans NNS like IN moderate JJ temperatures NNS , , low JJ humidity NN . SENT What WP if IN you PP are VBP forced VVN to TO store VV equipment NN for IN months NNS or CC longer JJR in IN a DT non JJ environmentally RB controlled VVN space NN like IN a DT public JJ storage NN facility NN . SENT Recommendations NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Find VV some DT long RB lost VVN relatives NNS who WP will MD store VV the DT electronics NN for IN you PP in IN a DT heated JJ space NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ not RB possible JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Seal VV each DT piece NN of IN equipment NN in IN a DT thick JJ plastic NN bag NN along IN with IN a DT pack NN of IN dessicant NN to TO keep VV it PP dry VV that DT silica NN gel NN stuff VVP you PP always RB throw VVP away RB . SENT This DT will MD preferably RB be VB in IN the DT original JJ packing NN box NN and CC include VV all DT cables NNS , , accessories NNS , , and CC manuals NNS , , so RB they PP won't VVD get VV lost VVN . SENT Moisture NN is VBZ more JJR of IN a DT problem NN than IN the DT absolute JJ temperature NN within IN reason NN or CC temperature NN fluctuations NNS . SENT Therefore RB , , avoiding VVG the DT totally RB damp JJ and CC dingy JJ dungeon NN of IN a DT medieval JJ castle NN is VBZ definitely RB desirable JJ . SENT 14 CD . SENT 46 CD Dealing NN with IN a DT kit NN that WDT was VBD assembled VVN by IN someone NN else RB a DT long JJ long JJ time NN ago IN When WRB you PP purchase VVP a DT commercial JJ piece NN of IN equipment NN , , it PP is VBZ assumed VVN that IN the DT construction NN has VHZ been VBN done VVN properly RB . SENT This DT may MD not RB always RB be VB the DT case NN but CC it PP is VBZ more RBR likely JJ when WRB a DT million CD of IN something NN is VBZ manufactured VVN than IN a DT hand NN soldered VVD kit NN possibly RB assembled VVN by IN someone NN who WP barely RB knew VVD which WDT end NN of IN the DT soldering VVG iron NN to TO hold VV . SENT I PP picked VVD up RP a DT Heathkit NP DMM NP at IN a DT garage NN sale NN for IN next JJ to TO nothing NN that WDT had VHD apparently RB never RB been VBN quite RB completed VVN . SENT The DT problem NN turned VVD out RP to TO be VB a DT defective JJ rectifier NN in IN the DT power NN supply NN . SENT However RB , , everything NN else RB including VVG the DT soldering VVG was VBD perfect JJ . SENT For IN kits NNS , , this DT may MD be VB the DT exception NN . SENT . SENT The DT original JJ owner NN must MD have VH given VVN up RP when WRB the DT DMM NP didn't NN power NN up RB properly RB and CC had VHD no DT DMM NP to TO debug VV it PP with IN . SENT Portions NNS from IN . SENT jmccarty JJ sun NN 1307 CD . SENT spd NN . SENT dsccc NP . SENT com NN Mike NP McCarty NP 1 CD . SENT Look VV for IN improperly RB soldered VVN joints NNS . SENT Kits NNS often RB are VBP soldered VVN by IN people NNS with IN , , shall MD we PP say VV , , less JJR than IN completely RB optimal JJ soldering VVG skills NNS . SENT I PP have VHP looked VVN at IN kits NNS I PP assembled VVD when WRB I PP was VBD a DT teenager NN , , and CC can't NN believe VVP the DT joints NNS were VBD really RB that IN bad JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Clean VV any DT switches NNS or CC other JJ moving VVG contacts NNS with IN some DT good JJ TV NN tuner NN cleaner JJR . SENT 3 LS . SENT Vacuum NN out IN any DT dust NN which WDT may MD have VH accumulated VVN . SENT I PP prefer VVP that IN to TO using VVG compressed VVN air NN , , but CC you PP may MD use VV that IN also RB . SENT be VB careful JJ of IN compressed VVN air NN which WDT may MD come VV out RP with IN a DT high JJ static JJ charge NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Reseat VV socketed VVN components NNS and CC any DT boards NNS with IN edge NN connectors NNS . SENT If IN the DT contacts NNS look VVP oxidized VVN , , clean VV them PP with IN a DT soft JJ pencil NN eraser NN and CC or CC contact VV cleaner JJR . SENT Look VV for IN loose JJ spade NN connectors NNS as RB well RB . SENT 5 LS . SENT Check NN for IN loose JJ screws NNS or CC other JJ fasteners NNS and CC tighten VV if IN necessary JJ . SENT 6 CD . SENT Jiggle VV wires NNS and CC look VVP for IN corrosion NN fatigued VVD wires NNS especially RB where WRB flat JJ ribbon NN type NN cables NNS are VBP used VVN 7 CD . SENT Where WRB something NN is VBZ more JJR than IN 10 CD years NNS old JJ in IN particular JJ , , it PP may MD be VB a DT good JJ idea NN to TO check VV and CC or CC just RB replace VV any DT electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS which WDT may MD be VB drying VVG out RP . SENT 8 CD . SENT Replace VV any DT primary JJ batteries NNS after IN thoroughly RB cleaning VVG the DT battery NN contacts NNS . SENT Depending VVG on IN age NN and CC previous JJ use NN types NNS may MD also RB be VB bad JJ as RB well RB . SENT Discharged VVN lead JJ acid NN types NNS more RBR than IN a DT year NN or CC two CD old JJ are VBP likely RB hopeless JJ . SENT However RB , , I PP have VHP found VVN some DT NiCds NNS that WDT were VBD quite RB old JJ and CC perfectly RB fine JJ . SENT 9 CD . SENT Finally RB , , if IN the DT equipment NN had VHD possibly RB never RB been VBN operational JJ i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , you PP found VVD the DT cover NN still RB in IN its PP$ protective JJ plastic NN bag NN . SENT , , check VV ALL DT components NNS for IN proper JJ location NN and CC direction NN before IN applying VVG power NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , it PP may MD already RB be VB too RB late JJ if IN there EX was VBD a DT part NN installed VVN incorrectly RB and CC the DT original JJ owner NN attempted VVD to TO power VV it PP up RP . SENT 14 CD . SENT 47 CD Cleaning NN exterior NN surfaces VVZ I PP usually RB start VVP with IN soap NN and CC water NN or CC mild JJ detergent NN . SENT If IN this DT does VVZ not RB work VV , , rubbing NN or CC 91 CD medicinal JJ alcohol NN , , Windex NP , , and CC then RB , , WD NP 40 CD are VBP tried VVN . SENT All DT of IN these DT are VBP usually RB safe JJ for IN plastics NNS though IN some DT paints NNS or CC printing NN may MD be VB affected VVN test NN on IN an DT inconspicuous JJ area NN first RB . SENT Scouring VVG powder NN and CC or CC sandpaper NN is VBZ only RB used VVN as IN a DT last JJ resort NN . SENT . SENT However RB , , in IN some DT cases NNS , , where WRB there EX is VBZ serious JJ discoloration NN due JJ to TO heat NN and CC ozone NN , , these DT may MD prove VV somewhat RB effective JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT One CD or CC more JJR of IN the DT following NN will MD probably RB work VV even RB for IN tough JJ tobacco NN smoke NN tar NN buildup NN . SENT From IN . SENT Terry NP DeWick NP dewickt NP esper NP . SENT com NN . SENT I PP have VHP found VVN plain JJ household NN ammonia NN works VVZ well RB especially RB since IN it PP is VBZ cheap JJ , , if IN not RB available JJ I PP use VVP 409 CD or CC Fantastic JJ cleaners NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Ralph NP Wade NP Phillips NP ralphp NN gcstation NN . SENT net JJ . SENT Scrubbing VVG Bubbles NNS bathroom NN cleaner NN Dow NP is VBZ the DT brand NN I PP use VVP works NNS better RBR than IN anything NN else RB I've NP found VVD yet RB , , besides IN chucking VVG the DT case NN . SENT Be VB sure JJ to TO follow VV with IN a DT decent JJ Windex NP like VVP cleaner JJR the DT residue NN from IN the DT Dow NP cleaner NN will MD cause VV you PP to TO gasp VV every DT so RB often RB for IN the DT next JJ six CD months NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Joe NP joeb NP viaduct NN . SENT custom NN . SENT net JJ . SENT Go VV to TO SAM'S NP and CC get VV a DT jug NN of IN ENTNT NP . SENT Mix VV it PP in IN a DT spray NN bottle NN with IN water NN I PP like VVP about RB one CD part NN ENTNT NN to TO four CD parts NNS water NN and CC enjoy VV watching VVG the DT nasty JJ brown JJ yuck NN drip NN off IN the DT monitor NN . SENT Finish VV the DT job NN with IN windex NP to TO remove VV the DT residue NN from IN the DT ENTNT NP . SENT The DT ENTNT NN is VBZ safe JJ on IN plastic NN , , but CC test VV it PP on IN painted VVN surfaces VVZ first JJ . SENT 14 CD . SENT 48 CD When WRB glue NN is VBZ more JJR than IN glue NN From IN . SENT Jim NP Leone NP jim NP . SENT leone NN paonline NN . SENT com NN . SENT I PP have VHP two CD words NNS no DT they PP are VBP not RB plastics NNS sam NP . SENT Resistor NN Glue NN . SENT A DT lot NN of IN today's JJ electronics NN manufacturers NNS , , before IN the DT printed JJ circuit NN board NN goes VVZ through IN the DT flow NN solder NN machine NN , , use VVP a DT certain JJ type NN of IN glue NN to TO hold VV down RP large JJ components NNS like IN heatsinks NNS , , electrolytic JJ capacitors NNS , , and CC resistors NNS . SENT After IN 2 CD to TO 3 CD years NNS of IN life NN , , bonded VVN to TO a DT high JJ temperature NN component NN , , this DT glue NN turns VVZ conductive JJ . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT One CD blatant JJ example NN of IN this DT is VBZ the DT Viewsonic JJ however RB many JJ other JJ manufacturers NNS use VVP the DT same JJ type NN of IN stuff NN 4 CD e NN Model NP 7033 CD computer NN monitor NN where WRB the DT 86 CD VDC NP main JJ rectifier NN on IN the DT switching VVG supply NN has VHZ it's JJ pins NNS coated VVN with IN this DT Resistor NN Glue NN . SENT When WRB the DT monitor NN was VBD new JJ the DT glue NN has VHZ a DT tan JJ color NN and CC kind NN of IN feels VVZ like IN really RB dried VVN up IN chewing VVG gum NN . SENT You PP know VVP , , the DT kind NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN under IN a DT desk NN for IN 1 CD year NN . SENT After IN about RB 2 CD years NNS , , the DT color NN has VHZ changed VVN to TO a DT darker JJR brown JJ . SENT it PP could MD be VB almond JJ to TO dark JJ walnut NN colored VVN . SENT Now RB you PP should MD be VB able JJ to TO easily RB remove VV it PP by IN scraping VVG it PP away RP with IN an DT Xacto NP knife NN , , and CC it PP will MD crumble VV away RB . SENT However RB , , in IN equipment NN left VVN on IN 24 CD hours NNS a DT day NN in IN moderate JJ to TO high JJ heat NN environments NNS this DT glue NN takes VVZ on IN a DT more JJR carbon NN hue NN . SENT Typical JJ units NNS have VHP holes NNS burned VVN right RB through IN the DT circuit NN board NN and CC others NNS are VBP left VVN with IN carbon NN scarred VVN divits NNS on IN the DT board NN that WDT must MD be VB gouged VVN out RP to TO keep VV the DT supply NN from IN arcing VVG across RP . SENT On IN one CD hand NN , , an DT optimist NN might MD say VV that IN this DT is VBZ a DT result NN of IN engineers NNS who's NNS goal NN was VBD to TO get VV the DT product NN out RP before IN the DT deadline NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT month NN . SENT But CC on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , a DT pessimist NN could MD say VV that IN this DT is VBZ a DT result NN of IN blatant JJ planned JJ obsolescence NN Chapter NP 15 CD Specific JJ Problems NP and CC Repairs VVZ 15 CD . SENT 1 CD Classic NP ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP phone NN battlewagon NN will MD not RB dial VV properly RB Typical JJ symptoms NNS are VBP . SENT everything NN works VVZ fine NN except IN erratic JJ or CC no DT dialing NN . SENT For IN some DT buttons NNS , , dial NN tone NN would MD not RB go VV away RB . SENT For IN others NNS , , tones NNS would MD be VB accepted VVN but CC will MD be VB erratic JJ and CC result NN in IN incorrect JJ digits NNS . SENT Certain JJ digits NNS may MD sound VV weak JJ , , wavery NN , , or CC single JJ frequency NN rather RB than IN the DT proper JJ DTMF NP dual JJ tones NNS . SENT Note NN that IN this DT is VBZ not RB the DT same JJ as IN the DT situation NN where WRB the DT phone NN does VVZ not RB dial VV at IN all RB there EX are VBP no DT tones NNS of IN any DT kind NN generated VVD . SENT In IN this DT case NN , , the DT wires NNS to TO the DT phone NN may MD simply RB be VB reversed VVN old JJ ATT NP touch NN tone NN phones NNS will MD not RB dial VV out RP if IN they PP are VBP but CC will MD work VV in IN all DT other JJ respects NNS . SENT Modern JJ phones NNS generally RB don't JJ care NN about IN phone NN line NN polarity NN . SENT While IN the DT internal JJ wiring NN of IN these DT old JJ phones NNS is VBZ intimidating VVG , , the DT basic JJ tone NN dialing NN circuitry NN is VBZ an DT amazing JJ example NN of IN simplicity NN . SENT About IN the DT only JJ things NNS that WDT fail VVP yet RB still RB permit VV some DT tone NN generation NN are VBP the DT pot NN core NN coils NNS that WDT determine VVP tone NN frequency NN . SENT Therefore RB , , this DT is VBZ the DT first JJ thing NN to TO check VV . SENT There EX are VBP two CD cores NNS which WDT each DT consist VVP of IN two CD halves NNS glued VVN together RB . SENT Breaks NNS seem VVP to TO be VB a DT common JJ problem NN due JJ to TO both CC the DT age NN and CC the DT brittle JJ cement NN used VVN on IN some DT revs NNS of IN this DT model NN phone NN , , and CC probably RB , , as IN a DT result NN of IN rough JJ treatment NN when WRB hanging VVG up RP the DT handset NN , , or CC dropping VVG or CC throwing VVG of IN the DT desk NN phone NN . SENT These DT cores NNS must MD be VB aligned VVN before IN being VBG glued VVN back RB together RB . SENT In IN addition NN , , there EX is VBZ an DT adjustment NN plug NN which WDT may MD need VV to TO be VB tweaked VVN . SENT I PP align VV by IN ear NN as RB follows VVZ . SENT Put VV a DT known VVN good JJ tone NN dialing VVG phone NN and CC the DT bad JJ phone NN on IN the DT same JJ phone NN line NN . SENT Momentarily RB depress VV the DT hook NN switches VVZ to TO silence VV the DT dial NN tone NN . SENT You PP will MD now RB have VH about RB 25 CD seconds NNS before IN the DT nice JJ polite JJ operator NN recording NN tells VVZ you PP how WRB to TO make VV a DT call NN . SENT Depending VVG on IN which WDT core NN is VBZ bad JJ , , depress VV either CC an DT entire JJ same JJ row NN or CC column NN of IN buttons NNS on IN both DT phones NNS . SENT Adhesive JJ tape NN is VBZ handy JJ to TO hold VV down RP the DT buttons NNS unless IN you PP have VHP four CD hands NNS . SENT By IN depressing VVG the DT entire JJ set NN of IN buttons NNS , , you PP are VBP disabling VVG the DT other JJ tone NN generator NN so IN you PP hear VVP a DT pure JJ tone NN . SENT Without IN turning VVG the DT fine JJ adjustment NN plug NN assuming VVG it PP was VBD not RB disturbed VVN . SENT if IN it PP was VBD , , set VV it PP mid JJ range NN or CC the DT same JJ as IN the DT one NN in IN the DT other JJ core NN , , rotate VV the DT loose JJ core NN top NN until IN a DT zero CD beat NN is VBZ obtained VVN . SENT As IN your PP$ rotate VV the DT core NN , , you PP will MD hear VV the DT pitch NN change NN . SENT As IN it PP approaches VVZ the DT correct JJ setting NN , , you PP will MD hear VV the DT tones NNS beat VVP against IN each DT other JJ . SENT When WRB you PP are VBP set VVN correctly RB , , the DT pitches NNS will MD be VB equal JJ and CC the DT beat NN frequency NN will MD go VV to TO zero CD . SENT Mark VV the DT position NN of IN the DT core NN with IN a DT pen NN or CC pencil NN and CC then RB glue NN with IN Epoxy JJ or CC other JJ general JJ purpose NN adhesive NN around IN the DT outside NN not RB on IN the DT mating NN surfaces VVZ as IN this DT will MD affect VV the DT tone NN frequencies NNS . SENT After IN the DT glue NN sets VVZ , , confirm VV and CC adjust VV the DT plug NN core NN if IN needed VVN . SENT These DT cores NNS use VVP a DT strange JJ triangular JJ core NN tool NN I PP made VVD mine NN by IN filing VVG down RP an DT aluminum NN roofing NN nail NN do VVP not RB use VV a DT ferrous JJ material NN . SENT These DT classic JJ ATT NP Touch NP Tone NP phones NNS are VBP virtually RB indestructible JJ . SENT However RB , , broken JJ cores NNS or CC actually RB , , just RB broken VVN joints NNS on IN the DT cores NNS are VBP common JJ but CC easily RB repaired VVN once IN you PP know VVP what WP to TO look VV for IN . SENT Setting VVG the DT tones NNS by IN referencing VVG a DT known VVN good JJ phone NN seems VVZ to TO be VB a DT very RB reliable JJ technique NN as IN the DT zero CD beat NN permits VVZ an DT adjustment NN to TO better JJR than IN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Note NN that IN if IN the DT reference NN phone NN is VBZ a DT more RBR modern JJ and CC flimsy JJ digital JJ one NN , , then RB pushing VVG multiple JJ buttons NNS may MD not RB work VV as IN it PP does VVZ with IN the DT old JJ analog JJ models NNS . SENT Setting VVG the DT frequency NN using VVG the DT normal JJ dual JJ tones NNS will MD work VV it PP is VBZ just RB not RB as RB easy JJ . SENT 15 CD . SENT 2 CD ATT NP classic JJ dial NN phone NN will MD not RB dial VV I PP know VV , , you PP haven't VVD seen VVN one NN of IN these DT in IN years NNS , , but CC I PP just RB had VHD to TO throw VV this DT in IN . SENT Most RBS likely JJ it PP was VBD dropped VVN these DT phones NNS simply RB do VVP not RB seem VV to TO fail VV any DT other JJ way NN . SENT When WRB dropped VVD , , assuming VVG there EX is VBZ no DT obvious JJ damage NN , , a DT little JJ plastic NN stop NN inside IN the DT dial NN mechanism NN which WDT is VBZ on IN a DT pivot NN flips VVZ the DT wrong JJ way NN . SENT This DT normally RB prevents VVZ dialing VVG pulses NNS from IN being VBG generated VVN when WRB the DT dial NN returns VVZ to TO its PP$ home NN position NN but CC when WRB flipped VVD , , prevents VVZ dialing VVG totally RB . SENT It PP is VBZ real RB easy JJ to TO flip VV it PP back RB into IN place NN . SENT 15 CD . SENT 3 CD Jerrold NP 400 CD Cable NP Converter NN Problems NP The DT most RBS common JJ symptoms NNS for IN these DT cable NN boxes NNS relate VVP to TO their PP$ not RB staying VVG on RP or CC acting VVG erratically RB when WRB the DT buttons NNS are VBP pressed VVN . SENT The DT causes NNS are VBP usually RB quite RB simple JJ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Cold JJ solder NN joints NNS around IN the DT power NN supply NN regulator NN ICs NN on IN chassis NN heat NN sink NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Dried VVN up IN main JJ filter NN capacitors NNS two CD large JJ electrolytics NNS in IN power NN supply NN on IN main JJ board NN . SENT Be VB careful JJ disassembling VVG the DT main JJ board NN from IN the DT chassis NN as IN at IN least JJS one CD of IN the DT regulator NN ICs NN clipped VVD to TO the DT side NN of IN the DT chassis NN is VBZ insulated VVN from IN this DT heatsink NN and CC the DT insulation NN is VBZ easily RB damaged VVN . SENT 15 CD . SENT 4 CD Original JJ Nintendo NP console VV erratic JJ or CC dead JJ While IN the DT original JJ Nintendo NP game NN machine NN is VBZ a DT couple NN of IN generations NNS out IN of IN date NN , , many JJ are VBP still RB in IN use NN . SENT And CC , , hey NP , , kids NNS usually RB don't JJ care NN . SENT The DT most RBS common JJ problem NN with IN these DT units NNS is VBZ a DT worn JJ or CC dirty JJ cartridge NN connector NN . SENT In IN this DT case NN , , the DT red JJ power NN status NN light NN will MD continue VV to TO flash VV even RB after IN the DT RESET JJ button NN is VBZ pressed VVN with IN a DT game NN cartridge NN in IN place NN . SENT Replacements NNS are VBP available JJ for IN about RB 9 CD from IN the DT sources NNS listed VVN at IN the DT end NN of IN this DT document NN . SENT First RB , , try VVP another DT game NN cartridge NN the DT one NN that WDT is VBZ not RB working NN may MD just RB have VH dirty JJ contacts NNS or CC may MD be VB defective JJ . SENT Clean VV the DT contacts NNS with IN a DT Qtip NN moistened VVN with IN water NN followed VVN by IN isopropyl NN alcohol NN . SENT The DT water NN will MD remove VV the DT sugar NN from IN the DT candy NN that WDT may MD have VH made VVN its PP$ way NN onto IN the DT connector NN . SENT To TO get VV inside RB , , you PP first RB remove VV the DT 6 CD screws NNS on IN the DT bottom NN and CC then RB about IN 12 CD screws NNS which WDT fasten VV the DT circuit NN board NN and CC shield NN to TO the DT bottom NN of IN the DT case NN . SENT Note NN . SENT there EX are VBP two CD screws NNS which WDT are VBP longer JJR and CC silver JJ colored VVN make VVP sure RB they PP get VVP back RB to TO their PP$ original JJ location NN when WRB you PP put VVD everything NN back RB together RB . SENT Once RB all PDT these DT screws NNS are VBP removed VVN , , the DT black JJ connector NN can MD be VB slid VVN off RP the DT edge NN finger NN on IN the DT circuit NN board NN Inspect VVP these DT connections NNS they PP just RB may MD be VB a DT bit NN corroded VVD or CC dirty JJ . SENT Use NN contact NN cleaner JJR and CC or CC a DT pencil NN eraser NN and CC see VV if IN that WDT makes VVZ any DT difference NN . SENT Use NN contact NN cleaner JJR on IN the DT dual JJ rows NNS of IN fingers NNS that WDT connect VVP to TO the DT game NN cartridge NN as IN well RB . SENT A DT dental JJ pick NN can MD be VB used VVN to TO gently RB spread VV the DT fingers NNS apart RB ever RB so RB slightly RB and CC thus RB improve VV the DT connection NN when WRB the DT cartridge NN is VBZ inserted VVN . SENT Even RB if IN this DT only RB makes VVZ a DT slight JJ improvement NN you PP can MD press VV down RP on IN the DT cartridge NN and CC the DT machine NN will MD respond VV to TO the DT RESET JJ button NN you PP have VHP confirmed VVN that IN the DT connector NN is VBZ indeed RB the DT problem NN . SENT In IN many JJ cases NNS , , just RB this DT cleaning NN will MD result VV in IN reliable JJ operation NN for IN a DT long JJ time NN to TO come VV . SENT 15 CD . SENT 5 CD Repairing VVG Texas NP Instruments NPS TI NP 5 CD X NP calculators NNS I PP have VHP them PP up RB through IN TI NP 57 CD so IN I PP don't VVD know VV if IN the DT following NN applies VVZ to TO models NNS higher JJR than IN this DT TI NP 58 CD and CC TI NP 59 CD . SENT If IN it PP hasn't NNS been VBN used VVN for IN a DT while NN like IN 15 CD years NNS . SENT then RB the DT NiCds NNS are VBP likely RB deader JJR than IN a DT door NN nail NN and CC will MD not RB accept VV a DT charge NN since IN they PP are VBP totally RB shorted VVN . SENT Bad JJ NiCds NP is VBZ very RB likely JJ all PDT that DT is VBZ wrong JJ with IN the DT calculator NN . SENT If IN your PP$ calculator NN has VHZ a DT pack NN that WDT plugs VVZ in IN inside IN the DT back NN with IN 2 CD AA NN NiCds NNS and CC some DT circuitry NN , , then RB it PP is VBZ the DT same JJ . SENT First JJ crack NN open VV the DT pack NN by IN using VVG a DT butter NN knife NN or CC similar JJ instrument NN at IN the DT catches VVZ along IN the DT seam NN . SENT You PP will MD see VV a DT pair NN of IN AA NN NiCds NNS and CC a DT small JJ circuit NN board NN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT DC NP DC NP convertor NN which WDT boosts VVZ the DT 2 CD . SENT 4 CD V NN of IN the DT NiCds NP to TO about RB 10 CD V NN to TO operate VV the DT logic NN of IN the DT calculator NN . SENT Inspect VV the DT circuit NN board NN for IN corrosion NN and CC other JJ obvious JJ damage NN . SENT Unless IN the DT calculator NN was VBD stored VVN in IN a DT damp JJ area NN , , it PP should MD be VB fine JJ . SENT The DT batteries NNS will MD probably RB have VH crusty JJ white JJ stuff NN on IN the DT positive JJ ends NNS . SENT They PP are VBP bad JJ . SENT Don't NP even RB bother VVP trying VVG to TO zap VV them PP . SENT As IN a DT test NN , , you PP can MD do VV either RB or CC both DT of IN the DT following NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Get VV a DT large JJ electrolytic JJ capacitor NN e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , 10 CD , , 000 CD uF NN at IN 10 CD V NN and CC put VV it PP in IN in IN place NN of IN the DT batteries NNS . SENT Observe VV polarity NN . SENT Try VV out RP the DT calculator NN using VVG the DT TI NP charger NN adapter NN . SENT Operations NNS will MD be VB a DT bit NN flakey NN but CC should MD basically RB work VV the DT capacitor NN , , no DT matter NN how WRB large JJ , , apparently RB will MD not RB substitute VV for IN the DT NiCds NP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Unplug VV the DT TI NP battery NN pack NN and CC set VV it PP aside RP . SENT Find VV a DT 9 CD V NN power NN supply NN or CC a DT 9 CD V NN battery NN . SENT Connect VV this DT to TO the DT red JJ and CC black JJ wires NNS coming VVG from IN the DT logic NN board NN connector NN which WDT went VVD to TO the DT battery NN pack NN . SENT NOTE NN . SENT the DT wire NN color NN coding VVG is VBZ backwards RB on IN at IN least JJS some DT of IN these DT . SENT Black NP is VBZ positive JJ for IN some DT reason NN . SENT However RB , , nothing NN disasterous NNS happens VVZ if IN you PP connect VVP it PP backwards RB as RB far RB as IN I PP can MD tell VV since IN I PP was VBD testing VVG it PP backwards RB for IN quite PDT a DT while NN until IN I PP caught VVD on RP . SENT And CC , , I PP thought VVD TI NP was VBD a DT real JJ company NN . SENT If IN these DT tests NNS are VBP successful JJ , , the DT calculator NN is VBZ likely RB fine JJ and CC you PP just RB need VVP a DT new JJ set NN of IN AA NN NiCds NNS with IN solder NN tabs NNS to TO make VV it PP as RB good JJ as IN new JJ . SENT Or CC , , if IN you PP don't VVD need VV the DT authenticity NN of IN a DT genuine JJ TI NP form NN and CC function VV rechargeable JJ battery NN pack NN , , use VVP a DT 9 CD V NN AC NP adapater NP , , 9 CD V NN Alkaline JJ , , or CC 9 CD V NN NiCd NP battery NN and CC charge VV it PP externally RB . SENT Chapter NP 16 CD Service NP Information NP 16 CD . SENT 1 CD Determining VVG belt NN type NN and CC size NN Belts NP are VBP normally RB specified VVN by IN their PP$ cross NN section NN square JJ , , flat JJ , , round NN , , and CC their PP$ inside JJ circumference NN IC NP . SENT The DT IC NP is VBZ used VVN since IN it PP is VBZ virtually RB impossible JJ to TO accurately RB measure VV the DT diameter NN of IN a DT belt NN . SENT Assuming VVG you PP cannot NN locate VV an DT actual JJ part NN number NN , , determine VV the DT type NN of IN belt NN . SENT square JJ , , flat JJ , , or CC round NN . SENT If IN you PP do VVP not RB have VH the DT old JJ belt NN , , this DT is VBZ usually RB obvious JJ from IN the DT pulleys NNS . SENT Most RBS small JJ belts NNS as RB opposed VVN to TO V NN belts NNS on IN 1 CD HP NP shop NN motors NNS . SENT used VVN in IN consumer NN electronic JJ equipment NN are VBP of IN square JJ cross NN section NN though IN flat JJ types NNS are VBP sometimes RB found VVN in IN the DT main JJ drives NNS of IN VCRs NNS , , cassette NN tape NN decks NNS , , and CC turntables NNS remember VVP those DT . SENT . SENT Measure NN or CC estimate VV the DT thickness NN . SENT The DT IC NP is VBZ always RB specified VVN with IN the DT belt NN fully RB relaxed VVN . SENT This DT can MD be VB measured VVN by IN hooking VVG the DT old JJ belt NN on IN one CD end NN of IN a DT ruler NN and CC pulling VVG it PP just RB tight RB enough RB so RB that IN it PP more RBR or CC less RBR flattens VVZ out RP . SENT Read VV off RP the DT length NN , , then RB double VV it PP for IN the DT IC NP . SENT Get VV a DT new JJ belt NN that WDT is VBZ 5 CD or CC so RB smaller JJR to TO account VV for IN the DT old JJ one NN be VB somewhat RB stretched VVN out RP . SENT Of IN course NN , , if IN the DT belt NN broke VVD , , measurement NN is VBZ real RB easy JJ . SENT Or CC , , if IN you PP do VVP not RB care VV about IN the DT old JJ belt NN , , just RB cut VVD it PP and CC measure VV the DT total JJ length NN . SENT If IN the DT old JJ belt NN decomposed VVN into IN a DT slimy JJ glob NN of IN jellatinous JJ black JJ goop NN or CC is VBZ missing VVG , , you PP will MD need VV to TO use VV a DT string NN or CC fine JJ wire NN around IN the DT appropriate JJ pulleys NNS to TO determine VV the DT IC NP . SENT Reduce VV this DT by IN 10 CD 25 CD for IN the DT replacement NN . SENT Very RB often RB the DT match NN does VVZ not RB need VV to TO be VB exact JJ in IN either DT thickness NN or CC length NN particularly RB for IN long JJ thin JJ belts NNS . SENT A DT common JJ rubber NN band NN may MD in IN fact NN work NN just RB as RB well RB for IN something NN like IN a DT tape NN counter NN . SENT However RB , , there EX are VBP cases NNS where WRB an DT exact JJ match NN is VBZ critical JJ some DT VCRs NNS and CC belt NN driven VVN turntables NNS or CC tape NN decks NNS do VVP require VV an DT exact JJ replacement NN for IN certain JJ drive NN belts NNS but CC this DT is VBZ rare JJ . SENT Some DT parts NNS suppliers NNS make VVP determining VVG replacement NN belts NNS very RB easy JJ with IN the DT PRB NN system NN in IN which WDT the DT part NN number NN fully RB codes NNS the DT shape NN , , size NN , , and CC thickness NN . SENT Making VVG custom NN length NN rubber NN belts NNS . SENT The DT following NN will MD probably RB work VV for IN most JJS drive NN belts NNS except IN for IN those DT which WDT are VBP critical JJ for IN accurate JJ speed NN control NN in IN devices NNS like IN cassette NN decks NNS and CC turntables NNS . SENT From IN . SENT Melissa NP Jim NP mgkepner NP facstaff NN . SENT wisc NP . SENT edu NN . SENT 3 CD M NP and CC Eastman NP make VVP cyanoacrylate JJ adhesives NNS super JJ glue NN that WDT are VBP specially RB made VVN for IN making VVG custom NN O NN rings NNS from IN linear JJ stock NN . SENT This DT seems VVZ to TO be VB exactly RB the DT same JJ problem NN you PP are VBP approaching VVG . SENT These DT glues NNS work VVP very RB well RB and CC produce VV a DT joint NN as IN strong JJ as IN the DT base NN material NN , , but CC without IN the DT need NN for IN the DT needle NN and CC thread NN . SENT The DT joint NN can MD be VB made VVN almost RB invisible JJ . SENT The DT only JJ hard JJ part NN is VBZ holding VVG the DT pieces NNS aligned VVN while IN the DT glue NN cures NNS , , but CC in IN this DT case NN that WDT is VBZ only JJ seconds NNS . SENT I PP have VHP used VVN a DT machinists NNS steel NN V NN block NN for IN this DT , , but CC one CD of IN the DT O NP ring NN manufacturers NNS sells VVZ a DT plastic JJ tool NN for IN exactly RB this DT purpose NN . SENT In IN the DT US NP , , I PP would MD check VV at IN a DT bearing NN supply NN house NN . SENT they PP often RB carry VVP O NN ring NN supplies VVZ as RB well RB . SENT 16 CD . SENT 2 CD Rubber NP or CC elastic JJ bands NNS as IN drive NN belts NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ 3 CD AM NP , , you PP have VHP finally RB removed VVN the DT last JJ of IN the DT 38 CD screws NNS to TO access VV the DT tape NN transport NN in IN your PP$ Suprex NP Never NP Forget VV model NN X NP 4123 CD answering NN machine NN and CC what WP do VVP you PP fine JJ . SENT A DT broken JJ belt NN , , of IN course NN . SENT What WP to TO do VV . SENT As IN a DT test NN at IN least JJS , , a DT common JJ elastic JJ band NN may MD work VV . SENT The DT recordings NNS will MD likely RB have VH terrible JJ wow NN and CC flutter NN but CC this DT will NN at IN least JJS confirm VV that IN there EX is VBZ nothing NN else RB broken VVN . SENT In IN a DT pinch NN , , this DT free JJ solution NN can MD be VB left VVN in IN place NN until IN a DT proper JJ replacement NN arrives VVZ . SENT This DT should MD work VV for IN many JJ types NNS of IN devices NNS CD NN players NNS , , VCRs NNS , , tape NN decks NNS , , etc FW . SENT where WRB grooved VVN pulleys NNS are VBP used VVN and CC the DT belt NN is VBZ not RB called VVN on IN to TO provide VV a DT great JJ deal NN of IN power NN . SENT 16 CD . SENT 3 CD Interchangeability NN of IN components NNS The DT question NN often RB arises VVZ . SENT If IN I PP cannot NN obtain VV an DT exact JJ replacement NN or CC if IN I PP have VHP a DT VCR NP , , tape NN deck NN , , or CC other JJ equipment NN carcass NN gathering NN dust NN , , or CC I PP just RB have VHP some DT extra JJ parts NNS left VVD over RP from IN a DT previous JJ project NN , , can MD I PP substitute VV a DT part NN that WDT is VBZ not RB a DT precise JJ match NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , this DT is VBZ simply RB desired VVN to TO confirm VV a DT diagnosis NN and CC avoid VV the DT risk NN of IN ordering VVG an DT expensive JJ replacement NN and CC or CC having VHG to TO wait VV until IN it PP arrives VVZ . SENT For IN safety NN related JJ items NNS , , the DT answer NN is VBZ generally RB NO RB an DT exact JJ replacement NN part NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO maintain VV the DT specifications NNS within IN acceptable JJ limits NNS with IN respect NN to TO line NN isolation NN , , X NP ray NN protection NN and CC to TO minimize VV fire NN hazards NNS . SENT However RB , , these DT components NNS are VBP not RB very RB common JJ in IN audio JJ equipment NN or CC other JJ consumer NN devices NNS other JJ than IN TVs NNS , , monitors NNS , , and CC microwave NN ovens NNS except IN for IN possibly RB in IN their PP$ power NN supply NN . SENT For IN other JJ components NNS , , whether IN a DT not RB quite RB identical JJ substitute NN will MD work VV reliably RB or CC at IN all DT depends VVZ on IN many JJ factors NNS . SENT Some DT designs NNS are VBP so RB carefully RB optimized VVN for IN a DT particular JJ part's NN specifications NNS that IN an DT identical JJ replacement NN is VBZ the DT way NN to TO return VV performance NN to TO factory NN new JJ levels NNS . SENT Here RB are VBP some DT guidelines NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Fuses VVZ exact JJ same JJ current JJ rating NN and CC at IN least JJS equal JJ voltage NN rating NN . SENT I PP have VHP often RB soldered VVN a DT normal JJ 3 CD AG NP size NN fuse NN onto IN a DT smaller JJR blown VVN 20 CD mm NP long JJ fuse NN as IN a DT substitute NN . SENT Also RB , , they PP should MD be VB the DT same JJ type NN slow JJ blow NN only RB if IN originally RB specified VVN . SENT A DT fuse NN with IN a DT faster JJR response NN time NN may MD be VB used VVN but CC it PP may MD blow VV when WRB no DT faults NNS actually RB exist VVP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Resistors NNS , , capacitors NNS , , inductors NNS , , diodes NNS , , switches NNS , , trimpots NNS , , lamps NNS and CC LEDs NNS , , and CC other JJ common JJ parts NNS except IN for IN those DT specifically RB marked VVN as IN safety NN critical JJ substitution NN as IN long JJ as IN the DT replacement NN part NN fits NNS and CC specifications NNS are VBP met VVN should MD be VB fine JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ best RBS to TO use VV the DT same JJ type NN metal NN film NN resistor NN , , for IN example NN . SENT But CC for IN testing NN , , even RB this DT is VBZ not RB a DT hard JJ and CC fast JJ rule NN and CC a DT carbon NN resistor NN should MD work VV just RB fine JJ . SENT 3 LS . SENT Potentiometers NNS user NN knobs VVZ usually RB control VV one CD or CC more JJR of IN these DT . SENT There EX are VBP four CD considerations NNS in IN locating VVG a DT suitable JJ replacement NN . SENT resistance NN , , and CC taper VV , , power NN rating NN , , configuration NN , , and CC mechanical JJ fit NN . SENT Configuration NN refers VVZ to TO the DT number NN of IN ganged JJ pots NNS , , concentric JJ knobs NNS , , etc FW . SENT Matching VVG this DT from IN your PP$ junk NN box NN may MD prove VV to TO be VB the DT toughest JJS challenge NN . SENT Many JJ of IN the DT controls NNS for IN audio JJ equipment NN use NN what WP is VBZ known VVN as IN an DT audio NN taper VV . SENT This DT means VVZ that IN the DT resistance NN change NN with IN knob NN rotation NN is VBZ not RB linear JJ but CC is VBZ designed VVN to TO produce VV a DT uniform JJ incremental JJ change NN in IN perceived VVN volume NN , , for IN example NN . SENT Replacement NN with IN a DT linear JJ taper NN pot NN will MD squish VV all DT of IN the DT effect NN towards IN one CD end NN of IN the DT range NN but CC it PP will MD still RB work VV . SENT If IN measuring VVG the DT resistance NN of IN a DT good JJ potentiometer NN with IN its PP$ wiper NN set VVN in IN the DT middle JJ results NNS in IN significantly RB different JJ readings NNS from IN center NN to TO each DT end NN , , it PP is VBZ most RBS likely RB an DT audio NN taper VV pot NN though IN some DT other JJ weird JJ taper NN or CC other JJ peculiarity NN is VBZ possible JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT Rectifiers NNS many JJ are VBP of IN these DT are VBP high JJ efficiency NN and CC or CC fast JJ recovery NN types NNS . SENT Replacements NNS should MD have VH equal JJ or CC better JJR PRV NP , , If IN , , and CC Tr NP specifications NNS . SENT For IN line NN rectifiers NNS , , 1 CD N NP 400 CD x SYM types NNS can MD usually RB be VB used VVN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Transistors NNS and CC thyristors NNS except IN power NN supply NN choppers NN substitutes NNS will MD generally RB work VV as RB long RB as IN their PP$ specifications NNS meet VV or CC exceed VV those DT of IN the DT original JJ . SENT For IN testing NN , , it PP is VBZ usually RB ok VV to TO use VV types NNS that WDT do VVP not RB quite RB meet VV all DT of IN these DT as RB long JJ as IN the DT breakdown NN voltage NN and CC maximum JJ current JJ ratings NNS are VBP not RB exceeded VVN . SENT However RB , , performance NN may MD not RB be VB quite RB as RB good JJ . SENT For IN power NN types NNS , , make VV sure RB to TO use VV a DT heatsink NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Switching VVG power NN supply NN transistors NNS exact JJ replacement NN is VBZ generally RB best JJS but CC switchmode NN transistors NNS that WDT have VHP specifications NNS that WDT are VBP at IN least JJS as RB good JJ will MD work VV in IN many JJ cases NNS . SENT See VV the DT documents NNS . SENT Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Television NP Sets NNS , , Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Computer NP and CC Video NP Monitors NNS , , and CC Notes NNS on IN the DT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP of IN Small NP Switchmode NP Power NP Supplies VVZ for IN more JJR info NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT Audio JJ and CC erase VV heads NNS may MD be VB possible JJ if IN the DT mountings NNS are VBP reasonably RB compatible JJ . SENT However RB , , there EX could MD be VB other JJ unknowns NNS like IN coil NN impedance NN and CC drive NN requirements NNS . SENT The DT connectors NNS are VBP not RB likely JJ to TO be VB similar JJ either RB . SENT There EX are VBP usually RB significant JJ differences NNS in IN head NN configuration NN and CC mounting VVG arrangement NN between IN 2 CD head NN , , 3 CD head NN , , and CC autoreverse NN cassette NN or CC open JJ reel NN tape NN decks NNS . SENT 8 CD . SENT Motors NP small JJ PM NP motors NNS may MD be VB substituted VVN if IN they PP fit VVP physically RB . SENT Make VV sure JJ you PP install VVP for IN the DT correct JJ direction NN of IN rotation NN determined VVN by IN polarity NN . SENT Capstan NN motors NNS especially RB the DT direct JJ drive NN type NN are VBP probably RB not RB interchangeable JJ . SENT However RB , , generic JJ speed NN regulated VVN cassette NN drive NN motors NNS are VBP available JJ . SENT 9 CD . SENT Sensors NNS many JJ are VBP sufficiently RB similar JJ to TO permit VV substitution NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT Power NN transformers NNS in IN some DT cases NNS , , these DT may MD be VB sufficiently RB similar JJ that IN a DT substitute NN will MD work VV . SENT However RB , , make VVP sure RB you PP test VVP for IN compatible JJ output NN voltages NNS to TO avoid VV damage NN to TO the DT regulator NN s PP and CC rest NN of IN the DT circuitry NN . SENT Transformer NN current JJ ratings NNS as RB well RB as IN the DT current JJ requirements NNS of IN the DT equipment NN are VBP often RB unknown JJ , , however RB . SENT 11 CD . SENT Belts NNS , , tires NNS , , and CC pinch NN rollers NNS a DT close NN match NN may MD be VB good JJ enough RB at IN least JJS to TO confirm VV a DT problem NN or CC to TO use VV until IN the DT replacements NNS arrives VVZ . SENT 12 CD . SENT Mechanical JJ parts NNS like IN screws NNS , , flat JJ and CC split NN washers NNS , , C NP and CC E NP clips NNS , , and CC springs VVZ these DT can MD often RB be VB salvaged VVN from IN another DT unit NN . SENT The DT following VVG are VBP usually RB custom NN parts NNS and CC substitution NN of IN something NN from IN your PP$ junk NN box NN is VBZ unlikely JJ to TO be VB successful JJ even RB for IN testing NN . SENT SMPS NP power NN supply NN transformers NNS , , interstage NN coils NNS or CC transformers NNS , , microcontrollers NNS , , other JJ custom NN programmed VVN chips NNS , , display NN modules NNS , , and CC entire JJ power NN supplies NNS unless IN identical JJ . SENT 16 CD . SENT 4 CD Why NP are VBP there RB parts NNS missing VVG from IN my PP$ equipment NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB uncommon JJ for IN parts NNS to TO be VB missing VVG from IN production NN equipment NN due JJ to TO design VV changes NNS or CC field NN mods NNS . SENT Thus RB , , it PP may MD not RB mean VV anything NN . SENT Inspect VV the DT solder NN pads VVZ if IN they PP look VVP the DT same JJ as IN all PDT the DT others NNS , , it PP was VBD probably RB never RB installed VVN in IN the DT first JJ place NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , that WDT could MD have VH been VBN a DT manufacturing NN omission NN as IN well RB . SENT Parts NNS just RB don VV jump NN ship NN without IN leaving VVG evidence NN behind RB . SENT Don't JJS be VB tempted VVN to TO add VV a DT part NN just RB because IN there EX is VBZ an DT empty JJ spot NN . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS , , like IN the DT RCA NP TV NN that WDT would MD tend VV to TO blow VV HOTs NNS if IN the DT power NN failed VVD , , that WDT would MD be VB a DT really RB bad JJ idea NN and CC complicate VV your PP$ troubleshooting NN . SENT Whole JJ blocks NNS of IN circuitry NN are VBP often RB left VVN unpopulated JJ on IN lower RBR priced VVN models NNS . SENT You PP didn't VVD pay VV for IN those DT features NNS . SENT Sometimes RB , , this DT can MD work VV to TO your PP$ advantage NN enabling VVG you PP to TO upgrade VV to TO a DT fancier JJR model NN for IN the DT cost NN of IN the DT parts NNS . SENT 16 CD . SENT 5 CD Web NP resources NNS Tandy NP Radio NP Shack NP has VHZ a DT nice JJ web NN resource NN and CC fax NN back NN service NN . SENT This DT is VBZ mostly RB for IN their PP$ equipment NN but CC some DT of IN it PP applies VVZ to TO other JJ brands NNS and CC there EX are VBP diagrams NNS which WDT may MD be VB useful JJ for IN other JJ manufacturers NNS VCRs NNS , , TVs NNS , , CD NN players NNS , , camcorders NNS , , remote JJ controls NNS , , and CC other JJ devices NNS . SENT http NN . SENT support NN . SENT tandy NP . SENT com NN Tandy NP homepage NN http NN . SENT support NN . SENT tandy NP . SENT com NN audio NN . SENT html JJ Audio JJ products NNS http NN . SENT support NN . SENT tandy NP . SENT com NN video NN . SENT html NP Video NP products NNS Since IN Tandy NP does VVZ not RB manufacture VV its PP$ own JJ equipment NN they PP are VBP other JJ brands NNS with IN Realistic JJ , , Optimus NP , , or CC other JJ Radio NP Shack NP logos NNS your PP$ model NN may MD actually RB be VB covered VVN . SENT It PP may MD just RB take VV a DT little JJ searching VVG to TO find VV it PP . SENT 16 CD . SENT 6 CD Some RB general JJ references NNS Here RB are VBP some DT suggested VVN titles NNS that WDT might MD be VB found VVN in IN your PP$ local JJ public JJ library NN or CC a DT technical JJ bookstore NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repairing VVG Electronic JJ Circuits NNS Robert NP L NP . SENT Goodman NP Second NP Edition NN TAB NN Books NNS , , Inc NP . SENT , , 1990 CD Blue NP Ridge NP Summit NP , , PA NN 17294 CD 0214 CD 2 CD . SENT Small NP Electric NP Motors NPS Rex NP Miller NP and CC Mark NP Richard NP Miller NP Second NP Edition NN , , 1992 CD MacMillan NP Publishing NP Company NP 866 CD Third NP Avenue NP New NP York NP , , NY NP 10022 CD 3 CD . SENT Repairing VVG Quartz NN Watches VVZ Henry NP B NP . SENT Fried NP American NP Watchmakers NNS Institute NP Press NP , , 1988 CD Cincinati NP , , OH UH ISBN NP 0 CD 918845 CD 06 JJ 8 CD 4 CD . SENT Readers NNS Digest NP Fix NP It PP Yourself PP Manual NP The DT Readers NNS Digest NP Association NP , , 1996 CD Pleasantville NP , , New NP York NP Montreal NP ISBN NP 0 CD 89577 CD 871 JJ 8 CD 5 CD . SENT The DT Complete JJ Guide NP to TO Digital NP Audio JJ Tape NP Recorders NNS including VVG Troubleshooting JJ TIps NNS Erik NP S NP . SENT Schetina NP P NN . SENT T NN . SENT R SYM . SENT Prentice NP Hall NP , , Englewood NP Cliffs NPS , , NJ NP 07632 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 13 CD 213448 JJ 9 CD 6 CD . SENT DAT NP The DT Complete JJ Guide NP to TO Digital NP Audio JJ Tape NP Delton NP T NN . SENT Horn NN TAB NN Books NNS , , Inc NP . SENT , , 1991 CD Blue NP Ridge NP Summit NP , , PA NN 17294 CD 0214 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 8306 CD 7670 CD 8 CD hardcover NN , , ISBN NP 0 CD 8306 CD 3670 CD 6 CD paperback NN 7 CD . SENT Troubleshooting NN and CC Repairing VVG FAX NP Machines NPS Gordon NP McComb NP Tab NP Books NPS , , a DT division NN of IN McGraw NP Hill NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , 1992 CD Blue NP Ridge NP Summit NP , , PA NN 17214 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 8306 CD 7778 CD X NN hardcover NN , , 0 CD 8306 CD 3778 CD 8 CD paperback NN 8 CD . SENT Complete JJ Guide NP to TO Home NP Entertainment NP Equipment NP Troubleshooting NN and CC Repair NP John NP D NP . SENT Lenk NP Prentice NP Hall NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , a DT division NN of IN Simon NP and CC Schuster NP , , 1989 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 13 CD 161001 JJ 5 CD 9 CD . SENT Understanding VVG Telephone NP Electronics NPS Fike NP and CC Friend NP 10 CD . SENT Installing VVG Telephones NNS Radio NP Shack NP Catalog NN number NN . SENT 62 CD 1060 CD 11 CD . SENT All DT Thumbs VVZ Guide NP to TO Telephones NNS and CC Answering VVG Machines NP Gene NP B NP . SENT Williams NP TAB NN Books NNS , , Inc NP . SENT , , 1993 CD Blue NP Ridge NP Summit NP , , PA NN 17294 CD 0214 CD ISBN NP 0 CD 8306 CD 4435 CD 0 CD paperback NN This DT one NN is VBZ very RB basic JJ but CC does VVZ cover VV the DT most RBS common JJ problems NNS and CC has VHZ illustrated VVN instructions NNS for IN general JJ telephone NN wiring NN , , adding VVG extensions NNS , , answering VVG machine NN cleaning NN , , rubber NN parts NNS , , simple JJ electronic JJ problems NNS , , etc FW . SENT And CC , , for IN that DT older JJR audio JJ equipment NN including VVG record NN changers NNS . SENT 12 CD . SENT Repairing VVG Home NP Audio JJ Systems NPS E NP . SENT Eugene NP Eckland NP McGraw NP Hill NP Book NP Company NP , , 1962 CD Library NN of IN congress NN catalog NN number NN . SENT 61 CD 18021 CD 16 CD . SENT 7 CD Recommended JJ parts NNS suppliers NNS For IN general JJ electronic JJ components NNS like IN resistors NNS and CC capacitors NNS , , most JJS electronics NNS distributors NNS will MD have VH a DT sufficient JJ variety NN at IN reasonable JJ cost NN . SENT Even RB Radio NP Shack NP can MD be VB considered VVN in IN a DT pinch NN . SENT However RB , , for IN consumer NN electronics NNS equipment NN repairs NNS , , places NNS like IN Digikey NP , , Allied NP , , and CC Newark NP do VVP not RB have VH the DT a DT variety NN of IN Japanese JJ semiconductors NNS like IN ICs NNS and CC transistors NNS or CC any DT components NNS like IN tape NN heads NNS or CC belts NNS . SENT The DT following VVG are VBP good JJ sources NNS for IN consumer NN electronics NNS replacement NN parts NNS , , especially RB for IN VCRs NNS , , TVs NNS , , and CC other JJ audio JJ and CC video JJ equipment NN . SENT MCM NP Electronics NP VCR NP parts NNS , , Japanese JJ semiconductors NNS , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Voice NN . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 543 CD 4330 CD . SENT tools NNS , , test NN equipment NN , , audio JJ , , consumer NN U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Fax NN . SENT 1 LS 513 CD 434 CD 6959 CD . SENT electronics NNS including VVG microwave NN oven NN parts NNS and CC electric JJ range NN elements NNS , , etc FW . SENT Web NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT mcmelectronics NNS . SENT com NN Dalbani NP Excellent JJ Japanese JJ semiconductor NN source NN , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Voice NN . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 325 CD 2264 CD . SENT VCR NP parts NNS , , other JJ consumer NN electronics NNS , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Fax NN . SENT 1 LS 305 CD 594 CD 6588 CD . SENT Xenon NN flash NN tubes NNS , , car NN stereo NN , , CATV NP . SENT Int NP . SENT Voice NN . SENT 1 LS 305 CD 716 CD 0947 CD . SENT Int NP . SENT Fax NN . SENT 1 LS 305 CD 716 CD 9719 CD . SENT Web NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT dalbani NNS . SENT com NN Premium NN Parts NNS Very JJ complete JJ VCR NP parts NNS , , some DT tools NNS , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Voice NN . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 558 CD 9572 CD . SENT adapter NN , , cables NNS , , other JJ replacement NN parts NNS . SENT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Fax NN . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 887 CD 2727 CD . SENT Web NN . SENT http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT premiumparts NNS . SENT com NN Computer NN Component NN Source NN Mostly RB computer NN monitor VV replacement NN parts NNS , , U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Voice NN . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 356 CD 1227 CD . SENT also RB , , some DT electronic JJ components NNS including VVG U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Fax NN . SENT 1 LS 800 CD 926 CD 2062 CD . SENT semiconductors NNS . SENT Int NP . SENT Voice NN . SENT 1 LS 516 CD 496 CD 8780 CD . SENT Int NP . SENT Fax NN . SENT 1 LS 516 CD 496 CD 8784 CD . SENT Also RB see VV the DT documents NNS . SENT Troubleshooting NN of IN Consumer NP Electronic NP Equipment NP and CC Electronics NP Mail NP Order NP List NP for IN additional JJ parts NNS sources NNS . SENT Written VVN by IN Samuel NP M NP . SENT Goldwasser NP . SENT mailto NN . SENT The DT most RBS recent JJ version NN is VBZ available JJ on IN the DT WWW NP server NN http NN . SENT www JJ . SENT repairfaq NP . SENT org NP Copyright NP Disclaimer NN