/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/trainkorpus/30/file_35.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Module NN Four CD TEXT NN QUESTIONS NNS RESOURCES NNS Canada NP US NP Relations NPS By IN Robin NP Mathews NP The NP USA NP . SENT High JJ Profile NN In IN Canadian NP Life NP A DT Definition NN . SENT Canada NP US NP Relations NPS International NP Unions NNS Religious JJ Organizations NP Cross NP Borders NP US NP Religions NNS And CC US NP Character NN How WRB Well RB Do VVP We PP Know VVP Each DT Other JJ . SENT Service NP Clubs NPS And CC The DT US NP Character NN Canadian JJ Traditions NNS The DT Psychology NP Of IN A DT Smaller JJR Power NP New NP Reality NN In IN Canada NP Why WRB Canada NP Is VBZ Changing VVG Americanization NN Foreign JJ Ownership NN And CC Inferiority NN Cultural JJ Takeover NN Two CD Meanings NNS . SENT Historical JJ Perspective NP Loyalties NNS In IN Crisis NN The DT North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP The NP Monroe NP Doctrine NP A NP Move VVP Towards IN Independence NP Britain NP And CC The DT Possibilities NNS Of IN Empire NP Three CD Choices NNS For IN Canada NP British NP Ties VVZ Winston NP Churchill NP On IN Empire NP And CC US NP Power NP Canada NP Uncooperative JJ US NP Ties NNS Myths NNS About IN Expansion NN And CC Empire NP Canada NP In IN The DT US NP Empire NP Mackenzie NP King NP And CC A DT Subordinate JJ Position NN Not RB Three CD Choices NNS Only RB Two CD Canada NP And CC The DT Force NP Of IN Destiny NP A NP New NP Voice NP For IN Independence NP Military NP Relations NPS And CC Independence NP Canada NP US NP Relations NPS In IN The DT Cuban JJ Crisis NN The DT British JJ And CC Canadians NNS In IN War NP The NP US NP Pursues VVZ Its PP$ Interests NNS Canadian JJ Independence NP And CC US NP Dominance NN . SENT A DT Pattern NN Of IN Tension NN How WRB Canada NP US NP Relations NPS Work NP . SENT Canada's NP Merchant NN Marine NP and CC the DT C NP . SENT S NP . SENT U NP . SENT Canada NP After IN The DT Second NP World NP War NP A NP US NP Criminal NP To TO The DT Rescue NN The DT Avro NP Arrow NP The DT Implications NNS of IN the DT Cancellation NN . SENT Canadian JJ Excellence NN Does VVZ Not RB Exist VV Nationalists NNS And CC Continentalists NNS Centennial NP Year NP And CC An DT Awakening VVG Canadian NP Film NP In IN The DT US NP Empire NP The NP Charter NP Of IN Rights NPS And CC Freedoms NNS And CC US NP Individualism NN Legislating VVG A DT Place NN In IN The DT US NP Empire NP Free NP Trade NP A NP Definition NN Free NP Trade NP As IN Imperial NP Policy NP US NP Power NP In IN The DT Postwar JJ World NP Canada NP And CC The DT US NP A DT Clash NN Two CD Tries NNS . SENT Diefenbaker NP And CC Trudeau NP Towards IN Free NP Trade NP The DT Main JJ Arguments NNS What WP Canada NP Didn't NP Get VV What WP Has VHZ Free NP Trade NP Done NP To TO Canada NP . SENT Two CD Things NNS Free NP Trade NP Has VHZ Done NP A NP Short NP List NP Of IN Free NP Trade NP Rules NPS Summary NN With IN A DT Difference NN From IN 1935 CD To TO 1995 CD The DT history NN of IN Canada's NP external JJ relations NNS since IN 1760 CD has VHZ chiefly RB involved VVN Canada NP and CC the DT mother NN country NN , , Britain NP . SENT It PP has VHZ revealed VVN Canada's NP movement NN from IN the DT condition NN of IN a DT British JJ colony NN to TO that DT of IN an DT independent JJ nation NN within IN the DT Commonwealth NP . SENT Contemporary JJ Canadians NNS , , however RB , , have VHP little JJ doubt NN that WDT , , today NN , , the DT USA NP constitutes VVZ the DT largest JJS single JJ external JJ factor NN in IN Canadian JJ life NN . SENT It PP has VHZ always RB played VVN a DT significant JJ part NN in IN what WP we PP may MD call VV Canadian JJ life NN , , but CC today NN its PP$ role NN is VBZ enormous JJ . SENT The DT USA NP has VHZ been VBN key JJ to TO Canadian JJ self NN definition NN from IN the DT beginning NN , , for IN the DT establishment NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS was VBD the DT beginning NN of IN the DT establishment NN of IN a DT boundary NN that WDT would MD define VV Canada NP territorially RB . SENT From IN 1760 CD until IN 1776 CD an DT unimpeded JJ British NP North NP America NP ran VVD through IN the DT continent NN . SENT With IN the DT founding NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS the DT question NN of IN where WRB its PP$ borders NNS and CC where WRB those DT of IN Canada NP British NP North NP America NP would MD lie VV was VBD born VVN . SENT The DT USA NP . SENT High JJ Profile NN In IN Canadian JJ Life NN In IN recent JJ years NNS the DT Canada NP US NP relation NN has VHZ been VBN front JJ and CC centre NN . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN marked VVN by IN energetic JJ national JJ debates NNS on IN free JJ trade NN , , by IN conflicts NNS over IN lumber NN , , wheat NN , , hogs NNS and CC fishing NN quotas NNS to TO mention VV only RB a DT few JJ matters NNS . SENT US NP political JJ policy NN in IN Latin NP America NP and CC towards IN Cuba NP has VHZ excited VVN much JJ Canadian JJ response NN . SENT That DT has VHZ been VBN especially RB true JJ since IN the DT US NP has VHZ pressed VVN and CC even RB passed VVN legislation NN to TO force VV enterprise NN in IN Canada NP to TO observe VV US PP boycott VV laws NNS relating VVG to TO Cuba NP . SENT The DT most RBS important JJ and CC the DT most RBS highly RB divisive JJ issue NN , , for IN Canadians NNS , , has VHZ been VBN the DT matter NN of IN free JJ trade NN agreements NNS with IN the DT USA NP and CC Mexico NP which WDT have VHP produced VVN major JJ controversy NN over IN at IN least JJS ten CD years NNS . SENT The DT first JJ Agreement NN , , before IN Parliament NP and CC Congress NP in IN 1987 CD , , was VBD followed VVN by IN a DT Canadian JJ election NN in IN fall NN of IN 1988 CD in IN which WDT the DT free JJ trade NN question NN figured VVD importantly RB . SENT The DT negotiating VVG Progressive JJ Conservative JJ government NN won VVD a DT majority NN of IN seats NNS in IN the DT election NN , , but CC the DT two CD parties NNS opposing VVG the DT Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP , , the DT Liberal NP and CC New NP Democratic JJ parties NNS , , won VVD the DT most JJS votes NNS . SENT The DT situation NN was VBD not RB unusual JJ . SENT The DT Progressive NP Conservative NP Party NP of IN Brian NP Mulroney NP won VVD the DT most JJS seats NNS in IN the DT House NP of IN Commons NPS . SENT But CC the DT combined JJ number NN of IN votes NNS won VVN by IN the DT two CD parties NNS fighting VVG against IN Free NP Trade NP the DT Liberal NP and CC the DT New NP Democratic NP Parties NNS exceeded VVD the DT number NN won VVD by IN the DT Mulroney NP Conservatives NPS . SENT He PP could MD argue VV that IN he PP had VHD a DT majority NN in IN favour NN of IN Free NP Trade NP measured VVD in IN the DT number NN of IN seats NNS won VVD . SENT The DT others NNS could MD argue VV , , however RB , , that IN more JJR votes NNS were VBD cast VVN for IN those DT rejecting VVG Free NP Trade NP than IN for IN the DT party NN in IN favour NN of IN Free NP Trade NP . SENT Those DT two CD facts NNS are VBP symbolic JJ of IN perceptions NNS and CC feelings NNS in IN Canada NP about IN free JJ trade NN . SENT To TO begin VV , , the DT election NN was VBD concerned VVN , , as RB is VBZ normal JJ , , with IN many JJ issues NNS . SENT It PP was VBD not RB a DT referendum NN with IN a DT single JJ question NN asking VVG Canadians NNS to TO accept VV or CC reject VV the DT Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP . SENT In IN addition NN , , large JJ corporations NNS many JJ of IN them PP US PP based VVN spent JJ amounts NNS of IN money NN unparalleled JJ in IN Canadian JJ history NN to TO urge VV acceptance NN of IN the DT agreement NN . SENT The DT degree NN to TO which WDT Canadians NNS freely RB chose VVD , , therefore RB , , is VBZ also RB debated VVN . SENT How WRB much RB the DT free JJ trade NN election NN was VBD a DT free JJ trade NN election NN is VBZ still RB debated VVN and CC will MD be VB for IN the DT foreseeable JJ future NN . SENT A DT further RBR symbolic JJ set NN of IN facts NNS related VVN to TO free VV trade NN concerns NNS perception NN and CC consciousness NN in IN the DT two CD countries NNS . SENT Five CD months NNS after IN negotiation NN of IN the DT Agreement NN , , in IN February NP 1988 CD , , a DT survey NN revealed VVD that IN 90 CD percent NN of IN Canadians NNS had VHD an DT opinion NN about IN it PP , , while IN only RB 39 CD percent NN of IN US NP people NNS were VBD even RB aware JJ it PP had VHD been VBN negotiated VVN . SENT Those DT last JJ two CD facts NNS mark VVP a DT persistent JJ quality NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS there EX is VBZ always RB a DT distinct JJ difference NN between IN Canada NP and CC the DT USA NP in IN public JJ knowledge NN and CC public JJ response NN to TO matters NNS of IN mutual JJ interest NN , , matters NNS which WDT fairly RB define VV the DT meaning NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS . SENT A DT Definition NN . SENT Canada NP US NP Relations NPS The DT phrase NN must MD be VB seen VVN both CC broadly RB and CC narrowly RB to TO be VB clearly RB understood VVN . SENT First RB , , of IN course NN , , it PP concerns VVZ agreements NNS and CC disagreements NNS , , discussions NNS , , cooperative JJ undertakings NNS , , and CC treaties NNS between IN governments NNS . SENT The DT International NP Boundary NP Commission NP , , NATO NP , , NORAD NP , , The DT Autopact NN , , the DT O NN . SENT A DT . SENT S PP . SENT , , The DT International NP Joint NP Commission NP , , the DT Permanent JJ Joint NP Board NP on IN Defence NN , , and CC the DT Free NP Trade NP Agreements NNS provide VVP a DT small JJ number NN of IN examples NNS of IN formally RB established VVN governmental JJ patterns NNS of IN agreement NN that WDT exist VVP . SENT We PP think VVP often RB of IN political JJ relations NNS as IN definitive JJ , , and CC they PP are VBP very RB important JJ , , but CC they PP are VBP only RB a DT part NN of IN the DT story NN . SENT Canada NP US NP Relations NPS involve VVP political JJ , , social JJ , , cultural JJ , , religious JJ , , and CC economic JJ relations NNS though IN of IN course NN none NN of IN those DT categories NNS is VBZ completely RB separable JJ from IN the DT rest NN . SENT Organizations NNS spring NN from IN either CC of IN the DT two CD countries NNS , , for IN instance NN , , and CC operate VV in IN both CC without IN formal JJ governmental JJ agreement NN or CC action NN , , at IN least JJS at IN the DT beginning NN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT category NN in IN which WDT governments NNS make VVP themselves PP heard VVN and CC often RB participate VV . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ not RB one CD in IN which WDT the DT creation NN of IN relations NNS is VBZ effected VVN , , in IN the DT first JJ instance NN , , by IN government NN to TO government NN agreement NN . SENT Major JJ examples NNS are VBP provided VVN by IN commercial JJ activity NN and CC the DT formation NN of IN unions NNS . SENT One CD example NN of IN business NN expansion NN into IN Canada NP relates VVZ , , in IN fact NN , , to TO government NN legislation NN . SENT When WRB John NP A NP . SENT Macdonald's NP government NN brought VVD in IN the DT National NP Policy NP 1879 CD to TO protect VV and CC develop VV Canadian JJ industry NN , , it PP had VHD another DT effect NN . SENT It PP was VBD essentially RB a DT tariff NN policy NN behind IN which WDT Canadian JJ enterprise NN was VBD intended VVN to TO grow VV without IN facing VVG overwhelming JJ competition NN from IN outside NN . SENT But CC US NP enterprise NN found VVD ways NNS to TO enter VV Canada NP , , to TO set VV up RP what WP we PP now RB call VVP branch NN plants NNS , , and CC to TO get VV whatever WDT preferences NNS Canadian NP enterprises NNS got VVD . SENT The DT US NP enterprises NNS didn't VVD enter VV Canada NP by IN governmental JJ to TO government NN agreement NN , , but CC , , apparently RB , , despite IN Canadian JJ government NN intentions NNS . SENT International JJ Unions NNS The DT creation NN of IN so RB called VVN international JJ unions NNS unions NNS formed VVN in IN the DT USA NP to TO which WDT Canadian JJ workers NNS become VVN attached VVD have VH played VVN a DT large JJ role NN in IN Canadian JJ life NN . SENT Often RB Canadian JJ workers NNS have VHP elected VVN freely RB to TO join VV US NP unions NNS in IN order NN to TO participate VV in IN larger JJR and CC , , therefore RB , , perhaps RB , , more JJR effective JJ organizations NNS . SENT As IN time NN passed VVN , , unions NNS from IN the DT US NP became VVD involved VVN in IN Canadian JJ culture NN and CC politics NNS . SENT In IN 1974 CD , , writing VVG about IN Canadian JJ Labour NN in IN the DT Continental NP Perspective NP , , Robert NP W NP . SENT Cox NP and CC Stuart NP Jamieson NP recorded VVD the DT condition NN of IN the DT national JJ labour NN body NN , , the DT Canadian JJ Labour NN Congress NP CLC NP , , 1956 CD in IN relation NN to TO US NP unionism NN . SENT The DT ambiguous JJ position NN of IN the DT CLC NN between IN American JJ dominance NN and CC aspirations NNS for IN Canadian JJ independence NN has VHZ reflected VVN the DT general JJ mood NN of IN Canadian JJ opinion NN and CC has VHZ not RB differed VVD markedly RB from IN the DT position NN of IN business NN or CC the DT federal JJ government NN . SENT Independence NN has VHZ been VBN more RBR manifest JJ on IN the DT more JJR symbolic JJ issues NNS , , those DT on IN which WDT policies NNS have VHP the DT least JJS immediate JJ consequence NN , , while IN the DT dependency NN pattern NN generally RB prevails VVZ where WRB material NN interests NNS are VBP involved VVN . SENT Robert NP W NP . SENT Cox NP and CC Stuart NP Jamieson NP , , Canadian JJ Labour NN in IN the DT Continental NP Perspective NP , , in IN eds NPS A NP . SENT B SYM . SENT Fox NP , , A NP . SENT O NN . SENT Hero NN , , and CC J NP . SENT S NP . SENT Nye NP , , Canada NP and CC the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Transnational JJ and CC Transgovernmental NP Relations NPS , , New NP York NP , , Columbia NP University NP Press NP , , 1974 CD , , p NN . SENT 223 CD In IN terms NNS unrelated JJ to TO direct JJ government NN action NN , , US NP unions NNS in IN Canada NP affected VVN and CC affect VV the DT nature NN of IN negotiation NN between IN employers NNS and CC employees NNS as RB well RB as IN the DT ability NN of IN Canadians NNS workers NNS to TO maintain VV strikes NNS . SENT For IN many JJ years NNS representatives NNS of IN US NP unions NNS held VVD a DT majority NN of IN votes NNS and CC a DT dominant JJ weight NN of IN power NN on IN the DT national JJ organizations NNS in IN Canada NP whatever WDT the DT names NNS given VVN to TO the DT national JJ organization NN s PP from IN time NN to TO time NN . SENT At IN the DT present JJ time NN all DT Canadian JJ unions NNS have VHP a DT majority NN of IN representation NN on IN the DT national JJ body NN , , The DT Canadian JJ Labour NN Congress NP . SENT Religious JJ Organizations NP Cross NP Borders NP Religious JJ organizations NNS also RB expand VV across IN the DT borders NNS without IN government NN involvement NN . SENT Canada's NP principal JJ religion NN is VBZ Christianity NN , , more JJR or CC less RBR superimposed VVN upon IN the DT native JJ religions NNS present JJ when WRB the DT Europeans NPS arrived VVD . SENT It PP has VHZ added VVN Judaism NP , , Buddhism NN , , Sikhism NP , , Hinduism NN , , Islam NP , , and CC the DT Bahai JJ faith NN over IN years NNS . SENT But CC sects NNS and CC other JJ divisions NNS of IN the DT Christian JJ faith NN have VHP been VBN quite RB strongly RB influenced VVN in IN Canada NP by IN US NP activities NNS . SENT The DT Jehovah's NP Witnesses NNS , , for IN example NN , , is VBZ a DT faith NN that WDT was VBD founded VVN in IN the DT US NP in IN the DT later RBR nineteenth JJ century NN , , has VHZ established VVN churches NNS , , and CC tirelessly RB practices NNS door NN to TO door NN evangelism NN in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT Morman NP Church NP , , founded VVN in IN the DT US NP in IN 1830 CD , , chose VVD Canada NP for IN colonization NN in IN the DT 1880 CD s PP and CC established VVD the DT town NN of IN Cardston NP , , Alberta NP , , in IN 1887 CD . SENT The DT Christian NP Church NP Disciples NNS of IN Christ NP founded VVD in IN 1804 CD and CC Christian NP Science NP First NP Church NP of IN Christ NP Scientist NN founded VVD in IN 1879 CD both CC spread VVD to TO Canada NP and CC established JJ churches NNS and CC followings NNS . SENT Judaism NP and CC the DT Unitarian JJ faith NN , , though RB not RB from IN the DT US NP primarily RB , , both CC relied VVN and CC still RB rely VV largely RB upon IN the DT US NP for IN training NN rabbis NNS and CC ministers NNS . SENT Some DT Canadian JJ jews NPS study VVP to TO be VB rabbis NNS in IN the DT US NP but CC many DT were VBD , , and CC probably RB still RB are VBP imported VVN . SENT The DT effect NN of IN that DT condition NN as IN with IN a DT great JJ deal NN of IN influence NN that WDT comes VVZ from IN the DT US NP is VBZ hard JJ to TO determine VV . SENT The DT situation NN may MD be VB illuminated VVN a DT little JJ , , however RB , , by IN a DT personal JJ anecdote NN . SENT In IN the DT 1970 CD s NN I PP was VBD invited VVN to TO a DT Unitarian JJ Church NN in IN Ottawa NP to TO give VV a DT talk NN about IN Qu NP bec NP . SENT The DT minister NN asked VVD me PP to TO wait VV in IN a DT large JJ room NN adjoining JJ the DT meeting NN place NN . SENT Across IN the DT floor NN long JJ lines NNS of IN books NNS were VBD laid VVN , , backs VVZ up RP , , in IN rows NNS . SENT I PP thought VVD the DT church NN was VBD preparing VVG for IN a DT fund NN raising VVG book NN sale NN , , and CC so RB I PP studied VVD the DT hundreds NNS of IN books NNS to TO see VV if IN there EX were VBD any DT I NN might MD be VB interested VVN in IN . SENT I PP had VHD plenty NN of IN time NN . SENT When WRB the DT minister NN returned VVD , , I PP asked VVD him PP if IN he PP was VBD having VHG a DT book NN sale NN . SENT He PP informed VVD me PP he PP was VBD the DT new JJ preacher NN , , just RB arrived VVN from IN the DT US NP , , and CC I PP had VHD been VBN looking VVG at IN his PP$ library NN which WDT was VBD about RB to TO be VB put VVN on IN shelves NNS . 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SENT Canada NP did VVD not RB do VV so RB as RB much JJ . SENT Canada NP has VHZ a DT pluralist JJ tradition NN . SENT It PP had VHD two CD major JJ political JJ cultures NNS from IN the DT outset NN . SENT The DT need NN to TO forge VV national JJ unity NN made VVD legislators NNS sensitive JJ to TO differences NNS of IN need NN among IN the DT members NNS of IN the DT public NN . SENT For IN that DT reason NN Canadians NNS have VHP been VBN , , traditionally RB , , much RB less RBR likely JJ to TO think VV monolithically RB than IN US NP people NNS . SENT Canadians NNS have VHP been VBN , , too RB , , less RBR likely JJ to TO see VV government NN as IN an DT enemy NN . SENT In IN addition NN the DT US NP threat NN both CC as IN a DT military JJ fact NN and CC a DT cultural JJ one CD induced VVN Canadians NNS to TO think VV as IN a DT defensive JJ community NN . SENT Canadians NNS did VVD not RB bear VV the DT burden NN of IN being VBG new JJ Adams NP and CC Eves NP . SENT they PP could MD rely VV on IN past JJ history NN and CC tradition NN to TO guide VV them PP . SENT The DT US NP also RB possessed VVD a DT peculiar JJ anomaly NN in IN being VBG a DT major JJ slave NN owning VVG and CC then RB post VV slave NN owning VVG society NN . SENT For IN a DT very RB large JJ part NN of IN its PP$ history NN a DT significant JJ portion NN of IN its PP$ population NN was VBD considered VVN and CC legislated VVN as IN inferior JJ , , long JJ after IN the DT emancipation NN of IN the DT slaves NNS . SENT An DT institutionalized VVN superiority NN inferiority NN division NN between IN black JJ and CC white JJ people NNS , , regardless RB of IN individual JJ qualities NNS , , not RB only RB flew VVD in IN the DT face NN of IN the DT preamble NN to TO the DT Constitution NP that WDT says VVZ people NNS of IN the DT US NP hold NN as IN self NN evident JJ truth NN that IN all DT men NNS are VBP created VVN equal JJ . SENT It PP also RB disseminated VVN through IN the DT society NN the DT belief NN that IN it PP was VBD right JJ and CC proper JJ for IN some DT people NNS to TO consider VV themselves PP better JJR than IN others NNS on IN no DT other JJ basis NN than IN power NN . SENT The DT Psychology NP Of IN A DT Smaller JJR Power NP Canada NP has VHZ always RB been VBN aware JJ that IN its PP$ existence NN has VHZ to TO depend VV on IN something NN else RB than IN sheer JJ power NN . SENT and CC so RB internally RB and CC externally RB it PP has VHZ attempted VVN to TO give VV itself PP to TO the DT virtues NNS of IN conciliation NN , , compromise NN , , pluralism NN , , and CC acceptance NN of IN difference NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN the DT Canadian JJ person NN has VHZ been VBN to TO Canadians NNS quite RB different JJ than IN the DT person NN in IN the DT USA NP . SENT The DT quality NN of IN the DT individual NN in IN any DT major JJ or CC imperial JJ power NN is VBZ very RB different JJ always RB than IN the DT quality NN of IN the DT individual NN in IN a DT defensive JJ society NN conscious JJ of IN a DT need NN to TO form VV solidarity NN of IN response NN in IN social JJ and CC national JJ life NN . SENT The DT US NP saw VVD itself PP as RB much RB more RBR rigidly RB defined VVN as IN a DT capitalist JJ , , free JJ enterprise NN country NN than IN Canada NP did VVD . SENT But CC capitalist JJ activity NN for IN that DT reason NN also RB existed VVD for IN Canadians NNS , , often RB , , as IN a DT US NP instrument NN forcing VVG its PP$ way NN into IN Canada NP . SENT Both DT countries NNS are VBP and CC were VBD essentially RB liberal JJ capitalist JJ democracies NNS . SENT but CC one CD of IN them PP used VVD its PP$ capitalism NN to TO move VV into IN the DT other JJ in IN a DT way NN that WDT was VBD not RB balanced VVN by IN a DT reciprocal JJ move NN . SENT Over IN a DT long JJ period NN of IN time NN , , that DT fact NN had VHD to TO tell VV upon IN the DT formation NN of IN identity NN and CC the DT sense NN of IN the DT person NN in IN the DT two CD countries NNS . SENT New JJ Reality NN In IN Canada NP In IN recent JJ years NNS Canadian JJ government NN has VHZ more RBR visibly RB allied VVD itself PP with IN capitalist JJ ideology NN and CC the DT market NN economy NN . SENT Market NN economy NN is VBZ a DT phrase NN used VVN to TO describe VV a DT system NN that WDT considers VVZ the DT economy NN should MD be VB governed VVN by IN the DT market NN . SENT Government NN should MD not RB intervene VV to TO protect VV local JJ industry NN , , provide VV securities NNS of IN care NN for IN the DT disadvantaged JJ , , or CC provide VV incentives NNS for IN development NN . SENT In IN brief JJ , , capitalist JJ organizations NNS should MD be VB given VVN the DT whole NN economic JJ which WDT means VVZ ultimately RB the DT social JJ and CC the DT political JJ field NN to TO work VV out RP a DT system NN of IN supply NN and CC consumption NN . SENT Of IN course NN the DT market NN economy NN is VBZ never RB achieved VVN in IN any DT pure JJ way NN . SENT The DT USA NP , , which WDT probably RB trumpets VVZ the DT wonders NNS of IN the DT market NN economy NN more RBR than IN any DT other JJ country NN , , has VHZ had VHN in IN place NN for IN decades NNS , , an DT enormous JJ military JJ production NN structure NN which WDT is VBZ used VVN by IN government NN to TO intervene VV significantly RB in IN the DT economy NN and CC to TO provide VV incentives NNS for IN development NN of IN all DT kinds NNS of IN things NNS not RB seen VVN , , subsequently RB , , as RB military JJ from IN medicines NNS to TO advanced JJ computer NN inventions NNS . SENT Why WRB Canada NP Is VBZ Changing VVG The DT shift NN in IN Canada NP is VBZ partly RB a DT result NN of IN US NP control NN of IN large JJ segments NNS of IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN , , of IN pressures NNS under IN the DT free JJ trade NN agreements NNS to TO merge VV the DT two CD social JJ cultures NNS , , and CC a DT general JJ move NN in IN the DT Western JJ world NN towards IN greater JJR reliance NN on IN market NN forces NNS for IN the DT production NN and CC distribution NN of IN wealth NN . SENT Interest NN groups NNS other JJ than IN those DT created VVN by IN corporate JJ capitalism NN have VHP become VVN more RBR visible JJ as IN a DT result NN . SENT They PP are VBP groups NNS that WDT unite VV under IN a DT single JJ interest NN . SENT women NNS , , consumers NNS , , the DT socially RB disadvantaged JJ , , etc FW . SENT But CC they PP have VHP also RB appeared VVN as RB mirrors VVZ , , echoes NNS , , and CC extensions NNS of IN US NP groups NNS and CC activities NNS . SENT In IN Canada NP , , the DT tendency NN to TO mirror VV , , echo VV , , or CC extend VV developments NNS in IN the DT USA NP is VBZ increasingly RB a DT characteristic NN of IN the DT society NN . SENT As IN Canadians NNS become VVP more RBR ignorant JJ about IN the DT distinct JJ qualities NNS of IN their PP$ own JJ society NN and CC system NN , , they PP tend VVP to TO ape VV responses NNS of IN people NNS in IN the DT US NP to TO the DT US NP system NN . SENT Just RB for IN instance NN , , the DT recent JJ Canadian JJ gun NN lobby NN response NN to TO legislation NN intended VVD to TO further RBR restrict VV free JJ use NN of IN weapons NNS in IN Canada NP was VBD a DT US NP copied VVD response NN . SENT Some DT spokespeople NN even RB began VVD to TO say VV as RB is VBZ regularly RB said VVN in IN the DT USA NP that IN Canadians NNS have VHP a DT constitutional JJ right NN to TO bear VV arms NNS . SENT The DT argument NN is VBZ so RB completely RB false JJ it PP didn't VVD last RB long RB . SENT But CC it PP was VBD tried VVN along RP with IN all PDT the DT arguments NNS people NNS in IN the DT US NP use NN to TO support VV the DT gun NN lobby NN there RB . SENT Americanization NN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP is VBZ not RB being VBG merely RB humorous JJ in IN Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 CD when WRB he PP writes VVZ that IN Nowadays RB , , we PP import VVP even RB our PP$ anti JJ Americanism NN from IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT p NN . SENT 428 RB His PP$ comment NN opens VVZ a DT very RB large JJ vista NN . SENT For IN it PP faces VVZ without IN naming VVG them PP two CD very JJ important JJ factors NNS in IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS . SENT The DT first JJ is VBZ the DT almost RB unimpeded JJ flow NN of IN US NP capital NN into IN Canada NP in IN the DT form NN of IN equity NN holding NN . SENT That DT means VVZ US NP investors NNS hold VVP in IN outright JJ ownership NN plant NN and CC property NN in IN Canada NP , , rather RB than IN investing VVG in IN the DT country NN by IN gaining VVG securities NNS which WDT may MD grow VV in IN value NN with IN the DT overall JJ investment NN and CC which WDT gain NN dividends NNS or CC interest NN . SENT The DT second JJ important JJ factor NN is VBZ the DT almost RB unimpeded JJ flow NN of IN cultural JJ , , political JJ , , and CC other JJ expression NN from IN the DT US NP into IN Canada NP . SENT The DT two CD are VBP closely RB connected VVN . SENT The DT way NN to TO see VV the DT connection NN in IN quick JJ form NN is VBZ in IN relation NN to TO sports NNS . SENT Hockey NN and CC basketball NN , , for IN instance NN , , are VBP business NN enterprises NNS capable JJ of IN earning VVG profit NN . SENT US NP capital NN enters VVZ Canada NP , , buys VVZ or CC sets VVZ up RP teams NNS , , purchases NNS players NNS , , and CC surrounds VVZ them PP with IN a DT particular JJ concept NN of IN sport NN . SENT Canadian JJ players NNS become VVP meaningless JJ to TO the DT articulation NN of IN values NNS and CC ideals NNS in IN the DT Canadian JJ community NN . SENT One CD of IN Canada's NNS most RBS famous JJ hockey NN players NNS , , Wayne NP Gretsky NP , , who WP many JJ Canadians NNS saw VVD as IN a DT peculiarly RB fine JJ representative NN of IN Canadian JJ hockey NN values NNS , , was VBD sold VVN to TO a DT US NP team NN . SENT His PP$ sale NN demonstrated VVD that IN whatever WDT else RB he PP might MD have VH been VBN and CC stood VVD for IN , , he PP was VBD primarily RB a DT commodity NN in IN a DT market NN economy NN whose WP$ purpose NN was VBD to TO increase VV profit NN for IN whomever NP could MD invest VV the DT most JJS in IN him PP . SENT The DT sports NNS example NN demonstrates VVZ a DT fundamental JJ fact NN more RBR clearly RB than IN may MD be VB visible JJ in IN other JJ areas NNS . SENT The DT takeover NN and CC ownership NN of IN significant JJ parts NNS of IN a DT country's NNS economy NN deeply RB affect VV the DT cultural JJ consciousness NN of IN the DT people NNS in IN the DT country NN whose WP$ economy NN is VBZ being VBG taken VVN over RP . SENT To TO begin VV , , head NN offices NNS are VBP in IN another DT country NN . SENT Orders NNS and CC policy NN for IN operation NN come VVN from IN outside NN . SENT The DT foreign JJ head NN office NN very RB often RB does VVZ not RB understand VV or CC care VV about IN local JJ culture NN and CC often RB uses VVZ operations NNS in IN the DT branch NN areas NNS as IN cushions NNS to TO ensure VV stability NN in IN the DT home NN office NN country NN . SENT In IN addition NN it PP drains VVZ capital NN from IN the DT host NN country NN in IN the DT form NN of IN dividends NNS , , leases NNS , , management NN fees NNS , , patent NN costs NNS , , and CC transfer VV payments NNS to TO say VV nothing NN of IN publicly RB recorded VVN profit NN . SENT It PP tends VVZ to TO introduce VV and CC or CC support VV ideas NNS from IN its PP$ head NN office NN concerning VVG plant NN safety NN , , union NN validity NN , , social JJ benefits NNS , , and CC work NN habits NNS . SENT The DT ideas NNS from IN outside IN the DT host NN country NN may MD be VB much RB less RBR satisfactory JJ to TO the DT employees NNS than IN is VBZ normal JJ in IN the DT country NN . SENT Foreign JJ Ownership NN And CC Inferiority NN Even RB without IN intending VVG to TO , , the DT foreign JJ enterprise NN acts NNS , , often RB , , to TO convey VV a DT sense NN of IN inferiority NN to TO the DT people NNS in IN the DT host NN country NN , , for IN it PP does VVZ most JJS research NN and CC development NN in IN the DT head NN office NN country NN , , suggesting VVG the DT brains NNS of IN the DT enterprise NN are VBP elsewhere RB . SENT Its PP$ publicity NN , , advertising NN , , and CC customer NN relations NNS are VBP often RB shaped VVN outside IN the DT host NN country NN , , and CC employees NNS are VBP invited VVN to TO be VB like IN those DT in IN the DT head NN office NN country NN . SENT Canada NP is VBZ different JJ from IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT But CC that DT is VBZ not RB what WP people NNS representing VVG US NP enterprise NN often RB tell VV Canadians NNS . SENT Canada NP , , they PP say VVP , , is VBZ just RB like IN the DT US NP was VBD fifty CD years NNS ago RB . SENT That DT is VBZ not RB true JJ , , but CC the DT implication NN of IN the DT statement NN is VBZ clear JJ . SENT Canada NP has VHZ the DT highest JJS level NN of IN foreign JJ mainly RB US NP ownership NN of IN its PP$ economy NN in IN the DT advanced JJ industrial JJ world NN . SENT It PP also RB has VHZ one CD of IN the DT highest JJS levels NNS of IN cultural JJ flow NN from IN the DT US NP . SENT Canadians NNS English JJ speaking NN in IN a DT majority NN face VVP an DT unbroken JJ flood NN of IN magazines NNS , , newspapers NNS , , textbooks NNS , , videos NNS , , television NN production NN , , radio NN , , theatre NN production NN and CC musical JJ personalities NNS from IN the DT USA NP , , quite RB apart RB from IN the DT resident JJ US NP enterprises NNS working VVG in IN Canada NP from IN US NP values NNS and CC directed VVN from IN US NP head NN offices NNS . SENT Cultural JJ Takeover NN Two CD Meanings NNS . SENT Here RB again RB a DT special JJ character NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS manifests VVZ itself PP . SENT It PP may MD be VB said VVN , , as IN a DT general JJ rule NN , , that DT US NP culture NN in IN Canada NP in IN all DT of IN the DT examples NNS I PP have VHP given VVN crowds NNS out RB or CC usurps VVZ Canadian JJ culture NN . SENT A DT glance NN at IN any DT ordinary JJ magazine NN rack NN in IN Canada NP tells VVZ the DT story NN . SENT Of IN , , say VV , , 100 CD different JJ magazines NNS displayed VVD , , the DT most RBS numerous JJ and CC most RBS opulent JJ will MD usually RB be VB US NP magazines NNS . SENT That DT condition NN is VBZ almost RB universal JJ among IN cultural JJ products NNS . SENT The DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT relation NN is VBZ that IN , , as IN a DT general JJ rule NN , , the DT very RB small JJ number NN of IN Canadian JJ cultural JJ products NNS that WDT enter VVP the DT US NP are VBP dissolved VVN or CC absorbed VVN into IN US NP culture NN . SENT People NNS in IN the DT US NP are VBP usually RB unaware JJ that IN the DT cultural JJ products NNS come VVN from IN Canada NP . SENT Canadian JJ culture NN displaces VVZ nothing NN in IN US NP culture NN and CC , , to TO survive VV there RB , , must MD in IN effect NN become VVN US NP culture NN . SENT If IN we PP return VVP to TO the DT political JJ dimension NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS after IN considering VVG the DT ideas NNS expressed VVD above IN , , we PP can MD begin VV to TO examine VV how WRB Canada NP came VVD to TO be VB massively RB dominated VVN by IN the DT United NP States NPS , , what WP the DT present JJ condition NN is VBZ , , and CC what WP the DT future NN holds VVZ for IN relations NNS between IN the DT two CD countries NNS . SENT Historical JJ Perspective NP Starting VVG in IN the DT modern JJ world NN as IN a DT colony NN of IN Britain NP , , Canada NP depended VVD upon IN that DT country NN for IN both DT government NN and CC defence NN for IN a DT long JJ time NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT important JJ characteristics NNS of IN the DT relation NN was VBD the DT presence NN of IN the DT imperial JJ British JJ military NN to TO dissuade VV any DT country NN not RB least RBS the DT USA NP from IN having VHG territorial JJ designs NNS upon IN Canada NP . SENT Indeed RB , , though IN Canadians NNS are VBP quite RB properly RB pleased VVN to TO be VB able JJ to TO claim VV victory NN against IN the DT USA NP in IN the DT War NP of IN 1812 CD , , no RB one CD doubts NNS that IN the DT presence NN of IN professional JJ imperial JJ forces NNS was VBD significant JJ in IN the DT outcome NN . SENT As IN time NN passed VVD and CC Canada NP gained VVD increasing VVG sovereignty NN , , the DT question NN of IN its PP$ share NN of IN its PP$ own JJ and CC imperial JJ defence NN was VBD frequently RB mooted VVN . SENT For IN instance NN , , prior RB to TO 1910 CD the DT Laurier NN government NN was VBD pressed VVN both CC by IN some DT Canadians NNS and CC the DT British NP to TO contribute VV directly RB to TO the DT Royal NP Navy NP . SENT The DT war NN with IN Germany NP was VBD looming VVG and CC the DT question NN of IN defence NN became VVD important JJ . SENT In IN 1910 CD , , instead RB of IN contributing VVG directly RB to TO the DT Royal NP Navy NP , , the DT Laurier NP government NN established VVD The DT Naval NP Defence NN Act NP also RB known VVN as IN the DT Naval NP Service NP Act NP as IN a DT way NN of IN beginning VVG an DT independent JJ Canadian JJ navy NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , the DT Conservative JJ government NN leader NN , , Robert NP Borden NP , , Prime NP Minister NP from IN 1911 CD conferred VVD with IN the DT First NP Lord NP of IN the DT Admiralty NP , , Winston NP Churchill NP in IN 1912 CD about IN direct JJ aid NN to TO the DT British JJ navy NN . SENT Borden NP agreed VVD to TO provide VV 35 CD million CD dollars NNS for IN 3 CD dreadnoughts NNS for IN the DT British JJ fleet NN , , and CC forced VVN legislation NN through IN the DT Canadian NP House NP of IN Commons NPS using VVG closure NN on IN May NP 13 CD , , 1913 CD . SENT The DT Liberal JJ majority NN in IN the DT Senate NP defeated VVD the DT bill NN two CD weeks NNS later RBR , , and CC the DT war NN began VVD before IN Borden NP could MD recoup VV the DT loss NN . SENT Loyalties NNS In IN Crisis NN That IN seesawing VVG of IN loyalties NNS and CC directions NNS may MD be VB said VVN to TO be VB a DT thread NN drawn VVN through IN the DT whole JJ century NN except IN that IN a DT US NP factor NN was VBD always RB present JJ and CC has VHZ remained VVN . SENT C LS . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP remarks NNS that IN the DT accession NN of IN William NP Lyon NP Mackenzie NP King NP to TO the DT position NN of IN Prime NP Minister NP in IN December NP , , 1921 CD is VBZ an DT important JJ turning VVG point NN in IN the DT history NN of IN Canadian JJ external JJ policies NNS , , yet RB those DT policies NNS were VBD not RB an DT issue NN in IN the DT election NN . SENT they PP were VBD never RB placed VVN before IN the DT voters NNS . SENT C LS . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 CD , , 1921 CD 1948 CD , , Toronto NP , , U NP . SENT of IN T NN . SENT Press NP , , 1981 CD , , p NN . SENT 3 LS The DT turning VVG point NN is VBZ reflected VVN in IN the DT 1919 CD Liberal JJ convention NN that WDT selected VVD King NP as IN leader NN . SENT it PP contained VVD a DT plank NN on IN Canadian JJ Autonomy NN which WDT demanded VVD a DT change NN in IN Canada's NP relation NN to TO Empire NP that WDT should MD , , after IN passage NN by IN Parliament NP , , be VB submitted VVN to TO the DT people NNS in IN a DT referendum NN . SENT p NN . SENT 3 LS The DT change NN was VBD never RB submitted VVN to TO a DT referendum NN but CC it PP is VBZ key JJ to TO all DT considerations NNS of IN Canada's NP status NN for IN the DT rest NN of IN the DT century NN . SENT It PP is VBZ made VVN up RP of IN a DT fairly RB complex JJ set NN of IN forces NNS at IN work NN the DT outcome NN of IN which WDT seems VVZ no RB longer RB in IN doubt NN . SENT Simply RB , , the DT forces NNS focussed VVN on IN the DT three CD points NNS of IN the DT Atlantic NP Triangle NP , , as IN it PP has VHZ been VBN called VVN by IN Canadian JJ theorists NNS . SENT The DT justly RB celebrated JJ work NN of IN that DT title NN , , North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP , , was VBD published VVN in IN 1945 CD , , the DT last JJ in IN a DT series NN produced VVN for IN the DT US NP Carnegie NP Endowment NP For IN International NP Peace NP . SENT It's NP author NN was VBD John NP Bartlet NP Brebner NP , , and CC the DT series NN was VBD directed VVN by IN James NP T NN . SENT Shotwell NP . SENT The DT North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP The DT series NN is VBZ , , at IN one CD important JJ level NN , , a DT celebration NN of IN Canada NP US NP amity NN , , cooperation NN , , and CC friendship NN . SENT Shotwell's NP Foreword NN to TO North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP sounds VVZ the DT note NN . SENT No DT definition NN can MD be VB framed VVN in IN logical JJ terms NNS which WDT will MD wholly RB describe VV that IN subtle JJ but CC unyielding JJ sense NN of IN reality NN within IN the DT North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP which WDT dictates VVZ conduct VV according VVG to TO fundamental JJ rules NNS of IN equity NN and CC fair JJ play NN . SENT James NP T NN . SENT Shotwell NP , , Foreword NN to TO John NP Bartlet NP Brebner NP , , North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP , , New NP Haven NP , , Yale NP University NP Press NP , , 1945 CD , , p NN . SENT viii NP John NP Bartlet NP Brebner NP pursues VVZ the DT same JJ note NN , , closing VVG his PP$ eyes NNS to TO the DT on IN going VVG struggle NN for IN Canada NP that WDT went VVD on IN during IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP years NNS while IN he PP was VBD writing VVG the DT book NN . SENT Perhaps RB , , the DT real JJ reasons NNS for IN the DT termination NN of IN the DT great JJ trial NN of IN strength NN between IN Britons NNS and CC their PP$ American JJ offspring NN , , Brebner NP writes VVZ , , and CC the DT foundation NN of IN the DT basic JJ understanding NN between IN them PP which WDT has VHZ survived VVN a DT century NN and CC a DT quarter NN of IN exacting JJ strains NNS , , are VBP to TO be VB found VVN in IN the DT Anglo NP American NP collaboration NN which WDT produced VVD the DT Monroe NP Doctrine NP of IN 1823 CD . SENT p NN . SENT 106 CD The NP Monroe NP Doctrine NP The DT statement NN is VBZ doubly RB strange JJ , , for IN the DT Monroe NP Doctrine NP was VBD essentially RB a DT unilateral JJ declaration NN by IN the DT USA NP that IN it PP is VBZ the DT major JJ power NN in IN the DT Western JJ hemisphere NN and CC that IN it PP has VHZ the DT right NN to TO treat VV the DT area NN as IN its PP$ own JJ sphere NN of IN influence NN . SENT Continuing VVG exercise NN of IN activity NN in IN the DT region NN to TO secure VV and CC maintain VV US NP power NN has VHZ often RB been VBN accompanied VVN by IN further JJR elaborations NNS of IN the DT meaning NN of IN the DT Doctrine NN . SENT But CC critics NNS in IN the DT region NN , , and CC not RB only RB in IN Canada NP , , have VHP had VHN harsh JJ things NNS to TO say VV about IN the DT validity NN and CC the DT purpose NN of IN the DT Doctrine NN , , pointing VVG out RP the DT basic JJ fact NN that IN it PP has VHZ never RB been VBN elevated JJ into IN an DT international JJ agreement NN or CC law NN , , and CC it PP survives VVZ simply RB because IN the DT USA NP has VHZ the DT power NN to TO enforce VV whatever WDT at IN any DT moment NN in IN history NN it PP is VBZ convenient JJ for IN the DT Doctrine NN to TO mean VV . SENT . SENT John NP Barlet NP Brebner NP and CC James NP T NN . SENT Shotwell NP were VBD both CC born VVN in IN Canada NP , , and CC both DT emigrated VVD to TO the DT US NP , , Shotwell NP becoming VVG an DT enthusiastic JJ convert VV . SENT They PP number NN among IN distinguished JJ men NNS of IN the DT era NN who WP were VBD born VVN Canadians NNS Douglas NP Bush NP , , A NP . SENT J NP . SENT M NP . SENT Smith NP , , E NP . SENT K NP . SENT Brown NP , , John NP Kenneth NP Galbraith NP , , and CC others NNS who WP believed VVD they PP could MD advance VV their PP$ careers NNS and CC or CC work VV in IN a DT more RBR fully RB equipped VVN civilization NN by IN leaving VVG Canada NP and CC adopting VVG the DT USA NP as IN their PP$ home NN . SENT A DT Move VVP Towards IN Independence NN During IN the DT Mackenzie NP King NP era NN when WRB he PP led VVD the DT Liberal JJ party NN and CC was VBD Prime NP Minister NP for IN nearly RB 22 CD years NNS between IN 1919 CD and CC 1948 CD the DT relations NNS between IN Canada NP , , the DT US NP , , and CC Britain NP took VVD what WP we PP can MD see VV now RB was VBD a DT new JJ direction NN . SENT Loyalties NNS on IN Canada's NP part NN seemed VVD to TO , , and CC did VVD , , seesaw JJ in IN the DT way NN already RB illustrated VVD , , pulling VVG back RB and CC forth RB through IN the DT long JJ period NN of IN boom NN , , the DT Depression NP , , the DT Second NP World NP War NP and CC its PP$ aftermath NN . SENT But CC in IN the DT process NN a DT single JJ direction NN was VBD more JJR and CC more JJR being NN forged VVN . SENT Put VV simply RB , , on IN one CD side NN Canada NP was VBD feeling VVG greater JJR and CC greater JJR need NN for IN independence NN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN its PP$ own JJ affairs NNS . SENT Despite IN some DT differences NNS among IN the DT two CD major JJ political JJ parties NNS that IN feeling NN was VBD common JJ to TO them PP both DT . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT famous JJ Balfour NP Declaration NP of IN 1926 CD was VBD welcomed VVN by IN both DT . SENT It PP stated VVD that IN Great NP Britain NP and CC the DT dominions NNS are VBP autonomous JJ Communities NNS within IN the DT British NP Empire NP , , equal JJ in IN status NN , , in IN no DT way NN subordinate JJ one NN to TO another DT in IN any DT aspect NN of IN their PP$ domestic JJ or CC external JJ affairs NNS , , though RB united VVN by IN a DT common JJ allegiance NN to TO the DT Crown NP and CC fully RB associated VVN as IN members NNS of IN the DT British NP Commonwealth NP of IN Nations NPS . SENT The DT work NN of IN Conservative NP Prime NP Minister NP Borden NP during IN the DT First NP World NP War NP years NNS built VVD as RB much RB towards IN that DT statement NN as IN anything NN Liberal JJ governments NNS did VVD in IN the DT years NNS before IN 1926 CD . SENT John NP Bartlet NP Brebner NP remarks NNS that IN the DT Declaration NP was VBD a DT mere JJ recognition NN of IN things NNS as IN they PP had VHD come VVN to TO be VB . SENT p NN . SENT 285 CD Things NNS had VHD come VVN to TO be VB that DT way NN because IN Canadian NP Prime NP Ministers NPS and CC governments NNS of IN both DT parties NNS regardless RB of IN expressions NNS of IN affection NN for IN and CC loyalty NN to TO the DT British JJ tie NN had VHD worked VVN assiduously RB to TO gain VV Canadian JJ independence NN . SENT Partly RB they PP had VHD done VVN it PP out RP of IN a DT genuine JJ pull NN felt VVD by IN individual JJ party NN members NNS and CC many JJ Canadians NNS . SENT Partly RB they PP were VBD responding VVG to TO the DT strongly RB isolationist JJ insistence NN emanating VVG from IN Qu NP bec NP . SENT Britain NP And CC The DT Possibilities NNS Of IN Empire NP The NP British NP , , on IN their PP$ part NN , , still RB clung VVN to TO a DT general JJ sense NN described VVN by IN the DT Imperial NP Unity NP Movement NN , , the DT Imperial NP Federation NP League NP , , the DT Imperial NP Federation NP Committee NP , , the DT British NP Empire NP League NP , , and CC the DT Round NP Table NN Movement NN . SENT People NNS connected VVN to TO all PDT those DT organizations NNS , , even RB before IN formal JJ beginning NN with IN the DT Imperial NP Federation NP League NP in IN 1884 CD and CC continuing VVG at IN least JJS into IN the DT 1920 CD s PP by IN some DT of IN the DT other JJ organizations NNS mentioned VVN worked VVD to TO bring VV about IN some DT kind NN of IN formal JJ organization NN of IN countries NNS within IN the DT British JJ Empire NN . SENT In IN his PP$ book NN on IN The DT Round NP Table NN Movement NN And CC Imperial NP Union NP 1975 CD John NP Kendle NP characterizes VVZ the DT direction NN . SENT For IN many JJ it PP was VBD simply RB a DT desire NN to TO offset VV the DT political JJ , , military JJ , , and CC commercial JJ advance NN of IN the DT foreign JJ powers NNS who WP were VBD challenging VVG British JJ supremacy NN in IN all DT fields NNS . SENT But CC for IN others NNS it PP was VBD based VVN on IN a DT belief NN in IN the DT political JJ wisdom NN of IN the DT British NP and CC their PP$ system NN of IN government NN . SENT Many JJ believed VVD the DT British NP had VHD a DT duty NN and CC a DT moral JJ responsibility NN to TO educate VV the DT backward RB peoples NNS of IN the DT world NN to TO an DT understanding NN of IN the DT British NP System NP . SENT John NP E NP . SENT Kendle NP , , The DT Round NP Table NN Movement NN And CC Imperial NP Union NP , , Toronto NP , , U NP . SENT of IN T NN . SENT Press NP , , 1975 CD , , p NN . SENT xv NP The DT moralistic JJ and CC racial JJ aspects NNS of IN some DT imperial JJ unity NN people NNS should MD not RB obscure VV the DT very RB real JJ power NN concerns NNS involved VVN , , the DT sense NN that IN a DT trading NN and CC military JJ bloc NN formed VVN of IN empire NN countries NNS could MD , , through IN a DT united VVN Commonwealth NP to TO continue VV Kendle's NP words NNS be VB able JJ to TO make VV a DT major JJ contribution NN , , perhaps RB the DT most RBS significant JJ ever RB made VVN by IN a DT state NN or CC empire NN , , to TO the DT stability NN of IN the DT world NN and CC the DT advance NN of IN its PP$ subject JJ races NNS . SENT p NN . SENT xv NP Power NP blocs NNS seeking VVG the DT stability NN of IN the DT world NN almost RB always RB do VV so RB in IN terms NNS of IN their PP$ own JJ interests NNS and CC their PP$ own JJ governmental JJ forms NNS . SENT Three CD Choices NNS For IN Canada NP Alfred NP Milner NP , , converted VVN in IN 1873 CD to TO imperial JJ federation NN by IN the DT Canadian JJ travelling VVG prophet NN of IN empire NN George NP Parkin NP , , became VVD a DT leading JJ advocate NN and CC kingpin NN in IN the DT Round NP Table NN Movement NN . SENT In IN 1908 CD he PP came VVD to TO Canada NP , , speaking VVG to TO the DT Canadian JJ clubs NNS of IN Vancouver NP , , Winnipeg NP , , Toronto NP , , Ottawa NP , , Montreal NP , , and CC to TO the DT Board NP of IN Trade NP of IN Montreal NP . SENT Lord NP Milner NP , , as IN he PP was VBD by IN then RB , , met VVD many JJ Canadians NNS , , but CC Kendle NP believes VVZ he PP learned VVD nothing NN of IN value NN in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT reader NN must MD decide VV from IN the DT following VVG passage NN whether IN John NP Kendle NP , , publishing NN in IN 1975 CD , , or CC Alfred NP Milner NP , , writing VVG to TO a DT friend NN in IN 1909 CD , , understood VVN best RBS the DT condition NN and CC future NN of IN Canada NP . SENT Kendle NP writes VVZ . SENT As RB for IN Milner NP , , he PP summed VVD up RP his PP$ experiences NNS in IN the DT northern JJ dominion NN in IN a DT way NN that WDT indicated VVD how WRB little RB rather RB than IN how WRB much RB he PP had VHD learned VVN . SENT Instead RB of IN forcing VVG him PP to TO reappraise VV his PP$ ideas NNS his PP$ trip NN seemed VVD to TO have VH little JJ effect NN . SENT Then RB Kendle NP prints VVZ a DT selection NN from IN a DT letter NN Milner NP wrote VVD to TO J NP . SENT S NP . SENT Sanders NP on IN January NP 2 CD , , 1909 CD concerning VVG Canada's NP future NN . SENT As RB between IN the DT 3 CD possibilities NNS of IN the DT future JJ 1 CD . SENT Closer RBR Imperial JJ Union NP 2 CD . SENT Union NN with IN the DT US NP and CC 3 CD . SENT Independence NN , , I PP believe VVP definitely RB that IN No DT . SENT 2 CD is VBZ the DT real JJ danger NN . SENT I PP do VVP not RB think VV the DT Canadians NNS themselves PP are VBP aware JJ of IN it PP . SENT . SENT . SENT they PP are VBP wonderfully RB immature JJ in IN political JJ reflection NN on IN the DT big JJ issues NNS , , and CC hardly RB realize VV how WRB powerful JJ those DT influences NNS are VBP . SENT . SENT . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , I PP see VVP little JJ danger NN to TO ultimate JJ imperial JJ unity NN in IN Canadian JJ nationalism NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN I PP think VVP the DT very RB same JJ sentiments NNS , , which WDT . SENT make VV a DT great JJ many JJ especially RB of IN the DT younger JJR Canadians NNS vigorously RB , , and CC even RB bumptiously RB , , assertive JJ of IN their PP$ independence NN , , proud JJ and CC boastful JJ of IN the DT greatness NN and CC future NN of IN their PP$ country NN , , and CC so RB forth RB , , would MD lend VV themselves PP , , tactfully RB handled VVN , , to TO an DT enthusiastic JJ acceptance NN of IN Imperial NP unity NN on IN the DT basis NN of IN partner NN states NNS . SENT This DT tendency NN is VBZ , , therefore RB , , in IN my PP$ opinion NN rather RB to TO be VB encouraged VVN , , not RB only RB as IN a DT safeguard VV against IN Americanization NN , , but CC as IN actually RB making VVG , , in IN the DT long JJ run NN , , for IN a DT union NN of IN all PDT the DT Britains NPS . SENT It PP is VBZ obvious JJ that IN Canada NP could MD play VV a DT far RB greater JJR role NN , , and CC have VH a DT more RBR important JJ and CC more RBR distinctive JJ proposition NN , , in IN such PDT a DT political JJ structure NN , , than IN she PP can MD ever RB have VH in IN a DT purely RB North JJ American NP Union NP . SENT p NN . SENT 55 CD British JJ Ties NNS Winston NP Churchill NP On IN Empire NP And CC US NP Power NP The DT British JJ sense NN of IN imperial JJ unity NN was VBD not RB consistently RB presented VVN in IN that DT egalitarian JJ way NN the DT union NN of IN all PDT the DT Britains NPS . SENT For IN some DT , , it PP meant VVD the DT unquestioning JJ adherence NN to TO British JJ policy NN and CC even RB unacceptable JJ subordination NN of IN the DT Canadians NNS whether IN in IN diplomatic JJ or CC military JJ matters NNS . SENT But CC to TO point VV up RP the DT persistence NN of IN the DT idea NN that IN some DT kind NN of IN imperial JJ union NN was VBD desirable JJ , , we PP can MD cite VV parts NNS of IN an DT address NN given VVN by IN Winston NP Churchill NP to TO the DT Canadian NP Club NP of IN Toronto NP on IN August NP 16 CD , , 1929 CD . SENT First RB , , he PP recognizes VVZ US PP competition NN for IN global JJ supremacy NN , , at IN a DT time NN when WRB the DT US NP is VBZ increasing VVG its PP$ naval JJ power NN . SENT Churchill NP recalls VVZ that IN the DT Washington NP Conference NP of IN 1921 CD formed VVD an DT agreement NN that IN the DT two CD great JJ branches NNS of IN the DT English JJ speaking NN world NN , , the DT British NP Empire NP and CC the DT United NP States NPS , , should MD have VH equal JJ battle NN fleets NNS and CC in IN that DT sense NN be VB equal JJ powers NNS upon IN the DT sea NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Churchill NP goes VVZ on IN to TO reveal VV the DT essential JJ disadvantages NNS the DT British JJ face NN in IN competition NN with IN the DT US NP for IN global JJ power NN . SENT There EX never RB were VBD two CD nations NNS , , two CD countries NNS , , more JJR differently RB situated VVN and CC circumstanced VVN from IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN naval JJ danger NN than IN the DT United NP States NPS and CC Great NP Britain NP . SENT The DT United NP States NPS is VBZ almost RB a DT continent NN . SENT It PP possesses VVZ within IN its PP$ bounds NNS everything NN required VVN to TO minister NN to TO its PP$ strength NN and CC prosperity NN and CC life NN . SENT We PP are VBP a DT small JJ densely RB populated VVN island NN with IN the DT need NN of IN importing VVG three CD fourths NNS of IN the DT food NN we PP eat VVP across IN salt NN water NN and CC most JJS of IN our PP$ raw JJ material NN , , and CC we PP are VBP also RB the DT centre NN of IN an DT Empire NN which WDT circles VVZ the DT globe NN , , the DT only JJ material NN connection NN between IN the DT component NN parts NNS of IN which WDT is VBZ the DT uninterrupted JJ passage NN of IN ships NNS across IN the DT sea NN . SENT We PP are VBP close JJ to TO Europe NP and CC involved VVN in IN all PDT its PP$ dangers NNS , , though IN we PP keep VVP as RB clear VV of IN them PP as IN we PP can MD . SENT whereas IN the DT United NP States NPS may MD rejoice VV in IN having VHG thousands NNS and CC thousands NNS of IN miles NNS of IN ocean NN between IN her PP and CC any DT enemy NN or CC danger NN , , however RB speculative JJ or CC impossible JJ that IN danger NN may MD appear VV . SENT Winston NP Churchill NP , , Address NN , , Addresses VVZ The DT Canadian JJ Club NP of IN Toronto NP , , Vol NP . SENT XXVll NP , , 1929 CD 30 CD , , Toronto NP , , Warwick NP Bros NPS . SENT and CC Rutter NP , , 1930 CD , , pp NP . SENT 18 CD 19 CD He PP turns VVZ then RB to TO what WP he PP sees VVZ as IN the DT antidote NN , , the DT necessary JJ balancing NN force NN to TO growing VVG US NP power NN . SENT He PP calls VVZ up RP the DT united VVN military JJ activities NNS of IN the DT countries NNS of IN the DT Empire NN , , especially RB in IN the DT First NP World NP War NP . SENT He PP discusses VVZ the DT need NN to TO keep VV the DT trade NN lanes NNS open JJ . SENT And CC he PP suggests VVZ a DT high JJ level NN conference NN of IN great JJ captains NNS of IN industry NN from IN Canada NP , , Australia NP , , South NP Africa NP , , and CC Britain NP to TO work VV on RP what WP after IN all DT is VBZ the DT greatest JJS merger NN ever RB thought VVD of IN in IN human JJ experience NN . SENT Their PP$ task NN would MD be VB to TO discuss VV all PDT the DT different JJ ways NNS in IN which WDT they PP consider VVP Inter NP Imperial NP trade NN can MD be VB fostered VVN and CC developed VVN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT p NN . SENT 23 CD Canada NP Uncooperative JJ He PP ends VVZ calling VVG upon IN the DT ties NNS of IN Empire NP . SENT We PP may MD trust VV to TO them PP as IN the DT years NNS go VVP by IN to TO gain VV and CC grow VV in IN strength NN and CC force NN . SENT We PP may MD trust VV to TO them PP to TO enable VV the DT wonderful JJ association NN of IN states NNS and CC people NNS , , the DT like JJ of IN which WDT the DT world NN has VHZ never RB seen VVN , , our PP$ commonwealth NN of IN free JJ nations NNS , , that WDT they PP will MD enable VV us PP to TO tread VV the DT path NN of IN destiny NN , , hand NN in IN hand NN and CC side NN by IN side NN , , sure JJ that IN whatever WDT the DT future NN may MD have VH in IN store NN , , union NN and CC freedom NN will MD lead VV the DT empire NN to TO safety NN and CC will MD keep VV us PP at IN least JJS the DT equal JJ of IN any DT organization NN known VVN to TO man NN . SENT pp NP . SENT 24 CD 25 CD Just RB a DT few JJ years NNS earlier RBR , , however RB , , Canada NP had VHD used VVN some DT of IN the DT same JJ arguments NNS for IN quite RB different JJ purposes NNS . SENT At IN the DT Fifth NP Assembly NP of IN the DT League NP of IN Nations NPS in IN 1924 CD , , Senator NP Raoul NP Dandurand NP , , government NN leader NN in IN the DT Senate NP , , delivered VVD a DT speech NN to TO reject VV a DT proposed VVN protocol NN of IN stringent JJ demands NNS on IN members NNS of IN the DT League NP in IN case NN of IN states NNS resorting VVG to TO war NN . SENT He PP put VVD forth RB Canada's NP position NN . SENT Not RB only RB have VHP we PP had VHD a DT hundred CD years NNS of IN peace NN on IN our PP$ borders NNS , , but CC we PP think VVP in IN terms NNS of IN peace NN , , while IN Europe NP , , an DT armed JJ camp NN , , thinks VVZ in IN terms NNS of IN war NN . SENT p NN . SENT 463 CD He PP went VVD on RP . SENT On IN the DT whole NN of IN the DT frontier NN stretching VVG from IN the DT Atlantic NP to TO the DT Pacific NP , , we PP have VHP not RB a DT single JJ soldier NN , , not RB a DT single JJ cannon NN , , and CC the DT three CD thousand CD men NNS in IN our PP$ permanent JJ force NN are VBP certainly RB not RB a DT threat NN to TO the DT peace NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT p NN . SENT 464 CD Finally RB , , he PP used VVD the DT same JJ point NN as IN Churchill NP was VBD to TO use VV but CC as RB one CD reason NN not RB to TO entangle VV in IN imperial JJ or CC international JJ agreements NNS that WDT would MD drag VV the DT Canadian JJ military NN from IN its PP$ own JJ shores NNS . SENT May MD I PP be VB permitted VVN to TO add VV that IN in IN this DT association NN of IN mutual JJ insurance NN against IN fire NN the DT risks NNS assumed VVN by IN the DT different JJ states NNS are VBP not RB equal JJ . SENT We PP live VVP in IN a DT fire NN proof NN house NN , , far RB from IN inflammable JJ materials NNS . SENT A DT vast JJ ocean NN separates VVZ us PP from IN Europe NP . SENT Raoul NP Dandurand NP , , The DT Geneva NP Protocol NP , , October NP 2 CD , , 1924 CD , , in IN Walter NP A NP . SENT Riddell NP , , ed NP . SENT , , Documents NNS on IN Canadian NP Foreign NP Policy NP , , 1917 CD 1939 CD , , Toronto NP , , Oxford NP University NP Press NP , , 1962 CD , , pp NP . SENT 462 CD 5 CD Canada NP was VBD not RB interested VVN in IN proposals NNS like IN the DT one NN put VVD forward RB by IN Churchill NP in IN Toronto NP . SENT But CC the DT British NP continued VVD to TO hope VV , , as RB late RB as IN 1944 CD . SENT In IN January NP of IN that DT year NN Lord NP Halifax NP , , British NP Ambassador NP to TO Washington NP , , addressed VVD the DT Toronto NP Board NP of IN Trade NP . SENT In IN his PP$ speech NN he PP wanted VVD to TO offer VV the DT Commonwealth NP and CC Empire NP as IN a DT power NN alongside IN the DT United NP States NPS , , Russia NP , , and CC China NP . SENT Not RB Great NP Britain NP only RB , , but CC the DT Commonwealth NP and CC Empire NP must MD be VB the DT fourth JJ power NN in IN that DT group NN upon IN which WDT , , under IN Providence NP , , the DT peace NN of IN the DT world NN will MD henceforth RB depend VV . SENT Quoted VVN from IN Times NP London NP , , January NP 25 CD , , 1944 CD , , in IN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , p NN . SENT 264 CD . SENT The DT argument NN behind IN the DT speech NN was VBD not RB complex JJ , , nor CC was VBD it PP new JJ . SENT But CC Canada's NP Prime NP Minister NP , , W NP . SENT L NP . SENT Mackenzie NP King NP was VBD most RBS unhappy JJ with IN it PP . SENT He PP wrote VVD in IN his PP$ diary NN that IN it PP looked VVD like IN a DT conspiracy NN on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT Imperialists NNS . SENT Stacey NP , , p NN . SENT 364 CD Stacey NP points NNS out IN that DT Malcolm NP MacDonald NP , , the DT popular JJ and CC sensitive JJ British NP High NP Commissioner NP in IN Ottawa NP , , had VHD explained VVN the DT situation NN in IN a DT paper NN written VVN in IN February NP 1943 CD . SENT If IN Britain NP , , he PP wrote VVD , , stands VVZ alone RB after IN the DT war NN , , she PP will MD gradually RB sink VV to TO the DT position NN of IN a DT second JJ class NN Power NN in IN world NN affairs NNS . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ a DT means NN by IN which WDT she PP can MD retain VV a DT position NN of IN equal JJ authority NN with IN American NP and CC Russia NP . SENT That DT is VBZ if IN she PP makes VVZ herself PP the DT central JJ member NN of IN a DT group NN of IN nations NNS who WP are VBP collectively RB as RB important JJ as IN each DT of IN those DT two CD others NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT group NN already RB exists VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT British JJ commonwealth NN of IN Nations NPS . SENT Malcolm NP MacDonald NP , , The DT Postwar JJ Position NN of IN the DT British NP Commonwealth NP of IN Nations NP , , Feb NN . SENT 23 CD , , l NN 943 CD , , quoted VVN in IN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , p NN . SENT 364 CD . SENT However RB practically RB possible JJ or CC impossible JJ the DT Imperial NP federation NN plan NN , , it PP was VBD not RB to TO be VB . SENT Opposing VVG forces NNS were VBD at IN work NN . SENT Not RB only RB was VBD the DT United NP States NPS concerned VVD to TO secure VV dominance NN in IN the DT Western JJ hemisphere NN , , as IN the DT regularly RB reiterated VVD and CC reinterpreted VVD Monroe NP Doctrine NP made VVD clear JJ . SENT But CC also RB Canada's NP leaders NNS , , through IN much RB of IN the DT period NN , , moved VVN towards IN North JJ American JJ alliances NNS . SENT On IN the DT one CD hand NN , , they PP may MD be VB said VVN to TO have VH worked VVN to TO secure VV Canada's NP safety NN , , economically RB and CC militarily RB . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , they PP may MD be VB said VVN to TO have VH sacrificed VVN an DT independence NN that WDT would MD have VH had VHD to TO be VB fought VVN for IN with IN cunning JJ and CC strength NN for IN a DT much RB easier JJR dependency NN status NN that WDT would MD sap VV the DT strength NN of IN the DT nation NN and CC slowly RB hollow JJ it PP of IN all DT significant JJ power NN . SENT US PP Ties VVZ The DT third JJ party NN to TO the DT Canadian JJ choice NN needs VVZ to TO be VB considered VVN . SENT Almost RB without IN exception NN Canadian JJ historians NNS and CC most RBS other JJ academic JJ commentators NNS have VHP been VBN able JJ to TO see VV the DT British JJ dilemma NN and CC the DT Canadian JJ thrust NN for IN independence NN from IN Britain NP that WDT helped VVD to TO block VV forms NNS of IN Imperial NP federation NN . SENT They PP have VHP even RB traced VVN the DT march NN of IN US NP interests NNS gaining VVG power NN in IN Canada NP . SENT They PP quote VVP US PP people NNS asserting VVG the DT rightness NN of IN a DT single JJ country NN occupying VVG North NP America NP completing VVG US PP Manifest JJ Destiny NP . SENT But CC they PP do VVP not RB see VV consistent JJ policy NN or CC design NN in IN US NP involvement NN in IN Canada NP . SENT People NNS who WP see VVP design NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN consistent JJ US NP policy NN over IN decades NNS are VBP described VVN as IN having VHG a DT a DT conspiratorial JJ view NN of IN history NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , a DT refusal NN to TO see VV direct JJ interest NN for IN reasons NNS of IN national JJ policy NN leaves VVZ some DT Canadian JJ historians NNS looking VVG mildly RB ridiculous JJ . SENT When WRB Franklin NP D NP . SENT Roosevelt NP showed VVD especial JJ interest NN in IN Canada NP , , addressed VVD Mackenzie NP King NP as IN Mackenzie NP , , helped VVD in IN 1940 CD to TO establish VV a DT Permanent JJ Joint NP Defence NN Board NP to TO consider VV in IN the DT broad JJ sense NN the DT defense NN of IN the DT north JJ half NN of IN the DT Western NP Hemisphere NP , , some DT Canadians NNS were VBD delighted VVN . SENT None NN , , it PP seems VVZ , , questioned VVD the DT need NN for IN a DT permanent JJ board NN . SENT Brebner NP , , in IN North NP Atlantic NP Triangle NP for IN all PDT his PP$ sympathetic JJ treatment NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS , , however RB chose VVD to TO italicize VV the DT word NN Permanent JJ and CC the DT north JJ half NN of IN the DT Western NP Hemisphere NP in IN his PP$ discussion NN of IN the DT agreement NN in IN order NN , , subtly RB , , to TO draw VV the DT reader's NNS eye NN to TO the DT language NN . SENT p NN . SENT 323 CD When WRB , , at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT US NP leased VVD for IN 99 CD years NNS a DT string NN of IN air NN and CC naval JJ bases NNS from IN British NP Guiana NP to TO the DT Bahamas NPS and CC acquired VVN bases NNS in IN Bermuda NP and CC Newfoundland NP , , many DT believed VVN wartime NN threats NNS required VVD speedy JJ and CC effective JJ action NN , , though IN none NN , , perhaps RB , , believed VVD the DT war NN would MD last VV 99 CD years NNS . SENT As IN excellent JJ a DT scholar NN as IN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP reveals VVZ himself PP puzzled VVD at IN President NP Roosevelt's NP interest NN in IN Canada NP . SENT No DT one NN , , Stacey NP remarks NNS , , seems VVZ to TO have VH attempted VVN to TO discover VV the DT source NN of IN Roosevelt's NP interest NN by IN exploring VVG his PP$ papers NNS . SENT perhaps RB , , in IN the DT absence NN of IN a DT diary NN , , such PDT an DT inquiry NN would MD be VB fruitless JJ . SENT Stacey NP wonders VVZ if IN the DT Roosevelt NP summer NN home NN on IN Campobello NP Island NP in IN New NP Brunswick NP held VVD the DT secret NN . SENT Drawing VVG from IN the DT New NP York NP Times NP of IN August NP 1 CD , , 1936 CD , , Stacey NP quotes VVZ Roosevelt NP as IN saying VVG that IN since IN the DT age NN of IN 2 CD I PP have VHP spent VVN the DT majority NN of IN my PP$ Summers NP in IN the DT Province NP of IN New NP Brunswick NP . SENT Stacey NP , , P NN . SENT 231 CD Myths NNS About IN Expansion NN And CC Empire NN Two CD scholars NNS writing VVG more RBR recently RB are VBP impelled VVN by IN events NNS to TO see VV the DT Canada NP US NP relation NN in IN a DT somewhat RB clearer JJR light NN at IN least JJS in IN part NN . SENT Then RB , , like IN Stacey NP , , they PP find VVP themselves PP unable JJ to TO keep VV their PP$ eyes NNS on IN the DT subject NN of IN US NP interests NNS in IN North NP America NP . SENT John NP Herd NP Thompson NP and CC Stephen NP J NP . SENT Randall NP , , in IN a DT book NN devoted VVN to TO an DT examination NN of IN Canada NP and CC the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Ambivalent JJ Allies NNS entitle VVP their PP$ seventh JJ chapter NN , , Canada NP in IN the DT New NP American NP Empire NP , , 1947 CD 1960 CD . SENT One PP might MD expect VV the DT astonishing JJ boldness NN of IN their PP$ title NN to TO lead VV them PP to TO some DT research NN and CC analysis NN . SENT how WRB did VVD Canada NP get VV out RP of IN the DT British JJ Empire NN to TO be VB rather RB quickly RB included VVN in IN the DT New NP American NP Empire NP . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ solved VVN , , for IN them PP , , in IN a DT sentence NN . SENT Canada NP lost VVD its PP$ historic JJ British JJ counterweight NN to TO the DT United NP States NPS , , and CC the DT United NP States NPS was VBD forced VVN into IN Britain's NP old JJ imperial JJ role NN . SENT p NN . SENT 184 CD John NP Herd NP Thompson NP and CC Stephen NP J NP . SENT Randall NP , , Canada NP and CC the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Ambivalent JJ Allies NNS , , Montreal NP , , McGill NP Queen's NP University NP Press NP , , 1994 CD At IN the DT height NN of IN British JJ influence NN people NNS who WP were VBD curious JJ about IN such PDT an DT enormous JJ concentration NN of IN power NN were VBD told VVN that IN the DT British NP acquired VVD an DT empire NN in IN a DT fit NN of IN absent JJ mindedness NN . SENT Now RB we PP learn VVP that IN the DT USA NP was VBD forced VVN into IN Britain's NP old JJ imperial JJ role NN , , at IN least JJS as RB far RB as IN Canada NP is VBZ concerned VVN , , the DT assumption NN being VBG that IN it PP certainly RB didn't VVD want VV that DT power NN . SENT Such JJ writing NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , not RB history NN , , whatever WDT else RB it PP might MD be VB . SENT Canada NP In IN The DT US NP Empire NP John NP W NP . SENT Holmes NP , , described VVN in IN the DT 1985 CD Canadian JJ Encyclopedia NN as IN the DT country's NNS most RBS highly RB respected VVN commentator NN on IN foreign JJ policy NN p NN . SENT 827 CD accepted VVD the DT fact NN of IN Canada NP in IN the DT New NP American NP Empire NP as RB early RB as IN 1969 CD . SENT In IN an DT article NN , , Canada NP and CC the DT Pax NN Americana NP , , Holmes NP writes VVZ that IN the DT US NP is VBZ the DT heart NN of IN a DT neo NN imperialist NN system NN , , involved VVN all RB over IN the DT world NN through IN alliances NNS , , treaties NNS , , and CC understandings NNS , , most JJS of IN them PP ambiguous JJ like IN the DT Monroe NP doctrine NN . SENT p NN . SENT 73 CD He PP goes VVZ on IN that IN the DT Pax NN Americana NP is VBZ an DT effort NN to TO maintain VV or CC , , as IN some DT would MD say VV , , impose VV , , a DT world NN order NN favourable JJ to TO the DT interests NNS of IN the DT United NP States NPS , , but CC assumed VVD to TO be VB favourable JJ also RB to TO the DT interests NNS of IN others NNS . SENT p NN . SENT 74 CD . SENT Though IN fundamentally RB sympathetic JJ to TO US NP policies NNS , , Holmes NP writes VVZ that IN United NP States NPS policies NNS are VBP largely RB unilateral JJ . SENT It PP the DT US NP informs VVZ its PP$ allies NNS but CC does VVZ not RB consult VV them PP . SENT As RB for IN international JJ organizations NNS , , it PP will MD accept VV their PP$ judgements NNS or CC use VV their PP$ procedures NNS if IN it PP wills NNS to TO do VV so RB but CC not RB otherwise RB . SENT It PP is VBZ prepared VVN to TO make VV a DT battleground NN of IN other JJ countries NNS to TO maintain VV the DT balance NN of IN power NN in IN its PP$ favour NN . SENT As IN its PP$ military JJ strength NN grows VVZ , , there EX is VBZ a DT danger NN of IN domination NN by IN an DT industrial JJ , , military JJ clique NN with IN a DT simplistic JJ view NN of IN right JJ and CC wrong JJ . SENT It PP has VHZ , , along RB with IN glorious JJ democratic JJ traditions NNS , , a DT tradition NN of IN force NN . SENT Americans NPS can MD be VB inebriated VVN by IN the DT Battle NP Hymn NN of IN the DT Republic NP , , a DT magnificent JJ tune NN for IN an DT iniquitous JJ song NN . SENT Those DT who WP think VVP that IN their PP$ eyes NNS have VHP seen VVN the DT glory NN and CC they PP have VHP acquired VVN a DT mandate NN from IN heaven NN to TO keep VV the DT truth NN marching VVG on IN need NN watching NN . SENT p NN . SENT 84 CD John NP W NP . SENT Holmes NP , , Canada NP and CC the DT Pax NN Americana NP , , in IN eds NPS Harvey NP L NP . SENT Dyck NP and CC H NP . SENT Peter NP Krosby NP , , Empire NP and CC Nation NP , , Toronto NP , , University NP of IN Toronto NP Press NP , , 1969 CD , , pp NP . SENT 73 CD 90 CD Mackenzie NP King NP And CC A DT Subordinate JJ Position NN The DT idea NN of IN imperial JJ federation NN and CC the DT argument NN for IN a DT partnership NN , , a DT bloc NN of IN equals VVZ concerting NN trade NN , , defence NN , , and CC foreign JJ policy NN was VBD often RB expressed VVN over IN more JJR than IN fifty CD years NNS . SENT Two CD forces NNS prevented VVD it PP , , as RB already RB pointed VVD out RP . SENT Fear NN of IN British JJ dominance NN was VBD real JJ among IN Canadians NNS . SENT And CC the DT actions NNS of IN Britons NNS often RB gave VVD reason NN for IN the DT fears NNS . SENT In IN addition NN , , Liberal JJ governments NNS , , especially RB under IN and CC after IN W NP . SENT L NP . SENT Mackenzie NP King NP , , tended VVD to TO choose VV neither DT imperial JJ federation NN nor CC independence NN , , but CC a DT subordinate JJ position NN in IN a DT relation NN with IN the DT USA NP . SENT Not RB Three CD Choices NNS Only RB Two CD The DT day NN after IN the DT Liberal JJ government NN of IN Mackenzie NP King NP was VBD sworn VVN in IN , , on IN October NP 23 CD , , 1935 CD , , for IN instance NN , , King NP visited VVD the DT US NP diplomatic JJ officer NN at IN his PP$ home NN . SENT Norman NP Armour NP then RB reported VVD to TO Washington NP the DT conversation NN he PP had VHD with IN the DT Prime NP Minister NP . SENT King NP , , said VVD Armour NP , , made VVD it PP plain RB , , as IN Dr NP . SENT Skelton NP King's NPS closest JJS associate NN in IN External NP Affairs NPS had VHD done VVN , , that IN there EX were VBD two CD roads NNS open JJ to TO Canada NP , , but CC that IN he PP wanted VVD to TO choose VV the DT American JJ road NN if IN we PP made VVD it PP possible JJ for IN him PP to TO do VV so RB . SENT quoted VVN in IN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , p NN . SENT 173 CD King NP apparently RB did VVD not RB say VV as IN Lord NP Milner NP had VHD done VVN in IN 1909 CD that IN there EX were VBD three CD possibilities NNS for IN Canada NP . SENT 1 CD Closer JJR Imperial NP Union NP 2 CD . SENT Union NN with IN the DT US NP and CC 3 CD . SENT Independence NN . SENT For IN King NP , , independence NN does VVZ not RB seem VV to TO have VH been VBN an DT option NN . SENT He PP had VHD spent VVN much JJ time NN in IN the DT US NP . SENT He PP had VHD been VBN a DT student NN at IN Chicago NP and CC Harvard NP , , and CC he PP worked VVD as IN an DT industrial JJ consultant NN in IN the DT US NP , , for IN a DT time NN an DT employee NN and CC friend NN of IN the DT Rockefellers NP . SENT Whether IN his PP$ US NP experience NN helped VVD to TO shape VV his PP$ desire NN for IN subordination NN in IN a DT US NP system NN is VBZ impossible JJ to TO tell VV . SENT But CC , , ironically RB , , soon RB after IN the DT election NN King NP signed VVD a DT Canada NP US NP trade NN agreement NN which WDT the DT US NP had VHD stalled VVN with IN the DT previous JJ Bennett NP government NN , , as IN a DT way NN , , perhaps RB , , of IN influencing VVG the DT Canadian JJ election NN of IN 1935 CD . SENT The DT Canadian JJ team NN went VVD back RB to TO Washington NP when WRB King's NP Liberals NNS won VVD the DT election NN , , settled VVN for IN a DT much RB weaker JJR agreement NN than IN the DT Bennett NP government NN had VHD insisted VVN upon RP , , an DT agreement NN that WDT is VBZ judged VVN to TO have VH been VBN more RBR favourable JJ to TO the DT US NP than IN to TO Canada NP . SENT King NP was VBD invited VVN to TO stay VV at IN the DT White NP House NP , , and CC Roosevelt NP expressed VVD his PP$ pleasure NN that IN the DT two CD men NNS were VBD just RB a DT telephone NN call NN away RB from IN each DT other JJ . SENT Canada NP And CC The DT Force NP Of IN Destiny NP To TO balance VV those DT remarks NNS a DT few JJ others NNS should MD be VB entered VVN for IN consideration NN . SENT Of IN the DT events NNS just RB described VVD C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP offers VVZ what WP might MD be VB called VVN a DT force NN of IN destiny NN explanation NN . SENT 1935 CD , , Stacey NP writes VVZ , , is VBZ visible JJ as IN one CD of IN those DT moments NNS when WRB the DT course NN of IN history NN began VVD to TO change VV . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ not RB evident JJ that IN in IN that DT year NN Canadians NNS were VBD presented VVN with IN any DT real JJ choice NN . SENT And CC the DT theory NN of IN a DT Liberal JJ conspiracy NN will MD not RB hold VV water NN , , in IN spite NN of IN King's NP and CC Skelton's NP talk NN about IN the DT American JJ road NN . SENT The DT country's NNS course NN was VBD set VVN by IN economic JJ facts NNS and CC public JJ opinion NN . SENT If IN the DT Bennett NP government NN had VHD been VBN returned VVN to TO power NN , , it PP would MD certainly RB have VH made VVN a DT trade NN agreement NN with IN the DT United NP States NPS within IN months NNS if IN not RB weeks NNS , , and CC the DT Canadian JJ public NN would MD have VH been VBN delighted VVN , , as IN it PP was VBD delighted VVN by IN King's NP . SENT And CC the DT move NN towards IN freer JJR trade NN was VBD only RB the DT simplest JJS common JJ sense NN . SENT economic JJ nationalism NN had VHD done VVN the DT world NN , , and CC Canada NP , , great JJ harm NN . SENT Four CD years NNS after IN the DT agreement NN of IN 1935 CD , , the DT Second NP World NP War NP broke VVD out RP . SENT It PP was VBD not RB planned VVN by IN the DT Canadian JJ Liberal JJ party NN . SENT but CC it PP moved VVD Canada NP far RB down RB the DT American JJ road NN . SENT The DT arrangement NN made VVN by IN King NP and CC Roosevelt NP at IN Ogdensburg NP in IN the DT desperate JJ crisis NN of IN 1940 CD was VBD clearly RB fateful JJ for IN the DT country's JJ future NN . SENT but CC given VVN the DT circumstances NNS of IN the DT time NN any DT other JJ Canadian JJ government NN would MD have VH made VVN the DT same JJ arrangement NN if IN it PP could MD , , and CC almost RB all DT Canadians NNS applauded VVD . SENT The DT fact NN is VBZ that IN Canada NP was VBD being VBG borne VVN along RB , , willy NP nilly NP , , by IN what WDT Churchill NP might MD have VH called VVN the DT great JJ movement NN of IN events NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT C LS . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , p NN . SENT 179 CD The DT statement NN made VVN by IN Stacey NP is VBZ both DT emotional JJ and CC forceful JJ , , supposing VVG rather RB a DT great JJ deal NN . SENT It PP is VBZ probably RB not RB good JJ history NN or CC argument NN . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , historians NNS usually RB want VVP more JJR explanation NN than IN the DT great JJ movement NN of IN events NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , Canada NP was VBD not RB invaded VVD . SENT Canada NP had VHD choices NNS to TO make VV and CC made VVD them PP freely RB . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB evident JJ , , Stacey NP writes VVZ , , that DT Canadians NNS were VBD presented VVN with IN any DT real JJ choice NN . SENT The DT statement NN is VBZ ingenuous JJ , , for IN he PP , , himself PP , , reports VVZ King's NP statement NN to TO Armour NP that IN there EX were VBD two CD roads NNS open JJ to TO Canada NP , , but CC that IN the DT King NP wanted VVD to TO choose VV the DT American JJ road NN if IN we PP made VVD it PP possible JJ for IN him PP to TO do VV so RB . SENT p NN . SENT 173 CD The DT choice NN was VBD very RB clearly RB there RB in IN the DT mind NN of IN the DT Prime NP Minister NP , , and CC he PP acted VVD . SENT It PP was VBD not RB a DT choice NN presented VVN in IN any DT clear JJ way NN to TO Canadians NNS . SENT In IN that DT respect NN , , they PP did VVD feel VV a DT sense NN of IN drift NN and CC lack NN of IN leadership NN , , though IN they PP , , in IN fact NN , , were VBD being VBG led VVN . SENT The DT governments NNS of IN King NP , , St NP . SENT Laurent NP , , and CC Pearson NP , , overall JJ , , never RB gave VVD a DT sense NN of IN a DT dynamic JJ Canadian JJ vision NN as IN distinct JJ from IN the DT desires NNS and CC intentions NNS of IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT That DT is VBZ perhaps RB why WRB the DT famous JJ Pipeline NP Debate NN , , May NP 8 CD to TO June NP 6 CD , , 1956 CD was VBD so RB rancorous JJ and CC stridently RB fought VVN . SENT An DT altogether RB commendable JJ initiative NN of IN the DT Liberal JJ government NN to TO build VV a DT natural JJ gas NN pipeline NN from IN Alberta NP to TO Central NP Canada NP blew VVD up RP into IN a DT major JJ confrontation NN , , brought VVN about IN the DT emotional JJ procedural JJ use NN of IN Closure NN , , and CC contributed VVD significantly RB to TO the DT defeat NN of IN the DT Liberals NNS in IN the DT next JJ election NN . SENT The DT CCF NN asked VVD why WRB the DT undertaking NN was VBD not RB publicly RB owned VVN . SENT The DT Progressive NP Conservatives NPS expressed VVD alarm NN that IN government NN was VBD permitting VVG a DT private JJ consortium NN to TO have VH an DT even RB temporary JJ predominance NN of IN US NP businessmen NNS to TO build VV a DT Canadian JJ pipeline NN . SENT Both DT attacks NNS struck VVD home NN to TO Canadians NNS for IN whom WP the DT increasing VVG loss NN of IN their PP$ economy NN to TO US NP interests NNS was VBD becoming VVG a DT matter NN of IN concern NN . SENT A DT New NP Voice NP For IN Independence NP Diefenbaker NP stormed VVD into IN power NN in IN 1957 CD , , and CC swept VVD the DT country NN again RB in IN 1958 CD , , taking VVG the DT largest JJS majority NN thus RB far RB recorded VVN in IN Canada NP . SENT He PP promised VVD in IN the DT 1958 CD campaign NN One CD Canada NP , , one NN Canada NP where WRB Canadians NNS will MD have VH preserved VVN to TO them PP the DT control NN of IN their PP$ own JJ economic JJ and CC political JJ destiny NN . SENT Peter NP C NP . SENT Newman NP , , Renegade NN in IN Power NP . SENT The DT Diefenbaker NP Years NPS , , Toronto NP , , McClelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 1963 CD , , p NN . SENT 69 CD It PP seemed VVD to TO Canadians NNS that IN the DT choice NN Mackenzie NP King NP had VHD left VVN out RP in IN his PP$ conversation NN with IN the DT US NP diplomat NN Norman NP Armour NP in IN 1935 CD was VBD being VBG restored VVN . SENT There EX were VBD the DT choices NNS to TO be VB subordinate JJ to TO Britain NP or CC to TO be VB subordinate JJ to TO the DT USA NP . SENT Diefenbaker NP was VBD offering VVG , , once RB again RB , , the DT choice NN of IN independence NN . SENT He PP seemed VVD not RB only RB to TO be VB offering VVG independence NN and CC the DT great JJ challenge NN of IN that DT prospect NN to TO young JJ Canadians NNS , , but CC he PP did VVD it PP with IN compelling JJ charisma NN . SENT Hugh NP MacLennan NP , , perhaps RB the DT leading JJ novelist NN of IN the DT time NN , , fastened VVN on IN one CD aspect NN of IN Diefenbaker's NP success NN . SENT A DT country NN starved VVN of IN leadership NN for IN nearly RB half PDT a DT century NN had VHD reached VVN the DT point NN where WRB it PP craved VVD leadership NN more RBR than IN anything NN else RB . SENT Renegade NN in IN Power NP , , p NN . SENT 71 CD For IN all PDT his PP$ mistakes NNS in IN the DT years NNS that IN followed VVN , , Diefenbaker NP electrified VVN Canadians NNS with IN the DT chance NN he PP had VHD offered VVN briefly RB to TO forge VV an DT independent JJ country NN . SENT Liberal JJ historians NNS and CC commentators NNS often RB saw VVD the DT Diefenbaker NP years NNS as IN constituting VVG an DT embarrassing JJ , , incompetent JJ disaster NN . SENT Conservatives NNS had VHD another DT view NN . SENT With IN George NP Grant NP in IN Lament NN for IN a DT Nation NP 1965 CD they PP believed VVD a DT collaboration NN of IN Canadian NP and CC US NP corporate JJ capitalists NNS had VHD destroyed VVN a DT chance NN to TO derail VV North NP American NP liberal JJ individualism NN and CC restore VV to TO Canada NP traditional JJ national JJ values NNS and CC , , necessarily RB , , a DT much RB larger JJR area NN of IN independence NN . SENT Their PP$ argument NN is VBZ given VVN some DT credibility NN by IN the DT US NP response NN to TO Diefenbaker NP . SENT Peter NP C NP . SENT Newman NP records NNS that IN President NP John NP F NP . SENT Kennedy NP took VVD part NN in IN the DT defeat NN of IN the DT Diefenbaker NP government NN . SENT As IN his PP$ personal JJ contribution NN toward IN the DT defeat NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ politician NN , , he PP gave VVD his PP$ unofficial JJ blessing NN to TO Lou NP Harris NP the DT shrewd JJ public JJ opinion NN analyst NN who WP had VHD tested VVN the DT trends NNS so RB effectively RB for IN him PP during IN the DT 1960 CD presidential JJ campaign NN to TO work VV for IN Canada's NP Liberal NP Party NP . SENT Using VVG a DT pseudonym NN and CC working VVG in IN such JJ secrecy NN that IN only RB half PDT a DT dozen NN key JJ people NNS in IN the DT Party's NP hierarchy NN were VBD aware JJ of IN his PP$ activities NNS , , Harris NP spent VVD much RB of IN the DT 1962 CD and CC 1963 CD election NN campaigns NNS with IN the DT Pearson NP organization NN conducting VVG extensive JJ studies NNS of IN Canadian JJ voting NN behaviour NN . SENT They PP were VBD considered VVN key JJ contributions NNS to TO the DT Liberal JJ victory NN of IN 1963 CD . SENT Renegade NN . SENT . SENT . SENT , , p NN . SENT 267 CD Military NP Relations NPS And CC Independence NP What WP is VBZ plainly RB evident JJ after IN 1935 CD , , however RB , , is VBZ that IN King NP refused VVD to TO budge VV with IN the DT British JJ on IN any DT matter NN which WDT he PP thought VVD might MD intrude VV upon IN Canadian JJ autonomy NN . SENT In IN 1937 CD , , for IN instance NN , , the DT Canadian NP Joint NP Staff NP Committee NP recommended VVD that DT training NN for IN R NP . SENT A DT . SENT F SYM . SENT pilots NNS be VB undertaken VVN in IN Canada NP under IN Canadian JJ control NN , , paid VVN for IN by IN Britain NP , , manned VVD by IN the DT R NN . SENT A DT . SENT F SYM . SENT , , and CC available JJ to TO Canada NP if IN she PP should MD need VV it PP . SENT Mackenzie NP King NP refused VVD . SENT Next JJ year NN King NN discussed VVN R NP . SENT A DT . SENT F SYM . SENT training NN of IN Canadian JJ pilots NNS in IN Canada NP with IN the DT British NP High NP Commissioner NP and CC then RB denied VVD he PP had VHD done VVN so RB . SENT C LS . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , pp NP . SENT 220 CD 224 CD On IN the DT question NN of IN the DT flying VVG school NN King NP argued VVD that IN the DT Canadian JJ government NN had VHD a DT long RB established VVN principle NN that IN only JJ military JJ establishments NNS owned VVN and CC controlled VVN by IN Canadians NNS should MD be VB set VVN up RP . SENT Apart RB from IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT Royal NP Flying NP Corps NP had VHD an DT establishment NN in IN Canada NP in IN 1917 CD 1918 CD , , the DT King NP government NN soon RB took VVD a DT very RB much JJ different JJ attitude NN to TO US NP requests NNS for IN cooperation NN and CC , , in IN fact NN , , began VVD what WP was VBD to TO become VV a DT very RB close JJ relation NN of IN Canadian NP and CC US NP military JJ forces NNS . SENT In IN the DT war NN that WDT followed VVD Canadians NNS could MD work VV closely RB with IN the DT British JJ because IN Canadian JJ training NN followed VVD British JJ patterns NNS . SENT A DT measure NN of IN uniformity NN was VBD maintained VVN with IN the DT British JJ army NN in IN matters NNS of IN armaments NNS and CC weaponry NN , , training NN , , organization NN , , and CC many JJ procedures NNS . SENT The DT usefulness NN of IN such JJ continuity NN among IN allies NNS is VBZ obvious JJ , , and CC the DT Canadian JJ military NN had VHD in IN a DT sense NN grown VVN from IN and CC with IN the DT British JJ military NN for IN obvious JJ reasons NNS . SENT After IN 1945 CD , , the DT Canadian JJ military NN became VVD increasingly RB integrated VVN with IN the DT US NP military NN . SENT Canada NP US NP Relations NPS In IN The DT Cuban JJ Crisis NN When WRB the DT so RB called VVN Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN struck VVN in IN October NP of IN 1962 CD , , the DT integration NN of IN Canadian NP and CC US NP forces NNS became VVD dramatically RB clear JJ . SENT Despite IN the DT North NP American NP Air NP Defence NN Agreement NN and CC the DT Permanent JJ Joint NP Board NP on IN Defence NN to TO which WDT the DT countries NNS belong VVP together RB exclusively RB , , not RB to TO speak VV of IN NATO NP of IN which WDT they PP are VBP both DT members NNS , , president NN Kennedy NP neither CC consulted VVN with IN nor CC informed VVD the DT Canadian JJ government NN of IN US PP plans VVZ almost RB until IN he PP was VBD about RB to TO go VV on IN television NN and CC announce VV his PP$ blockade NN of IN Cuba NP . SENT When WRB US NP reconnaissance NN flights NNS showed VVD medium JJ range NN ballistic JJ missile NN sites NNS under IN construction NN in IN Cuba NP , , Kennedy NP unilaterally RB went VVD on IN television NN to TO announce VV a DT naval JJ blockade NN to TO prevent VV Russian JJ warheads NNS from IN being VBG delivered VVN to TO the DT Cuban JJ sites NNS . SENT The DT British NP were VBD informed VVN before IN the DT Canadians NNS . SENT Most RBS interesting JJ about IN the DT crisis NN from IN Canada's NP point NN of IN view NN , , but CC seldom RB commented VVD upon RP , , was VBD the DT role NN played VVN by IN the DT Canadian JJ military NN . SENT The DT US NP asked VVD Canadian JJ forces NNS to TO move VV to TO an DT advanced JJ state NN of IN readiness NN . SENT Prime NP Minister NP Diefenbaker NP did VVD not RB refuse VV . SENT he PP simply RB did VVD not RB act VV . SENT Nonetheless RB , , the DT Canadian JJ NORAD NP forces NNS , , integrated VVN with IN the DT US NP forces NNS , , moved VVD immediately RB to TO advanced JJ readiness NN without IN the DT Prime NP Minister NP s PP authorization NN . SENT The DT chief NN of IN naval JJ staff NN ordered VVD the DT Canadian JJ Atlantic NP fleet NN to TO sea NN . SENT The DT Minister NP of IN Defence NN ordered VVD the DT Canadian JJ Chiefs NPS of IN Staff NP to TO special JJ preparedness NN . SENT Two CD days NNS later RBR Diefenbaker NP authorized VVN what WP had VHD already RB taken VVN place NN . SENT It PP is VBZ impossible JJ to TO imagine VV at IN any DT time NN in IN the DT twentieth NN century NN such PDT a DT series NN of IN events NNS arising VVG out RP of IN a DT British JJ unilateral JJ action NN . SENT Diefenbaker NP had VHD undeniable JJ right NN to TO information NN and CC consultation NN under IN the DT terms NNS of IN NORAD NP . SENT President NP Kennedy NP ignored VVD the DT agreement NN . SENT General NP A NP . SENT G NP . SENT L NP . SENT McNaughton's NP remark NN to TO C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP in IN 1941 CD is VBZ painfully RB relevant JJ . SENT McNaughton NP said VVD , , The DT acid JJ test NN of IN sovereignty NN is VBZ the DT control NN of IN the DT armed JJ forces NNS . SENT C LS . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , p NN . SENT 349 CD Extraordinary JJ as IN the DT circumstances NNS were VBD and CC they PP were VBD extraordinary JJ Canadian JJ response NN opens VVZ more JJR questions NNS than IN can MD be VB answered VVN . SENT The DT US NP president NN unilaterally RB , , without IN consultation NN with IN allies NNS or CC attempts NNS to TO negotiate VV with IN Russia NP and CC Cuba NP , , brought VVD the DT world NN to TO the DT brink NN of IN nuclear JJ war NN . SENT Though IN historical JJ evaluation NN is VBZ divided VVN , , one CD school NN believes VVZ strongly RB that IN the DT US NP president NN engaged VVN in IN dangerous JJ and CC unnecessary JJ grandstanding VVG . SENT He PP did VVD not RB consult VV with IN Canadians NNS in IN any DT of IN the DT ways NNS due JJ to TO a DT partner NN in IN North NP American NP Defence NN . SENT Prime NP Minister NP Diefenbaker NP was VBD quite RB correct JJ even RB if IN in IN confused JJ indecision NN not RB to TO give VV directions NNS immediately RB to TO follow VV US PP wishes VVZ for IN an DT increased JJ state NN of IN alert NN on IN the DT part NN of IN Canadian JJ forces NNS . SENT That IN they PP were VBD placed VVN on IN an DT advanced JJ state NN of IN alert NN without IN his PP$ approval NN can MD only RB be VB described VVN as RB astonishing JJ . SENT Peter NP C NP . SENT Newman NP , , whose WP$ book NN Renegade NN in IN Power NP . SENT The DT Diefenbaker NP Years NPS , , is VBZ generally RB unsympathetic JJ to TO Diefenbaker NP , , reveals VVZ that IN if IN confusion NN existed VVN at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT crisis NN , , it PP arose VVD significantly RB from IN a DT desire NN in IN the DT cabinet NN to TO preserve VV Canadian JJ independence NN . SENT Here RB are VBP Newman's NP words NNS concerning VVG Howard NP Green NP , , Minister NP for IN External NP Affairs NPS . SENT He PP pleaded VVD in IN cabinet NN that IN reconsideration NN be VB given VVN to TO the DT idea NN of IN blindly RB following VVG the DT United NP States NPS lead NN , , particularly RB since IN the DT United NP States NPS President NP had VHD not RB kept VVN the DT commitment NN to TO consult VV Canada NP over IN the DT impending JJ crisis NN . SENT If IN we PP go VVP along RB with IN the DT Americans NPS now RB , , he PP said VVD , , we'll JJS be VB their PP$ vassal NN forever RB . SENT p NN . SENT 337 CD Newman NP brushes NNS aside RB as IN unimportant JJ Kennedy's NP failure NN to TO consult VV a DT requirement NN , , as IN I PP have VHP said VVD , , of IN the DT North JJ American JJ Defence NN Agreement NN . SENT Some DT years NNS later RBR Laurence NP Martin NP , , in IN Pledge NN of IN Allegiance NN , , The DT Americanization NN of IN Canada NP in IN the DT Mulroney NP Years NPS 1993 NP sees VVZ Diefenbaker's NP role NN at IN that DT time NN as RB squarely RB in IN terms NNS of IN Canadian JJ sovereignty NN . SENT His PP$ fear NN of IN American JJ dominance NN provoked VVD bitter JJ confrontations NNS with IN John NP Kennedy NP over IN the DT Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN , , the DT issue NN of IN nuclear JJ warheads NNS on IN Canadian JJ soil NN , , and CC other JJ questions NNS . SENT In IN the DT end NN his PP$ rampant JJ nationalism NN alienated VVN the DT entire JJ ruling NN class NN . SENT Bay NP Street NP , , Wall NP Street NP , , his PP$ civil JJ service NN , , and CC politicians NNS from IN all DT parties NNS , , including VVG his PP$ own JJ . SENT Only RB small JJ town NN and CC rural JJ Canada NP supported VVD Diefenbaker NP . SENT George NP Grant NP , , who WP readily RB acknowledged VVD that IN the DT Tory NP leader's NP own JJ foolhardiness NN contributed VVD to TO his PP$ downfall NN , , credited VVD the DT Chief NP with IN the DT strongest JJS stance NN against IN satellite NN status NN ever RB attempted VVD by IN a DT Canadian JJ . SENT This DT stance NN came VVD with IN a DT high JJ price NN , , however RB . SENT A DT harsh JJ statement NN issued VVN by IN the DT Kennedy NP administration NN contradicted VVD Diefenbaker's NP positions NNS on IN nuclear JJ arms NNS and CC NATO NP , , touching VVG off RP a DT Commons NP furore NN which WDT led VVD to TO the DT defeat NN of IN the DT Tories NNS on IN a DT non JJ confidence NN motion NN . SENT In IN Washington NP they PP cracked VVD open VV the DT champagne NN . SENT McGeorge NP Bundy NP , , one CD among IN the DT best JJS and CC brightest JJS who WP had VHD a DT hand NN in IN drafting VVG the DT statement NN , , wrote VVD a DT memo NN years NNS later RBR to TO President NP Lyndon NP Johnson NP . SENT I PP might MD add VV that IN I PP myself PP have VHP been VBN sensitive JJ to TO the DT need NN for IN being VBG extra JJ polite JJ to TO Canadians NNS ever RB since IN George NP Ball NP and CC I PP knocked VVD over IN the DT Diefenbaker NP government NN by IN one CD incautious JJ press NN release NN . SENT Laurence NP Martin NP , , Pledge NN of IN Allegiance NN , , The DT Americanization NN of IN Canada NP in IN the DT Mulroney NP Years NPS , , Toronto NP , , McClelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 1993 CD , , p NN . SENT 35 CD The NP British NP And CC Canadians NNS In IN War NP During IN the DT years NNS of IN strong JJ British JJ influence NN , , and CC especially RB during IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP , , the DT British NP lost VVD many JJ opportunities NNS to TO forge VV bonds NNS of IN trust NN with IN Canadians NNS . SENT Historian NN J NP . SENT L NP . SENT Granatstein NP pursues VVZ an DT argument NN published VVN in IN 1989 CD that IN Mackenzie NP King NP fought VVD for IN Canadian JJ independence NN and CC only RB the DT folly NN and CC weakness NN of IN Britain NP forced VVD Canada NP into IN US NP arms NNS . SENT J NP . SENT L NP . SENT Granatstein NP , , How WRB Britain's NP Weakness NN Forced VVN Canada NP into IN the DT Arms NP of IN the DT United NP States NPS , , Toronto NP , , University NP of IN Toronto NP Press NP , , 1989 CD The DT view NN of IN historians NNS and CC economists NNS like IN Donald NP Creighton NP , , W NP . SENT L NP . SENT Morton NP , , Kari NP Levitt NP , , and CC Melville NP Watkins NP to TO the DT contrary NN are VBP dismissed VVN by IN Granatstein NP with IN phrases NNS like IN the DT one NN he PP uses VVZ to TO describe VV a DT major JJ statement NN by IN Creighton NP as IN simple JJ nonsense NN . SENT Opinions NNS obviously RB differ VVP , , and CC the DT truth NN may MD lie VV somewhere RB between IN the DT two CD poles NNS . SENT For IN a DT country NN that WDT appeared VVD to TO hope VV for IN a DT kind NN of IN Empire NP Commonwealth NP federation NN , , the DT British JJ didn't NN treat VV the DT Commonwealth NP countries NNS well RB in IN the DT war NN . SENT With IN little JJ effort NN Britain NP could MD have VH absorbed VVN representatives NNS of IN those DT countries NNS onto IN committees NNS and CC boards NNS . SENT It PP could MD have VH insisted VVN upon IN far RB better JJR liaison NN and CC consultation NN with IN Commonwealth NP forces NNS than IN was VBD the DT case NN . SENT Finally RB , , it PP could MD have VH intervened VVN to TO prevent VV the DT US NP from IN excluding VVG Commonwealth NP representatives NNS especially RB Canadian JJ ones NNS from IN innumerable JJ boards NNS , , councils NNS , , and CC activities NNS . SENT Two CD ironies NNS are VBP present JJ in IN that DT last JJ statement NN . SENT First RB , , the DT British NP failed VVD to TO win VV sentiment NN in IN Canada NP and CC , , doubtless RB , , in IN other JJ Commonwealth NP countries NNS about IN the DT idea NN of IN closer JJR ties NNS though IN the DT opportunity NN was VBD plainly RB there RB to TO be VB taken VVN . SENT Secondly RB , , the DT US NP with IN which WDT Canada NP had VHD formed VVN a DT Permanent JJ Joint NP Defence NN Board NP and CC apparently RB had VHD relations NNS of IN fraternal JJ amity NN repeatedly RB and CC forcefully RB excluded VVN Canada NP from IN involvement NN in IN policy NN and CC planning NN and CC power NN at IN every DT opportunity NN . SENT The DT US NP Pursues VVZ Its PP$ Interests NNS When WRB Germany NP occupied VVD Denmark NP in IN 1940 CD , , Canada NP considered VVD sending VVG a DT small JJ force NN to TO Greenland NP to TO hold VV it PP until IN Denmark NP was VBD liberated JJ . SENT The DT US NP strongly RB rejected VVD the DT idea NN though IN it PP was VBD not RB taking VVG part NN in IN the DT war NN . SENT Subsequently RB , , however RB , , the DT US NP announced VVD that IN the DT Monroe NP Doctrine NP applied VVD to TO Greenland NP and CC took VVD on IN Greenland NP in IN 1941 CD as IN a DT protectorate NN for IN the DT term NN of IN the DT war NN . SENT The DT US NP signed VVD an DT new JJ agreement NN in IN 1951 CD , , according VVG to TO which WDT Denmark NP and CC the DT USA NP became VVD jointly RB responsible JJ for IN the DT defence NN of IN the DT island NN , , where WRB the DT US NP had VHD established VVN military JJ bases NNS . SENT When WRB the DT Permanent JJ Joint NP Board NP on IN Defense NP set VVD to TO work VV on IN plans NNS in IN case NN Britain NP was VBD occupied VVN or CC the DT US NP came VVD into IN the DT war NN , , the DT US NP fought VVD for IN command NN of IN all DT North JJ American JJ military NN , , and CC compromised VVN only RB out RB of IN necessity NN . SENT When WRB Canada NP wanted VVD a DT military JJ mission NN in IN Washington NP , , Roosevelt NP delayed VVD it PP for IN as RB long JJ as IN he PP could MD . SENT Canada NP also RB wanted VVD a DT seat NN on IN the DT Munitions NN Assignment NN Board NP since IN this DT country NN was VBD producing VVG , , per IN capita NN , , enormously RB for IN the DT war NN effort NN . SENT Roosevelt NP blocked VVD Canada's NP admission NN . SENT All PDT the DT chief JJ operational JJ Boards NNS during IN the DT war NN were VBD composed VVN exclusively RB of IN British NP and CC US NP governmental JJ representatives NNS . SENT Canadians NNS were VBD never RB consulted VVN about IN the DT formation NN of IN such JJ bodies NNS . SENT When WRB the DT Combined NP Chiefs NPS of IN Staff NP organization NN was VBD set VVN up IN 1942 CD incidentally RB , , to TO have VH power NN over IN the DT lives NNS of IN Canadians NNS in IN all DT forces NNS Canada NP was VBD not RB so RB much RB as RB informed VVN . SENT When WRB , , on IN two CD occasions NNS , , August NP 1943 CD and CC September NP 1944 CD , , the DT Combined NP Chiefs NPS of IN Staff NP met VVD on IN Canadian JJ soil NN at IN Qu NP bec NP city NN , , Canadian NP Chiefs NPS of IN Staff NP were VBD permitted VVN to TO take VV no DT part NN . SENT Churchill NP suggested VVD that IN Prime NP Minister NP King NP and CC the DT Canadian JJ Chiefs NPS of IN Staff NP be VB admitted VVN to TO plenary JJ sessions NNS only RB , , but CC Roosevelt NP vetoed VVD even RB that IN suggestion NN . SENT Excluded VVN from IN information NN about IN European JJ strategies NNS in IN which WDT Canadians NNS participated VVD , , Canada NP proposed VVD to TO set VV up RP a DT Canadian JJ Joint NP Staff NP Mission NP of IN senior JJ officers NNS in IN London NP . SENT Its PP$ purpose NN , , quite RB simply RB , , was VBD to TO ensure VV communication NN between IN top JJ Canadians NNS and CC the DT Supreme NP Commanders NNS in IN Northwest NP Europe NP and CC the DT Mediterranean NP . SENT Churchill NP did VVD not RB oppose VV the DT idea NN . SENT The DT US NP Chiefs NPS of IN Staff NP , , supported VVN by IN Roosevelt NP , , firmly RB rejected VVD it PP . SENT C LS . SENT P NN Stacey NP comments NNS on IN the DT effect NN of IN the DT US NP rejection NN . SENT Except IN in IN the DT rather RB improbable JJ case NN of IN a DT Canadian JJ commander NN being VBG faced VVN with IN a DT military JJ task NN so RB perilous JJ that IN he PP might MD exercise VV the DT right NN of IN appeal NN to TO his PP$ government NN , , the DT Canadian JJ authorities NNS had VHD no DT means NN of IN influencing VVG the DT course NN of IN a DT campaign NN to TO which WDT a DT Canadian JJ force NN had VHD been VBN committed VVN . SENT nor CC had VHD they PP any DT source NN of IN official JJ information NN on IN the DT course NN of IN planning VVG for IN such PDT a DT campaign NN as IN it PP proceeded VVD . SENT The DT American JJ veto NN on IN the DT proposed VVN liaison NN between IN the DT Canadian JJ Joint NP Staff NP Mission NP in IN London NP and CC the DT Supreme NP Commanders NNS had VHD the DT effect NN of IN depriving VVG them PP of IN this DT information NN beyond IN such JJ as IN they PP might MD receive VV in IN reports NNS from IN the DT Canadian JJ Army NP Commander NP in IN Northwest NP Europe NP and CC the DT Canadian JJ Corps NP Commander NP in IN Italy NP and CC those DT two CD commanders NNS had VHD no DT more JJR knowledge NN of IN high JJ level NN future NN planning NN than IN any DT other JJ army NN or CC corps NN commander NN , , and CC that WDT was VBD not RB a DT great JJ deal NN . SENT C LS . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , p NN . SENT 348 CD King NP was VBD not RB apparently RB affected VVN in IN his PP$ affection NN for IN the DT US NP by IN these DT and CC many JJ other JJ rejections NNS of IN ideas NNS for IN fair JJ participation NN and CC communication NN put VVD forward RB by IN Canada NP . SENT King NP also RB presided VVD over IN a DT calculated JJ diminishment NN of IN British JJ capital NN invested VVN in IN Canada NP and CC an DT increase NN in IN US NP investment NN . SENT As IN a DT way NN to TO pay VV for IN purchases NNS the DT British JJ needed VVN from IN Canada NP , , they PP were VBD forced VVN to TO repatriate VV Canadian JJ securities NNS held VVN in IN England NP . SENT That DT undertaking NN was VBD made VVN early RB in IN the DT war NN . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN the DT war NN , , British JJ capital NN invested VVN in IN Canada NP had VHD declined VVN from IN 2 CD , , 682 CD . SENT 8 CD million CD in IN 1939 CD to TO 1 CD , , 668 CD million CD in IN 1946 CD . SENT US PP capital NN in IN the DT same JJ period NN increased VVN from IN 4 CD , , 491 CD . SENT 7 CD million CD to TO 5 CD , , 157 CD million CD . SENT The DT size NN and CC nature NN of IN US NP holdings NNS in IN Canada NP was VBD updated VVN in IN 1991 CD by IN Mel NP Hurtig NP in IN The DT Betrayal NN of IN Canada NP . SENT Toronto NP , , Stoddart NP , , 1991 CD In IN a DT chart NN drawn VVN from IN Statistics NP Canada NP figures NNS , , Hurtig NP reveals VVZ that IN the DT net JJ flow NN of IN US NP money NN into IN Canada NP from IN 1946 CD to TO 1990 CD inclusive JJ was VBD 6 CD . SENT 63 CD billion CD . SENT In IN that DT time NN dividend NN payments NNS that WDT went VVD from IN Canada NP to TO the DT US NP amounted VVD to TO 69 CD , , 460 CD billion CD , , and CC the DT growth NN in IN book NN value NN of IN US NP investment NN from IN the DT increase NN of IN land NN values NNS , , etc FW . SENT was VBD 76 CD , , 710 CD billion CD . SENT For IN an DT investment NN of IN fewer JJR than IN 7 CD billion CD , , US NP interests NNS gained VVD close RB to TO 150 CD billion CD of IN Canadian JJ wealth NN . SENT In IN 1946 CD , , in IN a DT move NN that WDT offended VVD the DT British NP , , Louis NP St NP . SENT Laurent NP , , Minister NP of IN Justice NP , , proposed VVN that IN the DT loan NN outstanding JJ of IN a DT billion CD dollars NNS and CC an DT additional JJ loan NN of IN a DT further JJR half NN billion CD should MD be VB covered VVN by IN Canadian JJ securities NNS held VVN in IN Britain NP . SENT All DT dividends NNS from IN British JJ holdings NNS of IN Canadian JJ securities NNS should MD be VB paid VVN as IN interest NN . SENT St NP . SENT Laurent NP spoke VVD of IN the DT dividends NNS paid VVN on IN Canadian JJ securities NNS held VVN in IN Britain NP as IN tribute NN to TO Great NP Britain NP . SENT C SYM . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , pp NP . SENT 398 CD 400 CD Mackenzie NP King's NP government NN and CC successor NN governments NNS did VVD nothing NN to TO stem VV the DT flow NN of IN US NP capital NN into IN equity NN holding NN in IN Canada NP . SENT They PP only RB made VVD hesitant JJ moves NNS against IN the DT influx NN when WRB the DT population NN showed VVD very RB real JJ concern NN . SENT None NN of IN those DT governments NNS , , apparently RB , , saw VVD dividends NNS and CC other JJ wealth NN gained VVD from IN Canada NP by IN the DT USA NP as IN tribute NN paid VVN by IN Canada NP to TO the DT USA NP . SENT Perhaps RB the DT most RBS ironic JJ aspect NN of IN the DT whole JJ matter NN is VBZ W NP . SENT L NP . SENT M NP . SENT King's NP apparent JJ change NN of IN heart NN . SENT I PP say VVP apparent JJ because IN he PP took VVD no DT steps NNS of IN the DT kind NN he PP took VVD against IN Britain NP to TO secure VV Canadian JJ independence NN from IN the DT USA NP . SENT As IN the DT war NN proceeded VVD , , he PP became VVD suspicious JJ of IN US NP intentions NNS for IN Canada NP . SENT C SYM . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP says VVZ that IN King NP became VVD , , in IN fact NN , , increasingly RB convinced VVN that IN it PP was VBD American JJ policy NN to TO absorb VV Canada NP . SENT C SYM . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Age NP Of IN Conflict NN , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , p NN . SENT 363 CD Indeed RB , , King NP reveals VVZ disquiet JJ more JJR than IN a DT few JJ times NNS in IN his PP$ diary NN , , about IN which WDT an DT enormous JJ amount NN has VHZ been VBN written VVN . SENT We PP can MD be VB free JJ of IN the DT debate NN . SENT For IN our PP$ concern NN can MD be VB outside IN the DT diary NN completely RB , , looking VVG at IN what WP King NP said VVD to TO others NNS and CC what WP he PP did VVD . SENT The DT diary NN , , fascinating JJ as IN it PP may MD be VB , , is VBZ a DT dangerous JJ place NN to TO find VV evidence NN of IN historical JJ merit NN except IN for IN the DT quality NN of IN the DT writer's NNS mind NN . SENT J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Rea NP gives VVZ a DT succinct JJ reason NN why WRB that DT is VBZ so RB in IN a DT review NN in IN the DT February NP March NP 1995 CD The NP Beaver NP . SENT As IN anyone NN who WP has VHZ read VVN a DT few JJ thousand CD pages NNS of IN King's NP diary NN will MD attest VV , , writes VVZ Rea NP , , you PP can MD prove VV anything NN by IN it PP . SENT He PP goes VVZ on IN , , What WP King NP said VVD and CC did VVD in IN Council NP could MD often RB come VV out RP differently RB in IN his PP$ diary NN in IN the DT evening NN . SENT J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Rea NP , , Political JJ Pantheon NN , , The DT Beaver NP , , Winnipeg NP , , February NP March NP , , 1995 CD , , p NN . SENT 40 CD The DT picture NN we PP have VHP drawn VVN from IN the DT first JJ half NN of IN the DT century NN and CC into IN the DT Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN reveals VVZ a DT diminishment NN of IN British JJ power NN in IN Canada NP . SENT It PP reveals VVZ increasing VVG constitutional JJ autonomy NN in IN Canada NP continuing VVG until IN 1982 CD . SENT In IN that DT year NN the DT Constitution NP was VBD patriated VVN . SENT It PP was VBD , , that WDT is VBZ , , brought VVN to TO Canada NP in IN the DT sense NN that IN its PP$ amendment NN could MD be VB completed VVN by IN Canadians NNS in IN Canada NP without IN reference NN anymore RB to TO the DT British JJ parliament NN . SENT The DT picture NN we PP have VHP drawn VVN also RB reveals VVZ that IN the DT autonomy NN gained VVN is VBZ paper NN autonomy NN and CC that DT Canada NP has VHZ become VVN closely RB tied VVN to TO the DT USA NP and CC increasingly RB dominated VVN by IN that DT country NN . SENT The DT Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN revealed VVD that IN when WRB the DT US NP president NN shouted VVD Wolf NP , , very RB few JJ Canadians NNS in IN government NN or CC the DT armed JJ forces NNS were VBD prepared VVN to TO fight VV for IN cool JJ heads NNS and CC a DT calm JJ , , independent JJ Canadian JJ policy NN . SENT If IN Diefenbaker's NP first JJ proposal NN at IN the DT time NN had VHD been VBN taken VVN up RP an DT on IN site NN inspection NN of IN Cuba NP by IN the DT eight CD nations NNS comprising VVG the DT unaligned JJ members NNS of IN the DT eighteen CD nation NN disarmament NN committee NN in IN order NN to TO ascertain VV the DT facts NNS of IN the DT situation NN time NN could MD have VH been VBN gained VVN . SENT The DT US NP could MD have VH forced VVN the DT USSR NN into IN dialogue NN . SENT The DT Western JJ nations NNS could MD have VH rejected VVN the DT idea NN of IN medium JJ range NN missiles NNS in IN Cuba NP . SENT The DT matter NN could MD have VH been VBN defused VVN without IN a DT near JJ nuclear JJ confrontation NN . SENT Few JJ credit NN Canada NP with IN at IN least JJS a DT fumbling VVG attempt NN to TO prevent VV US NP irrationality NN and CC to TO preserve VV a DT measure NN of IN Canadian JJ sovereignty NN . SENT Canadian NP Independence NP And CC US NP Dominance NN . SENT A DT Pattern NN Of IN Tension NN Whichever WDT view NN is VBZ correct JJ about IN the DT Diefenbaker NP years NNS , , they PP ended VVD in IN 1963 CD when WRB a DT Liberal JJ government NN led VVN by IN Lester NP B NP . SENT Pearson NP took VVD power NN . SENT It PP smoothed VVN relations NNS with IN the DT US NP , , and CC accepted VVD US PP nuclear JJ warheads NNS on IN Canadian JJ soil NN a DT matter NN the DT Conservatives NNS refused VVD to TO agree VV to TO . SENT But CC the DT opening VVG months NNS of IN Liberal JJ government NN were VBD marked VVN by IN another DT sovereignty NN crisis NN . SENT In IN fact NN there EX are VBP four CD key JJ dates NNS in IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS after IN the DT Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN . SENT They PP are VBP as RB follows VVZ . SENT 1963 CD and CC the DT Walter NP Gordon NP budget NN . SENT Centennial NP Year NP , , 1967 CD , , and CC its PP$ effects NNS which WDT extended VVD for IN almost RB a DT decade NN . SENT the DT 1982 CD Constitutional JJ changes NNS . SENT and CC the DT Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP of IN 1987 CD . SENT How WRB Canada NP US NP Relations NPS Work NP . SENT Canada's NP Merchant NN Marine NP and CC the DT C NP . SENT S NP . SENT U NP . SENT Before IN turning VVG to TO an DT examination NN of IN those DT events NNS as IN they PP bear VVP upon IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS , , two CD other JJ significant JJ events NNS in IN the DT economy NN and CC society NN need VVP to TO be VB looked VVN at IN both DT occurring VVG before IN the DT 1963 CD date NN . SENT They PP are VBP the DT destruction NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ Seamen's NP Union NP and CC Canada's NP merchant NN marine NN fleet NN , , and CC the DT destruction NN of IN the DT most RBS advanced JJ aeroplane NN of IN its PP$ kind NN in IN the DT world NN , , the DT Canadian NP Avro NP Arrow NP . SENT The DT battle NN for IN the DT Canadian JJ Seamen's NP Union NP began VVD before IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP ended VVD . SENT The DT union NN was VBD tough JJ , , and CC it PP needed VVD to TO be VB because IN conditions NNS for IN seamen NNS when WRB it PP was VBD created VVN in IN 1936 CD were VBD unspeakable JJ . SENT Over IN the DT years NNS the DT CSU NP gained VVD strong JJ loyalty NN from IN its PP$ members NNS because IN it PP fought VVD well RB and CC won VVD commendable JJ advances NNS . SENT The DT number NN of IN communists NNS in IN the DT union NN , , the DT effect NN of IN some DT communist JJ membership NN and CC communists NNS among IN the DT leadership NN , , and CC whether IN it PP was VBD a DT communist JJ union NN whatever WDT that RB means VVZ , , precisely RB is VBZ disputed VVN . SENT Short JJ of IN coming VVG upon RP records NNS that IN don't NN exist VVP and CC probably RB never RB did VVD , , people NNS who WP disagree VVP about IN the DT communist JJ factor NN are VBP irreconcilable JJ . SENT But CC the DT communist JJ factor NN was VBD used VVN constantly RB in IN the DT conflict NN that WDT focussed VVD on IN the DT need NN to TO destroy VV the DT union NN . SENT The DT shipowners NNS disliked VVD the DT union NN because IN of IN its PP$ effectiveness NN before IN the DT communist JJ issue NN ever RB surfaced VVD . SENT The DT whole JJ story NN from IN beginning VVG to TO end VV is VBZ huge JJ , , international JJ , , complicated JJ , , spread VVN from IN before IN the DT war's JJ end NN to TO 1964 CD at IN least JJS . SENT It PP includes VVZ businessmen NNS , , politicians NNS , , unions NNS , , thugs NNS , , governments NNS , , the DT courts NNS , , national JJ policy NN , , ideological JJ conflict NN , , strikes NNS in IN Canada NP , , Britain NP , , and CC Australia NP , , It PP has VHZ never RB been VBN treated VVN in IN book NN form NN by IN a DT professional JJ historian NN in IN Canada NP . SENT It PP is VBZ one CD of IN Canada's NNS most RBS interesting JJ stories NNS deserving JJ full JJ and CC extended JJ historical JJ examination NN by IN professionals NNS . SENT They PP ignore VVP it PP . SENT Because IN it PP could MD fill VV volumes NNS , , we PP must MD look VV at IN the DT story NN briefly NN from IN the DT aspect NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS . SENT Canada NP After IN The DT Second NP World NP War NP Canada NP developed VVD remarkable JJ shipping NN capacity NN during IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP . SENT shipyards NNS , , and CC a DT capable JJ and CC resilient JJ merchant NN marine JJ population NN on IN the DT Great NP Lakes NPS and CC the DT oceans NNS . SENT It PP had VHD built VVN and CC operated VVN a DT large JJ fleet NN in IN order NN to TO conduct VV convoys NNS of IN goods NNS to TO Europe NP , , especially RB . SENT In IN 1943 CD a DT special JJ committee NN was VBD appointed VVN to TO consider VV and CC formulate VV policy NN for IN Canada's NP merchant NN shipping NN . SENT A DT report NN from IN the DT committee NN foresaw VVD the DT real JJ possibility NN of IN a DT permanent JJ Canadian JJ fleet NN , , a DT permanent JJ Canadian JJ owned VVN shipbuilding NN industry NN , , jobs NNS for IN thousands NNS of IN workers NNS . SENT The DT war NN years NNS had VHD force NN started VVD what WP could MD be VB built VVN upon RP for IN the DT years NNS of IN heavy JJ ocean NN traffic NN that WDT had VHD to TO follow VV the DT peace NN and CC for IN later RBR developing VVG world NN trade NN . SENT Canada NP , , a DT nation NN on IN three CD oceans NNS , , could MD be VB a DT major JJ carrier NN of IN its PP$ own JJ and CC other's JJ cargoes NNS . SENT Quite RB simply RB , , that WDT was VBD not RB to TO be VB . SENT The DT reasons NNS connect VVP to TO much RB that WDT has VHZ been VBN said VVN already RB . SENT First RB , , the DT Liberal JJ cabinet NN of IN Mackenzie NP King NP decided VVD not RB to TO move VV the DT existing JJ fleet NN into IN a DT Crown NP corporation NN and CC have VH a DT merchant NN marine JJ fleet NN in IN peacetime NN operation NN . SENT Nor CC did VVD it PP decide VVP to TO have VH a DT fleet NN involving VVG mixed JJ ownership NN . SENT Instead RB , , it PP decided VVD to TO pare VV down RP the DT fleet NN , , sell VV the DT ships NNS cheap JJ to TO business NN people NNS , , and CC end VV the DT operation NN . SENT Such PDT a DT policy NN , , incidentally RB , , would MD meet VV with IN US NP approval NN since IN it PP foresaw VVD a DT significant JJ enlargement NN of IN its PP$ own JJ merchant NN marine JJ capacity NN . SENT Doubtless RB , , Canadian JJ government NN of IN the DT time NN was VBD fearful JJ of IN being VBG left VVN with IN a DT white JJ elephant NN on IN its PP$ hands NNS . SENT Secondly RB , , the DT ship NN owners NNS wanted VVD to TO destroy VV the DT union NN and CC to TO transfer VV from IN an DT all DT Canadian JJ union NN to TO a DT US NP union NN . SENT They PP believed VVD they PP would MD get VV more JJR cooperation NN from IN the DT Seafarer's NP International NP Union NP . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT CSU NP was VBD the DT largest JJS all DT Canadian JJ union NN in IN the DT National NP Trades NNS and CC Labour VV Congress NP . SENT When WRB it PP was VBD expelled VVN in IN 1949 CD , , the DT votes NNS of IN US NP international JJ unions NNS assured VVD its PP$ expulsion NN . SENT Thirdly RB , , the DT American NP Federation NP of IN Labour NN the DT AFL NP wanted VVD rid JJ of IN the DT Canadian JJ union NN . SENT In IN 1944 CD it PP made VVD a DT unilateral JJ decision NN and CC granted VVD the DT SIU NP jurisdiction NN over IN all DT seamen NNS and CC fishermen NNS in IN all DT waters NNS of IN North NP America NP and CC Canada NP . SENT It PP had VHD , , incidentally RB , , very RB few JJ members NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT It PP asked VVD the DT Trades NNS and CC Labour VV Congress NP to TO end VV recognition NN of IN the DT CSU NP and CC to TO recognize VV the DT SIU NP . SENT The DT Canadian JJ Trades NNS and CC Labour NN Congress NP rejected VVD the DT AFL NP initiative NN on IN behalf NN of IN its PP$ member NN union NN , , the DT CSU NP . SENT The DT AFL NP held VVD a DT legally RB meaningless JJ trial NN in IN the DT USA NP and CC declared VVD the DT CSU NP a DT communist JJ union NN . SENT Much RB was VBD at IN stake NN . SENT US PP domination NN of IN Canadian JJ unionism NN . SENT US PP plans VVZ for IN the DT merchant NN marine JJ future NN . SENT the DT independence NN of IN Canada NP both CC in IN unionism NN and CC enterprise NN . SENT How WRB did VVD the DT political JJ and CC legal JJ arms NNS of IN the DT Canadian JJ state NN handle VV the DT situation NN . SENT They PP permitted VVD lawless JJ strikebreaking NN , , shipowners NNS to TO illegally RB break VV contracts NNS , , shipowners NNS to TO foment VV illegal JJ acts NNS , , the DT police NN to TO foment VV illegal JJ acts NNS , , the DT police NN to TO protect VV illegal JJ acts NNS and CC actors NNS , , shipowners NNS to TO attempt NN bribes NNS , , harassment NN by IN US NP unions NNS , , demands NNS that IN Canadians NNS be VB totally RB dictated VVN to TO by IN US NP union NN headquarters NN , , and CC , , finally RB , , the DT importation NN of IN a DT known VVN US PP criminal JJ to TO lead VV the DT fight NN against IN the DT Canadian JJ union NN on IN behalf NN of IN the DT SIU NP . SENT An DT Industrial NP Inquiry NP Commission NP headed VVD by IN Leonard NP W NP . SENT Brockington NP , , KC NP , , in IN 1948 CD , , found VVD the DT Great NP Lakes NPS shipping NN companies NNS guilty JJ of IN intolerable JJ behaviour NN . SENT Nothing NN was VBD done VVN . SENT A DT delegation NN of IN union NN leaders NNS convinced VVD the DT Liberal JJ convention NN in IN 1948 CD to TO call VV upon IN the DT government NN to TO guarantee VV union NN security NN and CC to TO enforce VV its PP$ labour NN laws NNS . SENT The DT Liberal NP government NN did VVD nothing NN . SENT A DT US NP Criminal NP To TO The DT Rescue NN In IN 1949 CD , , despite IN years NNS of IN the DT lawlessness NN used VVN against IN it PP that IN I PP have VHP listed VVN , , the DT Canadian NP Seamen's NP Union NP hung VVD on RP . SENT That DT was VBD the DT year NN Hal NP Banks NPS , , a DT US NP citizen NN , , was VBD brought VVN in IN to TO apply VV the DT coup FW de FW grace NN to TO the DT union NN . SENT The DT 1985 CD Canadian JJ Encyclopedia NN reports NNS that IN Banks NNS was VBD sponsored VVN by IN the DT Canadian JJ federal JJ government NN and CC some DT union NN leaders NNS and CC shipping NN executives NNS . SENT p NN . SENT 1668 CD He PP had VHD a DT long JJ criminal JJ record NN , , including VVG a DT 14 CD year NN sentence NN to TO San NP Quentin NP prison NN . SENT He PP served VVD only RB three CD and CC a DT half NN years NNS of IN his PP$ sentence NN . SENT A DT Canadian JJ judge NN refused VVD to TO grant VV him PP immigration NN status NN and CC was VBD overruled VVN from IN the DT Canadian JJ cabinet NN . SENT He PP engaged VVD , , almost RB without IN interference NN , , in IN thug NN tactics NNS , , coercion NN , , and CC corruption NN for IN years NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT RCMP NN reported VVD on IN him PP on IN February NP 23 CD , , 1959 CD and CC June NP 14 CD , , 1961 CD , , to TO the DT Canadian JJ Justice NP Department NP . SENT But CC the DT Diefenbaker NP government NN took VVD no DT action NN . SENT Banks NNS was VBD finally RB arrested VVN and CC convicted VVN in IN criminal JJ court NN to TO five CD years NNS in IN prison NN in IN 1964 CD . SENT Bailed VVD for IN 25 CD , , 000 CD , , he PP jumped VVD bail NN and CC fled VVD to TO the DT US NP . SENT The DT Ontario NP government NN applied VVN for IN his PP$ removal NN to TO face VV perjury NN charges NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT Advisors NPS to TO the DT Secretary NP of IN State NP for IN the DT USA NP recommended VVD approval NN of IN the DT Ontario NP application NN . SENT Dean NP Rusk NP , , US NP Secretary NP of IN State NP overruled VVD them PP to TO protect VV Banks NNS . SENT Peter NP C NP . SENT Newman NP , , writing VVG of IN Liberal JJ government NN scandals NNS in IN his PP$ book NN The DT Distemper NN of IN Our PP$ Times NP 1968 CD includes VVZ a DT small JJ part NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ Seamen's NP Union NP story NN . SENT In IN Montreal NP , , when WRB Harold NP Chambers NPS Banks NPS was VBD still RB functioning VVG as IN the DT despotic JJ head NN of IN the DT Seafarer's NP International NP Union NP , , Canadian NP District NP , , he PP always RB sent VVD his PP$ thugs NNS out RP to TO help VV Liberal JJ candidates NNS on IN election NN day NN . SENT On IN June NP 30 CD , , 1954 CD , , when WRB Banks NNS was VBD about RB to TO be VB deported VVN from IN Canada NP , , Walter NP Harris NP , , then RB Liberal NP Minister NP of IN Immigration NN , , personally RB reversed VVD the DT ruling NN of IN his PP$ own JJ department NN . SENT In IN a DT television NN interview NN with IN Pierre NP Berton NP on IN November NP 22 CD , , 1964 CD , , Lester NP Pearson NP admitted VVD some DT of IN his PP$ Montreal NP MPs NP had VHD received VVN electoral JJ funds NNS from IN the DT SIU NP . SENT Peter NP C NP . SENT Newman NP , , The DT Distemper NN of IN Our PP$ Times NP , , Toronto NP , , McClelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 1968 CD , , p NN . SENT 278 CD When WRB in IN 1962 CD , , finally RB , , a DT commission NN of IN inquiry NN was VBD set VVN up RP under IN Mr NP . SENT Justice NP Norris NP , , Banks NNS was VBD defended VVN by IN a DT CIA NP agent NN sent VVD to TO Canada NP . SENT Mr NP . SENT Justice NP Norris NP described VVD the DT man NN who WP had VHD been VBN protected VVN by IN Canadian JJ government NN for IN nearly RB 15 CD years NNS . SENT He PP is VBZ the DT stuff NN of IN the DT Capones NP and CC Hoffas NP . SENT . SENT . SENT He PP is VBZ a DT bully NN , , cruel JJ , , dishonest JJ , , greedy JJ , , power NN hungry JJ , , contemptuous JJ of IN the DT law NN . SENT In IN his PP$ mouth NN the DT word NN democracy NN is VBZ sheer JJ blasphemy NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Contemptuous JJ as IN he PP was VBD of IN his PP$ members NNS , , he PP became VVD contemptuous JJ of IN public JJ opinion NN , , feeling VVG sure JJ he PP would MD retain VV power NN in IN his PP$ union NN . SENT . SENT . SENT with IN the DT support NN of IN his PP$ own JJ parent NN body NN , , whose WP$ president NN was VBD high JJ in IN the DT councils NNS of IN the DT AFL NP CIO NP . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Hon NP . SENT Mr NP . SENT Justice NP T NN . SENT G NP . SENT Norris NP , , Report NP . SENT . SENT . SENT , , 1963 CD , , quoted VVN in IN John NP Stanton NP , , Life NP and CC Death NP of IN the DT Canadian JJ Seamen's NP Union NP , , Ottawa NP , , Steel NP Rail NP Publishing NP , , 1978 CD , , pp NP . SENT 145 CD 146 CD In IN 1964 CD when WRB Banks NNS jumped VVD bail VV , , the DT Canadian JJ merchant NN marine JJ fleet NN was VBD down RB to TO 2 CD vessels NNS . SENT The DT Canadian JJ shipbuilding NN industry NN was VBD finished VVN . SENT The DT Canadian NP Seamen's NP Union NP was VBD destroyed VVN . SENT By IN 1968 CD the DT Seafarer's NP International NP Union NP which WDT had VHD finally RB been VBN expelled VVN in IN 1960 CD was VBD back RB in IN the DT national JJ union NN organization NN and CC remains VVZ today NN Canada's NP dominant JJ seamen's NN union NN . SENT The DT Avro NP Arrow NP The DT other JJ event NN is VBZ as RB bizarre JJ as IN it PP is VBZ instructive JJ for IN an DT understanding NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS . SENT The DT event NN , , in IN its PP$ simplest JJS terms NNS , , was VBD the DT 1959 CD termination NN of IN all DT work NN on IN what WP was VBD to TO be VB the DT world's JJ fastest JJS and CC most RBS advanced JJ interceptor NN aircraft NN , , Canadian JJ Encyclopedia NN , , 1985 CD , , p NN . SENT 123 CD the DT firing NN of IN 14 CD , , 000 CD A DT . SENT V NN . SENT Roe NP of IN Canada NP employees NNS involved VVN in IN its PP$ creation NN and CC production NN , , and CC , , by IN government NN order NN , , the DT literal JJ cutting NN to TO pieces NNS of IN the DT existing JJ aircraft NN and CC the DT destruction NN of IN all DT plans NNS . SENT Strange JJ as IN the DT story NN may MD seem VV to TO be VB , , it PP is VBZ a DT simple JJ one CD . SENT In IN 1958 CD Canada NP and CC the DT US NP signed VVD a DT plan NN for IN joint JJ air NN defence NN NORAD NP and CC the DT following VVG year NN agreed VVD to TO a DT Defence NN Production NN Sharing VVG Program NN . SENT Some DT people NNS , , among IN them PP Vincent NP Massey NP and CC Walter NP Gordon NP , , had VHD become VVN uneasy JJ about IN tightening VVG links NNS with IN the DT US NP . SENT Massey NP in IN 1952 CD and CC Gordon NP in IN 1957 CD produced VVD royal JJ commission NN reports NNS on IN cultural JJ and CC economic JJ policy NN . SENT Both DT were VBD critical JJ of IN US PP influence VVP . SENT Canadians NNS had VHD done VVN a DT considerable JJ amount NN of IN work NN on IN aircraft NN production NN and CC research NN during IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP and CC , , as RB with IN merchant JJ marine JJ vessels NNS , , had VHD gained VVN considerable JJ expertise NN in IN design NN and CC production NN . SENT In IN 1949 CD they PP produced VVD the DT first JJ North JJ American JJ jetliner NN designed VVN in IN Canada NP , , the DT Avro NP Jetliner NN . SENT Described VVN by IN the DT 1985 CD Canadian JJ Encyclopedia NN as IN one CD of IN the DT outstanding JJ achievements NNS of IN its PP$ day NN p NN . SENT 123 CD , , it PP never RB went VVD into IN production NN , , even RB for IN Trans NP Canada NP Airlines NPS , , the DT national JJ air NN carrier NN . SENT The DT jetliner NN , , produced VVN and CC shown VVN to TO the DT world NN , , was VBD sold VVN for IN scrap NN in IN 1956 CD . SENT In IN 1950 CD the DT first JJ jet NN fighter NN designed VVN and CC built VVN in IN Canada NP , , the DT Avro NP CF NP 100 CD Canuck NN , , went VVD into IN production NN , , 792 CD being VBG built VVN . SENT Fifty CD three CD were VBD sold VVN to TO Belgium NP and CC the DT aircraft NN served VVD ten CD years NNS in IN NORAD NP and CC NATO NP squadrons NNS . SENT The DT Avro NP Arrow NP was VBD an DT advanced JJ , , supersonic JJ , , all DT weather NN interceptor NN jet NN aircraft NN . SENT Needless JJ to TO say VV , , the DT aircraft NN was VBD expensive JJ to TO design VV and CC build VV . SENT It PP required VVD a DT government NN determined VVN to TO see VV production NN and CC it PP required VVD a DT market NN for IN the DT product NN . SENT Neither CC of IN those DT things NNS was VBD available JJ . SENT In IN 1958 CD , , the DT Progressive JJ Conservative JJ government NN terminated VVD some DT aspects NNS of IN Canadian JJ research NN for IN the DT project NN . SENT Strategic JJ reasons NNS were VBD brought VVN forward RB to TO doubt VV its PP$ usefulness NN the DT development NN of IN intercontinental JJ ballistic JJ missiles NNS , , for IN instance NN . SENT Nevertheless RB , , Janusz NP Zurakowski NP test NN flew VVD the DT Avro NP Arrow NP several JJ times NNS , , exceeding VVG 1600 CD km NN h NN on IN the DT seventh JJ flight NN . SENT All DT involved VVN were VBD confident JJ it PP would MD fly VV even RB faster RBR . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN claimed VVN to TO be VB the DT most RBS advanced JJ aircraft NN of IN its PP$ day NN , , not RB equalled VVD in IN aerospace JJ development NN for IN close NN to TO a DT decade NN after IN its PP$ creation NN . SENT Despite IN defence NN agreements NNS and CC perhaps RB because IN of IN them PP the DT US NP refused VVD to TO show VV any DT interest NN in IN purchases NNS , , and CC Canada NP could MD not RB gain VV sales NNS elsewhere RB . SENT The DT politics NNS of IN major JJ armament NN sales NNS are VBP complex JJ and CC highly RB motivated VVN by IN national JJ economic JJ interests NNS at IN all DT times NNS . SENT The DT United NP States NPS was VBD plainly RB not RB interested JJ in IN seeing VVG the DT development NN of IN a DT major JJ aerospace NN competitor NN in IN Canada NP even RB though IN Canada NP was VBD a DT close JJ ally NN . SENT The DT Implications NNS of IN the DT Cancellation NN . SENT Canadian JJ Excellence NN Does VVZ Not RB Exist VV The DT action NN of IN the DT Diefenbaker NP government NN in IN ending VVG the DT project NN , , placing VVG A DT . SENT V NN . SENT Roe NP in IN a DT position NN to TO have VH to TO fire VV 14 CD , , 000 CD employees NNS , , and CC having VHG all DT Avro NP Arrows NNS in IN existence NN or CC in IN partial JJ construction NN literally RB cut VVN to TO pieces NNS and CC destroyed VVN was VBD a DT dramatic JJ statement NN of IN Canada's NP position NN . SENT The DT event NN hit VVD Canadians NNS very RB hard JJ , , and CC the DT Avro NP Arrow NP has VHZ entered VVN Canadian JJ mythology NN as IN a DT symbol NN of IN two CD things NNS . SENT the DT remarkable JJ ingenuity NN and CC enterprise NN of IN Canadians NNS when WRB given VVN a DT chance NN , , and CC the DT blighting VVG quality NN of IN Canada's NP relation NN with IN the DT US NP . SENT Ironically RB , , a DT large JJ number NN of IN the DT scientists NNS and CC engineers NNS dismissed VVN by IN A DT . SENT V NN . SENT Roe NP with IN the DT termination NN of IN the DT Avro NP Arrow NP went VVD to TO the DT United NP States NPS aerospace NN industry NN . SENT There RB , , anonymously RB , , they PP contributed VVD significantly RB to TO the DT success NN of IN the DT US NP as IN the DT world's JJ leader NN in IN aerospace NN development NN . SENT James NP Eayrs NP , , a DT Canadian JJ expert NN on IN defence NN and CC foreign JJ policy NN , , saw VVD the DT destruction NN of IN the DT Avro NP Arrow NP as IN inevitable JJ , , reasonable JJ , , and CC wise JJ . SENT It PP was VBD a DT blow NN to TO national JJ morale NN , , he PP records VVZ . SENT But CC he PP goes VVZ on IN that IN the DT United NP States NPS became VVD the DT scapegoat NN . SENT That IN this DT indictment NN was VBD both DT irrational JJ and CC unfair JJ did VVD not RB prevent VV its PP$ being NN widely RB accepted VVD . SENT James NP Eayrs NP , , Sharing VVG a DT Continent NN , , in IN The DT United NP States NPS and CC Canada NP , , Eaglewood NN Cliffs NPS , , New NP Jersey NP , , 1964 CD , , p NN . SENT 68 RB The DT real JJ story NN , , according VVG to TO Eayrs NP , , was VBD that IN a DT small JJ undertaking NN to TO build VV an DT air NN frame NN got VVD impossibly RB out RB of IN control NN , , leaped VVD in IN size NN and CC cost NN , , faced VVD personnel NNS problems NNS in IN the DT air NN force NN , , unrealistic JJ estimates NNS of IN Canadian JJ needs NNS for IN the DT craft NN , , and CC a DT failure NN to TO interest NN markets NNS in IN the DT product NN . SENT He PP states VVZ that IN the DT result NN , , among IN other JJ results NNS , , was VBD that IN the DT US NP recognized VVD the DT Canadian JJ dilemma NN and CC agreed VVD to TO the DT Defence NN Production NN Sharing VVG Program NN . SENT It PP assured VVD Canadian JJ enterprise NN defence NN production NN contracts NNS otherwise RB unavailable JJ . SENT The DT average JJ Canadian JJ even RB willingly RB accepting VVG Eayrs NP presentation NN still RB wonders VVZ why WRB the DT Canadian JJ government NN saw VVD fit VV to TO destroy VV all DT plans NNS for IN the DT Avro NP Arrow NP and CC to TO have VH every DT vestige NN of IN the DT aircraft NN cut VVN into IN pieces NNS and CC sold VVN for IN scrap NN hours NNS after IN the DT announcement NN of IN the DT project's JJ cancellation NN . SENT That DT was VBD strange JJ behaviour NN , , certain JJ to TO elevate VV the DT suddenly RB nonexistent JJ aircraft NN to TO the DT level NN of IN myth NN . SENT It PP invites VVZ anyone NN to TO ask VV who WP was VBD behind IN those DT orders NNS . SENT What WP was VBD to TO be VB gained VVN by IN destroying VVG the DT visible JJ results NNS of IN a DT huge JJ national JJ expenditure NN . SENT When WRB the DT Avro NP Jetliner NN was VBD unable JJ to TO find VV a DT market NN and CC had VHD to TO be VB scrapped VVN , , its PP$ nose NN section NN and CC engines NNS were VBD placed VVN in IN the DT National NP Aviation NP Museum NP . SENT No DT shred NN of IN an DT Avro NP Arrow NP exists VVZ anywhere RB . SENT Nationalists NNS And CC Continentalists NNS The DT 1963 CD return NN of IN the DT Liberal NP Party NP to TO government NN power NN revealed VVD a DT quality NN it PP possessed VVD until IN the DT victory NN of IN Jean NP Chretien's NP Liberals NNS in IN 1983 CD . SENT The DT party NN was VBD divided VVN between IN nationalists NNS and CC continentalists VVZ those DT who WP believed VVD in IN significant JJ economic JJ independence NN for IN Canada NP and CC those DT who WP believed VVD in IN ever RB closer JJR ties NNS to TO the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Walter NP Gordon NP became VVD Minister NP of IN Finance NP in IN the DT Pearson NP government NN . SENT His PP$ budget NN of IN 1963 CD proposed VVD a DT tax NN on IN foreign JJ takeovers NNS of IN Canadian JJ firms NNS . SENT In IN fact NN , , he PP pointed VVD to TO persistent JJ levels NNS of IN high JJ unemployment NN , , the DT continuing JJ chronic JJ state NN of IN Canada's NP balance NN of IN payments NNS , , evidence NN of IN budget NN deficits NNS , , and CC growing VVG foreign JJ ownership NN and CC control NN of IN the DT economy NN . SENT His PP$ aim NN , , quite RB simply RB , , was VBD to TO begin VV the DT repatriation NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN by IN Canadians NNS , , with IN firm NN support NN and CC encouragement NN from IN the DT federal JJ government NN . SENT The DT civil JJ servants NNS of IN the DT day NN disliked VVD the DT initiatives NNS . SENT Prime NP Minister NP Pearson NP supported VVD him PP unequivocally RB until IN the DT budget NN was VBD attacked VVN , , and CC then RB abandoned VVD him PP . SENT The DT president NN of IN the DT Montreal NP Stock NP exchange NN , , Eric NP Kierans NP , , conducted VVD an DT all RB out IN attack NN on IN the DT budget NN . SENT When WRB his PP$ attack NN bore NN fruit NN , , the DT traders NNS carried VVD Kierans NP around IN the DT floor NN on IN their PP$ shoulders NNS in IN triumph NN . SENT Denis NP Smith NP , , Gentle NP Patriot NN , , Edmonton NP , , Hurtig NP Publishers NPS , , 1973 CD , , p NN . SENT 165 CD Gordon's NP influence NN diminished VVN and CC he PP resigned VVD from IN the DT cabinet NN in IN 1965 CD . SENT But CC he PP returned VVD in IN 1967 CD as IN president NN of IN the DT privy JJ council NN and CC was VBD the DT instigator NN of IN the DT Watkins NP Task NP Force NP on IN the DT Structure NN of IN Canadian JJ Industry NN . SENT It PP eventuated VVD in IN 1968 CD with IN what WP has VHZ become VVN known VVN as IN the DT Watkins NP Report NP . SENT Shortly RB after IN its PP$ publication NN , , Gordon NP withdrew VVD from IN electoral JJ politics NNS . SENT The DT loss NN of IN his PP$ political JJ hopes NNS was VBD not RB taken VVN by IN Gordon NP and CC his PP$ supporters NNS as IN a DT complete JJ defeat NN . SENT A DT wide JJ range NN of IN forces NNS grew VVD in IN the DT next JJ years NNS in IN which WDT might MD fairly RB be VB called VVN a DT popular JJ movement NN for IN greater JJR control NN by IN Canadians NNS of IN all DT aspects NNS of IN Canadian JJ life NN . SENT Certainly RB the DT celebrations NNS of IN Canada's NP centenary JJ year NN focussed VVD attention NN upon IN Canada NP and CC its PP$ achievements NNS . SENT Expo NP 67 CD brought VVD millions NNS of IN visitors NNS to TO Canada NP and CC took VVD many JJ Canadians NNS on IN trips NNS in IN the DT country NN that WDT reconfirmed VVD for IN them PP the DT immensity NN , , beauty NN , , and CC good JJ fortune NN of IN the DT country NN in IN which WDT they PP lived VVD . SENT Centennial JJ Year NN And CC An DT Awakening NN The DT effect NN of IN that DT reawakening VVG is VBZ extraordinarily RB difficult JJ to TO measure VV . SENT But CC it PP did VVD influence VV future JJ events NNS . SENT Out RB of IN Walter NP Gordon's NP initiative NN came VVD the DT Watkin's NP Report NP in IN 1968 CD , , the DT Wahn NP Report NP in IN 1970 CD , , and CC the DT Gray NP Report NP in IN 1972 CD . SENT Dealing VVG with IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN , , all DT three CD reports NNS were VBD government NN initiated VVD . SENT All DT three CD reports NNS were VBD treated VVN unsympathetically RB by IN government NN , , though IN they PP influenced VVD the DT setting VVG up RP of IN the DT Canada NP Development NP Corporation NP 1971 CD and CC the DT Foreign NP Investment NP Review NP Agency NP 1973 CD . SENT All DT three CD reports NNS recorded VVD the DT high JJ levels NNS of IN foreign JJ especially RB US NP ownership NN of IN the DT economy NN and CC informed JJ Canadians NNS about IN the DT often RB high JJ costs NNS of IN foreign JJ investment NN to TO Canadians NNS and CC the DT very RB low JJ cost NN to TO enterprises NNS coming VVG into IN Canada NP . SENT They PP revealed VVD the DT substantial JJ , , on IN going VVG outflow NN of IN capital NN from IN Canada NP , , invisible JJ to TO Canadians NNS , , as IN a DT product NN of IN foreign JJ ownership NN . SENT Though IN government NN acted VVD slowly RB or CC not RB at IN all DT on IN the DT recommendations NNS of IN the DT reports NNS , , their PP$ effect NN , , combined VVN with IN the DT feelings NNS released VVN in IN Centennial NP Year NP produced VVD movements NNS , , organizations NNS , , publications NNS , , and CC pressure NN groups NNS concerned VVN with IN the DT independence NN of IN Canada NP . SENT In IN 1968 CD a DT movement NN to TO assure VV fair JJ hiring NN of IN Canadians NNS and CC using VVG of IN Canadian JJ materials NNS began VVD in IN the DT education NN system NN . SENT In IN 1969 CD the DT Waffle NP Movement NN within IN the DT NDP NN was VBD created VVN to TO move VV that DT party NN leftwards RB and CC insure VV an DT independent JJ and CC socialist JJ Canada NP . SENT In IN 1970 CD with IN Walter NP Gordon's NP support VV The DT Committee NP for IN an DT Independent NP Canada NP was VBD formed VVN , , presenting VVG less JJR than IN a DT year NN later RBR a DT petition NN of IN 170 CD , , 000 CD signatures NNS to TO Prime NP Minister NP Pierre NP Trudeau NP demanding VVG limits NNS to TO foreign JJ investment NN and CC ownership NN . SENT In IN the DT five CD years NNS following VVG Centennial NP Year NP other JJ organizations NNS and CC movements NNS connected VVN to TO the DT independence NN movement NN proliferated VVN . SENT The DT Writers NP Union NP of IN Canada NP , , The DT Confederation NP of IN Canadian JJ Unions NNS , , The DT National NP Farmers NPS Union NP , , The DT National NP Action NP Committee NP on IN the DT Status NN of IN Women NP , , The DT League NP of IN Canadian JJ Poets NNS , , The DT Canadian JJ Artist's NP Registry NN , , The DT Association NP of IN Canadian NP Studies NPS , , The DT Canadian NP Studies NPS Foundation NP , , The DT Canadian NP Federation NP of IN Independent NP Business NP , , and CC the DT Canadian JJ Liberation NP Movement NN are VBP only RB some DT that WDT appeared VVD . SENT New JJ publishers NNS , , determined VVN to TO publish VV Canadian JJ work NN , , were VBD established VVN . SENT New JJ periodicals NNS were VBD founded VVN , , new JJ theatres NNS many RB concerned VVN to TO assure VV Canadian JJ cultural JJ vitality NN . SENT And CC a DT CRTC NP Canadian NP Radio NP television NN and CC Telecommunications NP Commission NP ruling NN requiring VVG broadcasters NNS to TO use VV a DT percentage NN of IN Canadian JJ music NN brought VVD many DT virtually RB unknown JJ musicians NNS , , composers NNS , , and CC performers NNS to TO national JJ and CC international JJ attention NN . SENT Very RB , , very RB little RB that IN was VBD structural JJ was VBD done VVN to TO meet VV the DT demands NNS and CC the DT enthusiasm NN of IN all PDT the DT people NNS those DT organizations NNS and CC movements NNS represented VVD . SENT In IN publishing NN , , government NN established VVD grants NNS to TO publishers NNS . SENT But CC it PP didn't VVD work NN to TO establish VV a DT strong JJ industry NN by IN working VVG with IN provincial JJ education NN ministries NNS to TO assure VV Canadian JJ written VVN and CC published VVN textbooks NNS would MD be VB widely RB used VVN . SENT When WRB Ryerson NP Press NP established VVD 1829 CD was VBD being VBG sold VVN by IN the DT United NP Church NP of IN Canada NP , , much JJ pressure NN was VBD exerted VVN to TO prevent VV it PP from IN being VBG bought VVN by IN the DT US NP company NN , , McGraw NP Hill NP in IN 1970 CD . SENT One CD proposal NN was VBD that IN the DT federal JJ government NN should MD provide VV 4 CD million CD dollars NNS and CC that DT Canada's NPS oldest JJS text NN book NN producing VVG press NN should MD be VB maintained VVN as RB Canadian JJ with IN the DT cooperation NN and CC , , perhaps RB , , ownership NN or CC joint JJ ownership NN of IN already RB established VVN Canadian JJ publishers NNS . SENT The DT Trudeau NP government NN refused VVD to TO act VV on IN that DT or CC any DT similar JJ proposal NN . SENT Canadian NP Film NP In IN The DT US NP Empire NP Canadian JJ film NN organizations NNS pressed VVD the DT government NN for IN some DT room NN in IN Canada's NP distribution NN system NN for IN Canadian JJ films NNS . SENT US PP giants NNS controlled VVN and CC control VV the DT distribution NN of IN films NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT Canadian JJ film NN people NNS did VVD not RB only RB lose VV in IN that DT period NN of IN active JJ public JJ participation NN and CC interest NN . SENT In IN the DT middle JJ 1980 CD s PP Flora NP MacDonald NP , , Minister NP of IN Communications NPS in IN the DT Mulroney NP Progressive NP Conservative JJ government NN , , expressed VVD determination NN to TO begin VV some DT amelioration NN of IN the DT lot NN of IN Canadian JJ film NN makers NNS . SENT She PP consulted VVD and CC drew VVD up RP a DT policy NN that IN at IN last JJ seemed VVD as RB if IN it PP would MD start VV movement NN on IN problems NNS Canadian JJ film NN organizations NNS had VHD been VBN working VVG on IN for IN twenty CD years NNS . SENT But CC Jack NP Valenti NP of IN the DT American NP Motion NP Picture NP Association NP convinced VVD the DT president NN of IN the DT US NP , , Ronald NP Reagan NP , , to TO telephone VV Prime NP Minister NP Mulroney NP . SENT He PP in RB turn VVP insisted VVN that IN Ms NN . SENT MacDonald NP meet VVP Jack NP Valenti NP . SENT The DT new JJ film NN policy NN was VBD shredded JJ , , and CC Canadian JJ film NN organizations NNS continue VVP to TO have VH an DT almost RB nonexistent JJ role NN in IN the DT life NN of IN Canadian JJ viewers NNS . SENT US PP film NN organizations NNS regularly RB take VVP from IN Canada NP profits NNS that IN they PP consider VVP important JJ to TO the DT health NN of IN their PP$ organizations NNS , , and CC they PP lobby VV to TO keep VV the DT Canadian JJ film NN industry NN from IN developing VVG . SENT The DT Charter NP Of IN Rights NPS And CC Freedoms NNS And CC US NP Individualism NN The DT 1982 CD patriation NN of IN the DT Canadian NP Constitution NP affected VVD Canada NP US NP relations NNS in IN mostly RB invisible JJ ways NNS but CC it PP did VVD affect VV them PP . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN it PP marked VVD a DT further JJR , , formal JJ closing NN of IN a DT long JJ constitutional JJ association NN with IN Britain NP . SENT It PP did VVD not RB mark VV the DT end NN of IN the DT association NN , , however RB , , since IN the DT role NN of IN the DT Crown NP is VBZ not RB diminished VVN in IN Canadian JJ constitutional JJ documents NNS . SENT That DT has VHZ significance NN for IN those DT who WP want VVP very RB visible JJ differences NNS between IN the DT Canadian NP and CC US NP constitutional JJ structures NNS . SENT Patriation NP provided VVD a DT show NN of IN independence NN . SENT The DT reason NN it PP is VBZ a DT show NN is VBZ that IN there EX is VBZ no DT likelihood NN that IN the DT parliament NN in IN Britain NP would MD ever RB have VH impeded VVN amendments NNS to TO the DT Canadian JJ Constitution NP . SENT If IN the DT British JJ parliament NN had VHD received VVN , , for IN instance NN , , the DT Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS alone RB as IN an DT amendment NN , , it PP would MD have VH passed VVN it PP without IN question NN . SENT As IN a DT symbolic JJ gesture NN , , however RB , , patriation NN of IN the DT Constitution NP probably RB had VHD significance NN for IN many JJ , , especially RB in IN Qu NP bec NP . SENT The DT Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS , , however RB , , has VHZ involved VVN a DT good JJ deal NN of IN dispute NN . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN accused VVN of IN being VBG an DT Americanizing VVG document NN , , concentrating VVG as IN it PP does VVZ on IN individual JJ rights NNS and CC freedoms NNS . SENT Such JJ documents NNS are VBP always RB questioned VVN by IN people NNS who WP wish VVP to TO place VV faith NN in IN traditional JJ customs NNS and CC democratic JJ parliaments NNS . SENT They PP usually RB supply VVP comparisons NNS to TO show VV that IN countries NNS without IN Charters NP of IN Rights NPS have VHP no DT less JJR freedom NN than IN countries NNS with IN such JJ Charters NP , , no DT matter NN how WRB large JJ and CC elaborate JJ . SENT In IN Canada's NP case NN , , the DT Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS created VVD a DT third JJ national JJ legislative JJ body NN , , the DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP , , and CC in IN that DT regard NN brought VVD the DT Canadian JJ system NN closer RBR to TO the DT US NP system NN . SENT The DT Supreme NP Court NP of IN Canada NP existed VVD already RB , , but CC the DT Charter NP of IN Rights NPS and CC Freedoms NNS gave VVD the DT court NN priority NN in IN the DT interpretation NN of IN that DT document NN and CC the DT right NN to TO call VV legislation NN passed VVN by IN the DT parliaments NNS of IN Canada NP invalid JJ if IN judged VVN offensive NN to TO the DT Charter NP . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT Court NP may MD be VB appealed VVN to TO in IN matters NNS of IN the DT Charter NP and CC its PP$ findings NNS may MD be VB in IN contradiction NN to TO legislation NN . SENT In IN such JJ cases NNS the DT Court's NP rulings NNS are VBP dominant JJ . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT practice NN of IN law NN in IN Canada NP involves VVZ the DT use NN of IN US NP decisions NNS , , cases NNS , , and CC precedents NNS in IN a DT greater JJR degree NN than IN it PP did VVD before IN 1982 CD because IN the DT United NP States NPS has VHZ always RB had VHN its PP$ Supreme NP Court NP superior JJ to TO legislatures NNS in IN matters NNS of IN the DT US NP Rights NPS document NN and CC the DT interpretation NN of IN the DT US NP Constitution NP . SENT Canadian JJ lawyers NNS wanting VVG to TO seek VV examples NNS similar JJ to TO cases NNS that WDT occur VVP in IN relation NN to TO the DT Canadian NP Charter NP can MD , , of IN course NN , , often RB find VV helpful JJ materials NNS in IN US NP legal JJ history NN . SENT Legislating VVG A DT Place NN In IN The DT US NP Empire NP The NP Canada NP US NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP of IN 1987 CD and CC its PP$ sequel NN , , The DT North NP American NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP , , are VBP documents NNS of IN enormous JJ size NN with IN equally RB large JJ ramifications NNS for IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS . SENT The DT agreements NNS do VVP more RBR than IN has VHZ ever RB been VBN done VVN before RB to TO rob VV Canada NP of IN sovereignty NN over IN the DT economic JJ direction NN of IN the DT country NN . SENT They PP tie VV Canada NP to TO the DT US NP more RBR tightly RB than IN ever RB before RB . SENT They PP serve VVP to TO obstruct VV initiatives NNS Canada NP might MD wish VV to TO take VV that IN in IN any DT way NN can MD be VB said VVN to TO offend VV free JJ market NN activity NN in IN North NP America NP . SENT Before IN passage NN of IN the DT agreements NNS Canada NP had VHD much RB greater JJR freedom NN to TO launch VV national JJ programs NNS in IN health NN , , culture NN , , social JJ services NNS , , and CC the DT economy NN than IN it PP has VHZ now RB . SENT In IN short RB , , Canada NP has VHZ agreed VVN to TO operate VV a DT capitalist JJ market NN economy NN on IN equal JJ terms NNS with IN the DT USA NP , , observing VVG for IN the DT most JJS part NN the DT definitions NNS of IN social JJ and CC economic JJ operation NN as IN set VVN out RP by IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN the DT US NP has VHZ launched VVN an DT Enterprise NN of IN the DT Americas NPS Initiative NP to TO promote VV free JJ trade NN agreements NNS with IN Latin JJ American JJ countries NNS . SENT Many JJ bilateral JJ and CC regional JJ agreements NNS have VHP been VBN signed VVN always RB when WRB the DT economies NNS have VHP shown VVN a DT commitment NN to TO US NP style NN market NN principles NNS and CC trade NN policies NNS . SENT Free NP Trade NP A DT Definition NN Free JJ trade NN is VBZ essentially RB a DT policy NN by IN which WDT a DT government NN does VVZ not RB discriminate JJ against IN imports NNS in IN favour NN of IN national JJ products NNS . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB , , either RB , , regulate VV exports NNS in IN order NN to TO favour VV the DT nation's JJ consumers NNS . SENT The DT economic JJ case NN for IN free JJ trade NN is VBZ still RB based VVN on IN Adam NP Smith's NP argument NN in IN the DT Wealth NN of IN Nations NP 1776 CD that IN the DT division NN of IN labour NN in IN a DT population NN leads VVZ to TO greater JJR efficiency NN and CC greater JJR production NN . SENT Deduced VVN from IN the DT general JJ argument NN , , he PP went VVD on IN to TO argue VV that IN countries NNS , , too RB , , will MD use VV their PP$ natural JJ advantages NNS of IN geography NN , , resources NNS , , and CC expertise NN to TO produce VV efficiently RB . SENT Countries NNS will MD have VH advantages NNS , , comparatively RB , , over IN other JJ countries NNS and CC so RB all DT will MD be VB able JJ to TO trade VV advantageously RB . SENT The DT competition NN involved VVN , , moreover RB , , will MD increase VV general JJ efficiency NN in IN production NN . SENT In IN addition NN a DT political JJ argument NN grew VVD from IN Smith's NP theories NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT argument NN used VVN daily RB in IN our PP$ time NN that IN if IN governments NNS interfere VVP with IN competition NN which WDT is VBZ alleged VVN to TO produce VV the DT greatest JJS efficiency NN possible JJ , , then RB they PP will MD create VV inefficiency NN . SENT They PP will MD bungle VV . SENT They PP will MD protect VV lazy JJ manufacturers NNS . SENT They PP will MD hold VV back RB new JJ processes NNS . SENT Free NP Trade NP As IN Imperial NP Policy NP Many JJ reasons NNS exist VVP to TO examine VV the DT values NNS of IN free JJ trade NN to TO see VV the DT good JJ it PP can MD do VV for IN international JJ commerce NN and CC standards NNS of IN living NN . SENT But CC there EX are VBP a DT number NN of IN reasons NNS , , as RB well RB , , to TO question VV the DT idea NN . SENT In IN the DT great JJ nineteenth NN and CC early JJ twentieth JJ century NN era NN of IN free JJ trade NN until IN 1930 CD , , Britain NP was VBD the DT leading JJ investing NN , , manufacturing NN , , and CC shipping VVG country NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT self NN governing VVG colonies NNS of IN which WDT Canada NP was VBD one CD imposed VVN protective JJ tariffs NNS on IN goods NNS entering VVG to TO help VV internal JJ development NN . SENT The DT countries NNS in IN the DT Empire NN that WDT maintained VVD free JJ trade NN were VBD the DT underdeveloped JJ countries NNS which WDT remained VVD underdeveloped JJ . SENT The DT collectors NNS of IN bananas NNS for IN export NN did VVD not RB find VV that IN banana NN trees NNS in IN a DT tropical JJ country NN provided VVD sufficient JJ comparative JJ advantage NN to TO produce VV the DT wealth NN they PP needed VVD to TO reduce VV poverty NN , , disease NN , , and CC high JJ infant JJ mortality NN . SENT Historically RB , , there EX is VBZ no DT doubt NN that IN powerful JJ countries NNS with IN highly RB developed VVN economies NNS like IN Britain NP in IN the DT nineteenth JJ century NN are VBP eager JJ for IN free JJ trade NN . SENT Crying VVG out RP for IN freedom NN of IN competition NN , , they PP know VVP they PP are VBP best RBS able JJ to TO compete VV . SENT They PP know VVP , , in IN addition NN , , that WDT as IN powerful JJ countries NNS they PP can MD help VV the DT cause NN of IN competition NN by IN use NN of IN the DT military JJ establishments NNS they PP maintain VVP to TO assure VV peace NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT The DT US NP has VHZ ten CD times NNS more JJR population NN than IN Canada NP has VHZ . SENT It PP is VBZ vastly RB more RBR wealthy JJ . SENT It PP owns VVZ outright RB much RB of IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN . SENT It PP possesses VVZ the DT most RBS powerful JJ military JJ establishment NN in IN the DT world NN , , and CC it PP lies VVZ along IN 5500 CD miles NNS of IN a DT border NN shared VVN with IN Canada NP . SENT To TO demonstrate VV the DT degree NN to TO which WDT Canada NP has VHZ resigned VVN sovereignty NN over IN its PP$ own JJ people NNS and CC directions NNS , , we PP will MD look VV at IN a DT very RB short JJ list NN of IN new JJ realities NNS in IN Canada NP since IN the DT Canada NP US NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP . SENT We PP need VVP first RB to TO see VV how WRB the DT agreement NN came VVD into IN being NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT US NP initiative NN for IN reasons NNS related VVN to TO global JJ power NN . SENT In IN 1979 CD , , eight CD years NNS before IN the DT Canada NP US NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP , , the DT US NP amended VVD its PP$ Trade NP Act NP of IN 1974 CD to TO study VV the DT desirability NN of IN entering VVG into IN trade NN agreements NNS with IN countries NNS in IN the DT northern JJ portion NN of IN the DT western JJ hemisphere NN to TO promote VV economic JJ growth NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS and CC such JJ countries NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT and CC to TO present VV findings NNS to TO the DT Congress NP by IN July NP 1981 CD . SENT Section NN 1104 CD of IN US NP Public NP Law NP 96 CD 39 CD , , July NP 26 CD , , 1979 CD In IN his PP$ 1980 CD election NN campaign NN Ronald NP Reagan NP envisioned VVN a DT North JJ American JJ economic JJ area NN embracing VVG Canada NP , , the DT US NP , , Mexico NP , , and CC the DT Caribbean NP . SENT In IN the DT negotiations NNS with IN both DT Mexico NP and CC Canada NP , , however RB , , the DT US NP managed VVD to TO have VH officials NNS of IN those DT countries NNS publicly RB call VVP for IN free JJ trade NN agreements NNS . SENT US PP government NN officials NNS feared VVD , , correctly RB , , that IN if IN the DT initiative NN came VVD from IN the DT US NP government NN , , both CC the DT Canadian JJ and CC Mexican JJ populations NNS would MD be VB more RBR suspicious JJ of IN the DT idea NN . SENT In IN The DT Fight NN For IN Canada NP , , David NP Orchard NP sums VVZ up RP some DT of IN the DT activity NN in IN Canada NP . SENT By IN 1983 CD , , the DT Americans NPS already RB had VHD their PP$ plan NN , , their PP$ man NN and CC a DT number NN of IN prominent JJ Canadians NNS willing JJ to TO play VV along RP . SENT In IN that DT year NN , , the DT US NP ambassador NN to TO Canada NP , , Paul NP Robinson NP , , invited VVD Sam NP Hughes NP , , head NN of IN the DT Canadian NP Chamber NP of IN Commerce NP , , to TO his PP$ exclusive JJ Rockcliffe NP Park NP residence NN in IN Ottawa NP . SENT The DT United NP States NPS , , he PP said VVD , , had VHD decided VVN to TO enter VV into IN free JJ trade NN agreements NNS with IN selected JJ countries NNS . SENT The DT first JJ was VBD to TO be VB Israel NP . SENT Washington NP wanted VVD Canada NP to TO be VB next JJ . SENT Thomas NP d'Aquino NP , , chairman NN of IN the DT Business NP Council NP on IN National NP Issues NPS the DT lobbying VVG arm NN of IN 150 CD major JJ corporations NNS , , many JJ American NP owned VVD was VBD the DT next JJ guest NN at IN Robinson's NP home NN , , followed VVN by IN Roy NP Phillips NP , , president NN of IN the DT Canadian NP Manufacturers NPS Association NP . SENT These DT steps NNS taken VVN , , Robinson NP was VBD told VVN by IN his PP$ boss NN in IN Washington NP , , Special JJ Trade NP Representative NP William NP Brock NP , , to TO back VV off RP that IN to TO be VB successful JJ , , the DT approach NN for IN free JJ trade NN must MD be VB seen VVN as IN coming VVG from IN Canada NP . SENT If IN Canadians NNS realized VVN that IN the DT push NN was VBD from IN the DT United NP States NPS , , they PP would MD react VV unfavourably RB . SENT In IN an DT exceptionally RB candid JJ speech NN in IN 1990 CD , , Robinson NP recalled VVD with IN satisfaction NN . SENT I'm NP pleased VVD to TO say VV I PP did VVD play VV a DT principal JJ role NN in IN the DT re NN initiating VVG of IN the DT free JJ trade NN agreement NN which WDT I PP know VVP is VBZ controversial JJ in IN Canada NP . SENT It's NP not RB controversial JJ in IN the DT United NP States NP we PP thought VVD it PP was VBD a DT good JJ idea NN . SENT . SENT . SENT I PP thought VVD it PP was VBD a DT 10 CD year NN project NN . SENT As IN it PP turned VVD out RP to TO be VB , , it PP was VBD a DT 5 CD year NN project NN . SENT . SENT . SENT We PP knew VVD that IN if IN this DT was VBD regarded VVN as IN a DT purely RB American JJ attempt NN to TO say VV , , quote VV , , gobble VV up RP Canada NP , , close JJ quote NN , , which WDT we PP were VBD all RB aware JJ of IN . SENT . SENT . SENT that DT we'd NN be VB doomed VVN to TO failure NN , , and CC that IN what WP we PP rally VVP should MD do VV is VBZ try VV to TO interest NN Canadians NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT David NP Orchard NP , , The DT Fight NN for IN Canada NP , , Toronto NP , , Stoddart NP , , 1993 CD , , p NN . SENT 130 CD US NP Power NP In IN The DT Postwar JJ World NN The DT facts NNS regarding VVG US NP motivation NN are VBP , , again RB , , quite RB simple JJ . SENT After IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP the DT United NP States NPS emerged VVD unscathed JJ at IN home NN , , wealthy JJ , , and CC powerful JJ in IN the DT world NN . SENT In IN real JJ terms NNS it PP could MD command VV the DT loyalty NN of IN nations NNS it PP associated VVN with IN in IN economic JJ , , defence NN , , and CC other JJ agreements NNS . SENT Offering VVG itself PP as IN the DT bastion NN of IN democracy NN against IN evil JJ communism NN , , it PP could MD both CC woo VV and CC coerce VV approval NN of IN its PP$ own JJ policies NNS as IN in IN the DT Cuban JJ crisis NN . SENT It PP became VVD and CC remains VVZ without IN question NN the DT most RBS powerful JJ military JJ force NN in IN the DT world NN . SENT Its PP$ expenditures NNS for IN military JJ policy NN as RB revealed VVD by IN such PDT an DT expensive JJ miscalculation NN as IN the DT Vietnam NP War NP placed VVD it PP increasingly RB in IN unstable JJ financial JJ condition NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , countries NNS that WDT had VHD been VBN seriously RB disabled JJ by IN the DT Second NP World NP War NP had VHD regained VVN strength NN , , and CC often RB completely RB retooled VVN with IN modern JJ technology NN . SENT They PP began VVD to TO threaten VV the DT US NP position NN of IN supremacy NN in IN trade NN . SENT Europe NP was VBD becoming VVG not RB only JJ self NN sufficient JJ but CC also RB competitive JJ . SENT Japan NP was VBD flooding VVG the DT world NN with IN highly RB competitive JJ automobile NN products NNS and CC computer NN technology NN . SENT Other JJ Asian JJ tigers NNS were VBD successfully RB entering VVG world NN markets NNS . SENT Since IN the DT late JJ 1950 CD s PP the DT countries NNS of IN Europe NP have VHP been VBN groping VVG towards IN a DT modern JJ , , technologically RB effective JJ , , publicly RB attractive JJ form NN of IN consolidation NN . SENT Their PP$ intention NN has VHZ been VBN to TO weld VV the DT more JJR than IN 300 CD million CD people NNS of IN Europe NP into IN a DT single JJ economic JJ community NN with IN a DT single JJ citizenship NN and CC currency NN . SENT As IN the DT 1980 CD s PP approached VVD the DT US NP realized VVD its PP$ trading NN power NN was VBD shrinking VVG , , its PP$ claims NNS upon IN the DT world NN were VBD reduced VVN , , and CC that IN it PP faced VVD a DT future NN that WDT could MD hold VV serious JJ economic JJ instability NN and CC threats NNS to TO US NP wealth NN and CC standard NN of IN living NN . SENT Its PP$ most RBS natural JJ policy NN choice NN was VBD to TO secure VV to TO bind NN as IN tightly RB as RB possible JJ to TO the DT US NP all DT nearby JJ countries NNS possessing VVG wealth NN and CC potential JJ wealth NN , , especially RB those DT with IN land NN access NN to TO the DT USA NP . SENT Its PP$ most RBS insistent JJ need NN , , to TO put VV the DT matter NN in IN another DT way NN , , was VBD to TO build VV a DT Western JJ hemispheric JJ trading NN bloc NN that WDT could MD balance VV and CC contest VV the DT economic JJ might NN of IN the DT European NP Community NP and CC the DT Asian JJ tigers NNS . SENT Canada NP And CC The DT US NP A DT Clash NN The DT conviction NN of IN that DT necessity NN was VBD digested VVN by IN people NNS in IN the DT US NP government NN just RB as IN the DT Liberal JJ party NN led VVN by IN Pierre NP Trudeau NP returned VVD to TO power NN in IN Ottawa NP in IN 1980 CD after IN a DT brief JJ interlude NN of IN Progressive JJ Conservative JJ government NN led VVN by IN Joe NP Clark NP . SENT The DT Liberal JJ government NN was VBD reborn JJ in IN more JJR than IN one CD way NN . SENT Possessed VVN of IN nationalist NN and CC continentalist NN wings NNS , , it PP had VHD since IN Trudeau's NP leadership NN in IN 1968 CD , , balanced VVN the DT two CD factions NNS without IN ever RB moving VVG strongly RB on IN issues NNS of IN independence NN . SENT In IN 1973 CD , , for IN instance NN , , it PP created VVD The DT Foreign NP Investment NP Review NP Agency NP to TO screen VV foreign JJ business NN entries NNS and CC takeovers NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT But CC it PP made VVD the DT agency NN almost RB ineffective JJ by IN rubber NN stamping VVG the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN entries NNS , , and CC failing VVG to TO meet VV opposition NN to TO the DT agency NN in IN a DT way NN that WDT would MD garner VV support NN from IN the DT electorate NN . SENT After IN the DT 1980 CD election NN the DT Liberals NNS moved VVN on IN a DT few JJ issues NNS to TO guarantee VV Canadian JJ prosperity NN and CC , , they PP hoped VVD , , unity NN . SENT The DT oil NN crisis NN hammering VVG the DT world's NNS economies NNS was VBD felt VVN in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT OPEC NP nations NNS had VHD seen VVN oil NN prices NNS double VV and CC redouble VV . SENT The DT federal JJ government NN created VVD the DT National NP Energy NP Program NN as IN a DT solution NN . SENT It PP was VBD intended VVN to TO achieve VV oil NN self NN sufficiency NN for IN Canada NP . SENT In IN addition NN it PP was VBD to TO assure VV financial JJ benefits NNS to TO the DT federal JJ government NN and CC to TO consumers NNS . SENT Thirdly RB , , it PP was VBD intended VVN to TO achieve VV greater JJR ownership NN of IN the DT oil NN industry NN by IN Canadians NNS . SENT Fourthly RB , , it PP required VVD a DT 25 CD percent NN government NN share NN of IN oil NN and CC gas NN discoveries NNS offshore RB and CC in IN the DT North NP . SENT The DT government NN share NN policy NN is VBZ already RB in IN place NN in IN Britain NP and CC Norway NP , , to TO name VV just RB two CD countries NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , Statoil NP in IN Norway NP takes VVZ 50 CD percent NN ownership NN of IN oil NN and CC gas NN finds NNS and CC the DT British NP National NP Oil NP Company NP has VHZ the DT right NN to TO 51 CD percent NN . SENT Other JJ countries NNS have VHP similar JJ policies NNS . SENT Finally RB , , the DT Liberal JJ government NN hoped VVN that IN with IN bold JJ initiatives NNS taken VVN to TO secure VV the DT wellbeing NN of IN Canadians NNS , , Qu NP becers NNS would MD want VV to TO remain VV in IN Canada NP . SENT Trudeau NP had VHD committed VVN the DT Liberals NNS to TO an DT industrial JJ strategy NN in IN his PP$ election NN speeches NNS in IN Ontario NP . SENT That DT strategy NN would MD include VV an DT expanded JJ FIRA NP , , new JJ targets NNS for IN research NN and CC development NN spending NN , , procurement NN policies NNS to TO stimulate VV industrial JJ restructuring NN under IN increased JJ Canadian JJ ownership NN , , and CC a DT strengthened JJ automobile NN industry NN . SENT Christina NP McCall NP and CC Stephen NP Clarkson NP , , Trudeau NP And CC Our NP Times NP , , Vol NP . SENT 2 LS , , Toronto NP , , McClelland NP and CC Stewart NP , , 1994 CD , , p NN . SENT 157 CD The DT sincerity NN of IN those DT promises NNS was VBD given VVN high JJ profile NN as IN Marc NP Lalonde NP , , Minister NP of IN Energy NP , , Mines NPS and CC Resources NPS , , pushed VVN through IN compromising VVG where WRB he PP had VHD to TO the DT National NP Energy NP Program NP . SENT The DT Alberta NP government NN fought VVD the DT initiatives NNS and CC won VVD gains NNS for IN itself PP . SENT In IN polls NNS taken VVN Canadians NNS revealed VVD more JJR than IN 80 CD support NN for IN the DT new JJ initiatives NNS . SENT The DT Canadian JJ government NN program NN met VVN US NP policies NNS for IN the DT future JJ head NN on IN . SENT Government NN people NNS in IN the DT US NP responded VVD aggressively RB . SENT In IN The DT Reagan NP Challenge NP , , 1985 CD Stephen NP Clarkson NP reveals VVZ Trudeau NP was VBD accused VVN in IN the DT US NP of IN rabid JJ nationalism NN . SENT of IN fanning VVG the DT flames NNS of IN anti JJ Americanism NN . SENT Clarkson NP reports VVZ a DT US NP official NN as IN saying VVG , , If IN the DT US NP allows VVZ Canada NP to TO get VV away RB with IN its PP$ new JJ policies NNS , , what WP about IN Mexico NP . SENT Still RB another DT recalled VVD the DT US NP backed VVD coup NN in IN Chile NP in IN 1973 CD , , and CC outlined VVD a DT plan NN to TO topple VV the DT government NN by IN destabilizing VVG the DT industrial JJ base NN in IN Ontario NP and CC Qu NP bec NP . SENT Myer NP Rashish NP , , a DT senior JJ State NP Department NP official NN , , said VVD that IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS are VBP sliding VVG dangerously RB towards IN crisis NN . SENT The DT US NP Treasury NP secretary NN flew VVD to TO Canada NP to TO get VV guarantees NNS of IN subservience NN to TO US NP policy NN . SENT Ronald NP Reagan's NP Department NP of IN State NP head NN , , Alexander NP Haig NP , , formally RB protested VVD the DT NEP NN . SENT Stephen NP Clarkson NP , , Canada NP And CC The DT Reagan NP Challenge NP , , Toronto NP , , James NP Lorimer NP , , 1982 CD , , especially RB pp NP . SENT 23 CD 49 CD The DT Trudeau NP government NN could MD not RB retreat VV and CC save VV face NN from IN the DT National NP Energy NP Program NP , , though IN they PP gutted VVD the DT 25 CD percent NN share NN demand NN and CC modified JJ other JJ aspects NNS . SENT In IN retrospect NN , , the DT whole JJ exercise NN was VBD a DT test NN especially RB in IN the DT light NN of IN the DT US NP move NN to TO bring VV a DT huge JJ part NN of IN the DT continent NN into IN its PP$ own JJ economy NN . SENT It PP was VBD a DT test NN which WDT the DT Canadian JJ government NN failed VVD . SENT Submitting VVG to TO US NP pressure NN , , it PP abandoned VVD the DT strengthening NN of IN FIRA NP , , abandoned VVD an DT industrial JJ policy NN , , and CC retreated VVD from IN all DT initiatives NNS to TO strengthen VV and CC increase VV Canadian JJ hold NN on IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN . SENT With IN a DT kind NN of IN prescience NN about IN the DT result NN of IN his PP$ own JJ nearly RB sixteen CD years NNS as IN Prime NP Minister NP , , Trudeau NP entrusted VVN former JJ cabinet NN minister NN Donald NP Macdonald NP , , in IN 1983 CD , , with IN a DT sweeping JJ royal JJ commission NN to TO investigate VV Canada's NP economic JJ union NN and CC development NN prospects NNS . SENT The DT Macdonald NP report NN , , 1985 CD , , recommended VVD a DT bilateral JJ trade NN agreement NN with IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Two CD Tries NNS . SENT Diefenbaker NP And CC Trudeau NP It PP is VBZ not RB unrealistic JJ to TO compare VV post VV 1980 CD Liberal JJ policy NN with IN the DT accession NN to TO power NN of IN the DT Diefenbaker NP Progressive NP Conservatives NPS in IN 1957 CD . SENT In IN both DT cases NNS election NN promises NNS were VBD made VVN to TO repatriate VV Canadian JJ economic JJ power NN to TO Canadians NNS and CC to TO provide VV a DT national JJ vision NN and CC direction NN . SENT With IN Albertans NP raging VVG and CC US NP government NN spokespeople NN aggressively RB attacking VVG , , Canadians NNS polled VVN revealed VVD more JJR than IN 80 CD percent NN support NN for IN the DT National NP Energy NP Program NP . SENT They PP would MD have VH supported VVN the DT rest NN of IN the DT program NN in IN a DT similar JJ majority NN if IN it PP had VHD been VBN maintained VVN . SENT The DT enthusiasm NN for IN Ottawa's NP bold JJ initiatives NNS turned VVD , , however RB , , into IN quiet JJ cynicism NN when WRB the DT Liberal JJ government NN collapsed VVN before IN US NP criticism NN and CC beat VV a DT retreat NN . SENT The DT stage NN was VBD set VVN for IN John NP Turner's NP brief JJ Prime NP Ministership NN and CC for IN the DT election NN that WDT delivered VVD the DT Progressive JJ Conservative JJ party NN the DT largest JJS victory NN in IN Canadian JJ parliamentary JJ history NN . SENT Towards IN Free NP Trade NP The DT ideal JJ person NN to TO move VV in IN the DT new JJ ambiance NN of IN quiet JJ cynicism NN and CC to TO carry VV through IN the DT Canada NP US NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP was VBD Canada's NP Prime NP Minister NP from IN 1984 CD to TO 1993 CD , , Brian NP Mulroney NP . SENT In IN terms NNS of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS the DT time NN leading VVG up RP to TO that DT agreement NN , , and CC the DT time NN after RB , , has VHZ sparked VVN endless JJ discussion NN , , mountains NNS of IN printed JJ materials NNS , , debate NN , , conflict NN , , dissension NN . SENT The DT North NP American NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP which WDT followed VVD the DT Canada NP US NP agreement NN did VVD not RB significantly RB change VV Canada's NP role NN . SENT the DT foundations NNS for IN Canada NP were VBD forged VVN in IN the DT first JJ agreement NN . SENT The DT arguments NNS around IN the DT proposal NN and CC during IN the DT negotiations NNS were VBD repeated VVN in IN a DT hundred CD ways NNS . SENT But CC they PP broke VVD down RP into IN three CD main JJ arguments NNS . SENT The DT Main JJ Arguments NNS First RB , , some DT Canadians NNS argued VVD that IN Canada NP was VBD doing VVG well RB as IN it PP was VBD . SENT In IN 1985 CD 86 CD the DT current JJ account NN balance NN with IN the DT US NP was VBD 13 CD . SENT 2 CD billion CD in IN Canada's NP favour NN . SENT In IN 1987 CD 88 CD it PP was VBD 5 CD . SENT 8 CD billion CD in IN Canada's NP favour NN . SENT There EX were VBD strains NNS in IN trade NN relations NNS , , of IN course NN , , but CC there EX would MD always RB be VB strains NNS . SENT The DT countries NNS were VBD each DT other's JJ biggest JJS trading NN partners NNS . SENT Even RB though IN Canada's NP percentage NN of IN trade NN to TO the DT US NP over IN 70 CD percent NN of IN Canadian JJ exports NNS was VBD several JJ times NNS larger JJR than IN the DT percentage NN of IN US NP trade NN to TO Canada NP , , the DT US NP could MD well RB hurt VV itself PP by IN acting VVG punitively RB towards IN Canada NP . SENT Those DT Canadians NNS argued VVD , , moreover RB , , that IN a DT bilateral JJ agreement NN could MD not RB be VB in IN Canada's NP favour NN because IN of IN the DT power NN differences NNS between IN the DT two CD countries NNS . SENT They PP argued VVD that IN Canada NP would MD lose VV sovereignty NN and CC would MD be VB sucked VVN into IN the DT US NP social JJ , , cultural JJ , , and CC political JJ system NN , , especially RB since IN the DT agreement NN would MD not RB simply RB be VB a DT trade NN agreement NN . SENT Secondly RB , , some DT Canadians NNS argued VVD for IN a DT rethought VVN , , rearranged VVD trading NN relation NN with IN the DT US NP . SENT Huge JJ developing VVG trading NN blocs NNS and CC growing VVG computerization NN , , they PP argued VVD , , gave VVD room NN for IN new JJ tariff NN reductions NNS , , new JJ initiatives NNS , , and CC sectoral JJ trading NN agreements NNS such JJ as IN had VHD been VBN forged VVN between IN Canada NP and CC the DT US NP in IN the DT Canada NP US NP Automotive NP Products NPS Agreement NP the DT Autopact NN . SENT They PP argued VVD , , too RB , , that IN the DT General NP Agreement NP on IN Tariffs NPS and CC Trade NP GATT NP was VBD bringing VVG tariffs NNS down RB effectively RB and CC , , indeed RB , , Canada's NP tariff NN protection NN had VHD become VVN minimal JJ . SENT GATT NP is VBZ a DT global JJ organization NN begun VVN in IN the DT late JJ 1940 CD s PP with IN the DT aim NN of IN reducing VVG and CC ultimately RB eliminating VVG trade NN barriers NNS between IN and CC among IN countries NNS . SENT It PP continues VVZ its PP$ work NN still RB and CC has VHZ influence NN on IN a DT number NN of IN clauses NNS in IN the DT free JJ trade NN agreements NNS Canada NP has VHZ entered VVN into IN . SENT These DT Canadians NNS also RB expressed VVD fear NN for IN Canada's NP independence NN in IN a DT bilateral JJ free JJ trade NN agreement NN with IN the DT USA NP . SENT Thirdly RB , , some DT Canadians NNS argued VVD that IN the DT world NN was VBD growing VVG smaller JJR and CC trading NN blocs NNS were VBD becoming VVG necessary JJ . SENT Canada NP would MD be VB left VVN out RP if IN it PP didn't JJ act NN . SENT The DT US NP , , they PP argued VVD , , was VBD becoming VVG more JJR protectionist NN and CC in IN order NN to TO gain VV guaranteed JJ access NN to TO the DT US NP market NN , , Canada NP must MD complete VV a DT free JJ trade NN agreement NN with IN the DT US NP . SENT They PP argued VVD that IN a DT free JJ trade NN agreement NN would MD increase VV employment NN and CC gain VV secure JJ access NN for IN Canadian JJ goods NNS to TO the DT USA NP . SENT What WP Canada NP Didn't NP Get VVP As IN history NN records NNS , , the DT third JJ argument NN won VVD and CC Canada NP signed VVD the DT free JJ trade NN agreement NN . SENT The DT Mulroney NP government NN wanted VVD unimpeded JJ access NN for IN Canadian JJ goods NNS . SENT It PP wanted VVD immunity NN from IN US NP trade NN remedy NN legislation NN for IN punishing VVG competitors NNS and CC from IN the DT US NP trade NN tribunal NN system NN the DT system NN by IN which WDT US NP tribunals NNS are VBP the DT tribunals NNS which WDT decide VVP if IN other JJ countries NNS are VBP acting VVG fairly RB in IN trade NN with IN the DT US NP . SENT It PP wanted VVD a DT fast JJ and CC efficient JJ disputes NNS settlement NN mechanism NN . SENT It PP wanted VVD a DT clear JJ definition NN of IN what WP constitutes VVZ a DT subsidy NN and CC what WDT dumping VVG of IN products NNS means VVZ precisely RB . SENT It PP got VVD none NN of IN those DT things NNS . SENT In IN his PP$ election NN campaign NN in IN 1993 CD , , Jean NP Chretien NP promised VVD his PP$ government NN would MD not RB ratify VV the DT NAFTA NP agreement NN unless IN within IN two CD years NNS a DT subsidy NN and CC dumping VVG protocol NN was VBD agreed VVN upon RP . SENT On IN Sept NP . SENT 2 CD , , 1995 CD , , the DT Globe NP and CC Mail NP pp NP . SENT B NP 1 CD , , B NP 5 CD reported VVD that IN Ottawa NP has VHZ agreed VVN to TO extend VV the DT deadline NN for IN those DT demands NNS indefinitely RB . SENT What WP Has VHZ Free NP Trade NP Done NP To TO Canada NP . SENT The DT effects NNS of IN the DT free JJ trade NN agreements NNS upon IN conditions NNS of IN life NN in IN Canada NP are VBP never RB easy JJ to TO discern VV , , Opponents NNS of IN the DT agreements NNS bring VVP together RB alarming JJ statistics NNS of IN job NN losses NNS , , deindustrialization NN , , and CC attacks NNS upon IN every DT sort NN of IN national JJ program NN in IN Canada NP . SENT They PP cite VVP reductions NNS in IN medicare NP , , unemployment NN insurance NN , , pensions NNS , , equalization NN payments NNS to TO the DT provinces NNS , , threats NNS to TO East NP West NP trade NN , , and CC eroding VVG cultural JJ support NN by IN governments NNS as IN part NN of IN the DT process NN of IN integrating VVG Canada NP into IN the DT economic JJ and CC social JJ order NN of IN the DT USA NP . SENT When WRB plants NNS close VVP , , owners NNS may MD often RB cite VV free JJ trade NN as IN a DT cause NN , , but CC they PP may MD speak VV as RB well RB or CC instead RB of IN technological JJ changes NNS and CC a DT number NN of IN other JJ forces NNS . SENT Slashing VVG government NN budgets NNS is VBZ not RB attributed VVN to TO forced VVN alignment NN with IN US NP practice NN or CC highly RB conservative JJ dictates VVZ from IN bond NN rating NN agencies NNS or CC the DT International NP Monetary NP Fund NP . SENT It PP is VBZ attributed VVN to TO Canada's NP annual JJ deficits NNS and CC growing VVG debt NN . SENT No DT one NN can MD deny VV the DT seriousness NN of IN unemployment NN in IN Canada NP worse RBR than IN in IN the DT other JJ industrialized JJ countries NNS , , nor CC that IN the DT huge JJ increase NN in IN jobs NNS predicted VVN by IN Brian NP Mulroney NP in IN his PP$ 1988 CD election NN campaign NN as IN a DT result NN of IN free JJ trade NN has VHZ never RB materialized VVN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT opposite NN . SENT But CC the DT European JJ nations NNS , , too RB , , are VBP suffering VVG heavy JJ unemployment NN . SENT One CD global JJ factor NN is VBZ revealed VVN by IN the DT match NN in IN Canada NP of IN high JJ unemployment NN and CC increased JJ export NN trade NN . SENT technological JJ advances NNS are VBP making VVG work NN force NN reductions NNS possible JJ without IN reducing VVG production NN . SENT That DT fact NN may MD be VB symbolized VVN by IN the DT remarkable JJ increase NN in IN billionaires NNS and CC welfare NN recipients NNS at IN the DT same JJ time NN in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT US NP social JJ and CC economic JJ structure NN is VBZ based VVN on IN a DT market NN economy NN that WDT strongly RB resists VVZ redistributions NNS of IN wealth NN to TO care VV for IN the DT needy JJ of IN the DT society NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN it PP resists VVZ social JJ care NN programs NNS such JJ as IN Canada NP and CC Europe NP have VHP . SENT As IN the DT world NN economies NNS generate VVP technological JJ change NN such JJ as RB has VHZ just RB been VBN described VVN , , US NP patterns NNS of IN response NN are VBP almost RB impervious JJ to TO solutions NNS that WDT call VVP for IN redistribution NN of IN wealth NN and CC tax NN supported VVD community NN programs NNS formulated VVN by IN citizens NNS with IN government NN . SENT Before IN the DT free JJ trade NN agreements NNS Canada NP was VBD significantly RB more RBR open JJ than IN the DT USA NP to TO responses NNS requiring VVG redistributions NNS of IN wealth NN . SENT Now RB , , for IN reasons NNS we PP shall MD see VV in IN the DT list NN of IN new JJ economic JJ realities NNS brought VVN upon IN Canada NP by IN free JJ trade NN , , Canada NP does VVZ not RB have VH the DT freedom NN to TO undertake VV measures NNS of IN national JJ assistance NN or CC incentive NN on IN behalf NN of IN Canadians NNS that IN US NP interests NNS claim VVP interfere VV with IN their PP$ profit NN or CC potential JJ to TO make VV profit NN . SENT The DT point NN cannot NN be VB stressed VVN enough RB , , for IN it PP is VBZ a DT dramatic JJ change NN . SENT Two CD Things NNS Free NP Trade NP Has VHZ Done NP Two CD examples NNS exist VVP , , are VBP real JJ , , and CC have VHP entered VVN Canadian JJ history NN . SENT they PP cannot NN be VB denied VVN . SENT Both DT have VHP been VBN detrimental JJ to TO Canadians NNS and CC to TO Canadian JJ democracy NN . SENT First RB , , in IN the DT 1990 CD campaign NN that WDT elected VVD Bob NP Rae NP as IN premier NN of IN an DT NDP JJ government NN in IN Ontario NP , , the DT electorate NN was VBD promised VVN a DT publicly RB owned VVN automobile NN insurance NN system NN such JJ as RB operates VVZ in IN British NP Columbia NP and CC Saskatchewan NP . SENT The DT NDP NN won VVD the DT election NN and CC the DT promise NN was VBD killed VVN because IN the DT Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP demanded VVD prior JJ notification NN to TO the DT USA NP and CC payment NN of IN compensation NN to TO US NP companies NNS claiming VVG a DT loss NN or CC a DT potential JJ loss NN of IN profit NN as IN a DT result NN of IN the DT new JJ system NN . SENT The DT NDP NN , , incidentally RB , , resisted VVD free JJ trade NN , , which WDT in IN Canada's NP case NN very RB clearly RB intrudes VVZ upon IN provincial JJ jurisdiction NN and CC powers NNS . SENT Secondly RB , , the DT US NP government NN has VHZ supported VVN patent NN legislation NN in IN a DT way NN that WDT gives VVZ more JJR support NN to TO corporate JJ wealth NN than IN is VBZ the DT case NN in IN Canada NP . SENT In IN the DT US NP , , pharmaceutical JJ companies NNS may MD have VH patents NNS and CC exact JJ enormous JJ profits NNS over IN twenty CD years NNS , , even RB from IN lifesaving JJ drugs NNS . SENT NAFTA NP legislates VVZ that DT practice NN for IN Canada NP and CC Mexico NP . SENT But CC even RB before IN NAFTA NP was VBD signed VVN , , the DT Progressive JJ Conservative JJ government NN of IN Brian NP Mulroney NP passed VVD legislation NN in IN the DT Canadian JJ parliament NN , , giving VVG pharmaceutical JJ companies NNS few JJ of IN them PP Canadian JJ twenty CD year NN patents NNS in IN order NN to TO harmonize VV Canadian JJ practice NN with IN US NP practice NN . SENT That DT has VHZ already RB raised VVN the DT cost NN of IN pharmaceuticals NNS to TO Canadians NNS and CC Canadian JJ medicare NP by IN 12 CD percent NN per IN year NN . SENT By IN legislating VVG in IN the DT Canadian JJ parliament NN before IN the DT signing NN of IN NAFTA NP , , the DT government NN could MD hide VV from IN Canadians NNS that IN the DT extension NN in IN time NN for IN pharmaceutical JJ patents NNS was VBD a DT US NP requirement NN . SENT When WRB the DT Canada NP US NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP was VBD signed VVN , , the DT US NP president NN , , Ronald NP Reagan NP spoke VVD . SENT This DT agreement NN will MD provide VV enormous JJ benefits NNS for IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT It PP will MD remove VV all DT Canadian JJ tariffs NNS , , secure JJ improved JJ access NN to TO Canada's NP market NN for IN our PP$ manufacturing NN , , agriculture NN , , high JJ technology NN and CC financial JJ sectors NNS , , and CC improve VV our PP$ security NN through IN additional JJ access NN to TO Canadian JJ energy NN supplies NNS . SENT We PP have VHP also RB gained VVN important JJ investment NN opportunities NNS in IN Canada NP . SENT I PP congratulate VV Prime NP Minister NP Mulroney NP . SENT Ronald NP Reagan NP , , quoted VVN in IN Mel NP Hurtig NP , , The DT Betrayal NN of IN Canada NP , , Toronto NP , , Stoddart NP , , 1991 CD , , p NN . SENT 13 RB A DT considerably RB franker JJR and CC tougher JJR tone NN was VBD taken VVN by IN George NP Ball NP under IN secretary NN of IN the DT US NP treasury NN in IN 1968 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ worthwhile JJ to TO look VV back RB nearly RB 25 CD years NNS . SENT George NP Ball NP had VHD much RB to TO do VV with IN Canada NP in IN the DT 1960 CD s PP . SENT He PP was VBD impatient JJ with IN evidences NNS of IN Canadian JJ independence NN . SENT In IN The DT Discipline NN of IN Power NP , , Boston NP , , Atlantic NP Little NP Brown NP , , 1968 CD , , p NN . SENT 113 CD he PP declares VVZ the DT meaning NN , , for IN him PP , , of IN free JJ trade NN . SENT Canada NP , , I PP have VHP long RB believed VVN , , is VBZ fighting VVG a DT rearguard NN action NN against IN the DT inevitable JJ . SENT Living VVG next JJ to TO our PP$ nation NN , , with IN a DT population NN ten CD times NNS as IN large JJ as IN theirs PP and CC a DT gross JJ national JJ product NN fourteen NN times NNS as IN great JJ , , the DT Canadians NNS recognize VVP their PP$ need NN for IN United NP States NPS capital NN . SENT but CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN they PP are VBP determined VVN to TO maintain VV their PP$ economic JJ and CC political JJ independence NN . SENT The DT position NN is VBZ understandable JJ , , and CC the DT desire NN to TO maintain VV their PP$ national JJ integrity NN is VBZ a DT worthy JJ objective NN . SENT But CC the DT Canadians NNS pay VVP heavily RB for IN it PP and CC , , over IN the DT years NNS , , I PP do VVP not RB believe VV they PP will MD succeed VV in IN reconciling VVG the DT intrinsic JJ contradiction NN of IN their PP$ position NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT Sooner RBR or CC later RBR , , commercial JJ imperatives NNS will MD bring VV about IN free JJ movement NN of IN all DT goods NNS back RB and CC forth RB across IN our PP$ long JJ border NN . SENT and CC when WRB that DT occurs VVZ , , or CC even RB before IN it PP does VVZ , , it PP will MD become VV unmistakably RB clear JJ that IN countries NNS with IN economies NNS so RB inextricably RB intertwined VVN must MD also RB have VH free JJ movement NN of IN the DT other JJ vital JJ factors NNS of IN production NN capital NN , , services NNS and CC labour NN . SENT The DT result NN will MD inevitably RB be VB substantial JJ economic JJ integration NN , , which WDT will MD require VV for IN its PP$ full JJ realization NN a DT progressively RB expanding VVG area NN of IN common JJ political JJ decision NN . SENT A DT Short NP List NP Of IN Free NP Trade NP Rules NPS A DT short JJ list NN of IN the DT new JJ realities NNS in IN Canada's NP economy NN and CC social JJ community NN arising VVG from IN free JJ trade NN reflects VVZ the DT purpose NN of IN the DT agreements NNS . SENT As RB with IN examples NNS of IN their PP$ effect NN that IN I PP have VHP given VVN the DT killed VVN promise NN of IN provincial JJ auto NN insurance NN for IN Ontario NP and CC the DT 20 CD year NN pharmaceutical JJ patent NN law NN passed VVN by IN the DT Canadian JJ parliament NN I PP shall MD attempt VV to TO list NN matters NNS about IN which WDT there EX is VBZ no DT question NN . SENT G NP . SENT Bruce NP Doern NP and CC Brian NP W NP . SENT Tomlin NP state NN in IN their PP$ 1991 CD evaluation NN of IN the DT Canada NP US NP free JJ trade NN negotiations NNS , , Faith NP and CC Fear NP Toronto NP , , Stoddart NP , , 1991 CD the DT chief JJ US NP goal NN . SENT It PP related VVD directly RB to TO Canadian JJ energy NN and CC investment NN policies NNS . SENT The DT US NP was VBD determined VVN to TO use VV the DT negotiations NNS to TO ensure VV that IN they PP would MD never RB again RB be VB a DT target NN of IN discriminatory JJ actions NNS like IN those DT embodied VVN in IN the DT N NP ational JJ E NN energy NN P NN rogram NN and CC FIRA NP . SENT In IN the DT final JJ agreement NN , , the DT US NP achieved VVD its PP$ goal NN . SENT p NN . SENT 284 CD At IN the DT heart NN of IN that DT achievement NN is VBZ the DT new JJ reality NN that IN henceforth RB US NP investors NNS and CC corporations NNS operating VVG in IN Canada NP shall MD be VB treated VVN as RB if IN they PP are VBP Canadian JJ . SENT They PP must MD be VB given VVN national JJ treatment NN . SENT No DT government NN may MD favour VV Canadian JJ enterprise NN for IN any DT reason NN . SENT The DT US NP has VHZ access NN to TO all DT forms NNS of IN Canadian JJ energy NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ a DT shortage NN of IN oil NN or CC if IN for IN any DT other JJ reason NN Canada NP wants VVZ to TO cut VV back RB on IN its PP$ export NN amount NN to TO the DT US NP , , it PP can't VVD . SENT It PP must MD deliver VV the DT amount NN it PP has VHZ been VBN delivering VVG to TO the DT US NP averaged VVD over IN the DT last JJ three CD years NNS , , or CC the DT same JJ proportion NN of IN restricted JJ output NN . SENT The DT US NP has VHZ the DT right NN to TO any DT good NN which WDT means VVZ energy NN resources NNS or CC anything NN else RB at IN the DT same JJ price NN as IN Canadians NNS get VVP it PP . SENT If IN Canada NP as IN it PP has VHZ done VVN in IN the DT past NN wishes VVZ to TO supply VV any DT form NN of IN energy NN to TO Canadian JJ enterprise NN more RBR cheaply RB than IN it PP sells VVZ to TO the DT US NP in IN order NN to TO help VV develop VV Canadian JJ industrial JJ capacity NN it PP may MD not RB do VV so RB . SENT If IN it PP wishes VVZ as IN it PP has VHZ done VVN in IN the DT past NN to TO place VV an DT export NN tax NN on IN an DT energy NN good JJ to TO create VV revenue NN for IN government NN , , it PP may MD not RB do VV so RB . SENT The DT US NP has VHZ been VBN given VVN a DT complete JJ waiver NN from IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT laws NNS that WDT limit VVP or CC restrict VVP foreign JJ ownership NN of IN Canadian JJ controlled VVN financial JJ institutions NNS . SENT US PP interests NNS may MD take VV over IN every DT federally RB licensed VVN financial JJ institution NN in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT US NP has VHZ been VBN called VVN Canadian JJ in IN relation NN to TO the DT Bank NP Act NP , , the DT Loan NP Companies NPS Act NP , , the DT Trust NP Companies NPS Act NP , , and CC the DT Insurance NP Companies NPS Act NP . SENT The DT US NP may MD take VV over IN Canada's NP major JJ banks NNS . SENT Canada NP may MD not RB take VV over IN US NP banks NNS . SENT The DT US NP is VBZ given VVN national JJ treatment NN in IN a DT huge JJ number NN of IN service NN industries NNS . SENT That DT means VVZ US NP enterprises NNS must MD be VB treated VVN as IN Canadian NP . SENT Among IN them PP a DT very RB few JJ are VBP health NN and CC social JJ services NNS , , management NN of IN hospitals NNS , , extended VVD care NN hospitals NNS , , psychiatric JJ institutions NNS , , children's NNS hospitals NNS , , public JJ health NN clinics NNS , , medical JJ laboratories NNS , , etc FW . SENT In IN the DT list NN also RB are VBP printing NN and CC publishing NN , , postal JJ and CC courier NN services NNS , , almost RB all DT building NN trades NNS , , drug NN industries NNS , , and CC education NN services NNS . SENT Looked VVN at IN closely RB , , the DT very RB small JJ part NN of IN the DT list NN I PP have VHP reproduced VVD reflects VVZ on IN the DT hard JJ push NN in IN Canada NP especially RB by IN corporate JJ interests NNS to TO break VV the DT Canadian JJ medicare NP system NN and CC provide VV private JJ health NN services NNS . SENT It PP reflects VVZ , , as RB well RB , , on IN the DT legislation NN to TO grant VV 20 CD year NN patents NNS in IN drugs NNS . SENT It PP reflects VVZ upon IN the DT increasing VVG attack NN in IN Canada NP upon IN public JJ education NN , , an DT attack NN which WDT may MD well RB eventuate VV in IN some DT provinces NNS establishing VVG large JJ , , parallel JJ , , private JJ , , for IN profit NN education NN services NNS . SENT On IN all DT contracts NNS over IN 25 CD , , 000 CD the DT Canadian JJ government NN will MD treat VV the DT US NP companies NNS as IN Canadian JJ for IN the DT procurement NN of IN goods NNS by IN government NN . SENT The DT right NN to TO profit NN or CC to TO compete VV for IN profit NN is VBZ raised VVN to TO a DT holy JJ right NN . SENT When WRB either DT government NN reasonably RB considers VVZ that IN any DT measure NN whether IN covered VVN in IN the DT trade NN agreement NN or CC not RB taken VVN by IN the DT other JJ country NN might MD directly RB or CC indirectly RB reduce VV benefits NNS , , the DT measure NN may MD be VB challenged VVN before IN a DT disputes NNS panel NN . SENT Such JJ statements NNS throw VVP a DT huge JJ blanket NN over IN almost RB any DT freely RB chosen VVN action NN a DT Canadian JJ government NN might MD take VV to TO lessen VV the DT cost NN or CC increase VV the DT efficiency NN of IN , , or CC extend VV the DT range NN of IN any DT government NN or CC nonprofit JJ activity NN that WDT offends VVZ US PP free JJ enterprise NN interests NNS . SENT Just RB such PDT a DT blanket NN statement NN is VBZ made VVN about IN culture NN in IN Canada NP . SENT The DT Canada NP US NP agreement NN specifically RB exempts VVZ culture NN from IN its PP$ provisions NNS . SENT But CC the DT very RB next JJ statement NN , , in IN effect NN , , says VVZ that IN if IN Canadians NNS make VVP any DT moves NNS in IN their PP$ culture NN that WDT may MD be VB deemed VVN to TO reduce VV profits NNS by IN US NP interests NNS , , the DT US NP may MD retaliate VV in IN any DT way NN it PP thinks VVZ best JJS . SENT In IN addition NN , , Canada NP must MD grant VV unexamined JJ temporary JJ entry NN to TO an DT enormous JJ range NN of IN people NNS among IN whom WP are VBP scientists NNS , , teachers NNS , , researchers NNS , , medical JJ experts NNS , , journalist NN , , librarians NNS , , etc FW . SENT as RB well RB as IN most JJS corporate JJ personnel NNS in IN transfer NN , , or CC other JJ . SENT Canada NP must MD grant VV unexamined JJ takeover NN of IN Canadian JJ enterprises NNS worth JJ between IN 5 CD million CD and CC 150 CD million CD , , and CC it PP must MD grant VV unexamined JJ takeover NN by IN indirect JJ acquisition NN of IN enterprises NNS worth JJ up RP to TO a DT half JJ billion CD dollars NNS . SENT Finally RB , , subsidies NNS are VBP forbidden VVN generally RB , , but CC subsidy NN has VHZ not RB yet RB been VBN defined VVN , , and CC , , as IN we PP saw VVD , , Jean NP Chretien NP broke VVD an DT election NN promise NN recently RB so RB that IN the DT word NN doesn't NN have VHP to TO be VB defined VVN . SENT As IN an DT election NN promise NN to TO the DT country NN and CC to TO members NNS of IN his PP$ own JJ party NN unhappy JJ with IN the DT Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP with IN the DT USA NP , , Chretien NP declared VVD he PP would MD only RB sign VV the DT North NP American NP Free NP Trade NP Agreement NP with IN conditions NNS . SENT He PP would MD sign VV only RB if IN the DT countries NNS agreed VVD within IN two CD years NNS on IN definitions NNS of IN subsidy NN assistance NN to TO forms NNS of IN national JJ enterprise NN and CC of IN dumping VVG usually RB the DT sale NN of IN goods NNS to TO a DT foreign JJ country NN for IN a DT price NN lower JJR than IN that DT paid VVN in IN the DT home NN country NN . SENT Both DT words NNS , , undefined JJ , , plague VV Canada NP US NP Trade NP . SENT Canadians NNS often RB believing VVG they PP are VBP bullied VVN by IN US NP definitions NNS . SENT When WRB the DT two CD year NN date NN arrived VVD , , the DT Canadian JJ government NN quietly RB annouced VVD no DT agreement NN was VBD reached VVN , , none NN was VBD expected VVN soon RB , , and CC gave VVD no DT indication NN that IN Prime NP Minister NP Chretien NP was VBD in IN the DT slightest JJS degree NN unhappy JJ that IN the DT US NP had VHD ignored VVN his PP$ conditions NNS . SENT This DT means VVZ US NP interests NNS can MD persistently RB attack VV parts NNS of IN the DT economy NN unlike IN parts NNS in IN the DT US NP , , claiming VVG Canada NP is VBZ using VVG a DT form NN of IN subsidy NN to TO get VV advantages NNS . SENT The DT listing NN of IN those DT very RB few JJ points NNS from IN the DT enormous JJ free JJ trade NN agreements NNS reveals VVZ dramatic JJ new JJ realities NNS . SENT The DT two CD economic JJ , , social JJ , , and CC political JJ systems NNS are VBP not RB now RB closely RB united VVN that WDT is VBZ a DT false JJ way NN of IN recording NN what WP has VHZ happened VVN . SENT In IN fact NN , , Canada's NP economic JJ , , social JJ , , and CC political JJ system NN has VHZ been VBN set VVN up RP to TO be VB increasingly RB absorbed VVN into IN the DT US NP system NN . SENT Summary NN With IN A DT Difference NN A DT number NN of IN forces NNS have VHP been VBN discussed VVN that WDT have VHP a DT bearing NN on IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS . SENT From IN time NN to TO time NN , , the DT reaction NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS has VHZ been VBN referred VVN to TO . SENT But CC in IN any DT way NN that WDT can MD be VB clearly RB marked VVN and CC identified VVN , , the DT feelings NNS of IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS have VHP not RB been VBN recorded VVN . SENT Of IN course NN , , the DT question NN has VHZ to TO arise VV immediately RB what WDT or CC who WP is VBZ are NN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS . SENT Do VV they PP think VV or CC respond VV as IN one CD unit NN . SENT Can MD we PP ever RB say VVP the DT Canadian JJ people NNS reacted VVN in IN such JJ and CC such JJ a DT way NN . SENT As IN a DT summary NN with IN a DT difference NN of IN this DT section NN , , let VV us PP propose VV that IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS can MD and CC do VVP occasionally RB react VV with IN significant JJ unity NN . SENT Let VV us PP remember VV , , too RB , , that IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS must MD importantly RB , , at IN some DT point NN , , mean VVP the DT relation NN between IN the DT people NNS who WP live VVP in IN Canada NP and CC the DT people NNS who WP live VVP in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT When WRB O NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Skelton NP and CC W NP . SENT L NP . SENT Mackenzie NP King NP decided VVD in IN 1935 CD to TO take VV the DT American JJ road NN if IN possible JJ , , what WP were VBD the DT feelings NNS of IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS . SENT As IN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT Stacey NP points NNS out IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS were VBD never RB consulted VVN on IN the DT question NN . SENT If IN we PP look VVP at IN the DT response NN of IN the DT population NN , , however RB as IN this DT section NN has VHZ occasionally RB done VVN there EX is VBZ strong JJ evidence NN that IN the DT Canada NP US NP relations NNS that WDT presently RB exist VVP were VBD not RB such JJ as RB would MD have VH been VBN constructed VVN by IN the DT people NNS of IN Canada NP if IN they PP had VHD full JJ freedom NN to TO make VV their PP$ wishes NNS known VVN . SENT The DT Diefenbaker NP victory NN in IN 1958 CD the DT largest JJS to TO that DT point NN in IN Canadian JJ history NN was VBD a DT victory NN for IN a DT desire NN by IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS to TO move VV to TO a DT condition NN in IN which WDT they PP had VHD leadership NN on IN questions NNS of IN national JJ independence NN and CC vision NN . SENT The DT Cuban JJ missile NN crisis NN , , for IN Canada NP , , was VBD about RB Canadian JJ independence NN , , and CC the DT US NP government NN helped VVD to TO overthrow VV the DT Canadian JJ government NN of IN the DT day NN because IN of IN the DT Canadian JJ government's NN position NN . SENT The DT famous JJ Walter NP Gordon NP budget NN of IN 1963 CD was VBD not RB destroyed VVN by IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS . SENT It PP was VBD destroyed VVN by IN the DT president NN of IN the DT Montreal NP Stock NP Exchange NP and CC other JJ people NNS in IN North NP America NP with IN his PP$ interests NNS . SENT When WRB Centennial NP year NN broke VVD upon IN the DT nation NN in IN 1967 CD , , the DT people NNS responded VVD with IN a DT surprising JJ enthusiasm NN . SENT It PP is VBZ easy JJ to TO see VV now RB that IN a DT ten CD year NN struggle NN ensued VVD , , growing VVG out RP of IN the DT enthusiasm NN of IN organizations NNS among IN the DT people NNS , , to TO secure VV and CC enlarge VV areas NNS of IN Canadian JJ independence NN from IN the DT USA NP . SENT The DT response NN of IN government NN was VBD weak JJ . SENT The DT three CD reports NNS calling VVG for IN significant JJ change NN in IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT economy NN in IN relation NN to TO foreign JJ participation NN were VBD virtually RB ignored VVN by IN the DT federal JJ government NN , , even RB though IN they PP pointed VVD to TO huge JJ losses NNS in IN revenue NN for IN Canada NP as IN a DT result NN of IN foreign JJ ownership NN of IN the DT economy NN . SENT When WRB the DT Trudeau NP government NN was VBD convinced VVN , , at IN the DT closing NN end NN of IN its PP$ long JJ tenure NN in IN 1980 CD , , to TO set VV to TO work VV to TO achieve VV some DT independence NN within IN the DT Canadian JJ economy NN , , the DT Canadian JJ people NNS polled VVN gave VVD larger JJR than IN 80 CD percent NN support NN to TO the DT beginning VVG step NN the DT National NP Energy NP Program NP . SENT The DT new JJ policy NN involving VVG a DT stronger JJR FIRA NP and CC a DT national JJ industrial JJ strategy NN was VBD not RB defeated VVN by IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS . SENT It PP was VBD defeated VVN by IN the DT direct JJ intervention NN of IN US NP government NN and CC US NP interests NNS . SENT The DT Mulroney NP victory NN in IN 1984 CD was VBD huge JJ . SENT It PP appears VVZ to TO call VV into IN question NN the DT argument NN of IN these DT paragraphs NNS . SENT But CC it PP may MD not RB , , because IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS wanted VVD leadership NN again RB , , and CC they PP were VBD promised VVN a DT whole JJ , , new JJ , , clean JJ slate NN . SENT Indeed RB , , they PP were VBD promised VVN that IN no DT such JJ thing NN as IN a DT free JJ trade NN agreement NN would MD be VB entered VVN into IN . SENT From IN there RB the DT waters NNS are VBP murky JJ . SENT As IN pointed VVN out RP at IN the DT beginning NN of IN this DT section NN it PP is VBZ almost RB impossible JJ to TO say VV there EX was VBD , , or CC was VBD not RB , , a DT free JJ trade NN election NN . SENT And CC while IN there EX was VBD a DT referendum NN on IN the DT ideas NNS for IN a DT change NN in IN the DT constitution NN at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT Charlottetown NP Accords NPS , , there EX was VBD no DT referendum NN on IN the DT acceptance NN of IN a DT free JJ trade NN agreement NN with IN the DT USA NP which WDT changed VVD the DT powers NNS held VVN for IN the DT Canadian JJ people NNS in IN Canada NP more RBR than IN the DT agreements NNS at IN Charlottetown NP would MD have VH done VVN . SENT This DT summary NN with IN a DT difference NN seems VVZ to TO suggest VV that IN in IN the DT matter NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS the DT Canadian JJ people NNS have VHP been VBN the DT losers NNS and CC their PP$ wishes NNS for IN their PP$ country NN have VHP rarely RB been VBN followed VVN by IN those DT entrusted VVN to TO express VV those DT wishes NNS . SENT It PP seems VVZ to TO suggest VV , , too RB , , that IN US NP leaders NNS have VHP always RB had VHN , , and CC expressed VVD , , a DT clear JJ interest NN in IN subordinating VVG Canadian JJ wealth NN and CC freedom NN to TO the DT needs NNS and CC wants VVZ of IN the DT USA NP . SENT Readers NNS will MD have VH to TO study VV the DT section NN , , study VV the DT readings NNS , , study VV their PP$ own JJ experience NN , , study VV any DT materials NNS they PP have VHP read VVN elsewhere RB that IN relate VVP , , and CC decide VV whether IN this DT summary NN with IN a DT difference NN points NNS to TO a DT correct JJ way NN of IN seeing VVG Canada NP US NP relations NNS or CC to TO a DT way NN that WDT is VBZ seriously RB flawed VVN . SENT From IN 1935 CD To TO 1995 CD Whatever WDT the DT case NN , , the DT situation NN of IN Canada NP US NP relations NNS today NN invites VVZ the DT observer NN to TO cast VV his PP$ or CC her PP$ mind NN back RB to TO the DT day NN in IN 1935 CD when WRB the DT Canadian JJ Prime NP Minister NP , , W NP . SENT L NP . SENT Mackenzie NP King NP , , told VVD the DT US NP diplomat NN Norman NP Armour NP that IN Canada NP had VHD two CD choices NNS and CC he PP , , King NP , , wanted VVD to TO choose VV the DT American JJ road NN if IN we PP the DT US NP made VVD it PP possible JJ for IN him PP to TO do VV so RB . SENT an DT error NN occurred VVD while IN processing VVG this DT directive NN