/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/11/file9.html NN ----------------------------------------- : 1600 CD 1890 CD s PP Domestic JJ production NN of IN hemp NN encouraged VVN American JJ production NN of IN hemp NN was VBD encouraged VVN by IN the DT government NN in IN the DT 17 CD th NN century NN for IN the DT production NN of IN rope NN , , sails NNS , , and CC clothing NN . SENT Marijuana NN is VBZ the DT mixture NN of IN dried VVN , , shredded JJ flowers NNS and CC leaves NNS that WDT comes VVZ from IN the DT hemp NN plant NN . SENT In IN 1619 CD the DT Virginia NP Assembly NP passed VVD legislation NN requiring VVG every DT farmer NN to TO grow VV hemp NN . SENT Hemp NP was VBD allowed VVN to TO be VB exchanged VVN as IN legal JJ tender NN in IN Pennsylvania NP , , Virginia NP , , and CC Maryland NP . SENT Domestic JJ production NN flourished VVD until IN after IN the DT Civil NP War NP , , when WRB imports NNS and CC other JJ domestic JJ materials NNS replaced VVD hemp NN for IN many JJ purposes NNS . SENT In IN the DT late JJ nineteenth JJ century NN , , marijuana NN became VVD a DT popular JJ ingredient NN in IN many JJ medicinal JJ products NNS and CC was VBD sold VVN openly RB in IN public JJ pharmacies NNS . SENT During IN the DT 19 CD th NN century NN , , hashish NN use NN became VVD a DT fad NN in IN France NP and CC also RB , , to TO some DT extent NN , , in IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT 1906 CD Pure JJ Food NP and CC Drug NP Act NP Required VVD labeling VVG of IN any DT cannabis NN contained VVD in IN over IN the DT counter JJ remedies NNS . SENT 1900 CD 20 CD s PP Mexican JJ immigrants NNS introduce VV recreational JJ use NN of IN marijuana NN leaf NN After IN the DT Mexican JJ Revolution NN of IN 1910 CD , , Mexican JJ immigrants NNS flooded VVN into IN the DT U NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , introducing VVG to TO American JJ culture NN the DT recreational JJ use NN of IN marijuana NN . SENT The DT drug NN became VVD associated VVN with IN the DT immigrants NNS , , and CC the DT fear NN and CC prejudice NN about IN the DT Spanish JJ speaking NN newcomers NNS became VVD associated VVN with IN marijuana NN . SENT Anti JJ drug NN campaigners NNS warned VVD against IN the DT encroaching VVG Marijuana NN Menace NN , , and CC terrible JJ crimes NNS were VBD attributed VVN to TO marijuana NN and CC the DT Mexicans NPS who WP used VVD it PP . SENT 1930 CD s PP Fear NN of IN marijuana NN During IN the DT Great NP Depression NP , , massive JJ unemployment NN increased VVD public JJ resentment NN and CC fear NN of IN Mexican JJ immigrants NNS , , escalating VVG public JJ and CC governmental JJ concern NN about IN the DT problem NN of IN marijuana NN . SENT This DT instigated VVD a DT flurry NN of IN research NN which WDT linked VVD the DT use NN of IN marijuana NN with IN violence NN , , crime NN and CC other JJ socially RB deviant JJ behaviors NNS , , primarily RB committed VVN by IN racially RB inferior JJ or CC underclass JJ communities NNS . SENT By IN 1931 CD , , 29 CD states NNS had VHD outlawed VVN marijuana NN . SENT 1930 CD Creation NN of IN the DT Federal NP Bureau NP of IN Narcotics NNS FBN NP Harry NP J NP . SENT Anslinger NP was VBD the DT first JJ Commissioner NP of IN the DT FBN NP and CC remained VVD in IN that DT post NN until IN 1962 CD . SENT 1932 CD Uniform JJ State NP Narcotic JJ Act NP Concern NN about IN the DT rising VVG use NN of IN marijuana NN and CC research NN linking VVG its PP$ use NN with IN crime NN and CC other JJ social JJ problems NNS created VVD pressure NN on IN the DT federal JJ government NN to TO take VV action NN . SENT Rather RB than IN promoting VVG federal JJ legislation NN , , the DT Federal NP Bureau NP of IN Narcotics NNS strongly RB encouraged VVN state NN governments NNS to TO accept VV responsibility NN for IN control NN of IN the DT problem NN by IN adopting VVG the DT Uniform JJ State NP Narcotic NN Act NP . SENT 1936 CD Reefer NN Madness NN Propaganda NN film NN Reefer NN Madness NN was VBD produced VVN by IN the DT French JJ director NN , , Louis NP Gasnier NP . SENT The DT Motion NP Pictures NPS Association NP of IN America NP , , composed VVN of IN the DT major JJ Hollywood NP studios NNS , , banned VVD the DT showing NN of IN any DT narcotics NNS in IN films NNS . SENT 1937 CD Marijuana NN Tax NP Act NP After IN a DT lurid JJ national JJ propaganda NN campaign NN against IN the DT evil JJ weed NN , , Congress NP passed VVD the DT Marijuana NN Tax NP Act NP . SENT The DT statute NN effectively RB criminalized VVN marijuana NN , , restricting VVG possession NN of IN the DT drug NN to TO individuals NNS who WP paid VVD an DT excise JJ tax NN for IN certain JJ authorized JJ medical JJ and CC industrial JJ uses NNS . SENT 1944 CD La NP Guardia NP Report NP finds VVZ marijuana NN less RBR dangerous JJ New NP York NP Academy NP of IN Medicine NP issued VVD an DT extensively RB researched VVN report NN declaring VVG that IN , , contrary JJ to TO earlier JJR research NN and CC popular JJ belief NN , , use NN of IN marijuana NN did VVD not RB induce VV violence NN , , insanity NN or CC sex NN crimes NNS , , or CC lead VV to TO addiction NN or CC other JJ drug NN use NN . SENT 1940 CD s PP Hemp NP for IN Victory NP During IN World NP War NP II NP , , imports NNS of IN hemp NN and CC other JJ materials NNS crucial JJ for IN producing VVG marine JJ cordage NN , , parachutes NNS , , and CC other JJ military JJ necessities NNS became VVD scarce JJ . SENT In IN response NN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Department NP of IN Agriculture NP launched VVD its PP$ Hemp NP for IN Victory NP program NN , , encouraging VVG farmers NNS to TO plant VV hemp NN by IN giving VVG out RP seeds NNS and CC granting VVG draft NN deferments NNS to TO those DT who WP would MD stay VV home NN and CC grow VV hemp NN . SENT By IN 1943 CD American JJ farmers NNS registered VVN in IN the DT program NN harvested VVN 375 CD , , 000 CD acres NNS of IN hemp NN . SENT 1951 CD 56 CD Stricter JJR Sentencing NN Laws NP Enactment NN of IN federal JJ laws NNS Boggs NP Act NP , , 1952 CD . SENT Narcotics NNS Control NP Act NP , , 1956 CD which WDT set VVD mandatory JJ sentences NNS for IN drug NN related JJ offenses NNS , , including VVG marijuana NN . SENT A DT first JJ offense NN marijuana NN possession NN carried VVD a DT minimum JJ sentence NN of IN 2 CD 10 CD years NNS with IN a DT fine NN of IN up RB to TO 20 CD , , 000 CD . SENT 1960 CD s PP Marijuana NN use NN popular JJ in IN counterculture NN A DT changing VVG political JJ and CC cultural JJ climate NN was VBD reflected VVN in IN more JJR lenient JJ attitudes NNS towards IN marijuana NN . SENT Use NN of IN the DT drug NN became VVD widespread JJ in IN the DT white JJ upper JJ middle NN class NN . SENT Reports NNS commissioned VVN by IN Presidents NP Kennedy NP and CC Johnson NP found VVD that DT marijuana NN use NN did VVD not RB induce VV violence NN nor CC lead VV to TO use VV of IN heavier JJR drugs NNS . SENT Policy NN towards IN marijuana NN began VVD to TO involve VV considerations NNS of IN treatment NN as RB well RB as IN criminal JJ penalties NNS . SENT 1968 CD Creation NN of IN the DT Bureau NP of IN Narcotics NNS and CC Dangerous JJ Drugs NNS This DT was VBD a DT merger NN of IN FBN NP and CC the DT Bureau NP of IN Dangerous JJ Drugs NNS of IN the DT Food NP and CC Drug NP Administration NP . SENT 1970 CD Repeal NN of IN most RBS mandatory JJ minimum JJ sentences NNS Congress NP repealed VVD most JJS of IN the DT mandatory JJ penalties NNS for IN drug NN related JJ offenses NNS . SENT It PP was VBD widely RB acknowledged VVN that IN the DT mandatory JJ minimum JJ sentences NNS of IN the DT 1950 CD s PP had VHD done VVN nothing NN to TO eliminate VV the DT drug NN culture NN that WDT embraced VVD marijuana NN use NN throughout IN the DT 60 CD s PP , , and CC that IN the DT minimum JJ sentences NNS imposed VVN were VBD often RB unduly RB harsh JJ . SENT Marijuana NN differentiated VVD from IN other JJ drugs NNS The DT Comprehensive NP Drug NP Abuse NN Prevention NN and CC Control NP Act NP categorized VVN marijuana NN separately RB from IN other JJ narcotics NNS and CC eliminated VVN mandatory JJ federal JJ sentences NNS for IN possession NN of IN small JJ amounts NNS . SENT National NP Organization NP for IN the DT Reform NN of IN Marijuana NN Laws NP NORML NP founded VVD 1972 CD Shafer NP Commission NP The DT bipartisan JJ Shafer NP Commission NP , , appointed VVN by IN President NP Nixon NP at IN the DT direction NN of IN Congress NP , , considered VVN laws NNS regarding VVG marijuana NN and CC determined VVN that IN personal JJ use NN of IN marijuana NN should MD be VB decriminalized VVN . SENT Nixon NP rejected VVD the DT recommendation NN , , but CC over IN the DT course NN of IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , eleven NN states NNS decriminalized VVN marijuana NN and CC most JJS others NNS reduced VVD their PP$ penalties NNS . SENT 1973 CD Creation NN of IN the DT US NP Drug NP Enforcement NP Agency NP DEA NP Merger NP of IN the DT Bureau NP of IN Narcotics NNS and CC Dangerous JJ Drugs NPS BNND NP and CC the DT Office NP of IN Drug NP Abuse NN Law NP Enforcement NP ODALE NP . SENT 1974 CD High NP Times NP founded VVD 1976 CD Beginning NN of IN parents NNS movement NN against IN marijuana NN A DT nationwide JJ movement NN emerged VVD of IN conservative JJ parents NNS groups NNS lobbying VVG for IN stricter JJR regulation NN of IN marijuana NN and CC the DT prevention NN of IN drug NN use NN by IN teenagers NNS . SENT Some DT of IN these DT groups NNS became VVD quite RB powerful JJ and CC , , with IN the DT support NN of IN the DT DEA NP and CC the DT National NP Institute NP on IN Drug NP Abuse NN NIDA NP , , were VBD instrumental JJ in IN affecting VVG public JJ attitudes NNS which WDT led VVD to TO the DT 1980 CD s PP War NP on IN Drugs NPS . SENT 1986 CD Anti JJ Drug NP Abuse NN Act NP Mandatory JJ Sentences NNS President NP Reagan NP signed VVD the DT Anti JJ Drug NP Abuse NN Act NP , , instituting VVG mandatory JJ sentences NNS for IN drug NN related JJ crimes NNS . SENT In IN conjunction NN with IN the DT Comprehensive NP Crime NP Control NP Act NP of IN 1984 CD , , the DT new JJ law NN raised VVD federal JJ penalties NNS for IN marijuana NN possession NN and CC dealing NN , , basing VVG the DT penalties NNS on IN the DT amount NN of IN the DT drug NN involved VVD . SENT Possession NN of IN 100 CD marijuana NN plants NNS received VVD the DT same JJ penalty NN as IN possession NN of IN 100 CD grams NNS of IN heroin NN . SENT A DT later JJR amendment NN to TO the DT Anti JJ Drug NP Abuse NN Act NP established VVD a DT three CD strikes NNS and CC you're NN out IN policy NN , , requiring VVG life NN sentences NNS for IN repeat NN drug NN offenders NNS , , and CC providing VVG for IN the DT death NN penalty NN for IN drug NN kingpins NNS . SENT 1989 CD Bush's NP War NP on IN Drugs NP President NP George NP Bush NP declares VVZ a DT new JJ War NN on IN Drugs NNS in IN a DT nationally RB televised JJ speech NN . SENT 1996 CD Medical NP Use NP Legalized VVD in IN California NP California NP voters NNS passed VVN Proposition NP 215 CD allowing VVG for IN the DT sale NN and CC medical JJ use NN of IN marijuana NN for IN patients NNS with IN AIDS NP , , cancer NN , , and CC other JJ serious JJ and CC painful JJ diseases NNS . SENT This DT law NN stands VVZ in IN tension NN with IN federal JJ laws NNS prohibiting VVG possession NN of IN marijuana NN . SENT home NN . SENT discussion NN . SENT quiz NN . SENT d SYM . SENT a DT . SENT r SYM . SENT e SYM . SENT marijuana NN in IN the DT body NN . SENT interviews NNS . SENT a DT rational JJ discussion NN frontline NN online JJ . SENT pbs NNS online JJ web NN site NN copyright NN 1995 CD 2005 CD wgbh NN educational JJ foundation NN