/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/1/file_152.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Skip NP Ender NP Navigation NP accessIndiana NP Agency NP Listing NN Policies NNS Contact NP Webmaster NP Help NN Indiana NP Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP Skip NP Repetitive JJ Navigation NP links NNS About IN FSSA NP Links NP Site NN Map NN Contact NP FSSA NP News NP Adoption NN Family NP Children NP Seniors NNS People NNS with IN Disabilities NP Mental JJ Health NP Addiction NN Medicaid NP Health NP Care NP Reports NPS and CC Statistics NPS Jobs NP Forms VVZ Issues NNS at IN a DT Glance NP Calendar NN Home NP Printer NN Friendly NP Mental JJ Health NP Services NP Compulsive JJ Gambling NN Treatment NP and CC Prevention NN Initiatives NNS Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Plan NP July NP 15 CD , , 1998 CD Developed VVD by IN . SENT Louisiana NP State NP University NP School NP of IN Social NP Work NP Office NP of IN Social NP Service NP Research NP Development NP 311 CD Huey NP P NN . SENT Long NP Field NP House NP Baton NP Rouge NP , , LA NP 70803 CD P NN . SENT 504 CD . SENT 388 CD . SENT 4838 CD F NN . SENT 504 CD . SENT 388 CD . SENT 0428 CD Reviewed VVN by IN . SENT Louisiana NP State NP University NP Medical NP Center NP Shreveport NP Department NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , Gambling VVG Studies NP Unit NP Project NP Overview NN Introduction NN Statement NN of IN the DT Problem NN Development NP of IN Gambling VVG in IN Indiana NP Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP Development NP of IN a DT Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Plan NP Planning NP Rationale NN and CC Evaluation NN Recommended VVN Indiana NP Prevention NN Plan NP , , 1998 CD 99 CD References NNS Appendix NN 1 CD . SENT Prevention NN Programs NNS Appendix NN 2 CD . SENT Community NP Readiness NN Assessment NP Questionnaire NN Appendix NN 3 CD . SENT Community NP Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Team NP Job NP Description NN Bibliography NN Project NN Overview NN In IN an DT effort NN to TO continue VV its PP$ commitment NN to TO a DT healthy JJ Indiana NP , , the DT Indiana NP Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP FSSA NP initiated VVD the DT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP in IN 1996 CD . SENT In IN the DT 1993 CD and CC 1995 CD legislative JJ sessions NNS , , Indiana NP lawmakers NNS passed VVD legislation NN that WDT approved VVD the DT FSSA NP s PP initiation NN of IN the DT project NN to TO ensure VV the DT development NN of IN healthful JJ behavior NN surrounding VVG gambling NN . SENT The DT FSSA NP published VVD a DT broad JJ agency NN announcement NN in IN September NP 1996 CD for IN a DT statewide JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN campaign NN . SENT The DT Louisiana NP State NP University NP Division NP of IN Continuing NP Education NP submitted VVD a DT proposal NN to TO conduct VV baseline NN research NN that WDT would MD determine VV the DT prevalence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN in IN Indiana NP and CC lay VV the DT foundation NN for IN the DT development NN of IN an DT effective JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN . SENT The DT LSU NP proposal NN was VBD appealing VVG to TO grant VV reviewers NNS because IN of IN the DT social JJ service NN research NN expertise NN available JJ that WDT had VHD developed VVN to TO address VV the DT serious JJ problem NN gambling NN issues NNS confronting VVG Louisiana NP . SENT The DT approach NN proposed VVN by IN the DT research NN team NN included VVD quantitative JJ and CC qualitative JJ research NN to TO establish VV baseline NN data NNS that WDT would MD empirically RB link VV the DT scope NN of IN problem NN gambling NN in IN Indiana NP to TO effective JJ social JJ policy NN and CC action NN aimed VVN at IN problem NN gambling NN prevention NN and CC treatment NN . SENT This DT project NN was VBD transferred VVN to TO the DT Louisiana NP State NP University NP School NP of IN Social NP Work NP Office NP of IN Social NP Service NP Research NP and CC Development NP LSU NP OSSRD NP in IN July NP 1997 CD and CC conducted VVN through IN that DT office NN . SENT The DT primary JJ goal NN of IN the DT research NN study NN was VBD to TO determine VV the DT prevalence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN behaviors NNS in IN order NN to TO develop VV a DT statewide JJ prevention NN plan NN . SENT From IN this DT initial JJ information NN , , a DT solid JJ foundation NN for IN future JJ planning NN and CC programming NN can MD be VB established VVN . SENT The DT plan NN is VBZ designed VVN , , first JJ and CC foremost RB , , to TO confront VV gambling NN problems NNS before IN they PP occur VVP and CC to TO provide VV programs NNS that WDT discourage VVP irresponsible JJ gambling NN by IN supporting VVG healthy JJ behavioral JJ growth NN and CC development NN . SENT Indiana NP is VBZ confronting VVG the DT early JJ stages NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN development NN among IN its PP$ citizens NNS . SENT Young JJ children NNS , , adolescents NNS and CC senior JJ citizens NNS are VBP especially RB vulnerable JJ to TO the DT glamorization NN of IN gambling NN and CC should MD be VB educated VVN about IN potential JJ problem NN gambling NN . SENT Underage JJ gambling NN must MD be VB discouraged VVN at IN all DT costs NNS . SENT A DT firm NN basis NN for IN future JJ action NN is VBZ critical JJ for IN the DT state NN to TO effectively RB deal VV with IN the DT issue NN of IN problem NN gambling NN and CC associated JJ problems NNS and CC to TO develop VV strategies NNS to TO reduce VV its PP$ impact NN on IN Indiana NP s PP families NNS and CC communities NNS . SENT Based VVN on IN the DT findings NNS from IN the DT proposed VVN research NN and CC from IN a DT review NN of IN related JJ social JJ science NN literature NN on IN effective JJ prevention NN strategies NNS for IN addictive JJ behavior NN , , this DT document NN proposes VVZ a DT preliminary JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN for IN the DT state NN of IN Indiana NP . SENT The DT plan NN includes VVZ recommendations NNS for IN targeting VVG primary JJ , , secondary JJ and CC tertiary JJ levels NNS of IN prevention NN through IN the DT Social NP Development NP Model NP that WDT has VHZ become VVN nationally RB known VVN for IN its PP$ comprehensive JJ , , multi NNS level NN approach NN to TO preventing VVG other JJ problem NN addictive JJ behaviors NNS . SENT The DT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP is VBZ intended VVN for IN review NN and CC adaptation NN by IN policymakers NNS , , decisionmakers NNS and CC the DT mental JJ health NN treatment NN professionals NNS in IN Indiana NP . SENT The DT plan NN is VBZ designed VVN for IN implementation NN at IN both DT state NN and CC local JJ levels NNS . SENT The DT timing NN for IN a DT comprehensive JJ Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Plan NP couldn NN t NN be VB better JJR . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT healthy JJ attitude NN among IN policymakers NNS , , citizens NNS and CC the DT gambling NN industry NN in IN Indiana NP concerning VVG the DT potential JJ positive JJ and CC negative JJ effects NNS of IN gambling NN . SENT As IN one CD industry NN representative NN said VVD at IN a DT recent JJ meeting NN , , We PP may MD work VV for IN the DT industry NN but CC we PP are VBP all DT Hoosiers NNS first JJ . SENT We PP feel VVP the DT same JJ sense NN of IN responsibility NN about IN our PP$ state NN . SENT Her PP$ statement NN seems VVZ to TO reflect VV the DT cooperative NN and CC community NN oriented JJ attitude NN that IN everyone NN involved VVD voiced VVN about IN maintaining VVG a DT healthy JJ and CC progressive JJ state NN . SENT I PP . SENT Introduction NN Development NP of IN Gambling VVG in IN the DT United NP States NPS Gambling NN activities NNS have VHP become VVN increasingly RB widespread JJ in IN the DT United NP States NPS since IN the DT first JJ modern JJ state NN lottery NN was VBD established VVN in IN New NP Hampshire NP in IN 1964 CD . SENT Pari NP mutuel NN gambling NN , , or CC betting VVG pools NNS , , began VVD to TO spread VV across IN the DT United NP States NPS , , and CC gambling NN casinos NNS were VBD legalized VVN in IN New NP Jersey NP in IN 1978 CD . SENT Even RB though IN Nevada NP legalized VVD the DT nation NN s PP first JJ casino NN in IN 1931 CD , , the DT extensive JJ opportunity NN of IN gambling NN activities NNS did VVD not RB capture VV the DT American JJ public JJ s NN attention NN until IN the DT 1970 CD s PP and CC 1980 CD s PP . SENT Casino NN activities NNS were VBD limited VVN to TO Nevada NP and CC Atlantic NP City NP until IN federal JJ spending NN cutbacks NNS and CC declining VVG tax NN revenues NNS forced VVD state NN legislatures NNS and CC governments NNS to TO seek VV out RP additional JJ sources NNS of IN revenue NN Volberg NP , , 1996 CD . SENT Betting VVG on IN sports NNS games NNS and CC playing VVG coin NN operated VVD machines NNS have VHP become VVN common JJ throughout IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Many JJ of IN these DT activities NNS were VBD initiated VVN innocently RB enough RB , , even RB when WRB they PP were VBD followed VVN by IN other JJ games NNS such JJ as IN lotteries NNS and CC racetrack NN betting NN . SENT The DT encroachment NN of IN gambling NN activities NNS was VBD slow JJ , , as IN weekly JJ and CC daily JJ drawings NNS , , instant JJ games NNS and CC video NN games NNS became VVD legal JJ in IN state NN after IN state NN . SENT The DT revenue NN created VVN was VBD a DT welcomed VVN relief NN to TO the DT economic JJ recession NN in IN many JJ states NNS . SENT In IN 1988 CD , , the DT Federal NP Indian NP Regulatory NP Act NP opened VVD the DT door NN to TO widespread JJ casino NN development NN throughout IN the DT country NN . SENT By IN 1993 CD , , riverboat NN gambling NN had VHD been VBN established VVN in IN six CD states NNS , , and CC land VV based VVN casinos NNS were VBD legalized VVN in IN several JJ additional JJ states NNS . SENT Gambling NN has VHZ become VVN normalized VVN across IN the DT nation NN , , and CC various JJ gambling NN activities NNS are VBP legal JJ in IN all DT states NNS except IN Hawaii NP and CC Utah NP . SENT The DT effects NNS of IN the DT proliferation NN of IN gambling NN have VHP to TO be VB carefully RB analyzed VVN because IN the DT majority NN of IN people NNS gamble NN for IN entertainment NN . SENT For IN many JJ people NNS , , gambling NN is VBZ an DT acceptable JJ , , inexpensive JJ activity NN to TO enjoy VV several JJ times NNS a DT year NN . SENT People NNS who WP develop VVP gambling NN problems NNS are VBP in IN the DT minority NN . SENT The DT impact NN of IN the DT gambling NN proliferation NN can MD be VB seen VVN through IN the DT increase NN in IN the DT amount NN of IN funds NNS legally RB gambled VVD as RB well RB as IN gaming NN industry NN earnings NNS . SENT In IN the DT nation NN , , the DT 17 CD billion CD gambled VVN in IN 1979 CD increased VVD to TO 247 CD billion CD legally RB spent VVN in IN 1989 CD . SENT From IN 1989 CD to TO 1995 CD , , the DT total JJ amount NN of IN money NN spent VVN on IN legal JJ gambling NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS continued VVD to TO increase VV yearly JJ , , reaching VVG 586 CD . SENT 5 CD billion CD in IN 1996 CD Christiansen NP , , 1997 CD . SENT National NP Council NP on IN Problem NN Gambling NN , , 1993 CD . SENT The DT gaming NN industry NN recorded VVD 47 CD . SENT 6 CD billion CD in IN earnings NNS in IN 1996 CD , , up RB 5 CD . SENT 6 CD from IN the DT previous JJ year NN Christiansen NP , , 1997 CD . SENT As IN gambling NN activities NNS have VHP become VVN more RBR available JJ , , the DT number NN of IN people NNS developing VVG problem NN gambling NN behavior NN has VHZ increased VVN . SENT Because IN of IN the DT nature NN of IN gambling NN addiction NN , , individualized VVD problems NNS become VV major JJ and CC often RB result VV in IN hidden JJ social JJ problems NNS because IN of IN the DT financial JJ implications NNS related VVN to TO maintaining VVG the DT addiction NN . SENT State NN governments NNS are VBP now RB in IN a DT position NN where WRB they PP must MD discourage VV irresponsible JJ gambling NN behavior NN and CC respond VV to TO social JJ problems NNS affecting VVG their PP$ communities NNS . SENT Gambling NN Behavior NN . SENT A DT Differentiation NN in IN Terms NNS Gambling VVG behavior NN must MD be VB placed VVN in IN proper JJ context NN so IN that DT social JJ policy NN as IN well RB as IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN efforts NNS can MD be VB appropriately RB directed VVN . SENT Definitions NNS of IN Gambling NN Gambling NN is VBZ defined VVN by IN Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ GA NP as RB . SENT . SENT . SENT any DT betting VVG or CC wagering VVG , , for IN self NN or CC others NNS , , whether IN for IN money NN or CC not RB , , no DT matter NN how WRB slight JJ or CC insignificant JJ , , where WRB the DT outcome NN is VBZ uncertain JJ or CC depends VVZ upon IN chance NN or CC skill NN . SENT Shaffer NP et FW al NP 1997 CD define VV gambling VVG as RB . SENT . SENT . SENT participants NNS pursue VVP monetary JJ gain NN on IN chance NN outcomes NNS without IN using VVG skill NN . SENT They PP also RB differentiate VV from IN other JJ similar JJ activities NNS like IN speculation NN and CC investment NN . SENT Speculation NN is VBZ defined VVN as IN backing VVG one PP s PP opinion NN against IN the DT market NN or CC an DT established VVN opinion NN without IN sufficient JJ information NN about IN the DT certainty NN of IN the DT outcome NN . SENT Investment NN is VBZ defined VVN as RB . SENT . SENT spending NN time NN or CC money NN engaged VVN in IN activities NNS where WRB sufficient JJ experience NN serves VVZ as IN a DT guide NN , , however RB uncertainty NN still RB remains VVZ . SENT Dr NP . SENT Robert NP L NP . SENT Custer NP , , the DT pioneer NN in IN gambling NN treatment NN , , described VVD compulsive JJ gambling NN as IN an DT addictive JJ illness NN in IN which WDT the DT subject NN is VBZ driven VVN by IN an DT overwhelming JJ , , uncontrollable JJ impulse NN to TO gamble VV . SENT The DT impulse NN persists VVZ and CC progresses VVZ in IN intensity NN and CC urgency NN , , consuming NN more JJR and CC more JJR of IN the DT individual JJ s NN time NN , , energy NN , , emotional JJ and CC material JJ resources NNS . SENT Ultimately RB , , it PP invades VVZ , , undermines VVZ and CC often RB destroys VVZ everything NN that WDT is VBZ meaningful JJ in IN a DT person NN s PP life NN . SENT Custer NP , , When WRB Luck NP Runs VVZ Out RB . SENT Different JJ Types NNS of IN Gamblers NNS Current JJ data NNS indicate VVP that IN more JJR than IN 80 CD of IN the DT American JJ public NN participates VVZ in IN some DT form NN of IN gambling VVG Lesieur NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Most JJS people NNS who WP gamble VV do VVP not RB become VV problem NN gamblers NNS and CC do VVP not RB develop VV behavior NN that WDT causes VVZ damage NN to TO their PP$ families NNS , , their PP$ communities NNS or CC their PP$ places NNS of IN work NN . SENT Those DT who WP gamble NN for IN entertainment NN are VBP called VVN responsible JJ gamblers NNS or CC social JJ gamblers NNS . SENT Shaffer NP , , Hall NP and CC Vander NP Bilt NP 1997 CD delineated VVD three CD levels NNS to TO describe VV gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Level NN 1 CD gambling NN has VHZ little RB or CC no DT adverse JJ consequences NNS associated VVN with IN the DT gambling NN behavior NN a DT recreational JJ or CC responsible JJ gambler NN . SENT A DT level NN 2 CD gambler NN has VHZ a DT pattern NN of IN gambling NN behavior NN that WDT is VBZ associated VVN with IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN adverse JJ consequences NNS a DT problem NN gambler NN . SENT Level NN 3 CD gambling NN refers VVZ to TO disordered VVN gambling NN and CC has VHZ the DT most RBS severe JJ consequences NNS associated VVN with IN it PP a DT pathological JJ gambler NN . SENT Based VVN on IN their PP$ past JJ year NN activities NNS , , approximately RB 1 CD . SENT 14 CD of IN adults NNS and CC 5 CD . SENT 77 CD of IN youth NN from IN the DT general JJ population NN are VBP pathological JJ gamblers NNS Shaffer NP et CC al NP , , 1997 CD . SENT The DT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling VVG Research NP study NN also RB utilizes VVZ these DT levels NNS to TO describe VV and CC differentiate VV among IN the DT levels NNS of IN gambling NN involvement NN . SENT Currently RB , , the DT Diagnostic JJ and CC Statistical NP Manual NP of IN Mental JJ Disorders NNS IV NP DSM NP IV NP defines VVZ pathological JJ gambling NN as IN persistent JJ and CC recurrent JJ maladaptive JJ gambling NN behavior NN that WDT significantly RB interferes VVZ with IN personal JJ , , family NN or CC vocational JJ pursuits NNS . SENT The DT terms NNS pathological JJ and CC compulsive JJ are VBP typically RB used VVN interchangeably RB , , with IN treatment NN professionals NNS preferring VVG the DT term NN pathological JJ and CC lay VV persons NNS preferring VVG the DT term NN compulsive JJ . SENT The DT term NN problem NN gambling NN usually RB refers VVZ to TO individuals NNS who WP exhibit VV some DT signs NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN but CC are VBP not RB significantly RB symptomatic JJ to TO meet VV the DT full JJ diagnostic JJ criteria NNS Lesieur NP and CC Blume NP , , 1993 CD . SENT For IN the DT purpose NN of IN this DT document NN , , the DT term NN problem NN gambling NN is VBZ used VVN to TO describe VV any DT level NN of IN problem NN or CC pathological JJ gambling VVG behavior NN level NN 2 CD and CC level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS and CC responsible JJ gambling NN to TO describe VV gambling NN behavior NN that WDT does VVZ not RB indicate VV a DT problem NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT level NN 1 CD gamblers NNS . SENT Perception NN of IN Gambling NN as IN an DT Addiction NN When WRB the DT National NP Council NP on IN Compulsive JJ Gambling NN NCCG NN was VBD initiated VVN in IN 1972 CD , , public JJ perception NN of IN a DT compulsive JJ gambler NN was VBD that IN of IN a DT degenerate JJ thief NN who WP gambled VVD out RP of IN control NN as IN a DT result NN of IN greed NN , , with IN a DT total JJ disregard NN for IN family NN , , job NN , , and CC community NN Dunne NP , , 1985 CD . SENT The DT NCCG NP attempted VVD to TO change VV negative JJ public JJ perception NN of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN so RB that IN it PP was VBD recognized VVN as IN a DT treatable JJ illness NN . SENT This DT change NN was VBD eventually RB accomplished VVN through IN educating VVG the DT public NN and CC health NN care NN providers NNS about IN the DT social JJ impact NN of IN gambling NN . SENT This DT effort NN also RB led VVN to TO gambling NN being VBG considered VVN a DT disease NN . SENT As RB recently RB as IN 1990 CD , , 50 CD of IN the DT public NN viewed VVD just RB the DT act NN of IN gambling NN as IN a DT disease NN . SENT Shaffer NP et NP al NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Reportedly RB , , the DT belief NN that IN pathological JJ gambling NN is VBZ a DT disease NN decreases VVZ the DT degree NN of IN guilt NN found VVN in IN compulsive JJ gamblers NNS and CC their PP$ family NN members NNS Murray NP , , 1993 CD , , thereby RB increasing VVG the DT likelihood NN of IN these DT persons NNS seeking VVG treatment NN and CC not RB being VBG ostracized VVN by IN their PP$ friends NNS and CC family NN members NNS . SENT Robert NP Custer NP established VVD a DT model NN of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN and CC recovery NN which WDT he PP delineated VVD into IN phases NNS . SENT The DT gambler NN is VBZ seen VVN as IN progressing VVG through IN these DT phases NNS , , the DT winning JJ phase NN , , the DT losing VVG phase NN and CC the DT desperation NN phase NN as IN shown VVN in IN Figure NP 1 CD in IN their PP$ progression NN from IN a DT social JJ or CC responsible JJ gambler NN to TO a DT pathological JJ gambler NN . SENT Most JJS people NNS begin VVP gambling NN for IN a DT variety NN of IN reasons NNS , , such JJ as IN fun NN , , excitement NN , , or CC the DT need NN of IN a DT quick JJ profit NN . SENT However RB , , for IN some DT , , these DT reasons NNS soon RB become VVP secondary JJ and CC non JJ existent JJ , , and CC are VBP replaced VVN by IN an DT all DT consuming NN preoccupation NN with IN the DT gambling NN activity NN . SENT Custer NP states NNS that IN this DT progression NN usually RB begins VVZ with IN a DT big JJ win NN or CC a DT series NN of IN wins NNS , , which WDT act VVP as IN a DT hook NN to TO getting VVG the DT person NN more RBR deeply RB involved VVN in IN the DT activity NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT the DT winning JJ phase NN . SENT The DT person NN will MD eventually RB lose VV and CC begin VV to TO chase VV their PP$ losses NNS i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT the DT losing VVG phase NN . SENT The DT person NN may MD begin VV to TO borrow VV from IN their PP$ friends NNS and CC family NN to TO finance VV their PP$ gambling NN and CC lie VVP to TO cover VV up RP the DT extent NN of IN their PP$ problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT During IN the DT last JJ phase NN the DT desperation NN phase NN , , the DT gambling NN activity NN is VBZ no RB longer RBR a DT source NN of IN excitement NN or CC pleasure NN but CC a DT consuming NN activity NN that WDT occupies VVZ the DT majority NN of IN the DT persons NNS time NN and CC serves VVZ to TO alienate VV them PP from IN their PP$ friends NNS and CC family NN . SENT The DT extent NN of IN their PP$ losses NNS may MD be VB great JJ , , both CC financially RB and CC socially RB , , sometimes RB leading VVG to TO illegal JJ activities NNS , , depression NN and CC suicidal JJ thoughts NNS . SENT Compared VVN to TO other JJ addictions NNS , , research NN on IN gambling VVG treatment NN and CC prevention NN is VBZ still RB in IN its PP$ infancy NN . SENT While IN there EX is VBZ some DT controversy NN on IN what WP causes VVZ an DT individual NN to TO develop VV an DT addiction NN biological JJ components NNS , , behavior NN , , etc FW . SENT , , professionals NNS agree VVP that IN the DT cause NN is VBZ multi NNS factored VVN and CC must MD be VB taken VVN into IN consideration NN when WRB developing VVG prevention NN and CC treatment NN programming NN . SENT Perhaps RB more RBR importantly RB , , but CC at IN least JJS simultaneously RB , , prevention NN efforts NNS should MD be VB targeted VVN at IN later JJR childhood NN and CC adolescence NN because IN of IN the DT increased JJ risk NN in IN these DT age NN groups NNS . SENT Prevention NN and CC treatment NN efforts NNS must MD also RB be VB undertaken VVN for IN specialized VVN at IN risk NN populations NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT elderly JJ , , poverty NN level NN persons NNS and CC minorities NNS . SENT Additionally RB , , prevention NN and CC treatment NN planning NN must MD take VV into IN account NN the DT fact NN that IN gambling NN disorders NNS have VHP increased VVN among IN adults NNS during IN the DT past JJ two CD decades NNS Shaffer NP , , Hall NP and CC Vander NP Bilt NP , , 1997 CD . SENT II NP . SENT Statement NN of IN the DT Problem NN Gambling NN is VBZ big JJ business NN . SENT Alleged JJ economic JJ benefits NNS to TO communities NNS range VVP from IN increased JJ tax NN revenue NN to TO additional JJ tourist NN dollars NNS to TO more JJR jobs NNS . SENT Gambling NN opportunities NNS continue VVP to TO spread VV despite IN increasing VVG evidence NN that IN social JJ problems NNS are VBP related VVN to TO gambling VVG behavior NN . SENT Other JJ states NNS , , including VVG Indiana NP , , have VHP begun VVN to TO address VV the DT impact NN of IN problem NN gambling NN on IN their PP$ communities NNS by IN considering VVG what WP educational JJ and CC prevention NN strategies NNS must MD be VB implemented VVN . SENT As IN Shaffer NP et CC al NP 1997 CD point NN out JJ , , . SENT . SENT . SENT gambling NN is VBZ neither RB a DT financially RB nor CC a DT psychologically RB risk VVP free JJ experience NN . SENT The DT expansion NN of IN gambling VVG activities NNS has VHZ resulted VVN in IN an DT increased JJ number NN of IN people NNS reporting VVG serious JJ financial JJ difficulties NNS in IN addition NN to TO a DT variety NN of IN psychological JJ , , legal JJ and CC social JJ problems NNS . SENT Social JJ and CC Fiscal JJ Impact NN of IN Gambling VVG Nationally RB Typically RB , , a DT problem NN gambler NN will MD face VV serious JJ financial JJ , , family NN and CC work VV related JJ problems NNS as IN a DT result NN of IN his PP$ gambling NN activities NNS . SENT Financial JJ problems NNS are VBP often RB one CD of IN the DT first JJ repercussions NNS that WDT will MD draw VV attention NN to TO a DT problem NN gambler NN s PP behavior NN . SENT As IN the DT gambling NN problem NN becomes VVZ worse JJR , , lying VVG and CC deception NN increase NN . SENT The DT individual NN will MD often RB first RB deplete VV personal JJ finances NNS and CC sources NNS of IN legal JJ borrowing NN , , usually RB without IN the DT knowledge NN of IN the DT family NN . SENT When WRB these DT avenues NNS are VBP exhausted VVN , , the DT risk NN of IN the DT individual NN seeking VVG illegal JJ means NNS to TO support VV gambling NN increases NNS . SENT Many JJ problem NN gamblers NNS report VVP committing VVG robbery NN , , forgery NN , , insurance NN fraud NN and CC writing VVG bad JJ checks NNS , , which WDT may MD lead VV to TO criminal JJ justice NN problems NNS . SENT Significant JJ behavioral JJ changes NNS occur VVP as IN adults NNS and CC youth NN become VVP more RBR preoccupied VVN with IN their PP$ gambling NN . SENT Adults NNS may MD lose VV time NN from IN work NN and CC have VHP decreased VVN productivity NN . SENT For IN youth NN , , problem NN gambling NN manifests VVZ itself PP as IN tardiness NN and CC truancy NN Haubrish NP Casperson NP , , 1993 CD . SENT A DT problem NN gambler NN s PP family NN may MD often RB suffer VV from IN a DT lack NN of IN attention NN and CC financial JJ support NN . SENT By IN the DT time NN a DT gambler NN seeks VVZ treatment NN , , he PP is VBZ often RB in IN debt NN , , alienated VVN from IN friends NNS and CC family NN , , possibly RB on IN the DT brink NN of IN divorce NN , , close JJ to TO arrest VV about RB of IN problem NN gamblers NNS and CC may MD have VH difficulties NNS with IN depression NN and CC suicidal JJ thoughts NNS Carone NP , , Yolles NP , , Kieffer NP and CC Krinkshy NP , , 1982 CD . SENT Additionally RB , , problem NN gambling NN has VHZ been VBN associated VVN with IN other JJ mental JJ health NN problems NNS . SENT Research NP indicates VVZ that IN the DT most RBS common JJ co NP morbid JJ problems NNS are VBP substance NN abuse NN and CC depression NN . SENT Ramirez NP , , McCormick NP , , Russo NP and CC Taber NP 1983 CD found VVD that IN 97 CD of IN 51 CD men NNS admitted VVN to TO their PP$ gambling NN treatment NN program NN also RB met VVD criteria NNS for IN major JJ depression NN . SENT Frank NP , , Lester NP and CC Wexler NP 1991 CD surveyed VVD 500 CD Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ members NNS and CC reported VVD that IN 21 CD of IN the DT participants NNS stated VVD they PP had VHD never RB thought VVN of IN suicide NN , , 48 CD said VVD they PP had VHD thought VVN about IN suicide NN and CC 13 NP had VHD attempted VVN suicide NN . SENT The DT impact NN of IN problem NN gambling NN on IN a DT community NN can MD also RB be VB significant JJ . SENT As IN an DT increasing VVG number NN of IN states NNS legalize VV a DT variety NN of IN forms NNS of IN gambling NN , , more JJR people NNS are VBP experiencing VVG gambling NN problems NNS . SENT Politser NP , , Morrow NP and CC Leavery NP 1985 CD reported VVD that IN the DT social JJ cost NN of IN excessive JJ gambling NN ranks NNS among IN the DT most RBS expensive JJ illnesses NNS afflicting VVG society NN , , though IN it PP is VBZ among IN the DT least JJS expensive JJ to TO treat VV . SENT In IN 1995 CD , , 500 CD billion CD was VBD legally RB wagered VVN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT dramatic JJ increase NN from IN the DT estimated VVN 17 CD billion CD wagered VVN in IN 1979 CD , , just RB less JJR than IN two CD decades NNS earlier RBR . SENT With IN the DT exception NN of IN Utah NP and CC Hawaii NP , , all DT states NNS have VHP some DT form NN of IN gambling NN . SENT Lotteries NNS are VBP legal JJ in IN 37 CD states NNS as RB well RB as IN Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT , , and CC 26 CD states NNS have VHP casinos NNS . SENT Lottery NN spending NN per IN capita NN rose VVD from IN 20 CD to TO approximately RB 150 CD per IN year NN Clotfeller NP and CC Cook NP , , 1989 CD . SENT McQueen NP , , 1996 CD . SENT National JJ trends NNS relating VVG to TO the DT impact NN of IN gambling NN are VBP also RB seen VVN on IN a DT statewide JJ level NN . SENT States NNS must MD now RB take VV a DT closer JJR look NN not RB only RB at IN the DT economic JJ impact NN that IN gambling NN opportunities NNS have VHP provided VVN but CC also RB the DT social JJ repercussions NNS that WDT affect VVP their PP$ citizens NNS and CC communities NNS . SENT Indiana NP and CC other JJ states NNS where WRB gambling NN has VHZ not RB been VBN legal JJ for IN many JJ years NNS are VBP in IN a DT strategic JJ position NN to TO curtail VV or CC lessen VV the DT effects NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT III NP . SENT Development NN of IN Gambling NN in IN Indiana NP Origin NN of IN Legalized VVN Gambling NN in IN Indiana NP The DT development NN of IN gambling NN in IN Indiana NP is VBZ not RB significantly RB different JJ from IN other JJ states NNS , , with IN the DT possible JJ exception NN of IN Indiana NP s PP limited VVN availability NN of IN gambling NN within IN the DT last JJ few JJ years NNS . SENT The DT Indiana NP Lottery NN initiated VVD operation NN on IN October NP 13 CD , , 1989 CD , , becoming VVG the DT first JJ of IN four CD forms NNS of IN legal JJ gambling NN opportunities NNS in IN the DT state NN . SENT In IN September NP 1994 CD , , Hoosier NP Park NP , , the DT state NN s PP first JJ horse NN racing VVG venue NN providing VVG wagering VVG opportunities NNS , , opened VVN in IN Anderson NP . SENT In IN 1993 CD , , 11 CD riverboat NN gambling NN sites NNS were VBD legislatively RB authorized VVN . SENT By IN December NP 1996 CD , , boats NNS had VHD been VBN launched VVN in IN Evansville NP , , Gary NP , , Hammond NP , , Rising VVG Sun NP and CC Lawrenceburg NP . SENT Currently RB , , five CD boats NNS are VBP operating VVG in IN Lake NP Michigan NP and CC three CD on IN the DT Ohio NP River NP Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Charitable JJ gambling NN is VBZ also RB big JJ business NN in IN Indiana NP . SENT Qualified VVN not RB for IN profit NN organizations NNS may MD conduct VV certain JJ types NNS of IN legal JJ charity NN gaming NN activities NNS . SENT These DT activities NNS include VVP bingo NN , , charity NN game NN nights NNS , , door NN prizes NNS , , festival NN events NNS and CC raffles NNS as RB well RB as IN the DT sale NN of IN pull NN tabs NNS , , punchboards NNS and CC tip NN boards NNS . SENT A DT total NN of IN 930 CD Annual JJ Bingo NN Licenses NNS were VBD issued VVN during IN the DT fiscal JJ year NN 1997 CD . SENT The DT total JJ gross JJ income NN of IN charitable JJ gaming NN in IN 1997 CD was VBD 516 CD million CD , , which WDT is VBZ a DT reported JJ 58 CD . SENT 5 CD million CD increase NN over IN 1996 CD Indiana NP Department NP of IN Revenue NP , , 1997 CD . SENT The DT Hoosier NP Lottery NN is VBZ a DT popular JJ form NN of IN entertainment NN in IN Indiana NP with IN almost RB 600 CD million CD wagered VVN in IN 1997 CD alone RB . SENT The DT Hoosier NP Lottery NN s VVZ nine CD varieties NNS of IN lotto NN , , including VVG the DT popular JJ Powerball NP and CC Hoosier NP Lotto NN , , provided VVD 176 CD million CD in IN revenue NN for IN the DT state NN in IN 1997 CD . SENT As IN of IN February NP 1998 CD , , various JJ state NN programs NNS received VVD more JJR than IN 1 CD . SENT 3 CD billion CD from IN the DT lottery NN . SENT Since IN its PP$ inception NN to TO date NN , , total JJ prizes NNS awarded VVN by IN the DT Hoosier NP Lottery NN amount NN to TO 2 CD . SENT 5 CD billion CD Hoosier NP Lottery NN , , 1997 CD . SENT The DT six CD riverboats NNS operational JJ throughout IN 1997 CD , , in IN addition NN the DT two CD boats NNS which WDT became VVD operational JJ during IN 1997 CD , , had VHD a DT total JJ win NN of IN 961 CD million CD Indiana NP Gaming NN Commission NP . SENT Other JJ gambling NN opportunities NNS such JJ as IN the DT Hoosier NP Park NP pari NN mutuel NN horse NN track NN and CC three CD off IN track NN betting VVG parlors NNS had VHD 147 CD million CD in IN monies NN wagered VVN in IN 1997 CD with IN total JJ revenue NN for IN the DT state NN amounting VVG to TO 4 CD . SENT 3 CD million CD Horse NP Racing NP Commission NP , , 1998 CD . SENT Indiana NP Legislative JJ Response NP As IN gambling NN became VVD established VVN in IN the DT state NN , , the DT Indiana NP legislature NN took VVD action NN to TO address VV the DT social JJ impact NN that WDT would MD predictably RB develop VV . SENT In IN 1993 CD , , the DT Indiana NP General NP Assembly NP passed VVD a DT law NN requiring VVG that IN 10 CD cents NNS of IN each DT admission NN tax NN to TO Indiana NP riverboats NNS be VB paid VVN to TO the DT Indiana NP Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP Division NP of IN Mental JJ Health NP DMH NP . SENT The DT 1995 CD General NP Assembly NP amended VVD the DT law NN to TO allow VV these DT monies NN to TO be VB used VVN for IN the DT prevention NN and CC treatment NN of IN addictions NNS to TO drugs NNS , , alcohol NN and CC compulsive JJ gambling NN , , including VVG the DT creation NN and CC maintenance NN of IN a DT toll NN free JJ telephone NN line NN to TO provide VV the DT public NN with IN information NN about IN these DT addictions NNS . SENT The DT legislature NN also RB required VVN that IN the DT Division NP allocate VVP at IN least JJS 25 CD of IN the DT funds NNS to TO the DT prevention NN and CC treatment NN of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT Indiana NP Governor NP Frank NP O NP Bannon NP appointed VVD a DT 13 CD member NN Gambling NN Impact NP Study NP Commission NP in IN January NP 1998 CD and CC charged VVD them PP with IN examining VVG the DT effect NN legalized VVD gambling NN has VHZ on IN Indiana NP . SENT In IN the DT executive JJ order NN establishing VVG the DT commission NN , , O NP Bannon NP instructed VVD its PP$ members NNS to TO assess VV the DT impact NN of IN gambling NN on IN individuals NNS , , families NNS , , communities NNS , , businesses NNS , , social JJ institutions NNS and CC the DT economy NN . SENT This DT comprehensive JJ look NN at IN the DT whole JJ picture NN will MD enable VV the DT committee NN to TO assess VV revenue NN and CC economic JJ growth NN created VVN by IN gambling VVG as RB well RB as IN any DT problems NNS associated VVN with IN gambling VVG such JJ as IN bankruptcies NNS , , suicides NNS and CC other JJ mental JJ health NN problems NNS . SENT Committee NN members NNS representing VVG community NN interests NNS include VVP but CC are VBP not RB limited VVN to TO representatives NNS from IN the DT Indiana NP Gaming NN Commission NP , , Indiana NP Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP , , Indiana NP Chamber NP of IN Commerce NP and CC representatives NNS from IN both CC the DT House NP and CC Senate NP . SENT The DT commission NN meets VVZ regularly RB and CC reports VVZ on IN its PP$ progress NN periodically RB . SENT A DT final JJ report NN will MD be VB issued VVN to TO the DT Governor NP by IN December NP 31 CD , , 1999 CD . SENT Role NN of IN the DT Indiana NP Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP As IN the DT state NN agency NN that IN deals NNS with IN Indiana NP s PP social JJ problems NNS , , the DT Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP FSSA NP is VBZ the DT appropriate JJ organization NN to TO be VB responsible JJ for IN addressing VVG problem NN gambling NN and CC related JJ issues NNS . SENT Currently RB , , the DT FSSA NP provides VVZ services NNS to TO families NNS who WP have VHP problems NNS associated VVN with IN low JJ income NN , , mental JJ illness NN , , addiction NN , , mental JJ retardation NN , , disabilities NNS , , aging VVG and CC children NNS who WP are VBP at IN risk NN for IN unhealthy JJ development NN . SENT FSSA NP works VVZ to TO strengthen VV the DT ability NN of IN families NNS to TO succeed VV in IN their PP$ communities NNS . SENT The DT Family NP Social NP Services NPS Administration NP Division NP of IN Mental JJ Health NP DMH NP works VVZ to TO assure VV the DT availability NN of IN accessible JJ , , acceptable JJ and CC effective JJ mental JJ health NN and CC chemical NN addiction NN services NNS for IN Hoosiers NNS through IN community NN mental JJ health NN centers NNS . SENT The DT DMH NP is VBZ the DT division NN that WDT will MD handle VV gambling VVG addiction NN and CC related JJ problems NNS . SENT In IN addition NN to TO treatment NN of IN mental JJ health NN problems NNS , , the DT FSSA NP is VBZ also RB mandated VVN to TO provide VV prevention NN services NNS throughout IN the DT state NN . SENT For IN a DT new JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN component NN to TO be VB effective JJ , , it PP will MD need VV to TO fit VV in IN with IN the DT existing JJ FSSA NP organization NN , , philosophical JJ framework NN and CC service NN delivery NN system NN . SENT Although IN the DT provision NN of IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN services NNS for IN problem NN gambling NN must MD be VB differentiated VVN from IN other JJ substance NN abuse NN services NNS , , there EX must MD be VB some DT type NN of IN integration NN of IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN philosophy NN and CC interaction NN between IN the DT systems NNS for IN providing VVG the DT services NNS . SENT Problem NN gambling NN is VBZ an DT addictive JJ issue NN , , which WDT places VVZ it PP into IN the DT same JJ social JJ policy NN arena NN as IN other JJ addictive JJ behaviors NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT initiation NN of IN early JJ problem NN gambling NN behaviors NNS , , the DT progress NN into IN addiction NN and CC the DT response NN from IN the DT treatment NN field NN is VBZ different JJ from IN other JJ addictive JJ diseases NNS . SENT For IN these DT reasons NNS , , an DT effective JJ plan NN must MD integrate VV the DT current JJ prevention NN services NNS within IN FSSA NP . SENT Current JJ substance NN abuse NN prevention NN funds NNS in IN Indiana NP are VBP derived VVN from IN the DT Federal NP Omnibus NN Anti JJ Drug NP Abuse NN Act NP of IN 1986 CD . SENT Each DT state NN is VBZ required VVN to TO dedicate VV 20 CD of IN their PP$ substance NN abuse NN block NN grant NN funds NNS strictly RB for IN alcohol NN and CC other JJ drug NN prevention NN services NNS . SENT To TO continually RB qualify VV for IN federal JJ substance NN abuse NN funds NNS , , each DT state NN must MD have VH a DT prevention NN strategy NN in IN place NN . SENT Prevention NN programming NN for IN problem NN gambling NN should MD be VB included VVN in IN the DT state NN s PP existing VVG structure NN because IN it PP is VBZ a DT logical JJ fit NN and CC it PP would MD be VB fiscally RB more RBR responsible JJ than IN creating VVG a DT separate JJ system NN . SENT The DT DMH NP has VHZ provided VVN prevention NN services NNS since IN 1987 CD and CC has VHZ distributed VVN more JJR than IN 50 CD million CD in IN federal JJ block NN grant NN funding NN to TO community NN based VVN prevention NN programs NNS . SENT As IN the DT prevention NN system NN developed VVN in IN the DT state NN during IN the DT past JJ 10 CD years NNS , , there EX has VHZ been VBN an DT increasing VVG emphasis NN on IN placing VVG prevention NN monies NN into IN empirically RB sound JJ services NNS . SENT Because IN prevention NN monies NN are VBP limited VVN , , grants NNS awards NNS are VBP targeted VVN to TO those DT organizations NNS and CC agencies NNS that WDT demonstrate VVP need NN , , offer NN services NNS that WDT produce VVP effective JJ outcomes NNS and CC coordinate VV cost VV effective JJ programs NNS . SENT The DT DMH NP established VVD a DT network NN of IN 14 CD Local JJ Prevention NN Services NP Coalitions NNS to TO ensure VV the DT most RBS effective JJ use NN of IN prevention NN monies NN . SENT In IN August NP 1997 CD , , Governor NP Frank NP O NP Bannon NP announced VVD the DT new JJ 5 CD . SENT 2 CD million CD Local JJ Prevention NN Services NP Initiative NP . SENT The DT initiative NN was VBD designed VVN to TO facilitate VV the DT provision NN of IN services NNS across IN the DT state NN that WDT were VBD consistent JJ with IN extensive JJ effectiveness NN research NN conducted VVN by IN the DT Indiana NP Prevention NN Resource NP Center NP in IN the DT Indiana NP University NP School NP of IN Health NP , , Physical NP Education NP and CC Recreation NP . SENT The DT research NN conducted VVN by IN the DT IU NP School NP of IN Health NP , , Physical NP Education NP and CC Recreation NP examined VVD the DT most RBS effective JJ types NNS of IN prevention NN programs NNS for IN specific JJ populations NNS . SENT Researchers NNS provided VVD guidelines NNS to TO implement VV the DT award NN process NN for IN program NN funds NNS at IN the DT community NN level NN . SENT It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO note VV that IN the DT IU NP researchers NNS promote VVP the DT use NN of IN risk NN and CC protective JJ factor NN theory NN as IN the DT framework NN from IN which WDT effective JJ prevention NN programming NN occurs VVZ . SENT The DT effectiveness NN research NN provided VVN by IN IU NP , , as IN the DT foundation NN for IN alcohol NN and CC other JJ drug NN abuse NN prevention NN services NNS , , is VBZ consistent JJ with IN the DT theoretical JJ framework NN proposed VVN by IN the DT LSU NN researchers NNS for IN use NN in IN developing VVG problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN services NNS . SENT This DT will MD result VV in IN a DT much RB easier JJR implementation NN of IN gambling VVG prevention NN planning NN and CC programming NN . SENT Local JJ coalitions NNS are VBP in IN place NN now RB and CC are VBP operated VVN and CC managed VVN by IN contractors NNS who WP coordinate VV substance NN abuse NN prevention NN services NNS in IN each DT of IN the DT defined VVN service NN areas NNS across IN the DT state NN . SENT Each DT of IN the DT local JJ contractors NNS are VBP responsible JJ for IN creating VVG , , implementing VVG and CC managing VVG a DT Coalition NP of IN Direct NP Prevention NN Service NP Programs NP in IN its PP$ defined VVN service NN area NN . SENT The DT contractor NN must MD recruit VV collaborating VVG member NN agencies NNS to TO implement VV Direct JJ Prevention NN Services NP Programs NP in IN the DT service NN area NN according VVG to TO criteria NNS established VVN through IN the DT DMH NP . SENT The DT regional JJ prevention NN services NNS program NN must MD implement VV the DT DMH NP recommended JJ evaluation NN process NN to TO demonstrate VV process NN and CC outcome NN effectiveness NN . SENT The DT regional JJ prevention NN service NN centers NNS are VBP supervised VVN and CC monitored VVN through IN the DT DMH NP organization NN . SENT This DT structure NN will MD be VB conducive JJ to TO the DT development NN and CC implementation NN of IN problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN services NNS , , even RB though RB , , at IN this DT time NN , , the DT federal JJ funding NN for IN problem NN gambling NN and CC substance NN abuse NN prevention NN cannot NN be VB combined VVN . SENT The DT federal JJ funds NNS provided VVN to TO the DT state NN are VBP for IN substance NN abuse NN prevention NN services NNS only RB . SENT The DT problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN services NNS will MD most RBS likely RB be VB funded VVN through IN the DT funds NNS that WDT are VBP collected VVN from IN the DT various JJ forms NNS of IN legalized VVN gambling NN in IN the DT state NN . SENT It PP should MD be VB feasible JJ to TO maintain VV separate JJ funding NN while IN utilizing VVG the DT same JJ system NN for IN provision NN of IN prevention NN services NNS . SENT Legislative JJ action NN authorized VVD the DT FSSA NP to TO address VV problem NN gambling NN prevention NN needs VVZ in IN the DT state NN . SENT To TO address VV this DT responsibility NN , , the DT FSSA NP DMH NP established VVD the DT Compulsive JJ Gambling NN Addiction NN Services NP Advisory NP Committee NP in IN 1995 CD to TO create VV a DT system NN to TO fund VV problem NN gambling NN prevention NN and CC treatment NN . SENT This DT committee NN met VVN through IN February NP 1996 CD . SENT Members NNS included VVD representatives NNS from IN the DT addiction NN treatment NN community NN , , social JJ service NN agencies NNS , , the DT Indiana NP Commission NP for IN a DT Drug NP Free NP Indiana NP and CC the DT Division NN of IN Mental JJ Health NP . SENT Issues NNS addressed VVN included VVD the DT continuum NN of IN care NN for IN problem NN gamblers NNS , , certification NN of IN service NN providers NNS , , eligibility NN standards NNS for IN funding NN support NN through IN the DT DMH NP and CC prevention NN efforts NNS . SENT The DT FSSA NP DMH NP s PP efforts NNS to TO address VV problem NN gambling NN are VBP concentrated VVN in IN four CD major JJ areas NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Toll NP Free NP Telephone NP Line NP In IN December NP 1995 CD , , the DT DMH NP contracted VVD with IN the DT Governor NP s PP Commission NP for IN a DT Drug NP Free NP Indiana NP to TO provide VV referral NN information NN to TO persons NNS requesting VVG help NN with IN a DT gambling NN problem NN . SENT This DT toll NN free JJ number NN is VBZ printed VVN on IN riverboat NN admission NN tickets NNS , , all DT state NN lottery NN tickets NNS and CC advertised VVN in IN other JJ media NNS markets NNS . SENT Through IN January NP 1998 CD , , more JJR than IN 1 CD , , 104 CD calls NNS were VBD received VVN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Prevention NN A DT prevention NN initiative NN emerged VVD out RP of IN recommendations NNS of IN the DT Compulsive JJ Gambling NN Advisory NP Board NP . SENT A DT broad JJ agency NN announcement NN for IN a DT statewide JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN campaign NN was VBD released VVN September NP 30 CD , , 1996 CD . SENT The DT LSU NP Division NP of IN Continuing NP Education NP was VBD awarded VVN this DT project NN . SENT However RB , , the DT project NN was VBD transferred VVN to TO the DT LSU NP School NP of IN Social NP Work NP Office NP of IN Social NP Service NP Research NP and CC Development NP . SENT The DT LSU NP OSSRD NP was VBD then RB responsible JJ for IN designing VVG a DT prevention NN plan NN for IN Indiana NP . SENT The DT prevention NN planning NN included VVD . SENT Conducting VVG quantitative JJ studies NNS to TO detect VV the DT extent NN and CC scope NN of IN the DT gambling NN problem NN in IN Indiana NP prevalence NN and CC which WDT populations NNS geodemographic JJ clusters NNS are VBP most RBS likely JJ to TO be VB affected VVN . SENT It PP also RB established VVD a DT baseline NN to TO measure VV prevention NN activity NN effectiveness NN . SENT Devising VVG a DT prevention NN plan NN tailored VVN specifically RB for IN Indiana NP that WDT is VBZ based VVN on IN research NN results NNS and CC recommendations NNS and CC will MD set VV specific JJ outcomes NNS , , procedures NNS and CC responsibilities NNS . SENT Establishing VVG and CC working VVG with IN an DT Ad NP Hoc FW Advisory NP Committee NP to TO review VV and CC shape VV the DT prevention NN plan NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Treatment NN In IN April NP 1996 CD , , the DT DMH NP held VVD an DT informational JJ meeting NN for IN the DT service NN provider NN community NN to TO publicize VV preliminary JJ decisions NNS regarding VVG the DT funding NN of IN gambling VVG treatment NN services NNS . SENT The DT Hoosier NP Assurance NP Plan NP would MD include VV gambling NN treatment NN . SENT Providers NNS certified VVN by IN the DT DMH NP as RB managed VVD care NN providers NNS for IN substance NN abuse NN SA NP and CC serious JJ mental JJ illness NN SMI NP could MD qualify VV for IN a DT compulsive JJ gambling NN treatment NN endorsement NN . SENT As RB of IN January NP 1998 CD , , 16 CD providers NNS had VHD contracted VVN to TO provide VV these DT treatment NN services NNS . SENT In IN July NP 1998 CD , , 20 CD state NN certified JJ providers NNS will MD offer VV services NNS . SENT Clinical JJ eligibility NN for IN services NNS is VBZ determined VVN by IN the DT following VVG definitions NNS . SENT a DT a DT compulsive JJ gambler NN is VBZ an DT individual NN who WP meets VVZ criteria NNS for IN Axis NN I NN diagnosis NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN as IN set VVN out RP in IN the DT DSM NP IV NP , , Diagnosis NN 312 CD . SENT 31 CD , , and CC Pathological JJ Gambling NN . SENT and CC b LS the DT individual NN continues VVZ gambling VVG behavior NN despite IN repetitive JJ , , harmful JJ consequences NNS . SENT To TO be VB eligible JJ for IN coverage NN under IN the DT Hoosier NP Assurance NP Plan NP , , the DT individual NN must MD have VH an DT income NN at IN or CC below IN 200 CD of IN the DT federal JJ poverty NN guidelines NNS . SENT Gambling NN debts NNS and CC payments NNS on IN incurred VVN gambling NN debts NNS are VBP used VVN in IN calculating VVG income NN eligibility NN . SENT Clinical JJ assessment NN is VBZ accomplished VVN by IN the DT Hoosier NP Assurance NP Plan NP Assessment NP instrument NN HAPI NP A NP . SENT The DT South NP Oaks NPS Gambling NN Screen NP SOGS NP is VBZ also RB used VVN on IN all DT persons NNS presenting VVG for IN service NN for IN a DT compulsive JJ gambling NN problem NN . SENT There EX are VBP 107 CD people NNS enrolled VVN for IN treatment NN services NNS so RB far RB this DT fiscal JJ year NN . SENT 31 CD were VBD enrolled VVN in IN SFY NP 97 CD . SENT In IN addition NN to TO the DT full JJ continuum NN of IN care NN mandated VVN for IN the DT SA NP and CC SMI NP populations NNS , , managed VVD care NN providers NNS for IN gambling NN services NNS are VBP required VVN to TO offer VV inpatient NN and CC intensive JJ outpatient NN services NNS , , linkage NN with IN self NN help NN groups NNS and CC financial JJ management NN counseling NN . SENT Availability NN of IN inpatient NN care NN is VBZ seen VVN as IN essential JJ because IN severe JJ depression NN and CC suicide NN ideation NN are VBP frequently RB present JJ in IN persons NNS presenting VVG for IN treatment NN . SENT Additionally RB , , linkage NN to TO self NN help NN groups NNS such JJ as IN Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ is VBZ a DT part NN of IN the DT continuum NN of IN care NN . SENT An DT episode NN rate NN , , the DT dollar NN amount NN the DT DMH NP gives VVZ to TO a DT certified JJ provider NN to TO serve VV an DT eligible JJ consumer NN for IN a DT one CD year NN period NN , , was VBD negotiated VVN with IN qualified JJ providers NNS . SENT An DT actuarially RB based VVN rate NN is VBZ projected VVN to TO be VB established VVN for IN SFY NP 2000 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT Training NN of IN Therapists NNS Recognizing VVG the DT scarcity NN of IN therapists NNS trained VVN to TO work VV with IN persons NNS with IN compulsive JJ gambling NN disorders NNS , , the DT DMH NP contracted VVD with IN the DT Fairbanks NP Training NP and CC Research NP Institute NP of IN Indianapolis NP to TO provide VV five CD regional JJ workshops NNS on IN the DT treatment NN of IN compulsive JJ problem NN gambling NN . SENT Participants NNS in IN these DT sessions NNS , , which WDT were VBD offered VVN at IN low JJ cost NN to TO therapists NNS working VVG with IN DMH NP certified JJ managed VVN care NN providers NNS , , helped VVD qualify VV therapists NNS for IN certification NN as IN compulsive JJ gambling NN counselors NNS by IN the DT American NP Council NP on IN Compulsive JJ Gambling NN . SENT It PP is VBZ estimated VVN that IN given VVN present JJ patterns NNS , , a DT minimum NN of IN 2 CD . SENT 4 CD million CD will MD be VB deposited VVN in IN the DT Gamblers NNS Assistance NP Fund NP each DT year NN , , allowing VVG the DT Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP to TO continue VV to TO support VV compulsive JJ gambling NN prevention NN efforts NNS and CC treatment NN . SENT Information NN provided VVD by IN the DT Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP , , March NP 1998 NP Governor NP s PP Commission NP for IN a DT Drug NP Free NP Indiana NP Indiana NP s PP commitment NN to TO community NN based VVN prevention NN is VBZ also RB demonstrated VVN by IN the DT Governor NP s PP Commission NP for IN a DT Drug NP Free NP Indiana NP . SENT The DT Commission NP takes VVZ a DT three CD pronged JJ approach NN to TO prevention NN and CC the DT development NN of IN social JJ policy NN regarding VVG alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS . SENT The DT agency NN serves VVZ as IN an DT advisor NN to TO the DT Governor NP to TO develop VV policy NN regarding VVG alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS , , collaborates VVZ with IN other JJ state NN agencies NNS to TO address VV concerns NNS in IN the DT area NN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS , , and CC mobilizes VVZ citizens NNS within IN their PP$ own JJ communities NNS around IN the DT reduction NN of IN substance NN abuse NN . SENT The DT commission NN developed VVD a DT regional JJ technical JJ support NN network NN consisting VVG of IN five CD regional JJ offices NNS representing VVG six CD regions NNS . SENT Each DT office NN houses VVZ three CD consultants NNS to TO provide VV support NN for IN state NN and CC local JJ coalitions NNS . SENT The DT network NN aims VVZ to TO make VV government NN more RBR responsive JJ to TO the DT needs NNS of IN local JJ communities NNS . SENT Each DT of IN Indiana NP s VVZ 92 CD counties NNS has VHZ a DT Local JJ Coordinating VVG Council NP LCC NP made VVD up RP of IN volunteers NNS that WDT serves VVZ as IN the DT backbone NN of IN the DT Indiana NP drug NN free JJ effort NN . SENT The DT volunteer NN coalitions NNS are VBP charged VVN with IN identifying VVG community NN drug NN problems NNS , , coordinating VVG local JJ initiatives NNS , , monitoring VVG anti JJ drug NN activities NNS at IN the DT local JJ level NN and CC designing VVG comprehensive JJ , , collaborative JJ community NN strategies NNS . SENT LCCs NNS can MD use VV their PP$ own JJ discretion NN of IN what WP prevention NN , , treatment NN or CC justice NN programs NNS are VBP needed VVN within IN its PP$ community NN . SENT Aware JJ of IN the DT relationship NN between IN substance NN abuse NN and CC gambling NN , , few JJ communities NNS have VHP already RB initiated VVN programs NNS related VVN to TO the DT prevention NN of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT Clark NP County NP located VVN on IN the DT river NN has VHZ included VVN problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN as IN part NN of IN their PP$ mission NN while IN other JJ counties NNS are VBP beginning VVG to TO address VV the DT whole JJ spectrum NN of IN addictive JJ behaviors NNS . SENT Funding NN for IN local JJ drug NN free JJ community NN initiatives NNS is VBZ provided VVN at IN both DT state NN and CC local JJ levels NNS . SENT LCC NP s PP must MD submit VV comprehensive JJ action NN plans NNS for IN review NN and CC approval NN by IN the DT Governor NP s PP Commission NP for IN a DT Drug NP Free NP Indiana NP before IN funding NN is VBZ to TO be VB allocated VVN . SENT The DT Drug NP Free NP Communities NNS Funds NNS are VBP collected VVN from IN local JJ dollars NNS through IN various JJ offender NN fees NNS . SENT IV NP . SENT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP Design NP The DT first JJ step NN of IN the DT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP was VBD to TO determine VV how WRB gambling NN behavior NN in IN Indiana NP compared VVN to TO the DT rest NN of IN the DT nation NN . SENT This DT project NN was VBD structured VVN to TO assess VV whether IN problem NN gambling NN is VBZ significantly RB different JJ in IN Indiana NP than IN national JJ estimates NNS . SENT Problem NN gambling NN in IN Indiana NP needs VVZ to TO be VB quantified VVN to TO establish VV an DT empirical JJ basis NN for IN social JJ policy NN and CC ensuing VVG action NN . SENT To TO address VV this DT question NN , , LSU NP OSSRD NP collaborated VVD with IN the DT Louisiana NP State NP University NP Medical NP Center NP Shreveport NP , , Department NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , Gambling VVG Studies NP Unit NP LSUS NP MC NP to TO develop VV the DT instruments NNS necessary JJ to TO determine VV the DT prevalence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN in IN Indiana NP . SENT LSU NP MC NP developed VVD four CD surveys NNS to TO determine VV the DT prevalence NN of IN disordered VVN gambling NN behaviors NNS within IN specific JJ populations NNS in IN Indiana NP . SENT Targeted JJ populations NNS were VBD adults NNS 18 CD years NNS and CC older JJR , , adolescents NNS in IN 6 CD th NN through IN 12 CD th NN grades NNS in IN public JJ and CC private JJ schools NNS and CC incarcerated VVN adult NN and CC adolescent JJ offenders NNS within IN Indiana NP correctional JJ facilities NNS . SENT These DT specific JJ populations NNS were VBD chosen VVN to TO determine VV prevalence NN rates NNS in IN both DT adults NNS and CC adolescents NNS in IN the DT general JJ population NN , , which WDT have VHP been VBN reported VVN to TO be VB different JJ , , and CC the DT prevalence NN of IN gambling VVG behaviors NNS and CC disorders NNS in IN incarcerated VVN populations NNS . SENT The DT level NN of IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN has VHZ been VBN found VVN to TO be VB higher JJR in IN incarcerated VVN populations NNS nationally RB , , which WDT is VBZ presumably RB due JJ to TO the DT relationship NN between IN problem NN gambling NN and CC criminal JJ behavior NN to TO the DT extent NN that IN the DT former JJ causes NNS the DT latter NN . SENT This DT will MD aid VV in IN establishing VVG necessary JJ levels NNS of IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN in IN these DT populations NNS . SENT To TO obtain VV feedback NN from IN the DT citizens NNS of IN Indiana NP , , focus NN groups NNS were VBD conducted VVN to TO obtain VV qualitative JJ data NNS regarding VVG the DT perceptions NNS that IN citizens NNS have VHP about IN gambling NN . SENT The DT groups NNS included VVD teachers NNS , , minorities NNS , , senior JJ citizens NNS , , community NN service NN providers NNS and CC a DT random JJ group NN of IN the DT population NN at IN large JJ . SENT Finally RB , , a DT treatment NN provider NN survey NN was VBD distributed VVN to TO treatment NN professionals NNS in IN Indiana NP to TO assess VV their PP$ views NNS about IN the DT prevalence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN across IN the DT state NN and CC to TO gather VV information NN regarding VVG their PP$ experiences NNS with IN gambling VVG related JJ problem NN behaviors NNS . SENT Surveys NNS and CC focus NN groups NNS were VBD conducted VVN by IN subcontractors NNS within IN Indiana NP . SENT Below RB is VBZ a DT summary NN of IN each DT research NN study NN underscoring VVG its PP$ method NN , , sample NN size NN , , limitations NNS , , findings NNS , , comparative JJ national JJ data NNS and CC implications NNS for IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN . SENT Telephone NP Survey NP Shaffer NP , , Hall NP and CC Vander NP Bilt NP 1997 CD delineated VVD three CD levels NNS of IN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Level NN 1 CD gambling NN has VHZ little RB or CC no DT adverse JJ consequences NNS associated VVN with IN the DT gambling NN behavior NN a DT responsible JJ gambler NN . SENT A DT level NN 2 CD gambler NN has VHZ a DT pattern NN of IN gambling NN behavior NN that WDT is VBZ associated VVN with IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN adverse JJ consequences NNS a DT problem NN gambler NN . SENT Level NN 3 CD gambling NN refers VVZ to TO disordered VVN gambling NN that WDT meets VVZ diagnostic JJ criteria NNS and CC has VHZ the DT most RBS severe JJ consequences NNS associated VVN with IN it PP a DT pathological JJ gambler NN . SENT A DT telephone NN survey NN of IN 2 CD , , 927 CD Indiana NP residents NNS was VBD completed VVN to TO determine VV the DT prevalence NN of IN level NN 2 CD and CC level VV 3 CD gambling NN behaviors NNS among IN adults NNS 18 CD and CC older JJR and CC to TO establish VV baseline NN factors NNS that WDT will MD guide VV prevention NN planning NN . SENT Persons NNS were VBD selected VVN randomly RB to TO complete VV a DT survey NN , , which WDT included VVD the DT South NP Oaks NPS Gambling NN Screen NP SOGS NP . SENT The DT SOGS NP is VBZ a DT 20 CD scorable JJ item NN questionnaire NN based VVN on IN the DT criteria NNS in IN the DT Diagnostic JJ and CC Statistical NP Manual NP for IN Mental JJ Disorders NNS III NP . SENT The DT SOGS NP identifies VVZ pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT The DT SOGS NP was VBD used VVN to TO determine VV problem NN levels NNS associated VVN with IN gambling NN . SENT A DT score NN of IN 5 CD or CC more JJR is VBZ consistent JJ with IN level NN 3 CD gambling NN , , a DT score NN between IN 1 CD and CC 4 CD is VBZ consistent JJ with IN level NN 2 CD gambling NN , , and CC zero CD would MD be VB considered VVN level NN 1 CD gambling NN . SENT Of IN the DT respondents NNS , , 87 CD reported VVD they PP had VHD gambled VVN . SENT The DT majority NN of IN the DT total JJ sample NN were VBD found VVN to TO be VB level JJ 1 CD gamblers NNS 93 CD . SENT 9 CD , , with IN 5 CD . SENT 3 CD being NN level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS and CC 0 CD . SENT 8 CD being NN level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT Level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS spent VVD 40 CD hours NNS on IN average NN per IN month NN gambling NN , , and CC level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS spent VVD 104 CD hours NNS on IN average NN per IN month NN gambling NN . SENT Level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS , , on IN average NN , , missed VVD almost RB three CD days NNS from IN work NN per IN month NN . SENT The DT limitation NN to TO a DT study NN of IN this DT type NN is VBZ that IN the DT sample NN is VBZ limited VVN to TO those DT persons NNS who WP have VHP a DT working VVG phone NN . SENT Thus RB , , homeless JJ person NN or CC persons NNS without IN phone NN service NN were VBD not RB sampled VVN . SENT Also RB , , individuals NNS that WDT were VBD not RB home RB at IN the DT time NN of IN the DT call NN were VBD rarely RB successfully RB contacted VVN at IN a DT later JJR time NN . SENT School NP Survey NP Meta NP analytic JJ studies NNS of IN adolescent JJ gambling NN disorder NN prevalence NN on IN students NNS have VHP resulted VVN in IN estimates NNS of IN possible JJ problem NN level NN 2 CD and CC pathological JJ gambling NN level NN 3 CD that WDT are VBP higher JJR than IN estimates NNS in IN adults NNS Shaffer NP et CC al NP . SENT , , 1997 CD . SENT Past JJ year NN level NN 2 CD adolescent NN gamblers NNS are VBP estimated VVN at IN 14 CD . SENT 8 CD , , and CC past JJ year NN level NN 3 CD adolescent NN gamblers NNS are VBP estimated VVN at IN 5 CD . SENT 8 CD . SENT Indiana NP 6 CD th NN through IN 12 CD th NN graders NNS were VBD surveyed VVN to TO ascertain VV the DT prevalence NN of IN gambling VVG behavior NN and CC to TO assess VV the DT average JJ age NN of IN onset NN for IN experimentation NN with IN gambling NN . SENT Because IN few JJ schools NNS agreed VVD to TO participate VV , , the DT sample NN could MD not RB be VB randomized VVN . SENT Attempts NNS were VBD made VVN to TO sample NN all DT students NNS from IN 6 CD th NN through IN 12 CD th NN grades NNS of IN the DT schools NNS that WDT participated VVD . SENT A DT sample NN of IN 3 CD , , 270 CD accurately RB completed VVN surveys NNS were VBD returned VVN and CC analyzed VVN . SENT National JJ statistics NNS indicate VVP that IN the DT first JJ personal JJ participation NN adolescents NNS have VHP with IN gambling NN is VBZ at IN age NN 11 CD . SENT This DT finding NN was VBD essentially RB replicated VVN in IN this DT survey NN , , with IN median JJ age NN of IN onset NN being VBG 11 CD for IN the DT current JJ study NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , by IN 6 CD th NN grade NN , , approximately RB 70 CD report NN having VHG gambled VVN before RB . SENT Adolescents NNS who WP believe VVP that DT skill NN is VBZ involved VVN in IN gambling NN tended VVN to TO be VB more JJR at IN risk NN to TO develop VV problems NNS . SENT National JJ data NNS indicates VVZ that IN 33 CD . SENT 1 CD of IN adolescent JJ gamblers NNS initiate VVP with IN sports NNS betting VVG activities NNS , , 26 CD . SENT 3 CD with IN card NN playing NN and CC 10 CD with IN the DT lottery NN . SENT Adolescents NNS who WP believe VVP that DT skill NN is VBZ involved VVN in IN gambling NN tended VVN to TO be VB more JJR at IN risk NN to TO develop VV problems NNS . SENT Adolescents NNS believed VVN that IN sports NNS betting VVG and CC cards NNS required VVD the DT most JJS skill NN . SENT The DT popular JJ gambling NN partners NNS for IN adolescents NNS were VBD friends NNS and CC members NNS of IN their PP$ family NN . SENT Shaffer NP et NP al NP , , 1997 CD The DT Indiana NP School NP Survey NP does VVZ not RB provide VV comparative JJ data NNS to TO this DT national JJ information NN . SENT Table NN 3 CD provides VVZ a DT comparison NN between IN the DT lifetime NN involvement NN in IN various JJ gambling NN activities NNS for IN the DT national JJ meta NP analytic JJ study NN by IN Shaffer NP , , Hall NP and CC Vander NP Bilt NP 1997 CD and CC the DT current JJ study NN of IN Indiana NP adolescents NNS . SENT Table NN 3 CD . SENT Percent NN of IN adolescents NNS who WP have VHP ever RB participated VVN in IN gambling NN activities NNS . SENT national JJ statistics NNS versus IN Indiana NP adolescents NNS Gambling NN activity NN National NP Indiana NP 1 CD Any DT gambling NN activity NN 77 CD . SENT 55 CD 90 CD . SENT 10 CD Casino NP games NNS 2 CD 7 CD . SENT 74 CD 5 CD . SENT 90 CD Lottery NN 3 CD 34 CD . SENT 89 CD 68 CD . SENT 20 CD Sports NPS Gambling VVG 4 CD 38 CD . SENT 17 CD 56 CD . SENT 00 CD Pari NP mutuel NN 10 CD . SENT 88 CD 15 CD . SENT 75 CD Financial NP Markets NP 13 CD . SENT 74 CD Non JJ Casino NP Card NP Games NP 53 CD . SENT 46 CD 53 CD . SENT 47 CD Games NPS of IN Skill NP 40 CD . SENT 43 CD 49 CD . SENT 45 CD Bingo NN and CC charitable JJ games NNS 41 CD . SENT 13 CD 1 CD Number NP who WP said VVD yes UH to TO activity NN divided VVN by IN 3 CD , , 270 CD 2 CD Casino NN games NNS include VVP land NN based VVN and CC riverboat NN casinos NNS 3 CD Lottery NN includes VVZ the DT lotto NN and CC scratch NN off IN lottery NN tickets NNS 4 CD Sports NP gambling NN includes VVZ betting VVG on IN sports NNS pools NNS and CC or CC on IN sports NNS teams NNS with IN friends NNS In IN general NN , , the DT findings NNS in IN Indiana NP were VBD similar JJ to TO estimates NNS of IN national JJ trends NNS . SENT Of IN children NNS in IN the DT nation NN , , 77 CD . SENT 6 CD have VHP ever RB gambled VVN , , while IN 90 CD . SENT 1 CD of IN Indiana NP school NN children NNS have VHP gambled VVN . SENT Interestingly RB , , the DT number NN of IN Indiana NP adolescents NNS who WP have VHP gambled VVN in IN casinos NNS 5 CD . SENT 9 CD was VBD lower JJR than IN the DT national JJ average NN 7 CD . SENT 7 CD , , but CC this DT may MD not RB be VB statistically RB significant JJ . SENT This DT may MD be VB due JJ to TO better JJR enforcement NN of IN legal JJ gambling NN age NN limitations NNS in IN Indiana NP than IN in IN other JJ areas NNS . SENT In IN terms NNS of IN general JJ trends NNS , , Indiana NP adolescents NNS participated VVD at IN a DT much RB higher JJR rate NN in IN lottery NN and CC sports NNS gambling VVG and CC less RBR so RB for IN pari NN mutuel NN games NNS and CC games NNS of IN skill NN when WRB compared VVN to TO national JJ rates NNS . SENT There EX are VBP no DT national JJ comparative JJ data NNS for IN financial JJ market NN participation NN . SENT Also RB , , Indiana NP males NNS were VBD more RBR likely JJ to TO have VH participated VVN in IN gambling VVG activity NN than IN Indiana NP females NNS , , 93 CD . SENT 6 CD and CC 86 CD . SENT 7 CD respectively RB . SENT Other JJ studies NNS have VHP also RB shown VVN that IN males NNS tend VVP to TO gamble VV more JJR than IN females NNS . SENT To TO assess VV level NN of IN probable JJ problem NN gambling NN activity NN , , the DT South NP Oaks NPS Gambling NN Screen NP , , Revised VVN for IN Adolescents NNS SOGS NP RA NP , , was VBD utilized VVN . SENT The DT scoring VVG for IN this DT instrument NN is VBZ slightly RB different JJ from IN the DT SOGS NP , , with IN scores NNS of IN 0 CD or CC 1 CD being NN level NN 1 CD gambling NN , , scores NNS of IN 2 CD or CC 3 CD being NN level NN 2 CD gambling NN , , and CC scores NNS of IN 4 CD or CC greater JJR being NN level NN 3 CD gambling NN . SENT Approximately RB 11 CD . SENT 2 CD of IN the DT students NNS indicated VVD level NN 2 CD gambling NN based VVN on IN SOGS NP RA NP score NN , , with IN 7 CD . SENT 5 LS having VHG responses NNS indicative JJ of IN possible JJ level NN 3 CD gambling NN . SENT See VV Table NN 4 CD for IN a DT comparison NN to TO the DT national JJ meta NP analysis NN data NNS . SENT Table NN 4 CD . SENT Comparison NN of IN estimated JJ percent NN level NN 2 CD and CC 3 CD gambling NN behavior NN in IN Indiana NP adolescents NNS to TO national JJ statistics NNS CI NP 95 CD confidence NN interval NN Study NN Level NP 2 CD Level NP 3 CD Indiana NP School NP Study NP 11 CD . SENT 2 CD CI NP . SENT 10 CD . SENT 1 CD 12 CD . SENT 3 CD 7 CD . SENT 5 CD CI NP . SENT 6 CD . SENT 6 CD 8 CD . SENT 9 CD 1997 CD Meta NP analysis NN 14 CD . SENT 8 CD CI NP . SENT 9 CD . SENT 0 CD 20 CD . SENT 7 CD 5 CD . SENT 8 CD CI NP . SENT 3 LS . SENT 2 CD 8 CD . SENT 4 CD As RB shown VVN in IN the DT table NN , , the DT estimated JJ prevalence NN of IN problem NN and CC pathological JJ gamblers NNS is VBZ similar JJ to TO national JJ estimates NNS with IN both DT estimates NNS falling VVG with IN the DT 95 CD confidence NN intervals NNS of IN the DT national JJ meta NP analysis NN . SENT A DT major JJ limitation NN to TO the DT findings NNS of IN this DT study NN was VBD the DT relatively RB low JJ participation NN rate NN , , which WDT did VVD not RB allow VV for IN random JJ sampling NN . SENT All DT conclusions NNS only RB pertain VV to TO those DT sampled VVN and CC cannot NN be VB extrapolated VVN . SENT Since IN most JJS of IN this DT research NN was VBD conducted VVN within IN the DT past JJ two CD to TO three CD years NNS , , it PP may MD still RB be VB too RB early JJ to TO determine VV the DT trends NNS in IN adolescent JJ gambling NN disorders NNS . SENT The DT repercussions NNS of IN the DT rapid JJ expansion NN and CC apparent JJ community NN acceptance NN of IN gambling NN as IN a DT form NN of IN entertainment NN is VBZ most RBS likely RB unseen JJ at IN this DT point NN because IN of IN the DT age NN that IN most JJS compulsive JJ gamblers NNS report VVP when WRB the DT first JJ started VVD gambling VVG approximately RB 8 CD 10 CD years NNS of IN age NN . SENT In IN the DT next JJ few JJ years NNS , , gambling VVG studies NNS will MD be VB critical JJ for IN examining VVG the DT affects VVZ of IN gambling NN upon IN young JJ populations NNS as IN they PP enter VVP adulthood NN . SENT Corrections NNS Surveys NNS Adult NN Offenders NNS Research NP has VHZ indicated VVD there EX is VBZ a DT relationship NN between IN reported VVN gambling NN behavior NN and CC criminal JJ activity NN . SENT This DT study NN was VBD completed VVN to TO determine VV lifetime NN prevalence NN of IN gambling VVG problems NNS and CC the DT types NNS of IN gambling NN problems NNS reported VVD in IN incarcerated VVN adults NNS in IN Indiana NP . SENT The DT SOGS NP was VBD utilized VVN in IN this DT study NN to TO determine VV the DT of IN level NN of IN gambling VVG activity NN involvement NN . SENT A DT score NN of IN 5 CD or CC more JJR is VBZ consistent JJ with IN level NN 3 CD gambling NN , , a DT score NN between IN 1 CD and CC 4 CD is VBZ consistent JJ with IN level NN 2 CD gambling NN , , and CC a DT score NN of IN zero CD would MD be VB considered VVN level NN 1 CD gambling NN . SENT While IN the DT SOGS NP is VBZ used VVN to TO assess VV past JJ year NN and CC lifetime NN gambling NN problems NNS , , only RB those DT results NNS pertaining VVG to TO lifetime NN involvement NN will MD be VB discussed VVN . SENT The DT past JJ year NN results NNS would MD be VB affected VVN by IN their PP$ incarceration NN status NN and CC would MD not RB be VB appropriate JJ comparisons NNS to TO other JJ research NN . SENT A DT total JJ sample NN of IN 1 CD , , 694 CD usable JJ surveys NNS were VBD obtained VVN , , of IN which WDT 60 CD . SENT 5 CD were VBD male JJ and CC 39 CD . SENT 5 CD were VBD female JJ . SENT Of IN those DT surveyed VVN , , 95 CD . SENT 5 CD reported VVD having VHG gambled VVN at IN least JJS once RB in IN their PP$ lifetime NN , , with IN rates NNS for IN males NNS and CC females NNS being VBG similar JJ 96 CD . SENT 8 CD and CC 93 CD . SENT 5 CD respectively RB . SENT Higher JJR rates NNS of IN gambling NN problems NNS were VBD found VVN in IN this DT population NN than IN in IN the DT general JJ adult NN population NN . SENT The DT estimated JJ prevalence NN of IN level NN 1 CD gamblers NNS was VBD 41 CD . SENT 7 CD , , level NN 2 CD was VBD 39 CD . SENT 8 CD and CC level JJ 3 CD was VBD 18 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Of IN the DT respondents NNS , , 4 LS . SENT 0 CD 64 CD individuals NNS reported JJ being VBG incarcerated VVN as IN a DT direct JJ result NN of IN their PP$ gambling NN activity NN . SENT Of IN those DT , , 71 CD . SENT 9 CD had VHD level NN 3 CD gambling NN behavior NN and CC 25 NP had VHD level NN 2 CD gambling NN . SENT In IN general JJ , , more JJR of IN these DT individuals NNS were VBD male JJ than IN female NN . SENT There EX are VBP some DT limitations NNS to TO these DT findings NNS . SENT One PP is VBZ that IN the DT sample NN did VVD not RB include VV people NNS under IN heightened JJ security NN or CC those DT with IN mental JJ illnesses NNS . SENT Second RB , , the DT reading NN level NN of IN the DT survey NN , , purportedly RB at IN the DT 6 CD th NN grade NN level NN , , may MD have VH been VBN beyond IN the DT capabilities NNS of IN some DT of IN the DT respondents NNS . SENT Third JJ , , some DT of IN the DT surveys NNS for IN the DT correctional JJ survey NN were VBD received VVN too RB late JJ to TO be VB included VVN in IN the DT reported VVN analyses NNS . SENT Adolescent JJ Offenders NNS Comparatively RB , , little JJ research NN has VHZ examined VVN the DT level NN of IN gambling VVG activity NN in IN the DT juvenile JJ correctional JJ facility NN population NN . SENT The DT current JJ study NN attempted VVD to TO assess VV such JJ activity NN in IN Indiana NP and CC to TO determine VV age NN of IN onset NN with IN gambling VVG activity NN experimentation NN . SENT As RB with IN the DT school NN survey NN , , the DT SOGS NP RA NP was VBD utilized VVN to TO assess VV gambling VVG behavior NN with IN attention NN focused VVN on IN lifetime NN gambling NN activity NN due JJ to TO their PP$ incarceration NN status NN . SENT The DT scoring VVG for IN this DT instrument NN is VBZ slightly RB different JJ , , with IN scores NNS of IN 0 CD or CC 1 CD being NN level NN 1 CD gambling NN , , scores NNS of IN 2 CD or CC 3 CD being NN level NN 2 CD gambling NN , , and CC scores NNS of IN 4 CD or CC greater JJR being NN level NN 3 CD gambling NN . SENT As RB with IN the DT survey NN in IN the DT adult NN prison NN population NN , , those DT persons NNS with IN mental JJ illness NN or CC those DT in IN the DT highest JJS security NN were VBD not RB sampled VVN . SENT The DT total JJ sample NN was VBD 310 CD , , with IN 72 CD . SENT 3 CD were VBD male JJ and CC 27 CD . SENT 7 CD were VBD female JJ . SENT The DT majority NN 94 CD . SENT 8 CD reported VVD having VHG gambled VVN at IN least JJS once RB with IN money NN or CC something NN of IN value NN . SENT The DT median JJ age NN of IN onset NN of IN gambling NN activity NN was VBD 12 CD years NNS . SENT Of IN the DT 293 CD offenders NNS for IN whom WP SOGS NP RA NP scores NNS could MD be VB tabulated VVN , , 28 CD . SENT 7 CD were VBD classified VVN as IN level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS and CC 38 CD . SENT 9 CD as IN level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT As RB in IN the DT adult NN survey NN , , these DT persons NNS were VBD more JJR often RB male JJ than IN female NN . SENT Fourteen NN people NNS 4 CD . SENT 6 CD reported VVD they PP have VHP been VBN told VVN they PP need VVP professional JJ help NN for IN their PP$ gambling NN . SENT Of IN the DT fourteen NN , , three CD were VBD classified VVN as IN level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS and CC ten CD as IN level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT In IN contrast NN , , a DT greater JJR number NN of IN adolescents NNS n NN 27 CD felt VVD they PP had VHD a DT problem NN with IN gambling VVG 8 CD . SENT 9 CD . SENT Five CD of IN these DT 18 CD . SENT 5 CD were VBD classified VVN as IN level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS and CC twenty CD one NN 77 CD . SENT 8 CD as IN level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT Interestingly RB , , of IN the DT 21 CD adolescents NNS who WP felt VVD they PP had VHD a DT gambling NN problem NN and CC were VBD classified VVN as IN level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS , , 5 CD had VHD been VBN told VVN they PP needed VVD professional JJ help NN for IN their PP$ gambling NN . SENT Last JJ , , 27 CD offenders NNS 9 CD . SENT 1 CD reported JJ being NN arrested VVN because IN of IN gambling VVG related JJ activities NNS . SENT Of IN the DT 27 CD , , five CD were VBD classified VVN by IN the DT SOGS NP RA NP as IN a DT level NN 1 CD gambler NN , , four CD as IN level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS , , and CC 18 CD as IN level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT These DT findings NNS together RB provide VVP some DT indication NN that IN the DT SOGS NP RA NP is VBZ measuring VVG behavior NN which WDT observers NNS also RB feel VVP is VBZ problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT These DT findings NNS indicate VVP that IN the DT level NN of IN gambling VVG problems NNS in IN this DT population NN is VBZ greater JJR than IN that DT of IN their PP$ non JJ incarcerated VVN counter NN parts NNS in IN the DT school NN system NN . SENT As RB with IN the DT adult JJ correctional JJ survey NN , , the DT limitations NNS of IN this DT survey NN include VVP the DT literacy NN level NN of IN those DT questioned VVD , , the DT inclusion NN bias NN , , and CC a DT packet NN of IN surveys NNS that WDT was VBD received VVN too RB late JJ to TO be VB included VVN in IN the DT analyses NNS . SENT Focus NN Groups NNS Focus NP groups NNS were VBD conducted VVN in IN Indiana NP to TO determine VV how WRB widespread JJ gambling NN is VBZ within IN the DT state NN , , to TO ascertain VV perceptions NNS citizens NNS have VHP about IN gaming NN , , to TO see VV what WP problems NNS , , if IN any DT , , the DT group NN members NNS have VHP observed VVN , , to TO get VV recommendations NNS on IN how WRB to TO correct VV any DT observed JJ problems NNS and CC to TO get VV the DT general JJ public NN s PP beliefs NNS and CC attitudes NNS toward IN gaming NN . SENT There EX were VBD five CD independent JJ focus NN groups NNS held VVN with IN teachers NNS , , minorities NNS , , senior JJ citizens NNS , , community NN service NN providers NNS and CC a DT random JJ group NN of IN the DT population NN at IN large JJ . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT findings NNS across IN the DT groups NNS were VBD similar JJ . SENT All DT groups NNS felt VVD that DT gambling NN is VBZ primarily RB a DT form NN of IN entertainment NN , , with IN only RB a DT small JJ percentage NN of IN the DT participants NNS expressing VVG negative JJ opinions NNS about IN gambling NN . SENT Approximately RB three CD fourths NNS of IN all DT participants NNS favored VVD legalized VVN gambling NN . SENT Interestingly RB , , the DT minority NN group NN felt VVD that IN the DT state NN s PP legal JJ gambling NN activities NNS had VHD redirected VVN revenue NN that WDT was VBD spent VVN in IN illegal JJ gaming NN that WDT is VBZ historically RB part NN of IN the DT African JJ American JJ community NN in IN some DT areas NNS . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , several JJ minority NN participants NNS expressed VVD that IN they PP would MD rather RB participate VV in IN the DT gambling NN in IN their PP$ neighborhoods NNS to TO keep VV the DT money NN in IN their PP$ communities NNS . SENT The DT lottery NN and CC casinos NNS were VBD identified VVN as IN gambling NN activities NNS , , possibly RB because IN of IN the DT amount NN of IN advertising NN associated VVN with IN these DT two CD forms NNS . SENT All DT groups NNS perceived VVD the DT lottery NN as IN a DT game NN of IN the DT middle NN and CC lower JJR classes NNS and CC that DT casinos NNS were VBD visited VVN predominantly RB by IN the DT upper JJ class NN . SENT However RB , , problems NNS with IN gambling NN were VBD seen VVN as IN a DT function NN of IN individual JJ personality NN and CC not RB identified VVN with IN any DT particular JJ social JJ class NN , , gender NN or CC ethnic JJ group NN . SENT The DT groups NNS made VVD several JJ recommendations NNS for IN the DT state NN to TO prevent VV and CC treat VV problem NN gambling NN . SENT Recommendations NNS should MD be VB considered VVN as IN being VBG reflected VVN by IN all RB or CC most JJS groups NNS , , except IN where WRB specifically RB noted VVN . SENT The DT state NN could MD develop VV a DT statewide JJ education NN program NN to TO create VV an DT understanding NN , , within IN the DT general JJ public NN , , of IN gambling NN problems NNS and CC warning NN signs NNS . SENT The DT state NN could MD work VV with IN health NN care NN and CC community NN service NN providers NNS to TO provide VV aid NN through IN existing VVG resources NNS . SENT The DT state NN could MD create VV a DT balance NN to TO existing JJ advertising NN , , better RBR informing VVG the DT public NN of IN the DT odds NNS of IN winning VVG , , balancing VVG the DT overwhelming JJ perception NN of IN getting VVG something NN for IN nothing NN that WDT encourages VVZ many JJ people NNS to TO play VV . SENT Develop VV educational JJ public JJ service NN announcements NNS with IN phone NN numbers NNS to TO locate VV help NN . SENT Teachers NNS suggested VVD that IN the DT state NN provide VV education NN prevention NN aimed VVN at IN high JJ school NN youth NN , , establish VV ID NN checks NNS at IN gaming NN venues NNS and CC build VV lesson NN plans NNS on IN the DT internet NN . SENT Minorities NNS felt VVD the DT state NN should MD establish VV programs NNS similar JJ to TO Alcoholics NNS Anonymous JJ i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ and CC place VV a DT limit NN on IN advertising NN . SENT Senior JJ citizens NNS felt VVD the DT state NN should MD provide VV on IN going VVG , , open VV ended VVN outreach NN programs NNS , , run VVN alternative JJ advertising NN that WDT does VVZ not RB glamorize VV gambling VVG , , insert VV messages NNS in IN Social NP Security NP checks NNS and CC reduce VV access NN to TO customers NNS who WP appear VVP to TO be VB buying VVG too RB many JJ tickets NNS similar JJ to TO a DT bartender NN cutting VVG off RP a DT patron NN who WP has VHZ drunk JJ too RB much RB . SENT Community NN service NN providers NNS strongly RB felt VVD the DT state NN should MD support VV existing VVG services NNS for IN families NNS , , as RB opposed VVN to TO creating VVG new JJ programs NNS , , and CC that IN there EX be VB a DT certification NN for IN gambling NN counseling NN . SENT Treatment NN Provider NN Survey NP One CD of IN the DT methods NNS used VVN to TO assess VV the DT prevalence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN across IN the DT state NN was VBD to TO survey VV the DT various JJ treatment NN providers NNS about IN their PP$ experiences NNS with IN gambling VVG related JJ problem NN behaviors NNS and CC the DT treatment NN modalities NNS used VVN to TO treat VV problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT Questions NNS contained VVD in IN the DT anonymous JJ survey NN designed VVN by IN Dr NP . SENT Rachel NP Volberg NP were VBD comprised VVN of IN three CD categories NNS . SENT The DT first JJ section NN dealt VVN primarily RB with IN gambling VVG treatment NN history NN and CC included VVD information NN such JJ as RB whether IN or CC not RB the DT respondent NN has VHZ ever RB treated VVN significant JJ family NN members NNS of IN gamblers NNS or CC gamblers NNS themselves PP , , and CC if IN so RB , , how WRB many JJ in IN the DT last JJ year NN , , and CC general JJ characteristics NNS of IN gamblers NNS seen VVN . SENT The DT second JJ section NN contained VVD questions NNS on IN the DT providers NNS treatment NN practice NN , , procedures NNS and CC experiences NNS . SENT The DT third JJ and CC final JJ section NN obtained VVD respondent NN classification NN information NN such JJ as IN age NN , , gender NN , , licenses NNS and CC credentials NNS and CC primary JJ treatment NN population NN . SENT A DT complete JJ listing NN of IN treatment NN providers NNS was VBD obtained VVN . SENT Surveys NNS were VBD mailed VVN to TO 8 CD , , 500 CD mental JJ health NN professionals NNS and CC 905 CD 10 CD . SENT 6 CD return NN rate NN completed VVD surveys NNS were VBD returned VVN . SENT Noteworthy JJ findings NNS are VBP discussed VVN below IN for IN each DT section NN . SENT Gambling VVG Treatment NP History NN The DT majority NN of IN respondents NNS have VHP never RB treated VVN family NN members NNS of IN gamblers NNS or CC gamblers NNS themselves PP . SENT Only RB 18 CD . SENT 7 CD indicated VVD they PP have VHP treated VVN spouses NNS , , children NNS , , parents NNS or CC other JJ significant JJ family NN members NNS of IN problem NN or CC pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT While IN 30 CD . SENT 6 CD reported VVD having VHG treated VVN problem NN or CC pathological JJ gambling VVG problems NNS in IN the DT past NN , , only RB 17 CD . SENT 7 CD stated VVD they PP currently RB treat VVP pathological JJ gambler NN see VVP Table NN 5 CD . SENT Table NN 5 CD . SENT percent NN of IN providers NNS who WP treat VVP or CC have VHP treated VVN problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT And CC , , of IN those DT who WP are VBP currently RB in IN the DT practice NN of IN treating VVG gamblers NNS , , most JJS have VHP seen VVN few JJ in IN the DT past JJ twelve NN months NNS . SENT Almost RB two CD thirds NNS 61 CD . SENT 5 CD have VHP seen VVN 2 CD or CC fewer JJR gamblers NNS in IN the DT last JJ twelve NN months NNS , , and CC only RB 5 CD of IN the DT respondents NNS have VHP seen VVN greater JJR than IN 14 CD . SENT This DT indicates VVZ that IN few JJ professionals NNS are VBP currently RB treating VVG problem NN and CC pathological JJ gamblers NNS , , and CC even RB the DT professionals NNS treating VVG this DT population NN , , the DT large JJ majority NN has VHZ seen VVN fewer JJR than IN 14 CD in IN the DT last JJ year NN . SENT Because IN so RB few JJ gamblers NNS have VHP been VBN seen VVN , , questions NNS attempting VVG to TO obtain VV the DT general JJ characteristics NNS of IN gamblers NNS and CC the DT types NNS of IN gambling VVG problems NNS these DT individuals NNS are VBP reporting VVG are VBP not RB representative JJ and CC will MD not RB be VB reported VVN . SENT Many JJ people NNS were VBD reporting VVG information NN based VVN on IN seeing VVG 1 CD or CC 2 CD gamblers NNS , , which WDT will MD skew VV the DT results NNS to TO over RB represent VV the DT characteristics NNS of IN those DT few JJ people NNS . SENT Treatment NN Practice NN , , Procedures NNS and CC Experiences VVZ Most JJS professionals NNS report VVP providing VVG individual JJ counseling NN 97 CD . SENT 5 CD and CC family NN counseling NN 77 CD . SENT 2 CD to TO gamblers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS , , with IN some DT providing VVG group NN counseling VVG 40 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT Based VVN on IN responses NNS , , outpatient NN treatment NN appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT treatment NN of IN choice NN being VBG offered VVN and CC that IN the DT respondents NNS feel VVP is VBZ the DT necessary JJ level NN of IN care NN for IN pathological JJ and CC problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT Approximately RB two CD thirds NNS indicated VVN that IN outpatient NN service NN or CC intensive JJ outpatient NN service NN is VBZ necessary JJ for IN most JJS individuals NNS 61 CD and CC 63 CD . SENT 5 CD respectively RB , , with IN 15 CD indicating VVG inpatient NN treatment NN and CC 21 CD indicating VVG partial JJ hospitalization NN or CC day NN treatment NN . SENT Additionally RB , , respondents NNS were VBD asked VVN to TO indicate VV what WP is VBZ the DT typical JJ expected VVN and CC actual JJ length NN of IN stay NN in IN treatment NN . SENT Most JJS professionals NNS reported VVD providing VVG outpatient NN treatment NN 90 CD . SENT Outpatient NN treatment NN was VBD expected VVN to TO last VV 22 CD weeks NNS , , with IN most JJS clients NNS staying VVG 16 CD 17 CD weeks NNS in IN treatment NN . SENT Inpatient NN treatment NN was VBD expected VVN to TO last VV between IN 11 CD 12 CD weeks NNS , , with IN most JJS staying VVG between IN 4 CD 5 CD . SENT Thus RB , , treatment NN providers NNS report VVP that DT gamblers NNS need VVP outpatient NN or CC intensive JJ outpatient NN services NNS and CC that IN the DT gamblers NNS they PP have VHP seen VVN are VBP not RB staying VVG for IN the DT length NN of IN time NN needed VVN for IN adequate JJ services NNS to TO be VB provided VVN . SENT Table NN 6 CD . SENT Providers NNS recommendations NNS services NNS necessary JJ to TO treat VV problem NN gamblers NNS Interestingly RB , , the DT majority NN reported VVD referring VVG clients NNS to TO Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ 87 CD . SENT 8 CD and CC that WDT they PP either RB require VVP or CC strongly RB recommend VV GA NP as IN a DT part NN of IN treatment NN 85 CD . SENT 8 CD . SENT However RB , , some DT persons NNS indicated VVN that IN GA NP is VBZ not RB available JJ in IN their PP$ area NN . SENT Respondent NN Classification NN Information NN The DT mean JJ age NN of IN respondents NNS was VBD 47 CD . SENT 9 CD years NNS old JJ . SENT Two CD thirds NNS were VBD female JJ 65 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT Most JJS are VBP highly RB educated VVN , , with IN 55 CD . SENT 4 LS having VHG at IN least JJS a DT Master NP s PP degree NN and CC 27 CD . SENT 2 CD being NN either CC a DT medical JJ doctor NN or CC having VHG a DT doctorate NN . SENT The DT majority NN was VBD either RB social JJ workers NNS 69 CD . SENT 5 CD or CC psychologists NNS 19 CD . SENT 7 CD , , with IN a DT small JJ percentage NN of IN respondents NNS holding VVG other JJ licenses NNS or CC credentials NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , 4 CD . SENT 5 CD psychiatrists NNS , , 4 LS . SENT 5 CD marriage NN family NN counselors NNS , , 0 CD . SENT 6 CD chemical NN dependency NN counselors NNS . SENT Few JJ respondents NNS have VHP received VVN any DT specific JJ training NN in IN the DT treatment NN of IN problem NN gambling VVG 11 CD . SENT 3 CD , , however RB , , some DT indicated VVD they PP would MD like VV to TO receive VV such JJ training NN . SENT Last JJ , , not RB all DT persons NNS completing VVG the DT survey NN are VBP currently RB treating VVG people NNS . SENT The DT survey NN was VBD intended VVN to TO be VB sent VVN to TO treatment NN professionals NNS , , but CC in IN order NN to TO accomplish VV this DT , , the DT survey NN was VBD mailed VVN to TO all DT persons NNS holding VVG any DT type NN of IN degree NN allowing VVG them PP to TO treat VV persons NNS needing VVG counseling NN . SENT One CD fifth NN of IN the DT respondents NNS indicated VVD they PP are VBP not RB currently RB treating VVG people NNS . SENT While IN these DT individuals NNS hold VVP the DT necessary JJ credentials NNS , , some DT have VHP retired VVN or CC work NN in IN non JJ treatment NN oriented VVN jobs NNS . SENT For IN those DT who WP are VBP currently RB treating VVG people NNS , , most JJS work NN with IN psychiatric JJ 72 CD . SENT 9 CD or CC non JJ psychiatric JJ problems NNS 47 CD . SENT 5 CD , , but CC few JJ indicated VVN that IN gamblers NNS were VBD a DT predominant JJ part NN of IN the DT practice NN 2 CD . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB surprising JJ given VVN the DT above RB noted VVN findings NNS that IN most JJS treatment NN professionals NNS have VHP never RB treated VVN gamblers NNS or CC are VBP not RB currently RB in IN the DT practice NN of IN treating VVG gamblers NNS . SENT This DT information NN as IN a DT whole NN indicates VVZ that IN few JJ gamblers NNS are VBP currently RB being VBG treated VVN in IN Indiana NP . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ hypotheses NNS that WDT may MD account VV for IN this DT finding NN . SENT First RB , , individuals NNS with IN gambling NN problems NNS may MD not RB be VB seeking VVG treatment NN . SENT Second JJ , , treatment NN professionals NNS are VBP not RB trained VVN in IN the DT treatment NN of IN this DT disorder NN and CC do VVP not RB accept VV these DT clients NNS . SENT Third JJ , , that IN there EX was VBD a DT response NN bias NN in IN that DT many JJ persons NNS treating VVG gamblers NNS did VVD not RB complete VV or CC return VV the DT survey NN . SENT Fourth JJ , , that IN it PP is VBZ some DT combination NN of IN the DT above JJ factors NNS . SENT Summary NN of IN Findings NNS Overall RB , , there EX are VBP some DT findings NNS from IN the DT previous JJ discussion NN that WDT should MD be VB highlighted VVN . SENT First RB , , the DT telephone NN survey NN indicates VVZ that IN most JJS people NNS participate VV or CC have VHP participated VVN in IN some DT form NN of IN gambling VVG activity NN 87 CD , , with IN relatively RB few JJ people NNS developing VVG problem NN gambling NN behaviors NNS approximately RB 6 CD being NN either CC level NN 2 CD or CC 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ consistent JJ with IN national JJ data NNS , , which WDT indicates VVZ that IN the DT level NN 2 CD and CC level VV 3 CD lifetime NN national JJ prevalence NN rate NN among IN adults NNS is VBZ 5 CD . SENT 5 CD Shaffer NP et NP al NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Second RB , , the DT survey NN of IN adolescents NNS in IN grades NNS 6 CD th NN through IN 12 CD th NN was VBD commensurate JJ with IN national JJ data NNS on IN the DT gambling NN behavior NN of IN this DT population NN . SENT Level NN 2 CD gambling NN is VBZ lower JJR in IN Indiana NP adolescents NNS but CC higher JJR in IN level NN 3 CD gambling NN when WRB compared VVN to TO national JJ data NNS . SENT The DT median JJ age NN of IN onset NN for IN gambling NN behavior NN was VBD 11 CD in IN both DT Indiana NP and CC national JJ data NNS . SENT The DT Indiana NP study NN also RB demonstrated VVN at IN a DT statistically RB significant JJ level NN that IN probable JJ pathological JJ gamblers NNS initiated VVD gambling VVG behavior NN at IN a DT lower JJR age NN level NN than IN problem NN and CC no DT problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT The DT estimated JJ prevalence NN of IN problem NN and CC pathological JJ gambling NN fell VVD within IN the DT confidence NN limits VVZ of IN the DT national JJ meta NP analytic JJ study NN , , with IN 11 CD . SENT 2 CD and CC 7 CD . SENT 5 CD of IN adolescents NNS in IN Indiana NP being VBG possible JJ level NN 2 CD and CC level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS respectively RB . SENT The DT results NNS of IN the DT adult JJ correctional JJ facility NN illustrated VVN that IN more JJR of IN these DT individuals NNS have VHP participated VVN in IN gambling VVG that IN the DT general JJ population NN 95 CD . SENT 5 CD , , and CC that IN this DT population NN has VHZ a DT higher JJR estimated JJ prevalence NN of IN gambling NN problems NNS . SENT Of IN the DT incarcerated VVN adults NNS , , 42 CD were VBD level NN 1 CD gamblers NNS , , 40 CD possible JJ level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS and CC 19 CD possible JJ level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT These DT estimates NNS are VBP much RB greater JJR than IN those DT of IN the DT general JJ population NN . SENT The DT same JJ was VBD true JJ for IN the DT survey NN of IN adolescents NNS in IN juvenile JJ correctional JJ facilities NNS . SENT The DT majority NN has VHZ participated VVN in IN gambling VVG activity NN 95 CD . SENT Of IN the DT adolescents NNS , , 32 CD were VBD level NN 1 CD gamblers NNS , , 29 CD were VBD level NN 2 CD gamblers NNS , , and CC 40 CD were VBD level NN 3 CD gamblers NNS . SENT As RB can MD be VB seen VVN , , these DT estimates NNS are VBP also RB greater JJR than IN that DT of IN their PP$ non JJ incarcerated VVN counter NN parts NNS in IN the DT school NN system NN . SENT Approximately RB three CD fourths NNS of IN focus NN group NN participants NNS were VBD in IN favor NN of IN legalized VVN gambling NN , , which WDT they PP view VVP as IN a DT form NN of IN entertainment NN . SENT The DT groups NNS recognized VVN that IN some DT individuals NNS develop VVP problems NNS because IN of IN their PP$ gambling NN behavior NN but CC that IN these DT are VBP the DT minority NN of IN gambling NN participants NNS . SENT The DT groups NNS had VHD a DT number NN of IN recommendations NNS aimed VVN at IN the DT state NN to TO alleviate VV problems NNS resulting VVG from IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT The DT survey NN of IN treatment NN providers NNS indicated VVN that IN few JJ professionals NNS have VHP ever RB or CC currently RB treat VV problem NN or CC pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT And CC , , of IN those DT treating VVG gamblers NNS , , few JJ have VHP presented VVN for IN treatment NN in IN the DT 12 CD months NNS prior RB to TO the DT survey NN . SENT This DT indicates VVZ the DT problem NN gambling NN population NN is VBZ currently RB under IN served VVN . SENT Last RB , , some DT of IN the DT respondents NNS indicated VVD interest NN in IN training NN in IN treating VVG this DT population NN . SENT These DT findings NNS taken VVN together RB indicate VVP that IN some DT individuals NNS in IN Indiana NP are VBP experiencing VVG problems NNS as IN a DT result NN of IN their PP$ gambling NN behavior NN , , and CC that IN the DT prevalence NN of IN gambling VVG related JJ problems NNS is VBZ similar JJ in IN Indiana NP to TO findings NNS nationally RB . SENT Implications NNS for IN Social NP Policy NP , , Prevention NN and CC Treatment NP Gambling NN research NN is VBZ still RB in IN its PP$ infancy NN . SENT Obtaining VVG accurate JJ data NNS is VBZ complicated VVN by IN various JJ methodological JJ problems NNS and CC the DT unknown NN affect VV that DT gambling NN will MD have VH on IN a DT population NN that WDT has VHZ been VBN exposed VVN to TO legal JJ gambling NN only RB for IN the DT past JJ few JJ years NNS in IN Indiana NP . SENT However RB , , the DT baseline NN research NN obtained VVN in IN Indiana NP , , along RB with IN national JJ studies NNS , , provides VVZ preliminary JJ information NN to TO guide VV prevention NN and CC treatment NN efforts NNS . SENT Based VVN on IN the DT information NN obtained VVN from IN the DT adolescent JJ survey NN , , it PP is VBZ imperative JJ that IN primary JJ prevention NN programs NNS be VB implemented VVN prior RB to TO the DT age NN 11 CD , , the DT median JJ age NN when WRB Indiana NP adolescents NNS initiate VVP gambling NN activities NNS . SENT Prevention NN activities NNS need VVP to TO be VB directed VVN at IN both DT males NNS and CC females NNS but CC must MD be VB gender NN sensitive JJ because IN males NNS engage VVP in IN gambling VVG activities NNS at IN a DT higher JJR rate NN than IN females NNS . SENT Because IN national JJ statistics NNS demonstrate VVP that DT adolescents NNS are VBP engaging VVG in IN gambling VVG activities NNS with IN friends NNS and CC family NN members NNS , , it PP is VBZ essential JJ that IN prevention NN programming NN is VBZ directed VVN at IN changing VVG peer NN norms NNS and CC that DT parent NN education NN and CC training NN with IN a DT non JJ gambling NN theme NN is VBZ included VVN Shaffer NP et NP al NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Prevention NN efforts NNS need VVP to TO focus VV on IN public JJ policy NN and CC law NN enforcement NN surrounding VVG legal JJ age NN limits NNS in IN venues NNS such JJ as IN casinos NNS and CC charitable JJ gambling NN establishments NNS . SENT The DT school NN research NN found VVN that IN Indiana NP adolescents NNS are VBP engaging VVG in IN illegal JJ gambling NN activities NNS at IN higher JJR levels NNS than IN national JJ estimates NNS . SENT Some DT research NN indicates VVZ that IN gambling NN problems NNS are VBP more RBR prevalent JJ among IN the DT non JJ Caucasian NN populations NNS Volberg NP , , 1993 CD . SENT In IN the DT nation NN , , 16 CD . SENT 1 CD of IN the DT population NN is VBZ non JJ Caucasian NN . SENT In IN Indiana NP , , this DT population NN is VBZ 10 CD U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Census NP , , 1990 CD . SENT However RB , , based VVN on IN the DT focus NN group NN information NN , , minorities NNS seem VVP distrustful JJ of IN the DT gaming NN industry NN . SENT This DT information NN is VBZ valuable JJ to TO prevention NN and CC treatment NN providers NNS since IN it PP may MD shed VV light NN on IN mistrust NN that WDT also RB affects VVZ help VV seeking VVG behavior NN . SENT Prevention NN and CC treatment NN efforts NNS must MD be VB culturally RB competent JJ by IN defining VVG societal JJ and CC cultural JJ influences NNS that WDT affect VVP health NN behavior NN decision NN making VVG and CC help VV seeking VVG behavior NN of IN specific JJ groups NNS and CC individuals NNS . SENT Research NP has VHZ indicated VVN that IN problem NN gamblers NNS share NN certain JJ characteristics NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN they PP are VBP male JJ , , are VBP under IN the DT age NN of IN 30 CD , , earn VVP a DT low JJ income NN and CC have VH co NP occurring VVG psychological JJ difficulties NNS . SENT Prevalence NN rates NNS are VBP higher JJR among IN non JJ Caucasians NNS as IN well RB . SENT Males NNS clearly RB outnumber VV females NNS in IN the DT gambling VVG participation NN rates NNS and CC problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Shaffer NP , , Hall NP and CC Vander NP Bilt NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Volberg NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Volberg NP and CC Steadman NP , , 1988 CD . SENT Prevention NN programs NNS including VVG social JJ marketing NN campaigns NNS must MD target VV specific JJ groups NNS that WDT are VBP at IN risk NN for IN gambling NN problems NNS . SENT In IN developing VVG programs NNS , , it PP is VBZ first RB essential JJ to TO understand VV what WP influences VVZ their PP$ behavior NN and CC how WRB they PP make VVP decisions NNS regarding VVG their PP$ health NN . SENT The DT treatment NN provider NN survey NN indicates VVZ that IN problem NN gamblers NNS in IN Indiana NP are VBP currently RB underserved VVN . SENT If IN the DT explanation NN lies VVZ in IN the DT lack NN of IN training NN of IN professionals NNS or CC that DT gamblers NNS are VBP not RB seeking VVG treatment NN , , these DT are VBP conditions NNS that WDT should MD be VB remedied VVN . SENT This DT could MD be VB accomplished VVN through IN a DT variety NN of IN means NNS , , such JJ as IN training NN workshops NNS in IN addition NN to TO the DT five CD offered VVN by IN FSSA NP offered VVD by IN professionals NNS trained VVN in IN the DT treatment NN of IN gambling NN problems NNS , , awareness NN campaigns NNS to TO explain VV the DT nature NN of IN the DT problem NN and CC information NN as RB to TO the DT location NN and CC types NNS of IN services NNS available JJ to TO help VV these DT individuals NNS . SENT Recommendations NNS for IN Further JJ Research NP Research NP targeting VVG the DT behaviors NNS of IN specific JJ groups NNS demonstrated VVN to TO be VB at IN high JJ risk NN for IN gambling NN addiction NN . SENT Research NN to TO identify VV regional JJ clusters NNS in IN the DT state NN of IN Indiana NP where WRB gambling NN is VBZ a DT problem NN . SENT Research NN that WDT identifies VVZ the DT type NN of IN gambling VVG activities NNS through IN which WDT Indiana NP adolescents NNS initiate VVP . SENT Research NN on IN the DT accessibility NN of IN gambling VVG to TO adolescents NNS . SENT Specific JJ Populations NNS and CC Issues NNS Seniors NNS When WRB developing VVG prevention NN and CC treatment NN programs NNS for IN problem NN gambling NN , , attention NN must MD focus VV on IN the DT senior JJ population NN . SENT While IN there EX is VBZ little JJ data NNS on IN the DT prevalence NN of IN gambling VVG problems NNS in IN older JJR adults NNS , , this DT population NN is VBZ heavily RB targeted VVN by IN the DT gambling NN industry NN and CC may MD experience VV unique JJ lifestyle NN changes NNS that WDT put VVP them PP at IN risk NN for IN engaging VVG in IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Due JJ to TO the DT large JJ population NN of IN seniors NNS that WDT exists VVZ in IN Indiana NP , , prevention NN programming NN must MD be VB tailored VVN to TO meet VV the DT needs NNS of IN this DT group NN . SENT There EX are VBP a DT number NN of IN reasons NNS why WRB the DT senior JJ population NN is VBZ beginning VVG to TO exhibit VV problem NN gambling NN behavior NN , , such JJ as IN opportunity NN , , boredom NN , , loneliness NN , , escape NN and CC sense NN of IN entitlement NN . SENT Wisconsin NP Council NP on IN Problem NN Gambling NN , , 1998 CD . SENT Seniors NNS often RB have VHP a DT need NN for IN interaction NN with IN others NNS and CC a DT lot NN of IN leisure NN time NN . SENT They PP may MD attend VV casinos NNS to TO fill VV their PP$ time NN and CC seek VV out RP social JJ relationships NNS with IN other JJ people NNS . SENT Also RB , , opportunities NNS to TO gamble VV are VBP increasing VVG over IN time NN , , with IN the DT distance NN to TO gambling NN venues NNS decreasing VVG as IN such JJ places NNS increase NN in IN number NN . SENT Many JJ gambling NN casinos NNS are VBP now RB sponsoring VVG bus NN tours NNS for IN seniors NNS , , with IN casinos NNS providing VVG buses NNS to TO drive VV seniors NNS from IN their PP$ home NN to TO the DT casino NN for IN no DT charge NN , , and CC sometimes RB including VVG a DT monetary JJ incentive NN for IN seniors NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , ten CD dollars NNS . SENT Seniors NNS living VVG in IN residential JJ communities NNS may MD also RB have VH opportunities NNS to TO engage VV in IN gaming NN activities NNS , , such JJ as IN bingo NN , , on IN a DT regular JJ basis NN Among IN seniors NNS , , gambling NN can MD also RB be VB a DT form NN of IN escape NN from IN the DT reality NN of IN their PP$ life NN circumstances NNS . SENT Man NN seniors NNS may MD be VB experiencing VVG grief NN from IN loss NN of IN their PP$ spouse NN , , family NN and CC friends NNS or CC experiencing VVG physical JJ difficulties NNS and CC pain NN as IN a DT result NN of IN the DT aging VVG process NN . SENT Findings NNS from IN a DT telephone NN survey NN of IN Indiana NP adults NNS indicated VVD that IN 2 CD . SENT 2 CD of IN the DT population NN surveyed VVN were VBD baby NN boomers NNS 40 CD 59 CD years NNS of IN age NN and CC probable JJ problem NN gamblers NNS level NN 2 CD while NN . SENT 31 CD were VBD baby NN boomers NNS and CC probable JJ pathological JJ gamblers NNS level NN 3 CD . SENT The DT data NNS also RB indicated VVD that IN . SENT 83 CD of IN those DT surveyed VVN were VBD seniors NNS age NN 60 CD and CC older JJR and CC probable JJ problem NN gamblers NNS while IN only RB . SENT 03 CD were VBD seniors NNS and CC probable JJ pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT Even RB though IN this DT information NN demonstrates VVZ that IN gambling VVG problems NNS actually RB decrease VVP as IN one PP gets VVZ older JJR , , it PP should MD not RB be VB misleading JJ . SENT Seniors NNS are VBP at IN high JJ risk NN for IN gambling VVG problems NNS since IN they PP are VBP heavily RB targeted VVN and CC experience VV unique JJ psychological JJ risk NN factors NNS . SENT Furthermore RB , , once RB they PP develop VVP a DT gambling NN problem NN , , the DT effects NNS are VBP usually RB devastating JJ and CC irreversible JJ . SENT This DT data NN does VVZ indicate VV that IN baby NN boomers NNS and CC pre NP retirees NNS need VVP to TO be VB targeted VVN for IN prevention NN to TO circumvent VV problem NN gambling NN behavior NN that WDT may MD arise VV from IN lifestyle NN changes NNS due JJ to TO retirement NN , , boredom NN and CC increased JJ time NN ad NN opportunity NN . SENT Prevention NN of IN gambling VVG problems NNS in IN seniors NNS should MD be VB aimed VVN at IN providing VVG education NN to TO discourage VV irresponsible JJ or CC excessive JJ gambling NN . SENT Educational JJ programs NNS may MD also RB include VV money NN management NN information NN as RB well RB as IN how WRB to TO identify VV and CC address VV the DT signs NNS and CC symptoms NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT Programs NNS should MD provide VV information NN on IN how WRB to TO seek VV help VV and CC address VV the DT obstacles NNS that WDT may MD make VV a DT senior JJ resist VV help NN . SENT It PP is VBZ essential JJ to TO develop VV programs NNS providing VVG seniors NNS with IN alternate JJ activities NNS aimed VVN to TO curb VV many JJ of IN the DT psychological JJ risk NN factors NNS thought VVD to TO contribute VV to TO problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Awareness NN campaigns NNS should MD be VB developed VVN that IN offset VVN existing JJ campaigns NNS making VVG gambling NN appear VVP glamorous JJ . SENT Prevention NN programs NNS should MD be VB on IN site NN in IN retirement NN communities NNS and CC religious JJ organizations NNS that WDT provide VVP charitable JJ gaming NN activities NNS . SENT Prevention NN professionals NNS need VVP to TO work VV with IN organizations NNS that WDT provide VVP services NNS for IN seniors NNS such JJ as IN the DT American NP Association NP of IN Retired NP Persons NP AARP NP and CC Seniors NP Unlimited NP to TO share VV information NN and CC provide VV educational JJ programming NN . SENT College NN Students NNS Comparable JJ to TO the DT adolescent JJ population NN , , problem NN gambling NN behavior NN among IN college NN students NNS is VBZ on IN the DT rise NN . SENT Studies NNS have VHP shown VVN that IN college NN students NNS are VBP 4 CD to TO 8 CD times NNS more RBR likely JJ than IN the DT adult NN population NN to TO experience VV a DT gambling NN problem NN . SENT Lesieur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT The DT Harvard NP meta NP analysis NN looked VVD at IN more JJR than IN 20 CD studies NNS focusing VVG on IN college NN student NN gambling NN behavior NN and CC found VVD 9 CD . SENT 3 CD of IN college NN students NNS to TO be VB probable JJ problem NN gamblers NNS and CC 4 CD . SENT 7 CD to TO be VB probable JJ pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT These DT rates NNS are VBP similar JJ to TO adolescents NNS but CC are VBP considerably RB higher JJR than IN that DT of IN the DT adult NN population NN . SENT As IN adolescents NNS move VVP into IN college NN , , gambling VVG behavior NN can MD become VV problematic JJ for IN many JJ reasons NNS . SENT They PP are VBP out RB of IN parental JJ supervision NN giving VVG them PP more JJR freedom NN , , they PP may MD be VB more RBR apt JJ to TO take VV risks NNS , , have VHP access NN to TO new JJ sources NNS of IN money NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT credit NN cards NNS and CC may MD engage VV in IN gambling VVG behaviors NNS along IN with IN the DT consumption NN of IN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS . SENT In IN a DT study NN of IN six CD colleges NNS and CC universities NNS within IN five CD states NNS , , 85 CD of IN the DT college NN students NNS reported VVD that IN they PP have VHP gambled VVN , , and CC 23 CD gamble NN once IN a DT week NN or CC more JJR . SENT Slot NN and CC poker NN machines NNS were VBD the DT most RBS popular JJ form NN of IN gambling NN with IN playing VVG cards NNS for IN money NN and CC casino NN games NNS close VV behind RB . SENT On IN a DT weekly JJ basis NN , , games NNS of IN skill NN such JJ as IN pool NN , , golf NN , , or CC bowling NN were VBD the DT most RBS popular JJ games NNS played VVN for IN money NN . SENT Another DT popular JJ type NN of IN gambling NN for IN college NN students NNS included VVD sports NNS betting VVG , , causing VVG alarm NN for IN coaches NNS that IN student NN athletes NNS might MD get VV involved VVN . SENT College NN students NNS also RB have VHP unique JJ access NN to TO other JJ types NNS of IN gaming NN activities NNS through IN student NN organization NN sponsored VVD casino NN nights NNS and CC gambling NN on IN the DT Internet NN . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN behavior NN was VBD almost RB three CD times NNS more RBR likely JJ in IN males NNS than IN females NNS and CC highly RB correlated VVN with IN the DT use NN of IN alcohol NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS Lesieur NP et CC al NP , , 1991 CD . SENT Prevention NN professionals NNS need VVP to TO work VV with IN Wellness NN Education NP Programs NP and CC Mental JJ Health NP Departments NP within IN Student NP Health NP Centers NPS on IN campuses NNS to TO provide VV further JJR research NN and CC prevention NN programs NNS surrounding VVG problem NN gambling NN . SENT Educational JJ and CC awareness NN programs NNS regarding VVG the DT dangers NNS of IN excessive JJ gambling NN are VBP essential JJ . SENT Information NN regarding VVG gambling NN and CC addiction NN would MD fit VV in IN with IN campus NN wide JJ mental JJ health NN and CC substance NN abuse NN awareness NN campaigns NNS . SENT Programs NNS that IN focus NN on IN impacting VVG campus NN norms NNS surrounding VVG gambling NN behavior NN should MD be VB employed VVN especially RB in IN those DT communities NNS where WRB gambling NN is VBZ the DT normative JJ behavior NN and CC gambling NN opportunities NNS are VBP easily RB accessible JJ . SENT Programs NNS need VVP to TO reach VV both DT students NNS living VVG on IN campus NN as RB well RB as IN commuters NNS . SENT Students NNS residing VVG on IN campus NN can MD be VB reached VVN through IN residence NN hall NN activities NNS and CC campus NN gathering NN places NNS . SENT Commuters NNS , , a DT much RB more RBR difficult JJ population NN to TO reach VV , , can MD be VB targeted VVN through IN classroom NN presentations NNS , , activities NNS inside IN and CC in IN front NN of IN the DT Student NP Union NP as RB well RB as IN information NN placed VVN strategically RB on IN signs NNS along IN routes NNS entering VVG the DT school NN . SENT Internet NN Gambling VVG The DT proliferation NN of IN Internet NN gambling NN poses VVZ a DT challenge NN for IN states NNS in IN their PP$ effort NN to TO prevent VV problem NN gambling NN . SENT The DT Internet NN hosts VVZ hundreds NNS of IN gambling VVG sites NNS with IN little JJ regulation NN and CC protection NN against IN underage JJ gambling NN . SENT With IN over IN 175 CD million CD Internet NN users NNS worldwide RB , , it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN the DT easy JJ access NN to TO this DT type NN of IN gambling NN activity NN is VBZ bound VVN to TO cause VV problems NNS . SENT Concerns NNS about IN consumer NN protection NN , , underage JJ gambling NN and CC gambling NN addiction NN have VHP made VVN studying VVG the DT effects NNS of IN Internet NN gambling VVG a DT priority NN both CC in IN many JJ states NNS and CC at IN the DT federal JJ level NN . SENT While IN Internet NN gambling NN is VBZ illegal JJ in IN many JJ states NNS including VVG Indiana NP , , enforcement NN of IN laws NNS surrounding VVG gambling NN on IN the DT Internet NN can MD be VB futile JJ since IN most JJS sites NNS are VBP located VVN outside IN the DT country NN . SENT Due JJ to TO poor JJ regulation NN of IN gambling VVG activities NNS on IN the DT Internet NN , , there EX have VHP been VBN increased VVN incidences NNS of IN fraud NN . SENT How WRB does VVZ the DT gambler NN know VVP that IN his PP$ 1 CD , , 000 CD wager NN on IN black JJ in IN roulette NN was VBD a DT loser NN . SENT How WRB is VBZ a DT gambler NN assured VVN of IN receiving VVG his PP$ her PP$ due JJ winnings NNS Collesano NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Other JJ concerns NNS surround VVP the DT lure NN of IN Internet NP gambling VVG to TO students NNS and CC employees NNS with IN Internet NN access NN at IN schools NNS and CC places NNS of IN employment NN . SENT Such JJ concerns NNS may MD lead VV to TO strict JJ policies NNS regarding VVG gambling NN in IN the DT workplace NN and CC serve VV as IN an DT impetus NN for IN the DT development NN of IN blocking VVG software NN that WDT would MD decrease VV access NN to TO underage JJ gamblers NNS . SENT The DT Council NN on IN Compulsive JJ Gambling NN of IN New NP Jersey NP has VHZ responded VVN to TO the DT serious JJ problem NN of IN Internet NN gambling NN with IN a DT home NN page NN dedicated VVN to TO fighting VVG cyberspace NN bookies NNS , , and CC encouraging VVG problem NN gamblers NNS to TO seek VV help VV Seattle NP Post NP Intelligencer NN , , 1997 CD . SENT Prevention NN and CC treatment NN programs NNS need VVP to TO reach VV people NNS where WRB they PP are VBP . SENT If IN they PP receive VVP information NN on IN the DT Internet NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT most RBS appropriate JJ place NN for IN them PP to TO receive VV messages NNS regarding VVG the DT identification NN of IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN and CC how WRB to TO seek VV help NN . SENT The DT dangers NNS of IN Internet NN gambling NN should MD also RB be VB highlighted VVN in IN problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN curricula NNS and CC other JJ public JJ awareness NN campaigns NNS . SENT V NN . SENT Development NN of IN a DT Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Plan NN Linking VVG Research NP to TO Planning NP For IN program NN planning NN and CC implementation NN to TO be VB effective JJ , , there EX should MD be VB a DT logical JJ link NN between IN the DT empirical JJ foundation NN established VVN through IN the DT research NN and CC the DT type NN of IN programming NN that WDT develops VVZ . SENT In IN this DT case NN , , the DT FSSA NP DMH NP has VHZ consistently RB indicated VVN that IN outcome NN effectiveness NN is VBZ a DT critical JJ part NN of IN their PP$ planning NN and CC programming NN efforts NNS . SENT The DT effectiveness NN research NN conducted VVN by IN the DT Indiana NP University NP School NP of IN Health NP , , Physical NP Education NP and CC Recreation NP and CC the DT LSU NP OSSRD NP s PP research NN should MD be VB used VVN to TO plan VV for IN prevention NN services NNS . SENT Although IN the DT IU NP research NN was VBD conducted VVN for IN substance NN abuse NN prevention NN , , it PP should MD be VB linked VVN with IN prevention NN of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT Little RB is VBZ known VVN about IN effective JJ prevention NN of IN problem NN gambling NN behaviors NNS . SENT Examples NNS of IN effective JJ prevention NN strategies NNS for IN other JJ addictive JJ illnesses NNS offer VVP methods NNS that WDT could MD be VB applied VVN to TO problem NN gambling NN prevention NN . SENT The DT application NN of IN known VVN substance NN abuse NN prevention NN strategies NNS to TO problem NN gambling NN will MD provide VV a DT starting VVG point NN from IN which WDT revisions NNS and CC alterations NNS can MD be VB made VVN as RB more JJR is VBZ learned VVN about IN the DT nature NN of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT To TO provide VV some DT background NN for IN the DT current JJ state NN of IN knowledge NN in IN prevention NN services NNS , , selective JJ treatment NN and CC prevention NN research NN is VBZ discussed VVN in IN the DT next JJ section NN . SENT Review NN of IN Related JJ Prevention NN and CC Treatment NP Literature NN Treatment NP Gambling NN treatment NN knowledge NN is VBZ more RBR developed VVN than IN prevention NN knowledge NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT well RB known VVN treatment NN models NNS for IN problem NN gamblers NNS is VBZ offered VVN through IN Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ GA NP . SENT Modeled VVN after IN Alcoholics NNS Anonymous JJ , , GA NP is VBZ a DT 12 CD step NN program NN for IN compulsive JJ gamblers NNS . SENT This DT mode NN of IN intervention NN is VBZ also RB popular JJ among IN Indiana NP treatment NN providers NNS , , with IN 87 CD . SENT 8 CD reporting NN that IN they PP refer VVP clients NNS to TO Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ and CC 85 CD . SENT 8 CD either RB require VVP or CC strongly RB recommend VV GA NP as IN a DT part NN of IN treatment NN . SENT Programs NNS for IN the DT families NNS and CC children NNS of IN compulsive JJ gamblers NNS include VVP GamAnon NP and CC GamAteen NP . SENT There EX have VHP been VBN few JJ studies NNS completed VVN on IN gambling NN treatment NN that WDT seem VVP applicable JJ for IN a DT majority NN of IN people NNS . SENT Although IN GA NP is VBZ the DT most RBS frequently RB used VVN treatment NN of IN gambling NN problems NNS , , there EX has VHZ been VBN no DT research NN to TO date VV providing VVG a DT systematic JJ study NN of IN its PP$ efficacy NN Knapp NP and CC Lech NP , , 1987 CD . SENT Some DT of IN the DT therapeutic JJ techniques NNS referenced VVN in IN the DT literature NN include VVP psychoanalytic JJ treatment NN , , self NN help NN groups NNS and CC cognitive JJ and CC behavioral JJ therapies NNS such JJ as IN aversion NN therapy NN , , desensitization NN and CC Rational JJ Emotive JJ Therapy NN . SENT Sometimes RB , , family NN and CC marital JJ therapy NN is VBZ also RB used VVN as IN a DT component NN of IN treatment NN . SENT Indiana NP providers NNS reported VVD using VVG the DT following VVG treatment NN techniques NNS to TO treat VV gambling NN problems NNS . SENT the DT medical JJ addiction NN model NN , , cognitive JJ behavioral JJ and CC an DT eclectic JJ approach NN . SENT Most JJS professionals NNS in IN Indiana NP report NN providing VVG individual JJ counseling NN 97 CD . SENT 5 CD and CC family NN counseling NN 77 CD . SENT 2 CD to TO gamblers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS , , with IN some DT providing VVG group NN counseling VVG 40 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT Based VVN on IN responses NNS , , outpatient NN treatment NN appears VVZ to TO be VB the DT treatment NN of IN choice NN being VBG offered VVN and CC that IN the DT respondents NNS feel VVP is VBZ the DT necessary JJ level NN of IN care NN for IN pathological JJ and CC problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT Approximately RB two CD thirds NNS indicated VVN that IN outpatient NN service NN or CC intensive JJ outpatient NN service NN is VBZ necessary JJ for IN most JJS individuals NNS 61 CD and CC 63 CD . SENT 5 CD respectively RB , , with IN 15 CD indicating VVG inpatient NN treatment NN and CC 21 CD indicating VVG partial JJ hospitalization NN or CC day NN treatment NN . SENT As RB of IN yet RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT lack NN of IN established JJ psychological JJ treatments NNS for IN gambling VVG Lesieur NP and CC Rosenthal NP , , 1991 CD . SENT Prevention NN Prevention NN refers VVZ to TO the DT identification NN of IN the DT onset NN of IN use NN or CC early JJ stage NN problems NNS in IN individuals NNS or CC groups NNS who WP do VVP not RB yet RB require VV treatment NN SAMHSA NP , , Making VVG Prevention NN Work NN , , 1995 CD . SENT As IN applied VVN through IN the DT Center NP for IN Substance NN Abuse NN Prevention NN CSAP NP approach NN , , prevention NN stops VVZ the DT development NN of IN alcohol NN and CC other JJ drug NN related VVN problems NNS by IN encouraging VVG people NNS to TO develop VV positive JJ and CC constructive JJ lifestyles NNS . SENT The DT aim NN of IN successful JJ prevention NN efforts NNS is VBZ to TO support VV the DT healthy JJ development NN of IN children NNS so IN they PP will MD be VB protected VVN against IN the DT availability NN of IN substances NNS in IN their PP$ pre NP adolescent NN and CC adolescent JJ years NNS . SENT By IN reducing VVG the DT personal JJ risk NN factors NNS associated VVN with IN addictive JJ behavior NN , , the DT problem NN is VBZ prevented VVN . SENT Consequently RB , , effective JJ prevention NN strategies NNS must MD be VB comprehensive JJ , , multi NNS level NN and CC aimed VVN at IN the DT variety NN of IN influences NNS upon IN the DT child NN as IN he PP she PP develops VVZ . SENT The DT overall JJ goal NN of IN preventive JJ intervention NN is VBZ the DT reduction NN of IN the DT occurrence NN of IN new JJ cases NNS . SENT To TO establish VV a DT comprehensive JJ prevention NN plan NN , , several JJ levels NNS of IN prevention NN planning NN should MD be VB used VVN . SENT These DT are VBP . SENT Primary JJ prevention NN . SENT seeks VVZ to TO decrease VV the DT number NN of IN new JJ cases NNS of IN a DT disorder NN of IN illness NN incidence NN . SENT Secondary JJ prevention NN . SENT seeks VVZ to TO lower VV the DT rate NN of IN established JJ cases NNS of IN the DT disorder NN or CC illness NN in IN the DT population NN prevalence NN . SENT Tertiary JJ prevention NN . SENT seeks VVZ to TO decrease VV the DT amount NN of IN disability NN associated VVN with IN an DT existing JJ disorder NN or CC illness NN . SENT The DT most RBS effective JJ prevention NN strategies NNS are VBP applied VVN as IN primary JJ prevention NN because IN the DT problem NN never RB develops VVZ . SENT Secondary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS address VVP prevalence NN and CC attempt NN to TO reduce VV the DT existence NN of IN the DT problem NN behavior NN . SENT Finally RB , , tertiary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS attempt VVP to TO lessen VV the DT impact NN of IN the DT problem NN behavior NN once IN it PP has VHZ begun VVN . SENT The DT prevention NN strategies NNS for IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN must MD incorporate VV these DT three CD levels NNS of IN prevention NN if IN comprehensive JJ prevention NN is VBZ to TO occur VV . SENT CSAP NP stresses VVZ the DT importance NN of IN primary JJ prevention NN and CC early JJ intervention NN in IN dealing VVG with IN substance NN abuse NN addiction NN . SENT Early JJ intervention NN efforts NNS are VBP also RB considered VVN to TO be VB preventive JJ in IN that WDT they PP prevent VVP the DT progression NN of IN initial JJ indicators NNS of IN abuse NN . SENT For IN substance NN abuse NN and CC gambling NN problem NN development NN among IN youth NN , , primary JJ prevention NN and CC early JJ intervention NN programs NNS are VBP critical JJ to TO the DT success NN of IN any DT programs NNS . SENT In IN developing VVG an DT effective JJ prevention NN strategy NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB just RB the DT specific JJ intervention NN to TO be VB applied VVN , , but CC the DT manner NN in IN which WDT it PP is VBZ applied VVN and CC to TO whom WP it PP is VBZ applied VVN . SENT Haphazardly RB planned VVN prevention NN programs NNS base VVP their PP$ intervention NN on IN the DT belief NN that IN one CD size NN fits VVZ all RB . SENT In IN reality NN , , the DT effectiveness NN of IN a DT prevention NN strategy NN is VBZ heavily RB dependent JJ upon IN targeting VVG the DT intervention NN to TO the DT appropriate JJ population NN and CC delivering VVG the DT intervention NN in IN the DT correct JJ amount NN and CC intensity NN for IN the DT chosen VVN target NN . SENT It PP is VBZ with IN this DT background NN knowledge NN that IN CSAP NP developed VVD its PP$ recommended JJ strategies NNS for IN implementation NN of IN the DT interventions NNS that WDT have VHP been VBN empirically RB related VVN to TO effectiveness NN . SENT Prevention NN strategies NNS should MD be VB selected VVN based VVN upon IN the DT characteristics NNS of IN specific JJ populations NNS . SENT Mrazek NP and CC Hagerty NP 1994 CD identify VV three CD types NNS of IN prevention NN interventions NNS that WDT can MD be VB used VVN when WRB developing VVG a DT plan NN to TO address VV multi NNS levels NNS of IN a DT community NN or CC target NN population NN , , focusing VVG on IN the DT level NN of IN risk NN at IN various JJ segments NNS of IN the DT population NN . SENT These DT interventions NNS are VBP described VVN by IN Mrazek NP and CC Hagerty NP as IN Universal NP preventive JJ interventions NNS , , which WDT target VVP the DT general JJ public NN or CC a DT whole JJ population NN group NN that WDT has VHZ not RB been VBN identified VVN on IN the DT basis NN of IN individual JJ risk NN . SENT Selective JJ preventive JJ interventions NNS , , which WDT target VVP individuals NNS or CC a DT subgroup NN of IN the DT population NN whose WP$ risk NN of IN developing VVG mental JJ disorders NNS is VBZ significantly RB higher JJR than IN average JJ and CC Indicated JJ preventive JJ interventions NNS , , which WDT target VVP high JJ risk NN individuals NNS who WP are VBP identified VVN as IN having VHG minimal JJ but CC detectable JJ signs NNS or CC symptoms NNS foreshadowing VVG mental JJ disorders NNS or CC biological JJ markers NNS indicating VVG predisposition NN for IN mental JJ disorder NN but CC who WP do VVP not RB meet VV the DT diagnostic JJ levels NNS at IN the DT present JJ time NN . SENT CSAP NP has VHZ developed VVN a DT typology NN for IN prevention NN strategies NNS that WDT is VBZ recommended VVN for IN use NN in IN the DT development NN of IN a DT comprehensive JJ prevention NN plan NN . SENT The DT strategies NNS have VHP been VBN developed VVN over IN the DT years NNS of IN working VVG with IN states NNS and CC communities NNS and CC may MD serve VV as IN the DT foundation NN for IN effective JJ prevention NN planning NN and CC program NN development NN SAMHSA NP , , Making VVG Prevention NN Work NN . SENT The DT recommended JJ strategies NNS are VBP described VVN as RB . SENT 1 LS . SENT Information NN dissemination NN which WDT is VBZ defined VVN by IN CSAP NP as IN one CD way NN communication NN from IN the DT source NN to TO the DT audience NN , , with IN limited JJ contact NN between IN the DT two CD p NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT The DT aim NN of IN this DT strategy NN is VBZ to TO provide VV awareness NN , , knowledge NN and CC information NN relevant JJ to TO certain JJ problem NN behaviors NNS and CC or CC to TO certain JJ targeted JJ populations NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT parents NNS , , community NN groups NNS , , etc FW . SENT The DT dissemination NN of IN information NN includes VVZ content JJ regarding VVG specific JJ problems NNS as RB well RB as IN information NN on IN where WRB to TO get VV further JJR information NN or CC assistance NN . SENT Recommended JJ information NN dissemination NN activities NNS include VVP . SENT clearinghouse NN information NN resource NN centers VVZ resource NN directories NNS media NNS campaigns NNS brochures NNS radio NN television NN PSA NP s PP speaking VVG bureaus NN health NN fairs NNS information NN lines NNS hotlines NNS 2 CD . SENT Education NP described VVD by IN CSAP NP at IN two CD way NN communication NN , , involving VVG an DT educator NN facilitator NN and CC participants NNS in IN the DT process NN . SENT This DT strategy NN aims VVZ at IN affecting VVG critical JJ life NN and CC social JJ skills NNS including VVG decision NN making NN , , refusal NN skills NNS , , critical JJ analysis NN and CC systematic JJ judgment NN abilities NNS . SENT Recommended VVN educational JJ activities NNS include VVP . SENT classroom NN and CC or CC small JJ group NN behavior NN parenting VVG and CC family NN management NN classes NNS peer VVP leader NN helper NN programs NNS education NN programs NNS for IN youth NN groups NNS children NNS of IN substance NN abuser NN groups NNS mentoring VVG programs NNS preschool JJ alcohol NN and CC drug NN prevention NN programs NNS 3 CD . SENT Alternatives NNS refers VVZ to TO the DT provision NN of IN the DT target NN population NN in IN activities NNS that WDT are VBP free JJ of IN the DT problem NN behavior NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS . SENT This DT strategy NN attempts VVZ to TO offer VV alternatives NNS to TO the DT deviant JJ behavior NN , , assuming VVG that IN constructive JJ and CC healthy JJ activities NNS provided VVN at IN the DT right JJ time NN can MD minimize VV the DT attraction NN to TO other JJ activities NNS that WDT meet VVP certain JJ needs NNS . SENT Recommended VVN alternative JJ activities NNS include VVP . SENT alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drug NN free JJ dances NNS and CC parties NNS youth NN adult NN leadership NN activities NNS community NN drop NN in IN centers NNS community NN service NN activities NNS outward RB bound VVN type NN programs NNS recreation NN activities NNS 4 CD . SENT Problem NN Identification NN and CC Referral NN primarily RB used VVN as IN an DT early JJ intervention NN activity NN for IN those DT youth NN who WP have VHP engaged VVN in IN initial JJ or CC inappropriate JJ use NN of IN alcohol NN , , drugs NNS and CC tobacco NN . SENT This DT strategy NN is VBZ not RB aimed VVN at IN determination NN of IN need NN for IN treatment NN , , but CC identification NN of IN initial JJ use NN that WDT can MD be VB reversed VVN through IN education NN efforts NNS . SENT Recommended VVN early JJ intervention NN activities NNS include VVP . SENT employee NN assistance NN programs NNS student NN assistance NN programs NNS DWI NP type NN programs NNS 5 CD . SENT Community NP Based VVN Process NN described VVN as IN the DT process NN of IN enhancing VVG the DT community NN s PP ability NN to TO provide VV effective JJ prevention NN and CC treatment NN services NNS for IN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC drug NN related JJ disorders NNS . SENT These DT activities NNS aim VVP to TO enhance VV efficiency NN and CC effectiveness NN of IN existing VVG services NNS , , implementation NN of IN those DT services NNS , , collaboration NN across IN the DT community NN , , coalition NN building NN and CC networking NN . SENT Basically RB this DT strategy NN attempts VVZ to TO foster VV community NN mobilization NN and CC empowerment NN to TO address VV identified VVN problems NNS . SENT Recommended JJ community NN based VVN activities NNS include VVP . SENT community NN and CC volunteer NN training NN systematic JJ planning NN coordinating VVG and CC collaborating VVG with IN other JJ agencies NNS accessing VVG services NNS and CC funding NN community NN team NN building VVG 6 CD . SENT Environmental NP described VVD as IN activities NNS undertaken VVN to TO change VV written JJ and CC unwritten JJ community NN standards NNS , , codes NNS and CC attitudes NNS , , thereby RB influencing VVG incidence NN and CC prevalence NN of IN the DT abuse NN of IN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS in IN the DT general JJ population NN CSAP NN differentiates VVZ these DT activities NNS into IN ones NNS that WDT address VVP legal JJ and CC regulatory JJ initiatives NNS and CC ones NNS that WDT address VVP service NN and CC action NN oriented JJ initiatives NNS . SENT Recommended VVN environmental JJ activities NNS include VVP . SENT promoting VVG the DT establishment NN or CC review NN of IN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC drug NN use NN policies NNS in IN schools NNS providing VVG technical JJ assistance NN to TO communities NNS to TO maximize VV local JJ enforcement NN procedures NNS governing VVG availability NN and CC distribution NN of IN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC other JJ drugs NNS modifying VVG alcohol NN and CC tobacco NN advertising NN practices NNS and CC product NN pricing NN strategies NNS . SENT The DT discussion NN on IN CSAP NP recommended VVD strategies NNS has VHZ been VBN taken VVN from IN the DT SAMHSA NP publication NN Making VVG Prevention NN Work NN , , pps NNS . SENT 10 CD 12 CD . SENT The DT six CD point NN classification NN system NN is VBZ identified VVN as IN the DT Comprehensive NP Public NP Health NP Model NP . SENT Although IN these DT strategies NNS developed VVD out RP of IN alcohol NN and CC other JJ drug NN prevention NN theory NN , , the DT methods NNS would MD be VB revised VVN for IN specific JJ compulsive JJ gambling NN issues NNS . SENT Effectiveness NN Research NN on IN Specific JJ Prevention NN Activities NNS Little JJ research NN currently RB exists VVZ evaluating VVG specific JJ prevention NN of IN gambling NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB partly RB due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN few JJ states NNS are VBP currently RB employing VVG such JJ programs NNS , , and CC existing JJ programs NNS are VBP relatively RB new JJ and CC have VHP not RB been VBN evaluated VVN for IN efficacy NN . SENT Gaboury NP and CC Ladouceur NP 1993 CD assessed VVD a DT prevention NN program NN developed VVN for IN adolescents NNS in IN Quebec NP . SENT The DT aim NN of IN the DT program NN was VBD to TO increase VV knowledge NN of IN gambling NN , , decrease NN amount NN of IN money NN spent VVD and CC frequency NN of IN gambling VVG activity NN and CC to TO change VV attitudes NNS towards IN gambling NN . SENT Three CD 75 CD minute NN sessions NNS were VBD utilized VVN during IN which WDT information NN was VBD provided VVN concerning VVG the DT above RB noted VVN topics NNS . SENT The DT results NNS were VBD not RB encouraging JJ but CC informative JJ . SENT Adolescents NNS who WP participated VVD in IN the DT sessions NNS performed VVD better JJR on IN a DT post NN test NN , , compared VVN to TO control VV subjects NNS not RB exposed VVN to TO the DT information NN . SENT However RB , , this DT was VBD not RB maintained VVN at IN six CD month NN follow VVP up RP . SENT Additionally RB , , the DT program NN did VVD not RB seem VV to TO significantly RB affect VV gambling VVG behavior NN or CC attitudes NNS and CC improvements NNS in IN social JJ skills NNS obtained VVN by IN the DT experimental JJ group NN were VBD also RB not RB maintained VVD at IN follow VVP up RP . SENT The DT researchers NNS concluded VVD that DT increased JJ knowledge NN may MD not RB be VB sufficient JJ to TO modify VV behavior NN and CC attitudes NNS and CC coping VVG skills NNS may MD require VV intensive JJ practice NN and CC feedback NN to TO resist VV extinction NN . SENT However RB , , this DT study NN comprises VVZ only RB one CD component NN of IN a DT prevention NN program NN . SENT And CC , , as RB noted VVD by IN the DT authors NNS , , having VHG been VBN exposed VVN to TO the DT experimental JJ material NN may MD still RB result VV in IN an DT increased JJ likelihood NN that IN the DT experimental JJ participants NNS will MD seek VV treatment NN if IN problems NNS arise VVP for IN themselves PP or CC their PP$ family NN members NNS and CC friends NNS , , due JJ to TO their PP$ sensitization NN of IN the DT issues NNS surrounding VVG gambling NN . SENT In IN a DT discussion NN of IN prevention NN research NN , , Volberg NP 1996 CD cited VVD the DT 1993 CD Gaboury NP study NN as IN the DT only JJ one NN on IN prevention NN . SENT She PP further RBR described VVD current JJ prevention NN efforts NNS in IN states NNS where WRB services NNS are VBP now RB being VBG established VVN , , they PP will MD most RBS likely RB consist VVP of IN hotline NP or CC crisis NN counseling NN , , training NN for IN addictions NNS and CC mental JJ health NN professionals NNS who WP may MD already RB be VB seeing VVG gambling VVG related JJ problems NNS among IN their PP$ clients NNS , , and CC education NN and CC information NN activities NNS , , including VVG development NN of IN brochures NNS and CC public JJ service NN messages NNS for IN broadcast NN and CC print NN media NNS . SENT Findings NNS in IN Youth NP Substance NN Abuse NN Prevention NN Relevant JJ to TO Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN SAMHSA NP has VHZ also RB reported VVN findings NNS based VVN on IN a DT decade NN of IN experience NN and CC research NN in IN prevention NN that WDT may MD prove VV relevant JJ to TO the DT current JJ effort NN . SENT Although IN the DT particular JJ issue NN being VBG addressed VVN is VBZ youth NN substance NN abuse NN prevention NN , , several JJ of IN the DT findings NNS are VBP relevant JJ to TO gambling VVG prevention NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Initiation NN of IN substance NN use VVP Adolescent JJ perceptions NNS of IN the DT risks NNS and CC benefits NNS of IN alcohol NN and CC other JJ drug NN use NN correlate NN with IN the DT likelihood NN of IN initial JJ use NN . SENT Parental JJ use NN , , or CC parental JJ attitudes NNS toward IN the DT use NN , , of IN alcohol NN , , tobacco NN and CC illicit JJ drugs NNS tend VVP to TO correlate VV with IN adolescent JJ attitudes NNS toward IN the DT use NN of IN these DT substances NNS . SENT A DT lack NN of IN close JJ relationships NNS in IN the DT family NN tends VVZ to TO correlate VV with IN adolescent JJ substance NN abuse NN . SENT Students NNS who WP perform VVP poorly RB in IN school NN or CC who WP have VHP a DT perception NN of IN themselves PP as IN academic JJ failures NNS are VBP more RBR likely JJ than IN other JJ youth NN to TO engage VV in IN early JJ alcohol NN use NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Effectiveness NN of IN prevention NN activities NNS Teaching VVG life NN skills NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , problem NN solving VVG , , decision NN making NN , , social JJ skills NNS is VBZ effective JJ in IN reducing VVG the DT incidence NN of IN substance NN abuse NN among IN youth NN when WRB it PP has VHZ a DT non JJ substance NN abuse NN theme NN instead RB of IN targeting VVG general JJ goals NNS . SENT Interpersonal JJ counseling NN , , mentoring NN and CC other JJ forms NNS of IN intensive JJ interaction NN strengthened VVD protective JJ factors NNS against IN drug NN use NN among IN youth NN at IN high JJ risk NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Program NN implementation NN Turf NN conflicts NNS and CC time NN constraints NNS are VBP most RBS often RB cited VVN as IN barriers NNS to TO the DT creation NN of IN successful JJ community NN prevention NN coalitions NNS . SENT Longer JJR term NN interventions NNS and CC delivering VVG booster NN sessions NNS are VBP associated VVN with IN more JJR effective JJ outcomes NNS . SENT Simultaneous JJ efforts NNS to TO operate VV a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN prevention NN related VVN activities NNS among IN an DT adolescent JJ population NN reduced VVD effectiveness NN of IN the DT intervention NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Cost NN and CC financing NN of IN substance NN abuse NN prevention NN Drug NP free JJ recreational JJ and CC cultural JJ activities NNS are VBP often RB the DT most RBS costly JJ element NN of IN community NN based VVN prevention NN programs NNS Even RB cost VVP effective JJ , , community NN based VVN prevention NN efforts NNS quickly RB erode VVP without IN stable JJ , , dedicated JJ funding NN . SENT Although IN these DT findings NNS apply VVP to TO the DT substance NN abuse NN problems NNS , , many JJ of IN them PP will MD be VB applicable JJ to TO gambling VVG addiction NN problems NNS . SENT They PP are VBP important JJ to TO consider VV in IN the DT development NN of IN a DT comprehensive JJ prevention NN plan NN . SENT Social NP Development NP Strategy NP Model NP Based VVN on IN the DT current JJ literature NN , , the DT best JJS prevention NN strategies NNS are VBP aimed VVN at IN strengthening VVG individual JJ resiliency NN to TO problem NN behavior NN , , reducing VVG risk NN factors NNS that WDT promote VVP addictions NNS , , developing VVG clear JJ and CC consistent JJ community NN standards NNS for IN appropriate JJ behavior NN and CC teaching NN children NNS the DT skills NNS they PP need VVP to TO follow VV community NN standards NNS DRP NP , , 1993 CD . SENT Because IN of IN the DT comprehensive JJ nature NN of IN the DT Social NP Development NP Strategy NP Model NP , , the DT plan NN being VBG proposed VVN for IN Indiana NP will MD largely RB be VB focused VVN on IN this DT model NN . SENT Risk NN focused VVD prevention NN was VBD developed VVN through IN the DT research NN of IN Dr NP . SENT David NP Hawkins NP and CC Dr NP . SENT Richard NP F NP . SENT Catalano NP . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT comprehensive JJ prevention NN strategy NN aimed VVN at IN preventing VVG adolescent JJ health NN and CC behavior NN problems NNS . SENT Risk NN focused VVD prevention NN is VBZ based VVN upon IN the DT theory NN that IN children NNS and CC adolescents NNS face VVP certain JJ risk NN factors NNS that WDT inhibit VVP their PP$ ability NN to TO develop VV in IN a DT normal JJ , , healthy JJ manner NN . SENT The DT risk NN factors NNS may MD exist VV throughout IN various JJ domains NNS in IN which WDT the DT youth NN must MD function VV . SENT There EX are VBP various JJ risk NN factors NNS that IN youth NN may MD face VV in IN their PP$ neighborhoods NNS , , their PP$ schools NNS or CC their PP$ families NNS , , in IN addition NN to TO other JJ settings NNS . SENT Applying VVG this DT theory NN to TO gambling NN addiction NN is VBZ highly RB recommended VVN . SENT An DT additional JJ part NN of IN Catalano NP and CC Hawkins NP theory NN is VBZ that IN children NNS and CC youth NN may MD also RB maintain VV certain JJ protective JJ factors NNS that WDT make VVP them PP more RBR resilient JJ to TO the DT risks NNS that IN they PP will MD face VV as IN they PP develop VVP . SENT The DT Social NP Development NP model NN focuses VVZ on IN the DT reduction NN of IN known VVN risk NN factors NNS and CC the DT enhancement NN of IN protective JJ factors NNS to TO achieve VV a DT balance NN that WDT will MD help VV youth NN develop VV as RB healthy JJ as IN possible JJ . SENT Risk NN focused VVD prevention NN is VBZ primary JJ prevention NN , , and CC it PP attempts VVZ to TO prevent VV problems NNS from IN happening VVG by IN identifying VVG the DT known VVN risks NNS and CC enhancing VVG protective JJ factors NNS that WDT will MD address VV the DT hazardous JJ situation NN . SENT Catalano NP and CC Hawkins NP DRP NP , , 1993 CD have VHP identified VVN four CD primary JJ areas NNS of IN risk NN . SENT These DT include VVP community NN , , family NN , , school NN and CC individual JJ peer NN risk NN factors NNS . SENT Within IN each DT of IN these DT areas NNS , , the DT risk NN factor NN predicts VVZ the DT type NN of IN problem NN the DT adolescent NN will MD face VV when WRB specific JJ areas NNS of IN risk NN are VBP present JJ . SENT Community NP Risk NP Factors NNS include VVP . SENT Area NN of IN Risk NP Predicted VVD problem NN Behavior NN Drug NP availability NN Substance NN abuse NN Laws NP norms NNS favorable JJ to TO drug NN use NN , , firearms NNS and CC crime NN Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN and CC violence NN Media NN portrayals NNS of IN violence NN Violence NN Transitions NNS and CC mobility NN Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN and CC school NN dropout NN Low NP neighborhood NN attachment NN and CC community NN disorganization NN Substance NN abuse NN , , deliquency NN and CC violence NN Extreme JJ economic JJ deprivation NN Substance NN abuse NN , , deliquency NN , , violence NN , , teen JJ pregnancy NN and CC school NN dropout NN Family NP Risk NP Factors NNS include VVP . SENT Area NN of IN Risk NP Predicted VVD Problem NN Behavior NN Family NP history NN of IN problem NN behavior NN Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN , , violence NN , , teen JJ pregnancy NN and CC school NN dropout NN Family NP management NN problems NNS Same JJ as IN above JJ Family NP conflict NN Same JJ as IN above IN Favorable JJ parental JJ attitudes NNS and CC involvement NN in IN behavior NN Substance NN abuse NN , , deliquency NN and CC violence NN School NP risk NN factors NNS include VVP . SENT Area NN of IN Risk NP Predicted VVD Problem NN Behavior NN Early RB and CC persistent JJ anti JJ social JJ behavior NN Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN , , violence NN teen NN pregnancy NN and CC school NN dropout NN Academic NP failure NN in IN elementary JJ school NN Same JJ as IN above JJ Lack NN of IN commitment NN to TO school VV Same JJ as IN above JJ Individual JJ peer NN factors NNS include VVP . SENT Area NN of IN Risk NP Predicted VVD Problem NN Behavior NN Alienation NN , , rebelliousness NN and CC lack NN of IN bonding VVG to TO society NN Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN and CC school NN dropout NN Friends NNS who WP engage VVP in IN problem NN behavior NN Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN , , violence NN , , teen JJ pregnancy NN and CC school NN dropout NN Favorable JJ attitude NN towards IN the DT problem NN behavior NN Same JJ as IN above JJ Early JJ initiation NN of IN the DT problem NN behavior NN Same JJ as IN above IN Constitutional JJ factors NNS Substance NN abuse NN , , delinquency NN and CC violence NN The DT identified VVN protective JJ factors NNS either CC reduce VV the DT effect NN of IN the DT risk NN factors NNS or CC they PP change VVP the DT individual JJ response NN to TO risk VV . SENT The DT most RBS important JJ protective JJ factors NNS to TO guard VV young JJ people NNS against IN risk NN are VBP those DT that WDT promote VVP positive JJ behavior NN , , health NN , , well RB being JJ and CC personal JJ success NN DRP NP , , p NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT The DT Catalano NP and CC Hawkins NP research NN has VHZ also RB identified VVN certain JJ categories NNS of IN protective JJ factors NNS . SENT Protective JJ Factors NNS . SENT Individual JJ characteristics NNS described VVN as IN a DT resilient JJ temperament NN or CC a DT positive JJ social JJ orientation NN . SENT Bonding VVG positive JJ relationships NNS that WDT promote VVP close JJ bonds NNS . SENT warm JJ relationships NNS with IN family NN , , teachers NNS , , adults NNS , , close JJ friendships NNS Healthy JJ beliefs NNS and CC standards NNS when WRB clear JJ standards NNS for IN healthy JJ behavior NN are VBP presented VVN by IN parents NNS , , peers NNS , , families NNS , , schools NNS . SENT The DT Catalano NP and CC Hawkins NP theory NN continues VVZ to TO describe VV other JJ characteristics NNS of IN risk NN factors NNS , , especially RB when WRB considering VVG the DT potential JJ impact NN of IN specific JJ protective JJ factors NNS . SENT These DT include VVP the DT belief NN that IN risks NNS exist VVP in IN multiple JJ domains NNS . SENT Domains NNS in IN which WDT risk NN factors NNS have VHP been VBN identified VVN include VVP the DT family NN , , peer NN group NN , , school NN , , neighborhood NN , , environment NN and CC society NN . SENT The DT individual JJ domain NN is VBZ also RB included VVN as IN a DT critical JJ area NN in IN which WDT to TO provide VV protection NN , , for IN example NN , , with IN children NNS who WP have VHP poor JJ temperaments NNS or CC developmental JJ disabilities NNS . SENT Additionally RB , , the DT Social NP Development NP Theory NN also RB stresses VVZ that IN the DT more JJR risk NN factors NNS that WDT are VBP present JJ , , the DT greater JJR the DT risk NN for IN the DT youth NN . SENT Programs NNS based VVN on IN the DT Social NP Development NP Model NP are VBP designed VVN to TO . SENT Strengthen VV children NNS s PP bonds NNS by IN providing VVG opportunities NNS , , skills NNS and CC recognition NN , , Reduce VV risk NN factors NNS in IN a DT way NN that WDT strengthens VVZ protective JJ factors NNS , , Develop VV clear JJ and CC consistent JJ standards NNS for IN behavior NN across IN families NNS , , schools NNS and CC communities NNS and CC Teach NP children NNS the DT skills NNS they PP need VVP to TO be VB able JJ to TO follow VV clear JJ standards NNS the DT material NN on IN the DT Social NP Development NP Model NP was VBD taken VVN from IN the DT Communities NNS that IN Care NP publication NN , , Developmental JJ Research NP and CC Programs NP , , Inc NP . SENT , , 1993 CD To TO develop VV an DT effective JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN , , the DT risk NN and CC protective JJ factors NNS affecting VVG a DT community NN s PP children NNS must MD be VB discussed VVN . SENT Certainly RB , , in IN the DT field NN of IN gambling NN , , there EX are VBP diverse JJ ranges NNS of IN the DT problems NNS across IN the DT state NN , , depending VVG on IN factors NNS such JJ as IN poverty NN , , availability NN or CC access NN to TO gambling NN and CC community NN norms NNS . SENT Prevention NN planning NN efforts NNS must MD address VV each DT community NN s PP identified VVD needs NNS . SENT Building VVG Cultural JJ Competence NN in IN Prevention NN Programming NN When WRB developing VVG prevention NN programming NN for IN individuals NNS from IN a DT variety NN of IN backgrounds NNS , , it PP is VBZ essential JJ to TO create VV educational JJ strategies NNS that WDT are VBP based VVN on IN diverse JJ perspectives NNS . SENT Curriculum NN that WDT is VBZ based VVN on IN a DT narrow JJ perspective NN often RB fails VVZ to TO engage VV youth NN from IN diverse JJ racial JJ , , cultural JJ and CC socioeconomic JJ backgrounds NNS . SENT Because IN gambling NN addiction NN is VBZ more RBR prevalent JJ among IN specific JJ groups NNS and CC each DT community NN has VHZ its PP$ own JJ sense NN of IN culture NN , , the DT diversity NN within IN local JJ communities NNS must MD be VB examined VVN before IN creating VVG plans NNS for IN the DT implementation NN of IN the DT problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN . SENT Culture NN is VBZ defined VVN as IN a DT body NN of IN learned VVN beliefs NNS , , traditions NNS , , principles NNS and CC guides NNS for IN behavior NN that WDT are VBP commonly RB shared VVN among IN members NNS of IN a DT particular JJ group NN . SENT Culture NP serves VVZ as IN a DT road NN map NN for IN both DT perceiving VVG and CC interacting VVG with IN the DT world NN . SENT Advocates NNS for IN Youth NP , , 1994 CD . SENT Indiana NP must MD use VV the DT culture NN of IN its PP$ state NN such JJ as IN demographic JJ make VVP up RP , , attitudes NNS , , opinions NNS , , and CC beliefs NNS of IN various JJ racial JJ , , cultural JJ , , and CC socioeconomic JJ groups NNS to TO guide VV the DT planning NN of IN cultural JJ competent JJ prevention NN programming NN . SENT Research NP has VHZ indicated VVN that IN problem NN gamblers NNS share NN certain JJ characteristics NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN they PP are VBP male JJ , , are VBP under IN the DT age NN of IN 30 CD , , earn VVP a DT low JJ income NN and CC have VH co NP occurring VVG psychological JJ difficulties NNS . SENT Prevalence NN rates NNS are VBP higher JJR among IN non JJ Caucasians NNS as IN well RB . SENT Shaffer NP , , Hall NP and CC Vander NP Bilt NP , , 1997 CD . SENT Not RB only RB does VVZ prevention NN programming NN need VVP to TO target VV these DT groups NNS , , but CC also RB it PP needs VVZ to TO be VB based VVN on IN a DT comprehensive JJ understanding NN of IN what WP influences VVZ their PP$ health NN behavior NN and CC help VV seeking VVG behavior NN . SENT Cultural JJ Competence NN moves NNS beyond IN the DT concepts NNS of IN cultural JJ awareness NN knowledge NN about IN a DT particular JJ group NN primarily RB gained VVD through IN reading NN and CC studies NNS and CC cultural JJ sensitivity NN knowledge NN as RB well RB as IN some DT level NN of IN experience NN with IN a DT group NN other JJ than IN one CD s PP own VVP . SENT Instead RB , , cultural JJ competence NN is VBZ achieved VVN through IN a DT long JJ term NN process NN that WDT requires VVZ some DT level NN of IN skill NN development NN to TO occur VV . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , achieving VVG cultural JJ competence NN can MD be VB seen VVN as IN a DT process NN rather RB than IN a DT goal NN . SENT Culturally RB competent JJ individuals NNS have VHP a DT mixture NN of IN beliefs NNS attitudes NNS , , knowledge NN and CC skills NNS that WDT help VVP them PP establish VV trust NN and CC communicate VV with IN others NNS Advocates NNS for IN Youth NP , , 1994 CD . SENT Advocates NNS for IN Youth NP propose VVP a DT four CD step NN model NN of IN building VVG Cultural JJ Competence NN for IN working VVG effectively RB and CC respectfully RB with IN youth NN from IN a DT variety NN of IN backgrounds NNS . SENT The DT following VVG excerpts NNS have VHP been VBN taken VVN from IN Advocates NNS for IN Youth NP , , A DT Youth NP Leader NP s PP Guide NP to TO Building NP Cultural NP Competence NN , , p NN . SENT 4 CD 6 CD , , with IN slight JJ modification NN . SENT The DT four CD steps NNS are VBP . SENT learning VVG about IN culture NN and CC important JJ cultural JJ components NNS , , learning VVG about IN one CD s PP own JJ culture NN through IN a DT process NN of IN self NN assessment NN that WDT includes VVZ examining VVG one PP s PP culture NN s PP assumptions NNS and CC values NNS and CC one CD s PP perspectives NNS on IN them PP learning VVG about IN the DT individual JJ young JJ people NNS within IN the DT program NN and CC learning VVG as RB much RB as RB possible JJ about IN important JJ aspects NNS of IN participants NNS cultural JJ backgrounds NNS with IN a DT focus NN on IN health NN beliefs NNS and CC decision NN making VVG behaviors NNS . SENT Beliefs NNS Attitudes NNS The DT culturally RB competent JJ individual NN is VBZ . SENT aware JJ of IN and CC sensitive JJ to TO his PP$ her PP$ own JJ cultural JJ heritage NN and CC respects VVZ and CC values VVZ different JJ heritages NNS , , aware JJ of IN her PP$ his PP$ own JJ values NNS and CC biases NNS and CC how WRB they PP may MD affect VV perception NN of IN other JJ cultures NNS , , comfortable JJ with IN differences NNS that WDT exist VVP between IN her PP$ his PP$ culture NN and CC other JJ cultures NNS values NNS and CC beliefs NNS and CC sensitive JJ to TO circumstances NNS personal JJ biases NNS , , ethnic JJ identity NN , , political JJ influence NN , , etc FW . SENT that DT may MD require VV seeking VVG assistance NN from IN a DT member NN of IN a DT different JJ culture NN when WRB interacting VVG with IN another DT member NN of IN that DT culture NN . SENT Knowledge NN The DT culturally RB competent JJ individual NN must MD . SENT must MD have VH good JJ understanding NN of IN the DT power NN structure NN in IN society NN and CC how WRB non JJ dominant JJ groups NNS are VBP treated VVN , , acquire VV specific JJ knowledge NN and CC information NN about IN the DT particular JJ group NN s VVZ she PP he PP is VBZ working VVG with IN and CC be VB aware JJ of IN institutional JJ barriers NNS that WDT prevent VVP members NNS of IN disadvantaged JJ groups NNS from IN using VVG organizational JJ and CC societal JJ resources NNS . SENT Skills NNS The DT culturally RB competent JJ individual JJ can NN . SENT generate VV a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN verbal JJ and CC nonverbal JJ responses NNS when WRB dealing VVG with IN difference NN , , send VV and CC receive VV both DT verbal JJ and CC nonverbal JJ messages NNS body NN language NN accurately RB and CC appropriately RB and CC intervene VV appropriately RB and CC advocate VVP on IN behalf NN of IN people NNS from IN different JJ cultures NNS backgrounds NNS . SENT Community NP wide JJ Approach NN to TO Implementing VVG a DT Prevention NN Plan NN Even RB though IN the DT Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP is VBZ planning VVG a DT statewide JJ approach NN to TO problem NN gambling NN in IN Indiana NP , , each DT local JJ community NN will MD need VV to TO be VB assessed VVN for IN risk NN and CC protective JJ factors NNS . SENT Plans NNS must MD be VB made VVN to TO address VV the DT identified VVN problems NNS of IN priority NN specific JJ to TO each DT local JJ community NN . SENT Engaging JJ support NN at IN the DT state NN level NN for IN prevention NN planning NN , , as RB in IN this DT case NN , , can MD only RB strengthen VV the DT efforts NNS of IN local JJ communities NNS . SENT Certainly RB , , in IN the DT field NN of IN gambling NN , , there EX are VBP diverse JJ ranges NNS of IN the DT problems NNS across IN the DT state NN , , depending VVG on IN factors NNS such JJ as IN poverty NN , , availability NN or CC access NN to TO gambling NN , , community NN norms NNS , , etc FW . SENT Research NP suggests VVZ that IN prevention NN strategies NNS with IN a DT community NN wide JJ approach NN are VBP more RBR likely JJ to TO result VV in IN long JJ lasting JJ changes NNS by IN impacting VVG community NN norms NNS , , values NNS and CC policies NNS as RB well RB as IN developing VVG a DT broad JJ base NN of IN support NN and CC collaboration NN ensuring VVG that IN no DT single JJ organization NN carries VVZ the DT burden NN of IN responsibility NN DRP NP , , 1997 CD . SENT According VVG to TO Catalano NP and CC Hawkins NP Communities NNS That IN Care NP , , community NN wide JJ prevention NN approaches NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO produce VV the DT following VVG outcomes NNS . SENT Reduced JJ costs NNS for IN intervention NN and CC treatment NN . SENT More RBR effective JJ use NN of IN resources NNS through IN collaborative JJ planning NN and CC program NN implementation NN . SENT A DT more RBR integrated JJ support NN network NN for IN young JJ people NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS , , resulting VVG in IN fewer JJR young JJ people NNS falling VVG through IN the DT cracks NNS . SENT Catalano NP and CC Hawkins NP Communities NNS That IN Care NP offers VVZ a DT process NN for IN mobilizing VVG a DT community NN to TO implement VV risk NN focused JJ prevention NN . SENT Define VV your PP$ community NN through IN an DT understanding NN of IN the DT geographic JJ boundaries NNS and CC the DT diverse JJ make VV up RP of IN the DT people NNS who WP live VVP there RB . SENT Diversity NN needs VVZ to TO be VB thought VVN of IN in IN terms NNS that WDT go VVP beyond IN racial JJ diversity NN to TO include VV class NN , , religious JJ and CC political JJ backgrounds NNS , , as RB well RB as IN health NN belief NN systems NNS and CC differences NNS in IN help NN seeking VVG behavior NN . SENT Involve VV key JJ leaders NNS in IN your PP$ community NN . SENT These DT influential JJ individuals NNS should MD represent VV the DT schools NNS , , government NN , , law NN enforcement NN agencies NNS , , social JJ services NNS , , business NN , , religious JJ and CC cultural JJ groups NNS within IN your PP$ community NN . SENT Involving VVG key JJ leaders NNS is VBZ essential JJ to TO the DT success NN of IN the DT implementation NN phase NN of IN the DT prevention NN plan NN . SENT They PP have VHP the DT status NN , , position NN and CC authority NN in IN their PP$ communities NNS to TO launch VV a DT prevention NN project NN of IN this DT magnitude NN . SENT Their PP$ involvement NN will MD not RB only RB provide VV credibility NN but CC also RB will MD access VV resources NNS and CC remove VV barriers NNS supporting VVG prevention NN . SENT Key JJ leaders NNS may MD be VB asked VVN to TO sit VV on IN a DT community NN prevention NN board NN or CC may MD assist VV in IN the DT recruitment NN process NN of IN members NNS . SENT In IN some DT instances NNS , , they PP may MD appoint VV an DT appropriate JJ individual NN to TO represent VV them PP . SENT Create VV a DT community NN wide JJ prevention NN board NN . SENT This DT group NN should MD be VB made VVN up RP of IN diverse JJ and CC concerned JJ community NN members NNS representing VVG all PDT the DT significant JJ areas NNS affecting VVG young JJ people NNS . SENT educators NNS , , government NN officials NNS , , law NN enforcement NN , , juvenile JJ justice NN personnel NNS , , social JJ service NN providers NNS , , parents NNS , , religious JJ and CC cultural JJ leaders NNS , , business NN people NNS and CC young JJ people NNS . SENT This DT prevention NN team NN or CC community NN board NN is VBZ different JJ from IN a DT statewide JJ Ad NP Hoc FW Committee NP or CC Advisory NP Group NP which WDT has VHZ been VBN formed VVN to TO oversee VV the DT process NN of IN developing VVG prevention NN strategies NNS on IN a DT statewide JJ level NN . SENT This DT local JJ prevention NN team NN is VBZ a DT working VVG group NN for IN the DT implementation NN of IN risk NN focused VVD prevention NN within IN a DT local JJ community NN See VV Community NP Wide NP Prevention NN Board NP Member NP Job NP Description NN in IN Appendix NN . SENT Assessing VVG community NN readiness NN is VBZ perhaps RB the DT most RBS important JJ step NN before IN mobilizing VVG a DT community NN to TO implement VV a DT problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN . SENT Before IN introducing VVG a DT prevention NN plan NN into IN a DT community NN , , board NN members NNS need VVP to TO identify VV the DT organizations NNS and CC people NNS likely JJ to TO support VV or CC hinder VV efforts NNS to TO institutionalize VV risk NN focused JJ prevention NN . SENT Since IN the DT first JJ step NN to TO addressing VVG a DT problem NN is VBZ to TO acknowledge VV it PP , , it PP is VBZ crucial JJ to TO assess VV whether IN major JJ groups NNS within IN a DT community NN are VBP aware JJ of IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Do VV they PP regard VV this DT as IN a DT problem NN for IN adolescents NNS in IN their PP$ community NN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB important JJ to TO determine VV a DT particular JJ group NN s PP view VVP of IN prevention NN . SENT Do VV they PP see VV prevention NN as IN one CD of IN the DT solutions NNS to TO problem NN gambling NN . SENT Finally RB , , a DT community NN must MD look VV at IN its PP$ history NN to TO determine VV its PP$ ability NN to TO work VV together RB through IN establishing VVG collaborative JJ relationship NN in IN the DT pursuit NN of IN a DT solution NN . SENT See VV Assessing VVG Community NP Readiness NN Questionnaire NN in IN Appendix NN 2 CD Every DT community NN will MD have VH building NN blocks NNS and CC stumbling VVG blocks NNS among IN the DT major JJ constituencies NNS in IN each DT of IN these DT areas NNS . SENT The DT above JJ process NN will MD help VV to TO build VV upon IN the DT strengths NNS in IN each DT community NN and CC minimize VV the DT challenges NNS . SENT The DT statewide JJ Ad NP Hoc FW Committee NP that WDT has VHZ been VBN established VVN through IN the DT Family NP and CC Social NP Services NPS Administration NP can MD serve VV as IN a DT support NN network NN for IN local JJ initiatives NNS to TO implement VV a DT problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN . SENT Identification NN of IN Specific JJ Prevention NN Activities NNS As IN discussed VVN earlier RBR , , the DT CSAP NP literature NN strongly RB recommends VVZ the DT use NN of IN activities NNS aimed VVN at IN the DT individual NN , , family NN , , school NN , , community NN and CC workplace NN levels NNS . SENT The DT tables NNS on IN the DT following VVG pages NNS present VV the DT types NNS of IN activities NNS that WDT may MD be VB considered VVN within IN communities NNS across IN the DT state NN . SENT DOMAIN NN . SENT INDIVIDUAL JJ PEER NN Strategy NN Possible JJ Interventions NNS Education NP K NP 6 CD th NN grades NNS Implement VV through IN public JJ and CC private JJ schools NNS Teacher NP training NN in IN age NN appropriate JJ information NN about IN consequences NNS Implement VV curriculum NN on IN probability NN information NN Harvard NP s PP Facing VVG the DT Odds NNS curriculum NN . SENT Minnesota NP s PP Improving VVG Your PP$ Odds NNS curriculum NN Introduce VV at IN 3 CD rd NNS and CC 4 CD th NN grade NN Schedule NN booster NN sessions NNS for IN all DT knowledge NN information NN curricula NNS After IN school NN programs NNS to TO enhance VV academic JJ performance NN School NP sponsored VVD parental JJ education NN , , family NN management NN skills NNS enhancement NN EducationSchool NP Age NP Youth NP 6 CD th NN 12 CD th NN Classroom NN peer NN led VVD curriculum NN specific JJ compulsive JJ gambling NN issues NNS gambling NN , , financial JJ management NN , , addictions NNS , , probability NN North NP American NP Training NP Institute NP s PP Wanna VV Bet NP . SENT Curriculum NN . SENT Nova NP Scotia NP s PP Department NP of IN Health NP s PP Drawing VVG the DT Line NN . SENT Curriculum NN Life NN Skills NNS training VVG Social NP Skills NNS develop VVP healthy JJ friendships NNS , , effective JJ communication NN skills NNS , , overcome VV shyness NN Resistance NN Skills NNS Increase VV awareness NN Correct JJ misconceptions NNS Active JJ learning NN of IN refusal NN skills NNS Booster NN session NN at IN 7 CD th NN grade NN Self NP Management NP Skills NNS Personal JJ control NN Independence NP Self NP mastery NN Problem NN solving VVG Decision NN making VVG Critical JJ thinking NN Assertiveness NN Training NP Coping VVG mechanisms NNS Develop VV life NN skills NNS training VVG curricula NNS to TO fit VV local JJ profile NN After IN school NN programming NN to TO include VV gambling VVG education NN information NN Develop VV culturally RB competent JJ programming NN Peer NP leader NN programs NNS Mentoring VVG programs NNS After IN school NN programs NNS that WDT include VVP gambling NN education NN curriculum NN Revise VV and CC replicate VV Minnesota NP Improving VVG Your PP$ Odds NNS curriculum NN , , including VVG new JJ title NN Information NN Dissemination NN School NP media NN type NN campaigns NNS PSAs NNS to TO youth NN radio NN stations NNS and CC popular JJ youth NN programs NNS on IN television NN Famous NP speakers NNS at IN schools NNS to TO speak VV Alternatives NNS Recreational JJ activities NNS focused VVN on IN non JJ gaming NN , , non JJ addiction NN would MD focus VV on IN recreation NN that WDT is VBZ drug NN and CC alcohol NN free JJ Youth NP adult NN leadership NN activities NNS Problem NN Identification NN and CC Referral NN Student NN assistance NN programs NNS Compulsive JJ gambling NN family NN case NN study NN education NN program NN Peer NP counseling NN Community NP Based VVN Process NN Community NP service NN programs NNS Community NP level NN PSAs NP Alternative NP community NN recreational JJ activities NNS DOMAIN NN . SENT FAMILY NN Strategy NN Possible JJ Interventions NNS Education NP Parent NP Education NP parenting VVG skills NNS training VVG Parent NP Education NP family NN therapy NN Parent NP Education NP problem NN behavior NN identification NN Task NP oriented JJ family NN education NN sessions NNS combining VVG social JJ skills NNS training VVG to TO improve VV family NN interaction NN Information NN Dissemination NN Provide VVP information NN to TO PTAs NP about IN problem NN gambling NN Alternatives NNS Recreational JJ activities NNS for IN families NNS focused VVN on IN non JJ gaming NN , , non JJ addiction NN DOMAIN NN . SENT SCHOOL NN Strategy NN Possible JJ Interventions NNS Education NP Curricula NNS with IN negative JJ effects NNS of IN gambling VVG Curricula NNS to TO support VV positive JJ peer NN relationships NNS School NP based VVN support NN group NN and CC skills NNS development NN class NN Tutoring VVG , , peer VV tutoring VVG , , homework NN assistance NN programs NNS Information NN Dissemination NN In IN school NN presentations NNS Website NP Problem NN Identification NN and CC Referral NN Student NN Assistant NP Programs NP Train NP teachers NNS and CC counselors NNS to TO recognize VV signs NNS of IN problem NN gambling VVG Community NP Based VVN Process NN Creating VVG supportive JJ school NN communities NNS to TO strengthen VV bonding VVG to TO school NN DOMAIN NN . SENT COMMUNITY NN Strategy NN Possible JJ Interventions NNS Education NP Education NP to TO alter VV perception NN of IN societal JJ norms NNS expectations NNS Media NP messages NNS supporting VVG problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN PSAs NNS warning VVG of IN dangers NNS of IN excessive JJ gambling NN and CC other JJ risk NN taking VVG behaviors NNS Work NN with IN Indiana NP Public NP Television NP to TO create VV problem NN gambling NN prevention NN programs NNS Information NN Dissemination NN Develop VV pamphlets NNS to TO be VB provided VVN to TO targeted VVN at IN risk NN groups NNS Develop VVP mass JJ media NNS campaign NN for IN community NN awareness NN for IN continuous JJ , , on IN going VVG effort NN . SENT Create VV a DT community NN speaker NN s PP bureau NN Alternatives NNS Community NP drop NN in IN centers NNS Community NP service NN activities NNS . SENT Community NP wide JJ activities NNS with IN a DT non JJ gambling NN theme NN Problem NN Identification NN and CC Referral NN Employee NP Assistance NP Programs NP Enhancement NN of IN referral NN resources NNS Resource NP directory NN to TO regional JJ FSSA NP offices NNS Update VV gambling VVG hotline NP on IN related JJ gambling NN information NN and CC referral NN sources NNS Enhance VV awareness NN of IN GA NP and CC GamAnon NP Community NP Based VVN Process NN Targeted JJ enforcement NN against IN underage JJ gambling NN Establish VV minimum JJ age NN requirement NN for IN bingo NN VI NP . SENT Planning VVG Rationale NN and CC Evaluation NN In IN planning VVG for IN system NN wide JJ prevention NN programming NN , , it PP is VBZ important JJ to TO . SENT Clearly RB identify VV the DT behaviors NNS or CC circumstances NNS that WDT are VBP the DT target NN of IN change NN Examine VVP the DT underlying JJ rationale NN or CC assumptions NNS driving VVG the DT need NN for IN change NN Select NP appropriate JJ methods NNS for IN targeting VVG the DT change NN effort NN . SENT Delineate VV the DT desired VVN outcome NN of IN the DT change NN effort NN Determine VV how WRB effectiveness NN of IN the DT change NN effort NN will MD be VB measured VVN Establish VV evaluative JJ feedback NN mechanism NN to TO continuously RB revise VV methods NNS for IN optimal JJ desired VVN outcome NN . SENT It PP is VBZ easy JJ enough RB to TO identify VV situations NNS or CC behaviors NNS that WDT need VVP to TO be VB changed VVN , , but CC for IN change NN efforts NNS to TO be VB effective JJ , , the DT parties NNS involved VVN in IN effecting VVG the DT change NN must MD have VH some DT common JJ beliefs NNS about IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT problem NN and CC the DT reason NN it PP must MD be VB changed VVN . SENT The DT entire JJ issue NN of IN gambling NN , , gambling VVG behaviors NNS and CC the DT societal JJ impact NN of IN gambling NN , , both CC short JJ and CC long JJ term NN , , evoke VVP such JJ a DT multitude NN of IN emotions NNS and CC responses NNS from IN the DT community NN that IN the DT prevention NN planning NN process NN is VBZ critical JJ to TO use VV in IN developing VVG a DT system NN to TO prevent VV problem NN gambling NN . SENT One CD reason NN that IN such PDT a DT process NN must MD be VB followed VVN is VBZ because IN of IN the DT diverse JJ views NNS on IN the DT effects NNS of IN gambling NN and CC the DT questions NNS raised VVD concerning VVG appropriate JJ social JJ policy NN response NN and CC regulation NN . SENT If IN the DT specific JJ issue NN of IN gambling NN can MD be VB placed VVN into IN a DT larger JJR societal JJ context NN , , support NN for IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN efforts NNS may MD be VB more RBR forthcoming JJ . SENT Gambling NN is VBZ not RB the DT real JJ social JJ problem NN . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN is VBZ simply RB an DT indication NN of IN a DT bigger JJR social JJ problem NN . SENT The DT real JJ social JJ issue NN to TO consider VV is VBZ the DT unhealthy JJ person NN who WP becomes VVZ a DT problem NN gambler NN and CC the DT havoc NN that IN this DT person NN creates VVZ in IN communities NNS across IN the DT nation NN . SENT The DT havoc NN may MD be VB seen VVN in IN financial JJ outcomes NNS , , family NN dissolution NN , , marital JJ strain NN , , poor JJ job NN performance NN , , absenteeism NN , , psychological JJ problems NNS , , suicide NN , , bankruptcies NNS , , criminal JJ behavior NN , , substance NN abuse NN and CC potential JJ violence NN . SENT To TO a DT large JJ extent NN , , the DT social JJ issue NN becomes VVZ individual JJ addiction NN , , its PP$ effects NNS and CC the DT eventual JJ outcome NN for IN society NN . SENT When WRB placed VVN in IN this DT type NN of IN context NN , , the DT point NN of IN prevention NN is VBZ clear JJ . SENT Prevention NN efforts NNS should MD be VB directed VVN to TO prevention NN of IN the DT development NN of IN the DT unhealthy JJ characteristics NNS , , beliefs NNS and CC values NNS that WDT propel VV a DT person NN into IN addictive JJ behavior NN , , whether IN it PP is VBZ gambling VVG , , drinking NN or CC drugs NNS . SENT This DT type NN of IN prevention NN addresses VVZ long JJ term NN individual NN and CC societal JJ change NN . SENT It PP is VBZ primary JJ prevention NN and CC it PP focuses VVZ on IN the DT development NN of IN programs NNS and CC services NNS that WDT ensure VVP a DT person NN is VBZ healthy JJ enough RB to TO avoid VV problem NN gambling VVG behavioral JJ development NN . SENT Secondary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS may MD be VB aimed VVN at IN preventing VVG the DT further JJR development NN of IN a DT problem NN . SENT Secondary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS in IN the DT gambling NN arena NN may MD be VB aimed VVN at IN those DT persons NNS whose WP$ behavior NN indicates VVZ they PP are VBP on IN the DT pathway NN to TO developing VVG pathological JJ gambling NN problems NNS . SENT Although IN limited VVN , , the DT literature NN indicates VVZ that IN many JJ of IN those DT behaviors NNS or CC risk NN factors NNS are VBP well RB known VVN and CC prevention NN outcomes NNS would MD be VB aimed VVN at IN stopping VVG the DT progression NN of IN the DT problem NN . SENT Again RB , , gambling VVG in IN itself PP is VBZ not RB the DT problem NN . SENT rather RB it PP is VBZ the DT characteristics NNS and CC circumstances NNS of IN the DT person NN that WDT lead VVP them PP into IN the DT problem NN behavior NN . SENT For IN primary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS to TO be VB effective JJ , , the DT community NN standards NNS , , social JJ policies NNS and CC laws NNS must MD support VV the DT development NN of IN healthy JJ beliefs NNS , , values NNS and CC behaviors NNS in IN childhood NN or CC the DT strengthening NN and CC reinforcement NN of IN these DT values NNS as IN a DT person NN progresses VVZ in IN life NN . SENT Resiliency NN to TO problem NN behavior NN is VBZ especially RB important JJ when WRB a DT person NN enters VVZ a DT high JJ risk NN category NN or CC is VBZ moving VVG through IN an DT unstable JJ transitional JJ period NN in IN life NN i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT senior JJ citizen NN status NN , , college NN , , unemployed JJ , , etc FW . SENT Individual JJ values NNS and CC beliefs NNS must MD be VB strong JJ enough RB to TO maintain VV responsibility NN through IN the DT natural JJ stresses NNS and CC pressures NNS of IN life NN . SENT Secondary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS attempt VVP to TO intervene VV with IN persons NNS who WP are VBP already RB showing VVG unhealthy JJ behaviors NNS and CC who WP are VBP in IN a DT high JJ risk NN category NN for IN developing VVG unhealthy JJ behaviors NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT senior JJ citizens NNS , , neglected JJ children NNS , , school NN failure NN drop NN outs NNS . SENT The DT Social NP Development NP Model NP focuses VVZ on IN the DT development NN of IN resiliency NN to TO the DT stresses NNS of IN life NN and CC this DT type NN of IN resiliency NN generally RB has VHZ to TO be VB learned VVN early RB in IN life NN for IN optimal JJ effectiveness NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT significant JJ findings NNS from IN the DT Indiana NP school NN survey NN was VBD that IN an DT earlier JJR age NN of IN onset NN was VBD significantly RB related VVN to TO progression NN into IN pathological JJ gambling NN behaviors NNS . SENT This DT finding NN is VBZ comparable JJ to TO the DT substance NN abuse NN field NN , , where WRB prior JJ research NN has VHZ clearly RB shown VVN that IN the DT earlier RBR a DT youth NN begins VVZ to TO drink VV alcohol NN , , the DT greater JJR the DT possibility NN that IN he PP she PP will MD become VV a DT problem NN drinker NN . SENT For IN these DT reasons NNS , , underage JJ gambling NN should MD be VB heavily RB discouraged VVN and CC prevention NN planning NN should MD address VV this DT goal NN . SENT Tertiary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS should MD also RB be VB considered VVN in IN planning VVG so RB that IN the DT effects NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN can MD be VB reduced VVN . SENT Although IN these DT types NNS of IN efforts NNS are VBP aimed VVN at IN the DT reduction NN of IN the DT pathological JJ gambling NN problem NN within IN an DT individual NN , , the DT rationale NN for IN prevention NN efforts NNS is VBZ different JJ , , relying VVG on IN the DT treatment NN community NN to TO ameliorate VV the DT individual JJ disabilities NNS resulting VVG from IN the DT pathological JJ gambling NN behavior NN . SENT In IN system NN wide JJ or CC community NN planning NN initiatives NNS , , there EX are VBP rarely RB enough JJ resources NNS to TO comprehensively RB address VV all DT three CD levels NNS of IN need NN . SENT The DT community NN need NN and CC the DT effects NNS to TO be VB gained VVN from IN multi NNS level NN intervention NN must MD be VB assessed VVN and CC the DT prevention NN strategies NNS clearly RB prioritized JJ to TO meet VV the DT defined VVN need NN . SENT In IN summary NN , , to TO facilitate VV an DT effective JJ prevention NN planning NN process NN , , agreement NN on IN the DT problem NN , , the DT rationale NN for IN change NN and CC the DT outcome NN expected VVN from IN change NN efforts NNS must MD be VB clearly RB defined VVN . SENT The DT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP as IN the DT initial JJ part NN of IN the DT planning NN process NN , , has VHZ identified VVN the DT baseline JJ problem NN through IN multiple JJ data NNS gathering VVG methods NNS and CC has VHZ conducted VVN research NN to TO understand VV the DT rationale NN for IN change NN in IN the DT state NN . SENT The DT FSSA NP has VHZ interacted VVN with IN the DT research NN project NN team NN and CC has VHZ provided VVN continuous JJ feedback NN on IN the DT direction NN in IN which WDT the DT state NN wants VVZ to TO move VV in IN regard NN to TO gambling VVG prevention NN activities NNS . SENT An DT ad FW hoc FW committee NN was VBD also RB appointed VVN to TO review VV the DT initial JJ prevention NN plan NN . SENT The DT desired VVN outcome NN for IN problem NN gambling VVG prevention NN efforts NNS has VHZ been VBN obtained VVN through IN focus NN groups NNS , , Indiana NP officials NNS and CC professional NN ad FW hoc FW committee NN members NNS . SENT Through IN this DT information NN base NN , , accountability NN and CC evaluative JJ outcome NN is VBZ presented VVN , , followed VVN by IN a DT discussion NN of IN the DT primary JJ prevention NN strategies NNS and CC sample NN evaluative JJ process NN and CC outcome NN measures NNS . SENT Accountability NN and CC Evaluation NN in IN Prevention NN Planning NP Efforts NNS Since IN Indiana NP is VBZ in IN the DT early JJ stages NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN prevention NN planning NN , , it PP is VBZ strongly RB recommended VVN that IN an DT evaluative JJ system NN be VB established VVN to TO document VV activities NNS and CC measure VV the DT progress NN of IN the DT prevention NN and CC early JJ intervention NN efforts NNS . SENT Through IN a DT well RB planned VVN evaluation NN , , the DT state NN can MD develop VV good JJ process NN evaluative JJ procedures NNS to TO demonstrate VV accountability NN with IN funds NNS and CC resources NNS . SENT Secondly RB , , the DT FSSA NP can MD establish VV criteria NNS for IN short JJ and CC long JJ term NN outcome NN data NNS so RB that IN programming NN effects NNS can MD be VB consistently RB measured VVN across IN the DT state NN . SENT As IN funds NNS are VBP dispersed VVN to TO local JJ communities NNS to TO implement VV prevention NN programs NNS , , the DT FSSA NP will MD be VB in IN a DT good JJ position NN to TO require VV process NN and CC outcome NN data NNS on IN individual JJ programs NNS as IN a DT part NN of IN the DT funding NN requirements NNS . SENT Specific JJ process NN and CC outcome NN measures NNS are VBP exemplified VVN on IN pages NNS 52 CD 58 CD in IN the DT discussion NN on IN prevention NN strategy NN development NN . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT process NN evaluation NN will MD document VV the DT activities NNS that WDT are VBP undertaken VVN as IN prevention NN programs NNS are VBP established VVN . SENT Process NN data NNS will MD provide VV information NN on IN the DT number NN of IN activities NNS , , the DT participants NNS involved VVN , , the DT actual JJ tasks NNS carried VVD out RP , , etc FW . SENT This DT type NN of IN information NN is VBZ critically RB important JJ to TO a DT new JJ prevention NN plan NN , , as IN new JJ knowledge NN is VBZ consistently RB available JJ to TO improve VV the DT manner NN in IN which WDT prevention NN services NNS are VBP provided VVN . SENT For IN example NN , , what WP is VBZ the DT content NN of IN a DT particular JJ school NN based VVN curriculum NN . SENT Is VBZ attendance NN at IN one CD type NN of IN program NN better RBR than IN at IN another DT type NN of IN program NN . SENT Was VBD a DT particular JJ subgrant NN program NN accountable JJ for IN the DT services NNS they PP provided VVN . SENT Were VBD the DT services NNS provided VVN in IN the DT manner NN in IN which WDT they PP were VBD proposed VVN . SENT Process NN data NNS are VBP a DT reliable JJ way NN to TO demonstrate VV accountability NN with IN funds NNS . SENT Outcome NN data NNS provide VVP information NN on IN the DT actual JJ impact NN of IN a DT program NN . SENT Did VVD the DT program NN reduce VV problem NN gambling NN in IN the DT long JJ run NN . SENT Were VBD interim JJ indicators NNS of IN success NN present NN . SENT Did VVD a DT group NN of IN students NNS or CC parents NNS increase VVP their PP$ knowledge NN or CC change VV their PP$ attitudes NNS after IN participating VVG in IN a DT prevention NN program NN . SENT Did VVD the DT program NN achieve VV the DT desired VVN effect NN . SENT Outcome NN data NNS in IN prevention NN are VBP not RB readily RB available JJ for IN many JJ years NNS , , in IN most JJS cases NNS . SENT If IN Indiana NP implements VVZ a DT statewide JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN program NN , , is VBZ the DT prevalence NN or CC incidence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN reduced VVN in IN ten CD years NNS . SENT Since IN outcome NN data NNS take VVP so RB long JJ to TO reveal VV change NN , , interim JJ indicators NNS should MD be VB set VVN up RP to TO measure VV progress NN towards IN the DT object NN of IN change NN . SENT The DT essential JJ point NN for IN the DT state NN and CC FSSA NP to TO consider VV is VBZ the DT opportunity NN that WDT is VBZ being VBG presented VVN now RB to TO document VV expenditure NN of IN funds NNS and CC set VV up RP the DT structure NN for IN long JJ term NN outcome NN of IN prevention NN programs NNS for IN problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT The DT common JJ prevention NN strategies NNS are VBP presented VVN below IN , , with IN an DT identification NN of IN underlying JJ assumptions NNS , , sample NN programs NNS , , desired VVN outcomes NNS and CC sample NN outcome NN measures VVZ Office NN of IN Substance NN Abuse NN Prevention NN , , 1991 CD . SENT 1 LS . SENT Raise VV awareness NN in IN the DT Community NP Assumption NP . SENT Members NNS of IN the DT community NN are VBP not RB sufficiently RB aware JJ of IN the DT problems NNS associated VVN with IN gambling NN in IN their PP$ neighborhood NN . SENT Such JJ knowledge NN could MD then RB lead VV to TO new JJ program NN initiatives NNS , , and CC greater JJR concern NN and CC monitoring NN of IN the DT activities NNS of IN the DT community's JJ children NNS , , friends NNS or CC neighbors NNS . SENT Sample NN program NN . SENT Targeted VVN social JJ marketing NN campaigns NNS , , mass JJ media NNS campaigns NNS , , community NN speaker's NNS bureau NN , , public JJ service NN announcements NNS . SENT Desired VVN outcome NN . SENT Education NN of IN community NN , , over IN time NN , , a DT reduction NN in IN problem NN gambling NN activity NN . SENT Desired VVN outcome NN . SENT Increased JJ knowledge NN of IN the DT effects NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN on IN their PP$ community NN . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Documentation NN of IN activitiesBrief NN evaluation NN form NN for IN speaking VVG engagements NNS Short JJ termCommunity NN attitude NN surveys NNS to TO measure VV pre NP and CC post VV effects NNS of IN the DT social JJ marketing NN campaign NN Pre NP post NN measures NNS of IN increased JJ knowledge NN for IN targeted JJ population NN Long JJ term NN Survey NN research NN to TO track VV problem NN gambling NN prevalence NN data NNS to TO show VV reduction NN in IN problem NN behavior NN 2 CD . SENT Community NN Involvement NN Activities NNS Assumption NP . SENT The DT more JJR segments NNS of IN the DT community NN that WDT are VBP involved VVN , , the DT more RBR successful JJ prevention NN efforts NNS will MD be VB . SENT Sample NN Program NN . SENT Local JJ Community NP Coalitions NNS or CC Prevention NN Teams NNS are VBP formed VVN across IN the DT state NN to TO address VV local JJ issues NNS within IN their PP$ communities NNS . SENT Desired VVN Outcomes NNS . SENT Increased JJ community NN knowledge NN and CC reduction NN in IN problem NN behavior NN . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Documentation NN of IN activities NNS conducted VVN Description NN of IN community NN involvement NN plan NN Minutes NP from IN coalition NN meetings NNS Rosters VVZ of IN community NN membership NN to TO reflect VV diversity NN Attendance NN data NNS Short JJ term NN Pre NP post NN testing NN of IN community NN sample NN exposed VVN to TO coalition NN activities NNS Qualitative JJ surveys NNS with IN coalition NN or CC prevention NN team NN members NNS or CC participants NNS Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN survey NN research NN . SENT research NN on IN related JJ problems NNS for IN example NN related JJ crime NN , , bankruptcies NNS , , qualitative JJ or CC quantitative JJ survey NN of IN treatment NN professionals NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT Increase NN knowledge NN of IN teachers NNS , , parents NNS and CC students NNS Assumption NP 1 CD . SENT If IN adolescents NNS understood VVD the DT dangers NNS associated VVN with IN excessive JJ gambling NN they PP would MD not RB engage VV in IN the DT behavior NN . SENT Assumption NN 2 CD . SENT If IN parents NNS and CC teachers NNS have VHP accurate JJ information NN they PP can MD communicate VV this DT to TO students NNS and CC if IN they PP understand VVP the DT signs NNS and CC symptoms NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN , , they PP can MD identify VV it PP early RB and CC take VV steps NNS to TO prevent VV continued JJ problem NN behavior NN . SENT Assumption NN 3 CD . SENT Research NP suggests VVZ that DT adolescents NNS are VBP engaging VVG in IN gambling VVG activity NN with IN their PP$ parents NNS . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT School NP based VVN programs NNS that WDT include VVP classroom NN peer NN led VVD curriculum NN specific JJ to TO compulsive JJ gambling NN issues NNS , , parent NN and CC teacher NN training NN regarding VVG problem NN behavior NN identification NN . SENT Desired VVN Outcome NN . SENT Increase NN in IN knowledge NN of IN parents NNS , , teachers NNS , , and CC students NNS regarding VVG the DT dangers NNS of IN excessive JJ gambling NN . SENT Reduction NN in IN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Note NN . SENT These DT programs NNS are VBP generally RB not RB effective JJ if IN they PP are VBP not RB part NN of IN a DT broader JJR base NN prevention NN effort NN . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Documentation NN of IN school NN based VVN program NN . SENT Preparation NN of IN school NN based VVN program NN model NN for IN replication NN Documentation NN of IN education NN curriculum NN Training NP curriculums NNS and CC agendas NNS Description NN of IN youth NN participation NN rosters VVZ Short JJ termPre NN post NN testing NN of IN parents NNS or CC students NNS on IN increased JJ knowledge NN Focus NP groups NNS with IN youth NN for IN qualitative JJ outcome NN data NNS Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN survey NN data NNS in IN schools NNS with IN program NN Prevalence NN research NN in IN community NN 4 CD . SENT Change NN norms NNS and CC expectations NNS surrounding VVG gambling VVG Assumption NP . SENT Youth NN that WDT are VBP engaged VVN in IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN believe VVP that IN this DT behavior NN is VBZ okay JJ and CC will MD not RB have VH negative JJ effects NNS on IN them PP . SENT Change NN norms NNS by IN promoting VVG youth NN attitudes NNS that WDT are VBP negative JJ toward IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT Peer NN led VVD curricula NNS regarding VVG dangers NNS of IN problem NN gambling VVG School NP and CC community NN activities NNS with IN a DT non JJ gambling NN theme NN . SENT Desired VVN Outcome NN . SENT Create VV a DT culture NN that WDT is VBZ intolerant JJ of IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN and CC that WDT promotes VVZ healthful JJ behavior NN . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Prevention NN program NN curriculumsDocumentation NN description NN of IN school NN community NN activities NNS Attendance NN participation NN rosters VVZ Short JJ term NN Pre NP post NN attitudinal JJ school NN test NN Pre NP post NN group NN interviews NNS Key JJ leader NN survey NN to TO assess VV norm NN culture NN Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN survey NN data NNS in IN schools NNS with IN programs NNS Prevalence NN research NN in IN community NN 5 CD . SENT Enhance VV parenting VVG and CC positive JJ family NN influence NN Assumption NP . SENT Evidence NN exists VVZ that DT youth NN who WP become VVP involved VVN in IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN come VVN from IN families NNS where WRB there EX is VBZ poor JJ discipline NN , , poor JJ supervision NN , , and CC poor JJ parent NN child NN communication NN . SENT Strategy NN aims VVZ at IN enhancing VVG parenting VVG skills NNS including VVG parent NN child NN communication NN , , organizational JJ and CC networking NN skills NNS . SENT Enhancing VVG these DT skills NNS will MD lead VV to TO increased JJ parental JJ involvement NN with IN the DT child NN and CC more JJR effective JJ supervision NN and CC discipline NN . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT Parenting VVG skills NNS training NN , , task NN oriented JJ family NN education NN sessions NNS combining VVG social JJ skills NNS training VVG to TO improve VV family NN interaction NN . SENT Desired VVN Outcomes NNS . SENT Reductions NNS in IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Improved JJ parenting VVG skills NNS , , improved JJ parent NN child NN communication NN , , and CC more RBR consistent JJ and CC effective JJ discipline NN practices NNS . SENT The DT creation NN of IN parent NN networks NNS and CC increase NN in IN parental JJ awareness NN of IN the DT dangers NNS of IN excessive JJ gambling NN . SENT Process NN measures VVZ Outcome NN measures NNS Copy VVP of IN parenting VVG programAttendance NN rosters VVZ Description NN of IN participants NNS with IN related JJ problem NN identification NN Short JJ term NN Brief NN evaluation NN from IN participants NNS Satisfaction NN surveys VVZ Pre NP post NN testing NN of IN increased JJ knowledge NN Pre NP post NN measure NN of IN interaction NN levels NNS Qualitative JJ interviews NNS with IN families NNS Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN data NNS on IN problem NN gambling NN Follow VV up RP on IN families NNS interviews NNS , , related JJ data NNS tracking NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT Arrests NNS , , marital JJ status NN , , etc FW . SENT 6 CD . SENT Enhance VV student NN skills NNS Assumption NP . SENT Youth NN that IN become VVN involved VVN in IN problem NN behavior NN have VHP a DT difficult JJ time NN resisting VVG peer NN pressure NN , , making VVG good JJ decisions NNS , , and CC coping VVG with IN the DT everyday JJ social JJ and CC interpersonal JJ demands NNS of IN their PP$ lives NNS . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT School NN based VVN life NN skills NNS training NN and CC social JJ skills NNS training NN including VVG assertiveness NN , , communication NN skills NNS , , healthy JJ friendships NNS . SENT Desired VVN Outcomes NNS . SENT Enhancement NN of IN peer NN resistance NN skills NNS , , coping VVG skills NNS , , and CC stress NN reduction NN skills NNS . SENT Note NN . SENT Need VVP to TO focus VV specifically RB on IN gambling NN or CC targeted JJ behavior NN . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Copies NNS of IN curriculumsParticipant JJ rosters NNS Short JJ term NN Pre NP post NN testing NN of IN knowledge NN skills NNS Follow VVP up RP interview NN or CC data NN collection NN from IN school NN Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN data NNS at IN school NN with IN program NN compared VVN to TO control VV school NN with IN no DT program NN Prevalence NN data NNS on IN problem NN gambling NN Participant NN follow VV up RP for IN stress NN related VVN problems NNS 7 CD . SENT Increase NN involvement NN in IN school NN by IN parents NNS and CC students NNS Assumption NP . SENT Increased VVN involvement NN in IN non JJ gambling NN activities NNS leaves VVZ little JJ time NN for IN gambling VVG involved JJ activities NNS . SENT Assumption NN 2 CD . SENT Increasing VVG parental JJ involvement NN in IN school NN and CC school NN functions NNS contributes VVZ to TO the DT prevention NN of IN gambling VVG problems NNS by IN involving VVG parents NNS in IN a DT setting NN that WDT includes VVZ their PP$ children NNS and CC their PP$ neighborhood NN increasing VVG a DT sense NN of IN community NN and CC cohesion NN . SENT Assumption NN 3 CD . SENT Parents NNS are VBP more RBR likely JJ to TO know VV what WP is VBZ going VVG on IN in IN their PP$ child NN s PP life NN and CC may MD be VB instrumental JJ in IN encouraging VVG achievement NN of IN school NN goals NNS . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT Opportunities NNS for IN parents NNS and CC children NNS to TO come VV together RB through IN school NN clubs NNS , , social JJ activities NNS , , and CC other JJ school NN sponsored VVD events NNS Desired VVD Outcome NN 1 CD . SENT Increased JJ student NN attendance NN , , participation NN rates NNS , , parent NN attendance NN and CC the DT reduction NN of IN absenteeism NN and CC dropping VVG out RP . SENT Desired VVN Outcome NN 2 CD . SENT Satisfaction NN with IN school NN , , enhanced JJ education NN aspirations NNS , , and CC improvements NNS in IN school NN climate NN . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ School NP attendance NN recordsParticipation NN records VVZ Parental JJ involvement NN documentation NN Documentation NN of IN activities NNS Short JJ term NN Pre NP post NN measure NN of IN attendance NN and CC school NN progress NN by IN participants NNS Track VVP incidence NN of IN dropouts NNS School NP satisfaction NN exit NN tests VVZ Target NP school NN prevalence NN research NN Long JJ term NN Comparison NN with IN control NN group NN school NN School NP prevalence NN survey NN Community NP prevalence NN rates NNS Follow VVP up RP with IN participant NN and CC younger JJR siblings NNS 8 CD . SENT Increase NN involvement NN in IN healthy JJ legal JJ alternatives NNS Assumption NP . SENT Provides VVZ youth NN with IN choices NNS for IN other JJ types NNS of IN recreational JJ activities NNS than IN gambling NN activities NNS . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT Recreational JJ activities NNS focused VVN on IN non JJ gaming NN , , non JJ addiction NN . SENT Youth NN adult NN leadership NN activities NNS . SENT Desired VVN Outcomes NNS . SENT Increased JJ number NN of IN youth NN participation NN and CC activities NNS initiated VVD . SENT Measurement NN Outcomes NNS . SENT Measure NN , , document NN Process NN measures VVZ Outcome NN measures NNS Documentation NN of IN recreational JJ activities NNS providedCopies NNS of IN leadership NN training NN curriculums NNS Short JJ term NN Pre NP post NN survey NN of IN youth NN Qualitative JJ interview NN with IN leadership NN groups NNS Focus NP groups NNS to TO assess VV outcome NN Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN research NN Tracking VVG of IN participants NNS Follow VVP up RP questionnaires NNS to TO participants NNS Comparative JJ study NN with IN other JJ strategies NNS 9 CD . SENT Increase NN Support NN Services NP for IN students NNS , , teachers NNS and CC parents NNS Assumption NP . SENT With IN additional JJ support NN , , youth NN may MD receive VV the DT help NN they PP need VVP to TO resist VV gambling NN activities NNS and CC to TO cope VV with IN problems NNS and CC pressures NNS in IN more JJR productive JJ ways NNS . SENT Assumption NN 2 CD . SENT Parent NN support NN groups NNS may MD help VV parents NNS become VV more RBR aware JJ of IN the DT problems NNS facing VVG their PP$ community NN youth NN and CC gives VVZ parents NNS a DT forum NN to TO share NN ideas NNS and CC solutions NNS . SENT Assumption NN 3 CD . SENT Allows VVZ more JJR time NN for IN teachers NNS to TO spend VV with IN students NNS and CC gather VV student NN input NN making VVG the DT school NN experience NN more RBR enjoyable JJ thus RB decreasing VVG drop NN outs NNS . SENT Assumption NN 4 CD . SENT Support NN service NN directories NNS for IN parents NNS and CC teachers NNS so IN they PP can MD seek VV assistance NN before IN a DT gambling NN problem NN becomes VVZ very RB serious JJ . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT Peer NN Counseling NN , , student NN assistance NN programs NNS , , Parent NP and CC Teacher NP training NN to TO recognize VV the DT early JJ signs NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT Desired VVN Outcomes NNS . SENT Increased JJ sense NN of IN support NN and CC involvement NN , , greater JJR confidence NN in IN coping VVG with IN problems NNS , , and CC increased VVD use NN of IN support NN services NNS . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Documentation NN of IN programsAttendance NN rosters NNS Documentation NN of IN types NNS of IN student NN problems NNS Training NP curriculums NNS Short JJ termPre NN post NN measure NN of IN related JJ behaviors NNS Satisfaction NN surveys NNS for IN services NNS Participant NN evaluative JJ form NN for IN programs NNS Teacher NP surveys NNS for IN increased JJ identification NN , , etc FW . SENT Records NNS of IN early JJ identification NN Utilization NN rates NNS Long JJ term NN Prevalence NN research NN Comparative JJ research NN on IN service NN types NNS Analysis NN of IN outcome NN by IN type NN of IN service NN and CC characteristics NNS of IN participants NNS Incidence NN data NNS collection NN 10 CD . SENT Deterrence NN through IN regulatory JJ and CC legal JJ action NN Assumption NP . SENT If IN you PP make VVP it PP more RBR difficult JJ to TO engage VV in IN under IN age NN or CC illegal JJ gaming NN activities NNS by IN better JJR enforcement NN of IN existing VVG laws NNS it PP will MD deter VV this DT behavior NN . SENT Assumption NN 2 CD . SENT To TO be VB used VVN in IN conjunction NN with IN other JJ prevention NN techniques NNS to TO reduce VV risks NNS across IN populations NNS . SENT Sample NN Programs NNS . SENT Enforcement NN of IN existing VVG laws NNS regulating VVG gambling NN . SENT Monitoring VVG of IN legislative JJ activities NNS to TO ensure VV knowledge NN of IN gambling VVG related JJ policy NN level NN activities NNS for IN example NN age NN of IN legalized VVN gambling NN . SENT Desired VVN Outcomes NNS . SENT Violations NNS for IN those DT that WDT violate VVP existing JJ laws NNS . SENT Process NN measures NNS Outcome NN measures VVZ Document NN policies NNS laws NNS targeted VVN and CC outcomeDocument NN efforts NNS to TO change VV methods NNS and CC type NN of IN support NN Monitor NP enforcement NN with IN compliance NN checks NNS Describe VVP legislative JJ changes NNS Short JJ termImmediate JJ policy NN law NN changes NNS Improved VVD compliance NN check NN rating NN Attitudinal JJ surveys NNS of IN legislators NNS Industry NN recording NN of IN illegal JJ attempts NNS over IN years NNS Long JJ term NN Compliance NN checks NNS reveal VVP minimal JJ violation NN of IN laws NNS Industry NN report NN of IN minimal JJ recording NN of IN attempts NNS Prevalence NN surveys NNS to TO show VV reduction NN if IN problem NN behavior NN Institutionalized VVD legislative JJ support NN for IN enforcement NN VII NP . SENT Recommended JJ Indiana NP Prevention NN Plan NP 1998 CD 99 CD The DT 1998 CD 99 CD interim JJ statewide JJ program NN gambling NN preention NN plan NN has VHZ been VBN developed VVN to TO establish VV an DT infrastructure NN for IN comprehensive JJ planning NN on IN a DT long JJ term NN basis NN . SENT The DT purpose NN of IN hte NP proposed VVN plan NN is VBZ to TO ensure VV that DT prevention NN begins VVZ across IN the DT state NN as IN the DT baseline NN data NNS are VBP compiled VVN that IN more RBR specifically RB define VV the DT extent NN of IN the DT program NN in IN Indiana NP . SENT The DT following VVG plan NN is VBZ a DT possible JJ strategy NN for IN addressing VVG the DT prevention NN needs NNS that WDT are VBP known VVN to TO exist VV across IN the DT state NN and CC that WDT can MD be VB accomplished VVN at IN the DT current JJ funding NN level NN . SENT Once RB the DT interim JJ plan NN is VBZ implemented VVN , , the DT FSSA NP staff NN and CC the DT Ad NN Hoc FW Prevention NN Committee NP will MD assist VV local JJ prevention NN teams NNS to TO begin VV athe JJR process NN of IN establishing VVG a DT long JJ range NN plan NN that WDT will MD address VV anticipated JJ problems NNS during IN the DT next JJ five CD years NNS . SENT The DT recommended JJ plan's NN activities NNS include VVP . SENT Activities NNS Date VVP of IN Completion NP Person NP Responsible JJ I NN . SENT Establishment NN of IN a DT statewide JJ structure NN and CC process NN to TO address VV problem NN and CC compulsive JJ gambling VVG a DT . SENT Formalization NN of IN the DT existence NN and CC activities NNS of IN the DT FSSA NP Ad NP Hoc FW Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Committee NP or CC Advisory NP Group NP will MD be VB established VVN to TO provide VV statewide JJ input NN into IN gambling VVG prevention NN and CC treatment NN needs NNS . SENT Additionally RB , , the DT Committee NP will MD work VV with IN the DT FSSA NP to TO establish VV a DT long JJ term NN problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN as IN research NN further RBR defines VVZ the DT problem NN . SENT This DT committee NN will MD ultimately RB provide VV support NN and CC guidance NN to TO local JJ regional JJ community NN prevention NN teams NNS charged VVN with IN adapting VVG the DT plan NN to TO meet VV the DT needs NNS of IN their PP$ community NN . SENT b LS . SENT Formal JJ designation NN of IN one CD regional JJ level NN FSSA NP staff NN person NN to TO be VB responsible JJ for IN regional JJ gambling NN prevention NN and CC treatment NN activities NNS . SENT This DT person NN may MD be VB an DT interim JJ assignment NN until IN a DT long JJ range NN plan NN is VBZ in IN place NN . SENT c LS . SENT Develop VV a DT risk NN protective JJ factor NN profile NN on IN each DT of IN the DT regions NNS , , ensuring VVG that DT specific JJ gambling NN related VVN issues NNS are VBP included VVN . SENT d SYM . SENT As IN other JJ epidemiological JJ data NNS are VBP collected VVN throughout IN the DT state NN , , ensure VV that IN a DT section NN related VVN to TO gambling VVG behaviors NNS and CC risk NN factors NNS is VBZ included VVN . SENT e SYM . SENT Establish VV university NN based VVN research NN component NN to TO conduct VV research NN , , analyze VV results NNS , , develop VV effective JJ programs NNS , , and CC work NN with IN the DT Advisory NP Group NP and CC local JJ regions NNS to TO link VV prevention NN activities NNS to TO empirically RB based VVN effectiveness NN models NNS and CC strategies NNS . SENT II NP . SENT Activate VV Initial JJ Public JJ Awareness NN Strategies NNS a DT . SENT Develop VV regional JJ and CC statewide JJ public JJ awareness NN campaigns NNS . SENT b LS . SENT Develop VV billboard NN campaign NN for IN use NN across IN the DT state NN . SENT c LS . SENT Establish VV public JJ media NNS plan VVP to TO continually RB get VV out RP the DT message NN about IN the DT social JJ impact NN of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT d SYM . SENT Develop VV a DT targeted JJ social JJ marketing NN campaign NN demonstrating VVG the DT benefits NNS of IN not RB gambling VVG . SENT e SYM . SENT Segment NN target NN audiences NNS and CC obtain VV information NN regarding VVG what WP motivates VVZ them PP and CC the DT media NNS messages NNS they PP respond VVP to TO . SENT f SYM . SENT Ensure VV stable JJ and CC consistent JJ access NN to TO information NN through IN telephone NN directory NN listings NNS and CC Toll NP Free NP Telephone NP Referral NN Line NN . SENT g NN . SENT Ensure VV that DT compulsive JJ gambling NN prevention NN materials NNS are VBP in IN public JJ libraries NNS across IN the DT state NN . SENT III NP . SENT Primary JJ Prevention NN Strategies NNS a DT . SENT Legislative JJ Policy NP Related NP Monitor NP legislative JJ activities NNS to TO ensure VV knowledge NN of IN gambling VVG related JJ policy NN level NN activities NNS , , for IN example NN , , age NN of IN legalized VVN gambling NN . SENT Examine VV needed JJ legislative JJ change NN or CC policy NN related JJ action NN that WDT must MD be VB passed VVN through IN the DT legislature NN . SENT Secure JJ relationships NNS with IN representatives NNS and CC senators NNS who WP have VHP aided VVN in IN the DT addiction NN and CC or CC problem NN gambling NN arena NN . SENT Identify VV and CC ensure VV legislative JJ action NN needed VVN for IN 1999 CD session NN . SENT Work VV closely RB with IN the DT Governor NP s PP Gambling VVG Impact NP Study NP Commission NP . SENT b SYM . SENT Conduct NN baseline NN research NN throughout IN state NN on IN prevalence NN of IN problem NN gambling NN across IN age NN , , gender NN , , and CC geographic JJ and CC cultural JJ and CC high JJ risk NN populations NNS . SENT Include VVP data NNS on IN related JJ areas NNS such JJ as IN the DT relationship NN between IN homeless JJ status NN and CC gambling NN problem NN , , suicide NN incidence NN , , etc FW . SENT c LS . SENT Monitor VV enforcement NN of IN existing VVG laws NNS regulating VVG gambling NN , , including VVG lotteries NNS , , casinos NNS , , bingo NN , , etc FW . SENT d SYM . SENT Determine VV process NN for IN implementing VVG effective JJ school NN based VVN prevention NN programs NNS , , including VVG education NN and CC awareness NN . SENT School NP based VVN programs NNS would MD include VV classroom NN strategies NNS as RB well RB as IN working VVG with IN parent NN groups NNS . SENT e SYM . SENT Work NN with IN universities NNS student NN health NN centers NNS to TO provide VV responsible JJ gambling NN education NN for IN students NNS IV NP . SENT Secondary JJ Prevention NN Strategies NNS a DT . SENT Assess VV and CC intervene VV with IN high JJ risk NN populations NNS , , including VVG juvenile JJ delinquency NN populations NNS and CC older JJR citizens NNS . SENT Lower JJR criteria NNS for IN receiving VVG treatment NN from IN pathological JJ gambling NN to TO problem NN gambling NN . SENT Problem NN gamblers NNS outnumber VV pathological JJ gamblers NNS six CD to TO one CD in IN Indiana NP . SENT b SYM . SENT Develop VV programs NNS or CC strategies NNS to TO impact VV the DT high JJ risk NN populations NNS . SENT c LS . SENT Develop VV training NN program NN for IN counselors NNS who WP will MD deal VV with IN persons NNS experiencing VVG problem NN or CC compulsive JJ gambling NN behaviors NNS . SENT Contact NN licensing NN boards NNS for IN training NN and CC information NN dissemination NN . SENT d SYM . SENT Select VV one CD two CD pilot NN sites NNS for IN school NN based VVN program NN implementation NN and CC evaluation NN . SENT e SYM . SENT Complete JJ gambling NN resource NN directory NN for IN use NN across IN the DT state NN . SENT V NN . SENT Community NN Mobilization NN Activities NNS a DT . SENT Enlist VV the DT participation NN of IN key JJ leaders NNS with IN influence NN within IN local JJ communities NNS . SENT Form VV a DT Key JJ Leaders NNS Group NP to TO assist VV in IN the DT development NN of IN local JJ or CC Regional JJ Community NP Prevention NN Teams NNS . SENT b LS . SENT Create VV Community NP Prevention NN Teams NNS at IN either CC the DT regional JJ or CC local JJ level NN . SENT Provide VV training NN and CC orientation NN for IN members NNS regarding VVG problem NN gambling NN behavior NN . SENT c LS . SENT Use NN Readiness NN Assessment NP Questionnaire NN to TO assess VV communities NNS readiness NN for IN implementing VVG a DT problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN . SENT d SYM . SENT Involve VV community NN groups NNS who WP can MD consistently RB mobilize VV their PP$ own JJ community NN wide JJ membership NN , , including VVG . SENT faith NN community NN corporate JJ and CC business NN community NN justice NN legal JJ community NN school NN system NN Council NP on IN Aging VVG Cultural JJ Groups NNS e NN . SENT Facilitate VV community NN efforts NNS and CC empower VV local JJ communities NNS to TO address VV specific JJ problem NN gambling NN concerns NNS . SENT f SYM . SENT Link VV local JJ efforts NNS to TO existing JJ providers NNS in IN the DT community NN to TO ensure VV community NN wide JJ support NN , , including VVG . SENT local JJ court NN or CC correctional JJ programs NNS , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT drug NN courts NNS probation NN and CC parole NN regional JJ offices NNS school NN corporations NNS social JJ service NN mental JJ health NN providers NNS g NN . SENT Work NN with IN Governor NP s PP Commission NP of IN Drug NP Free NP Indiana NP for IN a DT working VVG template NN or CC design NN for IN effective JJ community NN organization NN and CC local JJ prevention NN initiatives NNS . SENT Prioritization NN of IN Prevention NN Activities NNS Determining VVG which WDT activities NNS can MD produce VV the DT most RBS effective JJ outcomes NNS is VBZ a DT difficult JJ task NN , , but CC generally RB necessary JJ because IN of IN limited JJ resources NNS . SENT This DT case NN will MD probably RB be VB the DT same JJ for IN Indiana NP as IN it PP is VBZ for IN most JJS other JJ states NNS that WDT have VHP struggled VVN with IN the DT problem NN gambling NN issue NN . SENT The DT selection NN of IN strategies NNS must MD be VB based VVN upon IN the DT identification NN of IN the DT types NNS of IN problems NNS across IN the DT state NN or CC community NN and CC the DT desired VVN outcomes NNS for IN the DT change NN effort NN . SENT Normally RB , , the DT desired VVN outcomes NNS will MD be VB for IN both DT short JJ and CC long JJ term NN results NNS . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , policy NN makers NNS want VVP to TO see VV an DT immediate JJ outcome NN in IN terms NNS of IN problem NN reduction NN . SENT However RB , , in IN prevention NN programming NN , , the DT effects NNS of IN the DT programs NNS or CC interventions NNS are VBP not RB seen VVN for IN many JJ years NNS when WRB the DT effects NNS of IN community NN education NN or CC targeted JJ school NN programming NN begins VVZ to TO , , hopefully RB , , show VVP reductions NNS in IN the DT prevalence NN or CC incidence NN of IN the DT problem NN behavior NN . SENT The DT aim NN of IN prevention NN programming NN is VBZ to TO deter VV the DT development NN of IN some DT behavior NN or CC activity NN , , so RB the DT outcome NN may MD not RB be VB evident JJ for IN 10 CD 20 CD years NNS , , depending VVG on IN the DT type NN of IN problem NN . SENT An DT example NN of IN prevention NN programming NN effects NNS may MD be VB seen VVN in IN the DT tremendous JJ campaign NN aimed VVN at IN prevention NN of IN lung NN cancer NN . SENT After IN 20 CD years NNS , , there EX is VBZ finally RB a DT sign NN that IN adult NN behavior NN has VHZ changed VVN , , most RBS likely JJ as IN a DT result NN of IN the DT strong JJ educational JJ messages NNS that WDT began VVD when WRB current JJ adults NNS were VBD 10 CD 12 CD years NNS old JJ or CC younger JJR . SENT Unfortunately RB , , the DT educational JJ message NN has VHZ been VBN less RBR effective JJ for IN today NN s PP teens NNS as IN there EX has VHZ been VBN an DT increase NN in IN tobacco NN use NN among IN youth NN . SENT Again RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT massive JJ prevention NN plan NN underway JJ . SENT Indicators NNS of IN successful JJ intervention NN will MD be VB measured VVN through IN continuous JJ school NN surveys NNS , , purchasing VVG habits NNS , , compliance NN checks NNS , , etc FW . SENT However RB , , the DT desired VVN long JJ term NN effect NN will MD only RB be VB seen VVN as IN illness NN related VVN to TO using VVG tobacco NN is VBZ decreasing VVG . SENT The DT same JJ is VBZ true JJ for IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN or CC underage JJ drinking NN . SENT Tremendous JJ prevention NN efforts NNS may MD go VV into IN these DT two CD problem NN areas NNS , , but CC it PP will MD be VB another DT generation NN before IN there EX is VBZ enough JJ time NN passed VVN to TO determine VV if IN underage JJ drinking NN has VHZ been VBN curtailed VVN . SENT However RB , , there EX are VBP numerous JJ interim JJ indicators NNS to TO show VV whether IN a DT prevention NN strategy NN is VBZ accountable JJ and CC if IN it PP is VBZ demonstrating VVG some DT type NN of IN interim JJ effect NN . SENT In IN the DT gambling NN area NN , , one CD indicator NN might MD be VB a DT decreasing VVG number NN of IN underage JJ gamblers NNS attempting VVG to TO obtain VV entrance NN to TO casinos NNS . SENT All DT of IN these DT issues NNS must MD be VB considered VVN when WRB selecting VVG the DT strategies NNS most RBS important JJ for IN immediate JJ implementation NN . SENT Indiana NP officials NNS have VHP indicated VVN that IN they PP are VBP interested VVN in IN not RB only RB the DT sustained JJ outcomes NNS related VVN to TO long JJ term NN prevention NN of IN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN , , but CC they PP are VBP also RB interested JJ in IN accountability NN measures NNS related VVN to TO prevention NN programming NN and CC the DT short JJ term NN effect NN that WDT can MD be VB expected VVN from IN certain JJ strategies NNS . SENT At IN this DT point NN , , the DT state NN may MD be VB interested VVN in IN prioritizing NN programming NN that WDT will MD yield VV the DT best JJS bang NN for IN the DT buck NN . SENT Effective JJ primary JJ prevention NN is VBZ expensive JJ in IN the DT short JJ term NN because IN it PP must MD be VB targeted VVN and CC part NN of IN an DT overall JJ prevention NN strategy NN . SENT The DT question NN is VBZ . SENT Is VBZ the DT output NN of IN funding NN now RB going VVG to TO ensure VV less JJR cost NN in IN the DT future NN because IN of IN reduced JJ problem NN gambling NN and CC its PP$ effects NNS on IN society NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , there EX is VBZ no DT firm JJ answer NN to TO that DT question NN , , but CC it PP is VBZ clear JJ that IN prevention NN of IN problem NN and CC pathological JJ gambling NN behavior NN is VBZ much RB more JJR cost NN efficient JJ than IN dealing VVG with IN the DT problem NN once IN the DT effects NNS are VBP being VBG seen VVN . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB mean VV that DT secondary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS should MD receive VV less JJR attention NN . SENT For IN example NN , , the DT treatment NN of IN problem NN gamblers NNS now RB will MD surely RB be VB more JJR cost NN effective JJ than IN allowing VVG them PP to TO become VV pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT In IN reality NN , , some DT balance NN of IN the DT competing VVG issues NNS must MD be VB achieved VVN . SENT In IN general NN , , the DT long JJ term NN decrease NN in IN problem NN or CC pathological JJ gambling NN behaviors NNS is VBZ the DT desirable JJ outcome NN . SENT However RB , , both DT primary JJ and CC secondary JJ efforts NNS must MD be VB developed VVN to TO achieve VV that DT goal NN . SENT Considering VVG the DT various JJ arguments NNS that WDT can MD be VB made VVN in IN support NN of IN one CD type NN of IN prevention NN effort NN over IN another DT , , the DT recommended JJ prioritization NN of IN strategies NNS is VBZ presented VVN for IN consideration NN by IN the DT Indiana NP decisionmakers NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Primary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS with IN school NN age NN children NNS This DT is VBZ the DT recommended JJ first JJ priority NN because IN of IN the DT elevated JJ prevalence NN rates NNS from IN the DT Indiana NP School NP Survey NP . SENT Although IN the DT school NN survey NN was VBD limited VVN in IN scope NN , , its PP$ interpretation NN suggests VVZ that DT youth NN in IN Indiana NP are VBP involved VVN in IN some DT type NN of IN gambling VVG behavior NN at IN an DT early JJ age NN and CC the DT prevalence NN rate NN for IN probable JJ problem NN gambling NN among IN Indiana NP youth NN is VBZ slightly RB higher JJR than IN related VVN prevalence NN research NN . SENT This DT type NN of IN programming NN involves VVZ school NN based VVN programs NNS , , including VVG education NN , , awareness NN , , specialized JJ curriculums NNS , , skills NNS development NN , , student NN assistance NN programs NNS , , teacher NN training NN and CC education NN programs NNS and CC parental JJ education NN and CC awareness NN programs NNS . SENT These DT programs NNS must MD be VB targeted VVN to TO a DT specific JJ age NN group NN and CC problem NN area NN . SENT It PP is VBZ also RB suggested VVN that IN school NN based VVN programming NN be VB tailored VVN to TO local JJ needs NNS . SENT Programs NNS addressing VVG the DT school NN age NN population NN can MD be VB provided VVN somewhere RB other JJ than IN schools NNS . SENT Community NN centers NNS , , religious JJ institutions NNS , , summer NN recreational JJ programs NNS and CC housing NN community NN programs NNS can MD all RB deliver VV effective JJ primary JJ prevention NN with IN school NN aged VVN youth NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Secondary JJ prevention NN activities NNS targeting VVG adolescents NNS Since IN this DT is VBZ the DT group NN that WDT responded VVD to TO the DT current JJ school NN survey NN , , it PP is VBZ recommended VVN that IN secondary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS begin VVP with IN this DT high JJ risk NN category NN . SENT Programs NNS addressing VVG this DT priority NN area NN include VVP family NN involvement NN and CC education NN , , school NN based VVN programs NNS , , community NN programs NNS and CC specialized JJ summer NN recreation NN alternatives NNS . SENT Compliance NN checks NNS by IN law NN enforcement NN of IN gambling VVG opportunities NNS for IN adolescents NNS to TO ensure VV that DT laws NNS are VBP being VBG enforced VVN and CC community NN action NN to TO review VV and CC make VV any DT necessary JJ changes NNS to TO social JJ policy NN are VBP also RB critical JJ parts NNS of IN this DT effort NN . SENT Community NN standards NNS and CC practices NNS must MD be VB consistent JJ in IN discouraging VVG underage JJ gambling NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Secondary JJ and CC tertiary JJ prevention NN efforts NNS to TO address VV immediate JJ problems NNS There EX are VBP a DT number NN of IN possibilities NNS for IN good JJ short JJ term NN outcome NN in IN preventing VVG the DT progression NN of IN problem NN gambling VVG Indiana NP . SENT For IN example NN , , secondary JJ prevention NN initiatives NNS are VBP useful JJ in IN lessening VVG the DT social JJ costs NNS of IN a DT problem NN behavior NN . SENT Currently RB , , a DT person NN must MD be VB a DT pathological JJ gambler NN to TO receive VV treatment NN serves VVZ through IN the DT DMH NP . SENT Research NP indicates VVZ that IN problem NN gamblers NNS outnumber VV pathological JJ gambler NN in IN Indiana NP six CD to TO one CD , , demonstrating VVG a DT need NN to TO intervene VV before IN a DT gambling NN problem NN meets VVZ the DT diagnostic JJ criteria NNS for IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT In IN order NN to TO reach VV more JJR individuals NNS with IN gambling NN problems NNS , , it PP is VBZ recommended VVN that IN the DT DMH NP lower VV its PP$ criteria NNS to TO receive VV treatment NN to TO a DT problem NN gambling NN diagnosis NN instead RB of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Based VVN on IN the DT ratio NN of IN problem NN to TO pathological JJ gamblers NNS in IN Indiana NP , , it PP is VBZ estimated VVN that IN the DT DMH NP could MD reach VV 186 CD individuals NNS , , compared VVN to TO the DT 31 CD people NNS assisted VVN in IN 1997 CD . SENT These DT priorities NNS are VBP suggested VVN because IN they PP progressing VVG address VV the DT population NN that WDT is VBZ presenting VVG the DT greatest JJS danger NN to TO the DT state NN at IN this DT time NN . SENT However RB , , Indiana NP should MD develop VV some DT type NN of IN site NN specific JJ program NN in IN the DT next JJ several JJ years NNS to TO address VV high JJ risk NN population NN issues NNS , , which WDT may MD include VV minorities NNS , , unemployed JJ persons NNS , , lower JJR socio NN economic JJ males NNS , , etc FW . SENT FSSA NP and CC the DT treatment NN community NN are VBP advised VVN to TO track VV the DT progression NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN problem NN development NN so RB that IN the DT highest JJS risk NN groups NNS can MD be VB identified VVN for IN specialized JJ programming NN . SENT There EX will MD also RB be VB a DT good JJ short JJ term NN benefit NN to TO specialized JJ training NN of IN treatment NN professionals NNS to TO learn VV to TO recognize VV and CC treat VV those DT persons NNS with IN problem NN and CC pathological JJ gambling NN behaviors NNS . SENT However RB , , community NN coalitions NNS , , citizen NN groups NNS , , etc FW . SENT are VBP advised VVN to TO establish VV legislative JJ monitoring NN efforts NNS to TO ensure VV that IN Indiana NP laws NNS and CC the DT enforcement NN of IN those DT laws NNS are VBP consistent JJ with IN community NN standards NNS and CC practices NNS since IN these DT efforts NNS impact NN all DT levels NNS of IN prevention NN . SENT Conclusions NNS It PP is VBZ important JJ to TO reiterate VV the DT opportunity NN that IN Indiana NP has VHZ to TO establish VV an DT effective JJ problem NN gambling NN prevention NN program NN aimed VVN at IN the DT development NN and CC strengthening VVG of IN healthy JJ beliefs NNS , , values NNS and CC standards NNS that WDT encourage VVP responsible JJ behavior NN in IN all DT potential JJ problem NN areas NNS . SENT Problem NN and CC pathological JJ gambling NN can MD be VB prevented VVN through IN coordinated VVN and CC empirically RB related VVN community NN prevention NN programs NNS . SENT Research NP increasingly RB indicates VVZ that IN prevention NN and CC treatment NN programs NNS work NN and CC can MD be VB accountable JJ in IN outcome NN . SENT The DT array NN of IN persons NNS and CC agencies NNS involved VVN in IN the DT Indiana NP Problem NN Gambling NN Research NP Project NP has VHZ clearly RB indicated VVN an DT initiative NN to TO establish VV an DT effective JJ program NN for IN the DT state NN . SENT There EX seems VVZ to TO be VB a DT clear JJ commitment NN from IN the DT elected VVN officials NNS , , the DT treatment NN and CC academic JJ communities NNS and CC the DT gambling VVG industry NN to TO work VV with IN the DT FSSA NP to TO develop VV an DT effective JJ statewide JJ initiative NN of IN which WDT the DT state NN can MD be VB proud JJ . SENT The DT coordination NN efforts NNS at IN the DT state NN and CC community NN level NN and CC the DT interest NN demonstrated VVN by IN the DT participants NNS in IN the DT project NN clearly RB show VVP that IN the DT ensuing VVG prevention NN planning NN effort NN will MD be VB effective JJ and CC a DT positive JJ experience NN for IN the DT state NN . SENT References NNS Advocates NNS for IN Youth NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT A DT youth NN leader NN s PP guide VV to TO building VVG cultural JJ competence NN . SENT Christiansen NP , , E NP . SENT M NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT The DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT 1996 CD gross JJ annual JJ wager NN . SENT International JJ Gaming NN Wagering VVG Business NP Special JJ Supplement NN . SENT Clotfelter NP , , C NP . SENT T NN . SENT , , Cook NP , , P NN . SENT J NP . SENT 1989 CD . SENT Selling VVG hope NN . SENT State NN lotteries NNS in IN America NP . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Harvard NP University NP Press NP . SENT Custer NP , , R NN . SENT , , Milt NP , , H NP . SENT When WRB luck NN runs VVZ out RP . SENT Help VV for IN compulsive JJ gamblers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Facts NNS on IN File NP , , Inc NP . SENT Developmental JJ Research NP and CC Programs NP , , Inc NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Communities NNS that IN Care NP . SENT Risk NN focused VVD prevention NN using VVG the DT Social NP Development NP Strategy NP . SENT Dunne NP , , J NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1985 CD . SENT Increasing VVG public JJ awareness NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN behavior NN . SENT A DT history NN of IN the DT National NP Council NP on IN Compulsive JJ Gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 1 CD 1 CD , , 8 CD 16 CD . SENT Frank NP , , M NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Lester NP , , D NP . SENT , , Wexler NP , , A NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Suicidal JJ behavior NN among IN members NNS of IN Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 7 CD , , 249 CD 254 CD . SENT Gaboury NP , , A NP . SENT , , Ladouceur NP , , R NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Evaluation NN of IN a DT prevention NN program NN for IN pathological JJ gambling NN among IN adolescents NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Primary JJ Prevention NN , , 14 CD 1 CD , , 21 CD 28 CD . SENT Haubrich NP Casperson NP , , J NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Coping VVG with IN Teen JJ Gambling NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Ro NP 0 CD sen NN Publishing NP Group NP , , Inc NP . SENT Knapp NP , , T NN . SENT J NN . SENT , , Lech NP , , B NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT A DT review NN with IN recommendations NNS . SENT Advances NNS in IN Behavior NN Research NN and CC Therapy NN , , 9 CD , , 21 CD 49 CD . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Understanding VVG compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT Center NP City NP , , MN NP . SENT Hazelden NP . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Blume NP , , S NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN , , eating VVG disorders NNS , , and CC the DT psychoactive JJ substance NN use NN disorders NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Addictive JJ Diseases NNS , , 12 CD 3 CD , , 89 CD 102 CD . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Rosenthal NP , , R NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT a DT review NN of IN the DT literature NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 7 CD , , 5 CD 39 CD . SENT McQueen NP , , P NN . SENT A DT . SENT 1996 CD . SENT North NP American NP lottery NN sales NNS report NN . SENT International JJ Gaming NN Wagering VVG Business NP , , 17 CD 10 CD , , 73 CD 76 CD . SENT Mrazek NP , , P NN . SENT J NN . SENT , , and CC Haggerty NP , , R NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Es NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Reducing VVG risks NNS for IN Mental JJ Disorders NNS . SENT Frontiers NNS for IN Preventive JJ Intervention NN Research NP . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT National NP Academy NP Press NP . SENT Norman NP , , E NN . SENT , , Turner NP , , S NP . SENT , , Zuzn NP , , S NP . SENT , , Stillson NP , , K NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Prevention NN programs NNS reviewed VVD . SENT what WP works VVZ . SENT In IN Elaine NP Norman NP Ed NP . SENT , , Drug NP Free NP Youth NP . SENT A DT Comendium NP for IN Prevention NN Specialists NNS , , pp NP . SENT 22 CD 45 CD . SENT New NP York NP and CC London NP . SENT Garland NP Publishing NP . SENT Politzer NP , , R NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Morrow NP , , J NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Leavey NP , , R NP . SENT 1985 CD . SENT Report NN on IN the DT cost NN benefit NN effectiveness NN of IN treatment NN at IN the DT Johns NP Hopkins NP Center NP for IN Pathological JJ Gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 1 CD , , 131 CD 142 CD . SENT Ramirez NP , , L NP . SENT F SYM . SENT , , McCormick NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Russo NP , , A NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Taber NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT 1983 CD . SENT Patterns NNS of IN substance NN abuse NN in IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS undergoing VVG treatment NN . SENT Addictive JJ Behavior NN , , 8 CD , , 425 CD 428 CD . SENT Appendix NN I NN . SENT Prevention NN Programs NNS Few JJ prevention NN programs NNS exist VVP that DT address NN problem NN gambling NN behavior NN because IN of IN the DT newness NN of IN the DT field NN . SENT However RB , , five CD programs NNS discussed VVD below RB have VH set VVN a DT trend NN for IN problem NN gambling NN based VVN curricula NNS aimed VVN at IN adolescents NNS and CC older JJR adults NNS . SENT These DT include VVP . SENT Drawing VVG the DT Line NN . SENT A DT Resource NP for IN the DT Prevention NN of IN Problem NN Gambling NN , , Volume NN I NN Junior NP High NP . SENT and CC Volume NN II NP Senior NP High NP . SENT Improving VVG Your PP$ Odds NNS . SENT A DT Curriculum NN about IN Winning VVG , , Losing VVG , , and CC Staying VVG out RP of IN Trouble NN with IN Gambling NN . SENT Wanna VV Bet NP . SENT Preventing VVG Adolescent JJ Compulsive JJ Gambling NN and CC Gambling VVG Away RP the DT Golden JJ Years NNS . SENT The DT following VVG programs NNS can MD be VB adapted VVN to TO meet VV the DT needs NNS of IN adolescents NNS and CC older JJR adults NNS in IN Indiana NP . SENT Drawing VVG the DT Line NN . SENT A DT Resource NP for IN the DT Prevention NN of IN Problem NN Gambling NN , , Volume NN I NN Junior NP High NP This DT three CD year NN prevention NN program NN was VBD designed VVN as IN a DT supplement NN to TO Nova NP Scotia NP s PP junior JJ high JJ course NN , , Personal NP Development NP and CC Relationships NNS PDR NN , , for IN students NNS in IN grades NNS seven CD through IN nine CD . SENT Five CD lessons NNS are VBP included VVN in IN each DT grade NN level NN , , beginning VVG with IN daily JJ risk NN taking VVG and CC concluding VVG with IN a DT detailed JJ analysis NN of IN the DT stages NNS of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT Grade NN seven CD s PP Drawing VVG the DT Line NP program NN is VBZ entitled VVN Life NN is VBZ a DT Gamble NP . SENT Gambling NN is VBZ presented VVN within IN a DT larger JJR context NN of IN daily JJ risks NNS . SENT Youth NN learn VVP to TO differentiate VV between IN positive JJ and CC negative JJ risk NN taking VVG and CC apply VV the DT skills NNS of IN responsible JJ risk NN taking VVG . SENT They PP also RB examine VVP the DT relationship NN between IN risk NN taking VVG and CC self NN esteem NN , , and CC become VV aware JJ of IN how WRB factors NNS such JJ as IN peers NNS and CC excitement NN can MD influence VV gambling NN behavior NN . SENT Be VB a DT Winner NP is VBZ the DT title NN of IN grade NN eight CD s PP prevention NN program NN . SENT Social JJ forces NNS that WDT influence VVP students NNS gambling VVG related JJ values NNS and CC decisions NNS are VBP explored VVN . SENT Youth NP also RB examine VV their PP$ own JJ values NNS and CC irrational JJ beliefs NNS regarding VVG gambling NN , , and CC learn VV that IN being VBG a DT real JJ winner NN only RB results VVZ from IN self NN acceptance NN and CC the DT realization NN that IN gambling NN makes VVZ false JJ promises NNS . SENT Grade NN nine CD s PP prevention NN program NN is VBZ entitled VVN When WRB Gambling NN Becomes VVZ a DT Problem NN . SENT Substance NN abuse NN prevention NN to TO which WDT gambling NN prevention NN principles NNS are VBP similar JJ is VBZ stressed VVN . SENT Students NNS learn VVP how WRB a DT gambling NN problem NN can MD develop VV and CC progress VV . SENT A DT video NN challenges VVZ youth NN to TO examine VV their PP$ own JJ gambling NN behaviors NNS and CC attitudes NNS . SENT Methods NNS used VVN in IN lesson NN activities NNS include VVP . SENT a DT providing VVG information NN necessary JJ for IN value NN development NN , , b LS aiding VVG in IN the DT exploration NN of IN social JJ and CC personal JJ influences NNS which WDT predispose VV students NNS to TO compulsive JJ gambling NN , , c LS maximizing VVG student NN participation NN and CC experiential JJ exercises NNS , , and CC , , d NN providing VVG tasks NNS which WDT develop VVP personal JJ and CC social JJ skills NNS e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , problem NN solving VVG skills NNS . SENT Youth NN participating VVG in IN this DT program NN learn VV the DT skills NNS needed VVN to TO recognize VV the DT difference NN between IN low JJ risk NN social JJ gambling NN and CC high JJ risk NN compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT It PP is VBZ hoped VVN that IN students NNS who WP complete VV this DT three CD year NN program NN will MD leave VV junior JJ high JJ more RBR informed VVN of IN how WRB to TO lead VV a DT healthy JJ lifestyle NN and CC how WRB to TO draw VV the DT line NN when WRB gambling NN opportunities NNS arise VVP . SENT Drawing VVG the DT Line NN . SENT A DT Resource NP for IN the DT Prevention NN of IN Problem NN Gambling NN , , Volume NN II NP Senior NP High NP Drawing VVG the DT Line NN for IN Nova NP Scotian JJ senior JJ high JJ students NNS , , a DT prevention NN program NN with IN lesson NN activity NN methods NNS and CC program NN goals NNS identical JJ to TO those DT of IN the DT junior JJ high JJ version NN , , was VBD developed VVN as IN a DT supplement NN to TO three CD high JJ school NN courses NNS . SENT These DT include VVP . SENT Career NP and CC Life NP Management NP , , Math NP 231 CD 432 CD , , and CC Economics NP 331 CD . SENT Three CD program NN lessons NNS are VBP incorporated VVN into IN the DT Career NP and CC Life NP Management NP CALM NN . SENT Self NP Management NP course NN , , which WDT include VVP . SENT a DT How WRB does VVZ gambling NN become VV a DT problem NN . SENT b SYM Gambling NN as IN an DT addiction NN , , and CC , , c LS Values NNS . SENT Youth NN explore VV their PP$ own JJ values NNS , , beliefs NNS , , and CC attitudes NNS in IN regard NN to TO gambling NN , , while IN becoming VVG more RBR conscious JJ of IN the DT consequences NNS and CC risks NNS of IN this DT activity NN . SENT Youth NN who WP have VHP completed VVN this DT course NN will MD be VB better RBR prepared VVN to TO make VV responsible JJ decisions NNS regarding VVG their PP$ own JJ gambling NN behaviors NNS . SENT Math NN 231 CD and CC 432 CD . SENT Probability NN also RB contain VVP three CD program NN lessons NNS which WDT help VVP students NNS realize VVP that DT participation NN in IN gambling VVG results NNS in IN inevitable JJ loss NN . SENT Students NNS calculate VVP the DT odds NNS of IN winning VVG three CD commercial JJ gambling NN games NNS , , the DT roulette NN wheel NN , , video JJ gambling NN machines NNS , , and CC the DT lottery NN . SENT Through IN probability NN exercises NNS and CC examples NNS , , students NNS learn VVP to TO recognize VV types NNS of IN irrational JJ thought NN that WDT deny VVP the DT real JJ odds NNS . SENT Through IN this DT use NN of IN math NN , , students NNS challenge VVP their PP$ own JJ irrational JJ thinking NN . SENT Two CD lessons NNS are VBP included VVN in IN Economics NP 331 CD . SENT Gambling VVG as IN an DT Industry NN , , Industry NN Profile NN , , and CC Costs NNS and CC Benefits NP . SENT These DT aid NN youth NN in IN understanding VVG the DT social JJ context NN of IN gambling VVG better RBR by IN examining VVG political JJ , , economic JJ , , and CC social JJ forces NNS that WDT affect VVP policy NN making VVG procedures NNS . SENT Through IN class NN exercises NNS , , students NNS become VVP better RBR prepared VVN to TO function VV as IN informed JJ consumers NNS and CC decision NN makers NNS in IN areas NNS where WRB gambling NN is VBZ a DT popular JJ form NN of IN amusement NN . SENT Improving VVG Your PP$ Odds NNS . SENT A DT Curriculum NN about IN Winning VVG , , Losing VVG , , and CC Staying VVG Out RB of IN Trouble NN with IN Gambling NN Improving VVG Your PP$ Odds NNS was VBD designed VVN to TO aid VV teachers NNS and CC youth NN leaders NNS in IN helping VVG youth NN living NN in IN Minnesota NP make VVP choices NNS about RB when WRB , , whether IN , , and CC how WRB much JJ to TO gamble VV . SENT Although IN the DT program NN manual JJ does VVZ not RB specify VV which WDT age NN groups NNS are VBP targeted VVN , , materials NNS are VBP to TO be VB incorporated VVN into IN the DT regular JJ classroom NN curriculum NN . SENT This DT program NN can MD be VB completed VVN in IN four CD to TO ten CD hours NNS , , depending VVG on IN the DT time NN spent VVN on IN class NN discussion NN and CC completion NN of IN activities NNS . SENT This DT prevention NN program VV s PP curriculum NN , , which WDT is VBZ characteristically RB less RBR experiential JJ and CC more RBR instructive JJ than IN both DT volumes NNS of IN Drawing VVG the DT Line NN . SENT A DT Resource NP for IN the DT Prevention NN of IN Problem NN Gambling NN , , is VBZ divided VVN into IN six CD sections NNS . SENT These DT sections NNS aid NN students NNS in IN exploring VVG the DT role NN of IN gambling NN in IN our PP$ society NN and CC in IN their PP$ own JJ lives NNS . SENT Youth NN learn VVP about IN the DT risks NNS and CC advantages NNS of IN gambling NN and CC explore VV their PP$ own JJ attitudes NNS , , feelings NNS and CC opinions NNS regarding VVG gambling NN . SENT Program NN activities NNS guide VV students NNS in IN developing VVG values NNS related VVN to TO their PP$ own JJ views NNS on IN gambling NN . SENT Topics NNS such JJ as IN how WRB to TO identify VV a DT gambling NN problem NN , , how WRB to TO confront VV someone NN who WP is VBZ gambling VVG , , and CC where WRB to TO seek VV help NN , , are VBP also RB addressed VVN . SENT All DT sections NNS of IN Improving VVG Your PP$ Odds NNS contain VVP activities NNS that WDT are VBP designed VVN to TO promote VV classroom NN sharing NN , , mutual JJ learning NN , , and CC the DT development NN of IN a DT social JJ support NN system NN . SENT Each DT section NN requires VVZ participation NN at IN least JJS once RB . SENT The DT activities NNS in IN Section NP I PP Gambling VVG in IN Minnesota NP emphasize VVP the DT history NN of IN gambling NN in IN Minnesota NP , , current JJ gambling NN activity NN in IN the DT state NN , , and CC related JJ problems NNS . SENT Section NP II NP Gambling NN . SENT Choices NNS and CC Guidelines NNS , , Part NP 1 CD and CC 2 CD help NN youth NN to TO ascertain VV personal JJ guidelines NNS about RB if IN , , when WRB , , and CC how WRB much JJ to TO gamble VV . SENT Activities NNS in IN Section NP III NP Gambling NN Problems NP review NN types NNS of IN gamblers NNS and CC the DT characteristics NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Section NP IV NP What WP to TO Say VV , , What WP to TO Do VV When WRB Some DT one CD s PP Gambling VVG Concerns NNS You PP teaches VVZ students NNS sound VV ways NNS to TO confront VV a DT problem NN gambler NN . SENT Activities NNS in IN Section NN V NN Gambling NN Expansion NN in IN Minnesota NP allow VVP students NNS to TO consider VV the DT positive JJ and CC negative JJ effects NNS of IN expanding VVG gambling NN opportunities NNS . SENT The DT purpose NN of IN Section NP VI NP Evaluation NN and CC Enrichment NN is VBZ for IN teachers NNS , , youth NN leaders NNS , , and CC students NNS to TO integrate VV information NN from IN other JJ sections NNS and CC evaluate VV whether IN learning VVG objectives NNS have VHP been VBN achieved VVN . SENT After IN completion NN of IN this DT program NN , , it PP is VBZ hoped VVN that IN students NNS will MD be VB able JJ to TO . SENT a DT describe VVP the DT history NN of IN gambling NN in IN Minnesota NP , , b NN describe VVP the DT types NNS of IN gambling VVG available JJ in IN Minnesota NP , , c NN explain VVP the DT impact NN of IN gambling NN in IN Minnesota NP , , d NN explain VVP characteristics NNS and CC statistics NNS of IN gambling VVG and CC gambling VVG problems NNS in IN Minnesota NP , , e NN identify VVP three CD societal JJ influences NNS that WDT encourage VVP gambling NN , , f NN describe VVP six CD types NNS of IN gamblers NNS , , g NN identify VVP common JJ characteristics NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN , , h NN establish VV and CC follow VV personal JJ guidelines NNS about RB whether IN , , when WRB , , and CC how WRB much JJ to TO gamble VV , , i NP share NN concern NN with IN a DT friend NN or CC family NN member NN who WP is VBZ gambling VVG in IN a DT high JJ risk NN way NN , , j NN list NN three CD helping VVG resources NNS for IN problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT Wanna VV Bet NP . SENT Preventing VVG Adolescent JJ Compulsive JJ Gambling NN This DT brief JJ gambling NN prevention NN program NN teaches VVZ middle JJ school NN students NNS in IN grades NNS five CD through IN eight CD how WRB to TO think VV critically RB about IN gambling NN . SENT Program NN curriculum NN , , consisting VVG of IN three CD lessons NNS , , may MD be VB incorporated VVN in IN health NN , , math NN , , social JJ studies NNS , , English NP , , or CC life NN skills NNS classes NNS , , or CC in IN combination NN with IN an DT existing JJ prevention NN program NN . SENT Youth NN evaluate VV their PP$ own JJ attitudes NNS towards IN gambling NN by IN applying VVG lessons NNS learned VVN through IN experiential JJ activities NNS . SENT Each DT lesson NN , , which WDT is VBZ supplemented VVN by IN transparency NN materials NNS , , only RB takes VVZ 40 CD minutes NNS to TO present VV and CC may MD be VB taught VVN in IN blocks NNS of IN one CD , , two CD , , or CC three CD days NNS . SENT The DT first JJ lesson NN of IN Wanna VV Bet NP . SENT , , Games NPS of IN Chance NP , , reviews VVZ the DT concepts NNS of IN probability NN and CC underage JJ gambling NN , , games NNS of IN skill NN versus IN games NNS of IN chance NN , , gambling VVG addictions NNS , , and CC warning VVG signs NNS of IN adolescent JJ gambling NN addictions NNS . SENT It PP also RB explores VVZ how WRB societal JJ trends NNS and CC family NN attitudes NNS have VHP influence NN on IN students NNS views NNS of IN gambling NN . SENT The DT Power NN of IN the DT Win NP , , in IN which WDT students NNS learn VVP about IN the DT three CD phases NNS of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN , , is VBZ the DT title NN of IN Wanna VV Bet NP s PP second JJ lesson NN . SENT A DT video NN entitled VVD Andy NP s PP Story NP accompanies VVZ the DT class NN presentation NN so IN that DT students NNS can MD better RBR understand VV how WRB gambling NN can MD progress VV into IN compulsive JJ behavior NN . SENT This DT short JJ video NN specifically RB designed VVN for IN teenagers NNS is VBZ about IN an DT 18 CD year NN old JJ male JJ athlete NN who WP develops VVZ an DT unsatiated JJ taste NN for IN blackjack NN . SENT He PP and CC his PP$ family NN tell VV his PP$ story NN and CC answer NN questions NNS about IN his PP$ gambling NN problem NN , , recovery NN , , and CC experience NN in IN jail NN . SENT A DT class NN discussion NN of IN Andy NP s PP Story NP follows VVZ . SENT The DT third JJ lesson NN , , Quit VVD While IN You PP re IN Ahead RB , , challenges VVZ students NNS to TO clarify VV what WP they PP would MD do VV to TO resist VV invitations NNS to TO gamble VV . SENT Students NNS prepare VVP a DT set NN of IN refusal NN responses NNS and CC role NN play VVP them PP . SENT The DT goals NNS of IN Wanna VV Bet NP . SENT are VBP to TO . SENT a DT dissuade VV underage JJ gambling NN and CC enrich VV critical JJ thinking NN by IN . SENT focusing VVG on IN the DT realities NNS of IN gambling NN and CC the DT increased JJ risk NN for IN teenagers NNS , , b LS confirm VV that WDT odds NNS oppose VVP the DT gambler NN , , c LS identify VV behaviors NNS which WDT lead VVP to TO a DT gambling NN addiction NN , , and CC , , d NN stress NN that IN underage JJ gambling NN is VBZ illegal JJ in IN the DT United NP States NPS and CC results NNS in IN serious JJ consequences NNS . SENT Gambling VVG Away RP the DT Golden JJ Years NNS The DT Gambling NN Away RB the DT Golden NP Years NPS program NN was VBD developed VVN to TO prevent VV the DT onset NN of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN in IN senior JJ citizen NN populations NNS . SENT Due JJ to TO retirement NN and CC other JJ stressful JJ life NN transitions NNS occurring VVG in IN midlife NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , finding VVG oneself PP in IN an DT empty JJ nest NN , , gambling NN has VHZ heightened VVN potential JJ to TO become VV a DT high JJ risk NN hobby NN . SENT Materials NNS used VVN in IN this DT program NN include VVP pamphlets NNS and CC a DT short JJ video NN entitled VVD Gambling VVG Away RP the DT Golden NP Years NPS , , which WDT provide VVP heartfelt JJ stories NNS told VVD by IN spouses NNS and CC adult NN children NNS of IN gamblers NNS and CC gamblers NNS themselves PP regarding VVG the DT fear NN , , loss NN , , pain NN , , and CC shame NN related VVN to TO compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT These DT materials NNS also RB examine VVP gambling NN as IN an DT addiction NN , , review VV early JJ warning NN signs NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN , , and CC list VV the DT three CD phases NNS of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , the DT necessary JJ components NNS for IN recovery NN and CC information NN regarding VVG where WRB to TO seek VV help NN are VBP presented VVN . SENT Appendix NN 2 CD . SENT Community NP Readiness NN Assessment NP Questionnaire NN The DT following VVG questionnaire NN will MD give VV you PP an DT opportunity NN to TO identify VV the DT prevention NN building NN blocks NNS and CC stumbling VVG blocks NNS for IN various JJ groups NNS within IN your PP$ community NN . SENT To TO complete VV this DT activity NN think VVP of IN two CD groups NNS in IN your PP$ community NN who WP are VBP likely JJ to TO have VH divergent JJ views NNS on IN the DT issue NN of IN problem NN gambling NN prevention NN . SENT Answer VV the DT questions NNS from IN the DT point NN of IN view NN of IN each DT of IN these DT different JJ groups NNS . SENT Brainstorm NN a DT list NN of IN community NN stakeholders NNS who WP could MD assist VV in IN developing VVG a DT positive JJ plan NN for IN your PP$ community NN . SENT Use VV this DT worksheet NN with IN other JJ key JJ leaders NNS or CC members NNS of IN your PP$ team NN back RB in IN your PP$ community NN . SENT Awareness NN of IN the DT Problem NN 1 CD . SENT What WP problems NNS do VVP you PP think VVP adolescents NNS have VHP in IN your PP$ community NN . SENT Substance NN Abuse NN Violence NN Problem NN Gambling VVG School NP Drop NP out IN Juvenile JJ Delinquency NN Other JJ . SENT Teen JJ Pregnancy NN 2 CD . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT level NN of IN awareness NN in IN your PP$ community NN of IN adolescent JJ problem NN behaviors NNS related VVN to TO gambling NN . SENT Very RB aware JJ Not RB aware JJ at IN all DT Somewhat RB aware JJ Other JJ . SENT 3 LS . SENT What WP do VVP you PP think VVP are VBP the DT views NNS of IN key JJ leaders NNS within IN your PP$ community NN with IN regard NN to TO adolescent JJ problem NN behaviors NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT What WP community NN groups NNS are VBP most RBS affected VVN by IN adolescent JJ problem NN behaviors NNS . SENT Families NNS Government NP agencies NNS Schools NP Children NP Service NP Providers NNS Business NN and CC industry NN Community NN organizations NNS Other JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT Who WP are VBP the DT stakeholders NNS in IN the DT community NN who WP are VBP likely JJ to TO represent VV different JJ positions NNS on IN the DT issue NN of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Who WP in IN the DT community NN could MD facilitate VV the DT development NN of IN a DT positive JJ strategy NN involving VVG these DT different JJ stakeholders NNS . SENT View NN of IN Prevention NN 1 CD . SENT Does VVZ the DT group NN view NN prevention NN as IN one CD of IN the DT solutions NNS to TO adolescent JJ problem NN behaviors NNS . SENT Yes UH No RB How WRB do VV they PP view VV prevention NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT What WP other JJ solutions NNS have VHP been VBN tried VVN . SENT How WRB were VBD those DT efforts NNS viewed VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Will MD key JJ group NN leaders NNS support VV or CC block VV prevention NN efforts NNS . SENT Please UH give VV an DT explanation NN for IN your PP$ answer NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Will MD key JJ institutions NNS , , businesses NNS and CC social JJ services NNS in IN the DT community NN block NN or CC support NN prevention NN efforts NNS . SENT Please UH give VV an DT explanation NN for IN your PP$ answer NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT Who WP are VBP the DT stakeholders NNS in IN the DT community NN who WP are VBP likely JJ to TO represent VV different JJ positions NNS regarding VVG prevention NN programming NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Who WP in IN the DT community NN could MD facilitate VV the DT development NN of IN a DT positive JJ strategy NN involving VVG these DT different JJ stakeholders NNS . SENT Community NP Relationships NNS 1 CD . SENT What WP challenges NNS do VVP you PP foresee VVP for IN the DT implementation NN phase NN of IN a DT problem NN gambling NN prevention NN plan NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Can NN problems NNS be VB openly RB identified VVN and CC discussed VVN . SENT Yes UH No RB Sometimes RB It PP depends VVZ on IN the DT problem NN . SENT Examples NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT Is VBZ there RB a DT history NN of IN successful JJ community NN change NN . SENT Yes UH No RB Sometimes RB It PP depends VVZ on IN the DT problem NN . SENT Examples NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT Are VBP community NN leaders NNS and CC citizens NNS able JJ to TO work VV together RB to TO identify VV community NN problems NNS and CC needs NNS . SENT Yes UH No RB Sometimes RB It PP depends VVZ on IN the DT problem NN . SENT Explain VV . SENT 5 LS . SENT Do VV grass NN roots NNS groups NNS work VVP cooperatively RB with IN community NN leaders NNS , , and CC are VBP they PP involved VVN in IN community NN decision NN making NN . SENT Yes UH No RB Sometimes RB It PP depends VVZ on IN the DT problem NN . SENT Explain VV . SENT 6 CD . SENT What WDT organization NN s PP and CC or CC people NNS should MD be VB responsible JJ for IN the DT implementation NN of IN the DT Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Plan NN . SENT Both DT management NN and CC funding NN . SENT Appendix NN 3 CD Community NP Problem NN Gambling NN Prevention NN Team NP Job NP Description NN Title NN . SENT Community NP Prevention NN Board NP or CC Team NP Member NP Responsible JJ to TO . SENT Community NP Prevention NN Board NP Chairperson NP and CC Key NP Leaders NNS Group NP Responsibilities NNS . SENT Participate VV in IN training NN to TO learn VV the DT risk NN factors NNS for IN adolescent JJ problem NN behaviors NNS , , the DT Social NP Development NP Strategy NP for IN prevention NN and CC a DT process NN for IN planning NN based VVN on IN a DT community NN risk NN and CC resource NN assessment NN . SENT Participate VV in IN training NN related VVN to TO gambling VVG opportunities NNS and CC problem NN gambling NN behavior NN in IN Indiana NP . SENT With IN the DT Board NP , , conduct VVP a DT community NN risk NN and CC resource NN assessment NN , , analyze VV results NNS and CC report VV to TO Key JJ Leaders NNS Group NP and CC the DT Family NP and CC Social NP Service NP Administration NP . SENT With IN the DT Board NP , , prioritize NNS which WDT risk VVP factors NNS need VVP to TO be VB address NN within IN your PP$ community NN . SENT Develop VV plans NNS based VVN on IN suggestions NNS in IN statewide JJ prevention NN plan NN . SENT Mobilize VV the DT community NN to TO implement VV the DT plan NN to TO reduce VV risk NN factors NNS and CC increase VV protective JJ factors NNS . SENT Attend VV regular JJ and CC special JJ meetings NNS of IN the DT board NN . SENT Maintain VV records NNS of IN meetings NNS and CC activities NNS in IN order NN to TO facilitate VV evaluation NN of IN this DT strategy NN . SENT Qualifications NNS . SENT Must MD be VB appointed VVN by IN Key JJ Leaders NNS Group NP . SENT Adequate JJ time NN to TO ensure VV effective JJ participation NN . SENT Time NN Commitment NN . SENT Board NN members NNS must MD commit VV to TO a DT two CD year NN term NN . SENT Meetings NNS will MD be VB on IN a DT monthly JJ basis NN . SENT Benefits NNS . SENT An DT opportunity NN to TO . SENT Promote VV the DT welfare NN of IN young JJ people NNS in IN your PP$ community NN . SENT Help VV Indiana NP be VB one CD of IN a DT few JJ states NNS with IN a DT comprehensive JJ prevention NN plan NN to TO combat VV problem NN gambling NN behavior NN among IN adolescents NNS . SENT Network NN with IN colleagues NNS , , community NN members NNS , , and CC young JJ people NNS . SENT Bibliography NN Advocates NNS for IN Youth NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT A DT youth NN leader NN s PP guide VV to TO building VVG cultural JJ competence NN . SENT Baucum NP , , D NP . SENT 1984 CD . SENT Arguments NNS for IN self NN controlled VVN gambling NN as IN an DT alternative NN to TO abstention NN . SENT Paper NN presented VVD at IN the DT Sixth NP National NP Conference NP on IN Gambling NN , , Atlantic NP City NP , , New NP Jersey NP . SENT Blackman NP , , S NP . SENT , , Simone NP , , R NP . SENT V NN . SENT , , Thoms NP , , D NP . SENT R SYM . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Treatment NN of IN gamblers NNS . SENT Hospital NP and CC Community NP Psychiatry NP , , 37 CD 4 CD , , 404 CD . SENT Letter NN to TO the DT Editor NP Blaszyczynski NP , , A NP . SENT , , McConaghhy NP , , N NP . SENT 1989 CD . SENT Anxiety NN and CC or CC depression NN in IN the DT pathogenesis NN of IN addictive JJ gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Addiction NN , , 24 CD , , 337 CD 350 CD . SENT Blaszyczynski NP , , A NP . SENT , , McConaghy NP , , N NP . SENT , , Frankova NP , , A NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT A DT comparison NN of IN relapsed VVN and CC non JJ relapsed VVN abstinent JJ pathological JJ gamblers NNS following VVG behavioral JJ treatment NN . SENT British NP Journal NP of IN Addiction NN , , 86 CD , , 1485 CD 1489 CD . SENT Blaszczynski NP , , A NP . SENT , , Silove NP , , D NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Cognitive JJ and CC behavioral JJ therapies NNS for IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 11 CD 2 CD , , 195 CD 220 CD . SENT Blume NP , , S NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Treatment NN for IN the DT addicitions NNS . SENT alcoholism NN , , drug NN dependence NN , , and CC compulsive JJ gambling NN in IN a DT psychiatric JJ setting NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Substance NN Abuse NN Treatment NP , , 3 CD , , 131 CD 133 CD . SENT Blume NP , , S NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Gambling NN and CC the DT medical JJ model NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 3 CD , , 237 CD 247 CD . SENT Bujold NP , , A NP . SENT , , Ladouceur NP , , R NN . SENT , , Sylvain NP , , C NP . SENT , , Boisvert NP , , J NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Treatment NN of IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT An DT experimental JJ study NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Behavior NN Therapy NN and CC Experimental JJ Psychiatry NP , , 25 CD 4 CD , , 275 CD 282 CD . SENT Carlton NP , , P NN . SENT L NN . SENT , , Manowitz NP , , P NN . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Physiological JJ factors NNS as IN determinants NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 3 CD , , 274 CD 285 CD . SENT Christiansen NP , , E NP . SENT M NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT The DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT 1996 CD gross JJ annual JJ wager NN . SENT International JJ Gaming NN Wagering VVG Business NP Special JJ Supplement NN . SENT Clotfelter NP , , C NP . SENT T NN . SENT , , Cook NP , , P NN . SENT J NP . SENT 1989 CD . SENT Selling VVG hope NN . SENT State NN lotteries NNS in IN America NP . SENT Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Harvard NP University NP Press NP . SENT Culleton NP , , R NP . SENT P NN . SENT 1989 CD . SENT The DT prevalence NN rates NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT A DT look NN at IN methods NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 5 CD , , 22 CD 41 CD . SENT Custer NP , , R NP . SENT L NP . SENT 1982 CD . SENT An DT overview NN of IN compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT In IN P NN . SENT A DT . SENT Carone NP , , S NP . SENT F SYM . SENT Yolles NP , , S NP . SENT N NP . SENT Kieffer NP , , and CC L NP W NP . SENT Krinsky NP Eds NPS . SENT , , Addictive JJ Disorders NNS Update NN . SENT Alcoholism NN drug NN Abuse NN gambling NN . SENT New NP York NP and CC London NP . SENT Human NP Sciences NPS Press NP , , Inc NP . SENT Pp NP . SENT 107 CD 124 CD . SENT Custer NP , , R NP . SENT L NP . SENT 1984 CD . SENT Profile NN of IN the DT pathological JJ gambler NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Clinical JJ Psychiatry NP , , 45 CD 12 CD , , Sec NN . SENT 2 LS , , 35 CD 38 CD . SENT Custer NP , , R NN . SENT , , Milt NP , , H NP . SENT When WRB luck NN runs VVZ out RP . SENT Help VV for IN compulsive JJ gamblers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Facts NNS on IN File NP , , Inc NP . SENT Derevensky NP , , J NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Gupta NP , , R NN . SENT , , Cioppa NP , , G NP . SENT D SYM . SENT 1996 CD . SENT A DT developmental JJ prospective JJ of IN gambling VVG behavior NN in IN children NNS and CC adolescents NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 1 CD , , 49 CD 66 CD . SENT Developmental JJ Research NP and CC Programs NP , , Inc NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Communities NNS that IN Care NP . SENT Risk NN focused VVD prevention NN using VVG the DT Social NP Development NP Strategy NP . SENT Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT G NP . SENT 1987 CD . SENT The DT future NN of IN gambling VVG research NN learning VVG from IN the DT lessons NNS of IN alcoholism NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 3 CD , , 248 CD 256 CD . SENT Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT G NP . SENT 1990 CD . SENT Internal JJ and CC external JJ determinants NNS of IN persistent JJ gambling NN . SENT implications NNS for IN treatment NN . SENT In IN . SENT Heather NP N NP . SENT , , Miller NP , , W NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Greeley NP , , J NP . SENT , , ed NP . SENT . SENT Self NN control NN and CC the DT addictive JJ behaviors NNS . SENT Australia NP . SENT Pergamon NP Press NP . SENT Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT , , Adcock NP , , S NP . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Mood NN , , arousal NN and CC cognitions NNS in IN persistent JJ gambling NN . SENT preliminary JJ investigation NN of IN a DT theoretical JJ model NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 4 CD , , 135 CD 141 CD . SENT Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT , , Cunninghan NP , , R NN . SENT , , England NP , , S NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Hinchy NP , , J NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT On IN the DT determinants NNS of IN persistent JJ gambling NN . SENT III NP . SENT Personality NN , , prior JJ mood NN , , and CC poker NN machine NN play NN . SENT International NP Journal NP of IN the DT Addictions NNS , , 26 CD 5 CD , , 531 CD 448 CD . SENT Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT , , Hinchy NP , , J NP . SENT , , England NP , , S NP . SENT L NP . SENT 1990 CD . SENT Minimal JJ treatment NN and CC problem NN gamblers NNS . SENT a DT preliminary JJ investigation NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 6 CD , , 87 CD 102 CD . SENT Dunne NP , , J NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1985 CD . SENT Increasing VVG public JJ awareness NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN behavior NN . SENT A DT history NN of IN the DT National NP Council NP on IN Compulsive JJ Gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 1 CD 1 CD , , 8 CD 16 CD . SENT Eadington NP , , W NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Cornelius NP , , J NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Gambling NN behavior NN and CC problem NN gambling NN . SENT Reno NP , , NV NP . SENT Institute NP for IN the DT Study NN of IN Gambling NN and CC Commercial JJ Gaming NN . SENT England NP , , S NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Gotestam NP , , K NP . SENT G NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT The DT nature NN and CC treatment NN of IN excessive JJ gambling NN . SENT Acta NP Psychiatrica NP Scandinavia NP , , 84 CD , , 113 CD 120 CD . SENT Fisher NP , , S NP . SENT , , Griffiths NP , , M NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Current JJ trends NNS in IN slot NN machine NN gambling NN . SENT Research NN and CC policy NN issues NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 11 CD 3 CD , , 239 CD 247 CD . SENT Frank NP , , M NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Lester NP , , D NP . SENT , , Wexler NP , , A NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Suicidal JJ behavior NN among IN members NNS of IN Gamblers NNS Anonymous JJ . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 7 CD , , 249 CD 254 CD . SENT Gaboury NP , , A NP . SENT , , Ladouceur NP , , R NP . SENT 1989 CD . SENT Erroneous JJ perceptions NNS and CC gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Social NP Behavior NN and CC Personality NN . SENT 4 LS , , 411 CD 420 CD . SENT Gaboury NP , , A NP . SENT , , Ladouceur NP , , R NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Evaluation NN of IN a DT prevention NN program NN for IN pathological JJ gambling NN among IN adolescents NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Primary JJ Prevention NN , , 14 CD 1 CD , , 21 CD 28 CD . SENT Graham NP , , J NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Lowenfeld NP , , B NP . SENT H NP . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Personality NN dimensions NNS of IN the DT pathological JJ gambler NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 2 CD , , 58 CD 66 CD . SENT Greenberg NP , , D NP . SENT , , Rankin NP , , H NP . SENT 1982 CD . SENT Compulsive JJ gamblers NNS in IN treatment NN . SENT British NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 140 CD , , 364 CD 366 CD . SENT Griffiths NP , , M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT 1990 CD . SENT The DT acquisition NN , , development NN , , and CC maintenance NN of IN fruit NN machine NN gambling NN in IN adolescents NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 6 CD , , 193 CD 204 CD . SENT Griffiths NP , , M NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Towards IN a DT risk NN factor NN model NN of IN fruit NN machine NN addiction NN . SENT A DT brief JJ note NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 11 CD 3 CD , , 343 CD 346 CD . SENT Gupta NP , , R NN . SENT , , Derevensky NP , , J NP . SENT L NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT The DT relationship NN between IN gambling NN and CC video JJ game NN playing VVG in IN children NNS and CC adolescents NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 4 CD , , 375 CD 394 CD . SENT Haubrich NP Casperson NP , , J NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Coping VVG with IN Teen JJ Gambling NN . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Ro NP 0 CD sen NN Publishing NP Group NP , , Inc NP . SENT Jacobs NP , , D NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 1989 CD . SENT A DT general JJ theory NN of IN addictions NNS . SENT rationale NN for IN and CC evidence NN supporting VVG a DT new JJ approach NN for IN understanding VVG and CC treating VVG addictive JJ behaviors NNS . SENT In IN H NP . SENT J NP . SENT Shaffer NP , , S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Stein NP , , B NP . SENT Gambino NP , , T NN . SENT N NP . SENT Cummings NP Eds NPS . SENT . SENT Compulsive JJ Gambling NN pp NNS . SENT 35 CD 64 CD . SENT Toronto NP . SENT Lexington NP . SENT Knapp NP , , T NN . SENT J NN . SENT , , Lech NP , , B NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT A DT review NN with IN recommendations NNS . SENT Advances NNS in IN Behavior NN Research NN and CC Therapy NN , , 9 CD , , 21 CD 49 CD . SENT Ladouceur NP , , R NP . SENT 1990 CD . SENT Analysis NN and CC treatment NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT European NP Congress NP of IN Behavior NN Therapy NN , , Paris NP , , September NP . SENT Unpublished JJ . SENT Laundergan NP , , J NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1992 CD . SENT Measuring VVG pathological JJ gambling NN in IN a DT general JJ population NN and CC a DT chemically RB dependent JJ population NN using VVG SOGS NP and CC a DT modified JJ SOGS NP MOGS NNS . SENT Paper NN presented VVD at IN the DT Sixth NP National NP Conference NP on IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Understanding VVG compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT Center NP City NP , , MN NP . SENT Hazelden NP . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Blume NP , , S NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1987 CD . SENT The DT South NP Oaks NPS Gambling NN Screen NP SOGS NP . SENT A DT new JJ instrument NN for IN the DT identification NN of IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 144 CD 9 CD , , 1184 CD 1188 CD . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Blume NP , , S NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Evaluation NN of IN patients NNS treated VVN for IN pathological JJ gambling NN in IN a DT combined JJ alcohol NN , , substance NN abuse NN , , and CC pathological JJ gambling VVG treatment NN unit NN using VVG the DT Addiction NN Severity NN Index NP . SENT British NP Journal NP of IN Addiction NN , , 86 CD , , 1017 CD 1028 CD . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Blume NP , , S NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN , , eating VVG disorders NNS , , and CC the DT psychoactive JJ substance NN use NN disorders NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Addictive JJ Diseases NNS , , 12 CD 3 CD , , 89 CD 102 CD . SENT Lesieur NP , , H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Rosenthal NP , , R NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT a DT review NN of IN the DT literature NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 7 CD , , 5 CD 39 CD . SENT Linden NP , , R NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Pope NP , , H NP . SENT G NN . SENT , , Jr NP . SENT , , Jonas NP , , J NP . SENT M NP . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN and CC major JJ affective JJ disorders NNS . SENT Preliminary JJ findings NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Clinical JJ Psychiatry NP , , 47 CD , , 201 CD 203 CD . SENT Louisiana NP Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Hospitals NPS , , Office NP of IN Alcohol NP and CC Drug NP Abuse NN . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Use NN of IN alcohol NN and CC illicit JJ drugs NNS and CC need VVP for IN treatment NN among IN New NP Orleans NP adult NN arrestees NNS . SENT Louisiana NP Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Hospitals NPS , , Office NP of IN Alcohol NP and CC Drug NP Abuse NN . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Use NN of IN alcohol NN and CC illicit JJ drugs NNS and CC need VVP for IN treatment NN among IN Louisiana NP adult NN household NN residents NNS . SENT Louisiana NP Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Hospitals NPS , , Office NP of IN Alcohol NP and CC Drug NP Abuse NN . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Alcohol NP , , tobacco NN , , and CC other JJ drug NN abuse NN prevention NN needs VVZ of IN Louisiana NP adults NNS . SENT Louisiana NP Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Hospitals NPS , , Office NP of IN Alcohol NP and CC Drug NP Abuse NN . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Use NN of IN alcohol NN and CC illicit JJ drugs NNS and CC need VVP for IN treatment NN among IN New NP Orleans NP juvenile JJ arrestees NNS . SENT Louisiana NP Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Hospitals NPS , , Office NP of IN Alcohol NP and CC Drug NP Abuse NN . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Substance NN abuse NN treatment NN needs VVZ of IN pregnant JJ women NNS in IN Louisiana NP . SENT findings NNS from IN a DT study NN of IN women NNS giving VVG birth NN in IN two CD hospitals NNS . SENT McQueen NP , , P NN . SENT A DT . SENT 1996 CD . SENT North NP American NP lottery NN sales NNS report NN . SENT International JJ Gaming NN Wagering VVG Business NP , , 17 CD 10 CD , , 73 CD 76 CD . SENT Mrazek NP , , P NN . SENT J NN . SENT , , and CC Haggerty NP , , R NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Es NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Reducing VVG risks NNS for IN Mental JJ Disorders NNS . SENT Frontiers NNS for IN Preventive JJ Intervention NN Research NP . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT National NP Academy NP Press NP . SENT Marlatt NP , , G NP . SENT A DT . SENT Gordon NP , , J NP . SENT R SYM . SENT 1985 CD . SENT Relapse NN prevention NN . SENT Maintenance NN strategies NNS in IN the DT treatment NN of IN addictive JJ behaviors NNS . SENT New NP York NP . SENT Guilford NP Press NP . SENT McConaghy NP , , N NP . SENT , , Armstrong NP , , M NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Blaszczynski NP , , A NP . SENT , , Allcock NP , , C NP . SENT 1983 CD . SENT Controlled VVN comparison NN of IN aversive JJ therapy NN and CC imaginal JJ desensitization NN in IN compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT British NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 142 CD , , 366 CD 372 CD . SENT McConaghy NP , , N NP . SENT , , Blawszczynski NP , , A NP . SENT , , Frankova NP , , A NP . SENT 1991 CD . SENT Comparisons NNS of IN imaginal JJ desensitization NN with IN other JJ behavioral JJ treatments NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT a DT two CD to TO nine CD year NN follow VVP up RP . SENT British NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 159 CD , , 390 CD 393 CD . SENT McCurrin NP , , M NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1992 CD . SENT Pathological JJ Gambling NN . SENT conceptual JJ , , diagnostic JJ , , and CC treatment NN issues NNS . SENT Sarasota NP , , Florida NP . SENT Professional NP Resource NP Press NP . SENT McElroy NP , , S NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Hudson NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT , , Pope NP , , H NP . SENT G NN . SENT , , Jr NP . SENT , , Keck NP , , P NN . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Jr NP . SENT , , Aizley NP , , H NP . SENT G NP . SENT 1992 CD . SENT The DT DMS NP III NP R NP Impulse NN Control NP Disorders NNS not RB elsewhere RB classified VVN . SENT clinical JJ characteristics NNS and CC relationship NN to TO other JJ psychiatric JJ disorders NNS . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP . SENT 149 CD , , 318 CD 327 CD . SENT Miller NP , , W NP . SENT 1986 CD . SENT Individual JJ outpatient NN treatment NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 2 CD , , 95 CD 107 CD . SENT Mrazek NP , , P NN . SENT J NN . SENT , , Haggerty NP , , R NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1994 CD . SENT Reducing VVG risks NNS for IN mental JJ disorders NNS . SENT frontiers NNS for IN preventive JJ intervention NN research NN . SENT Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT . SENT National NP Academy NP Press NP . SENT Murray NP , , J NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Review NN of IN research NN on IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Psychological JJ Reports NNS , , 72 CD , , 791 CD 810 CD . SENT Nadler NP , , L NP . SENT B SYM . SENT 1985 CD . SENT The DT epidemiology NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Critique NN of IN existing VVG research NN and CC alternative NN strategies NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 1 CD , , 35 CD 50 CD . SENT National NP Institute NP on IN Drug NP Abuse NN . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Preventing VVG drug NN use NN among IN children NNS and CC adolescents NNS . SENT A DT research NN base NN guide NN . SENT NIH NP Publication NN No RB . SENT 97 CD 4214 CD . SENT Norman NP , , E NN . SENT , , Turner NP , , S NP . SENT , , Zuzn NP , , S NP . SENT , , Stillson NP , , K NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Prevention NN programs NNS reviewed VVD . SENT what WP works VVZ . SENT In IN Elaine NP Norman NP Ed NP . SENT , , Drug NP Free NP Youth NP . SENT A DT Comendium NP for IN Prevention NN Specialists NNS , , pp NP . SENT 22 CD 45 CD . SENT New NP York NP and CC London NP . SENT Garland NP Publishing NP . SENT Politzer NP , , R NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Morrow NP , , J NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Leavey NP , , R NP . SENT 1985 CD . SENT Report NN on IN the DT cost NN benefit NN effectiveness NN of IN treatment NN at IN the DT Johns NP Hopkins NP Center NP for IN Pathological JJ Gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 1 CD , , 131 CD 142 CD . SENT Ramirez NP , , L NP . SENT F SYM . SENT , , McCormick NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Russo NP , , A NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Taber NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT 1983 CD . SENT Patterns NNS of IN substance NN abuse NN in IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS undergoing VVG treatment NN . SENT Addictive JJ Behavior NN , , 8 CD , , 425 CD 428 CD . SENT Rose NP , , I NP . SENT N NP . SENT 1988 CD . SENT Compulsive JJ gambling NN and CC the DT law NN . SENT from IN sin NN to TO vice NN to TO disease NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 4 CD , , 240 CD 260 CD . SENT Russo NP , , A NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Taber NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT , , McCormick NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Ramirez NP , , L NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 1984 CD . SENT An DT outcome NN study NN of IN an DT inpatient NN treatment NN program NN for IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT Hospital NP and CC Community NP Psychiatry NP , , 35 CD , , 823 CD 827 CD . SENT Shaffer NP , , H NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Hall NP , , M NP . SENT N NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Estimating VVG the DT prevalence NN of IN adolescent JJ gambling NN disorders NNS . SENT A DT quantitative JJ synthesis NN and CC guide NN toward IN standard JJ gambling NN nomenclature NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 2 CD , , 193 CD 214 CD . SENT Sharpe NP , , L NP . SENT , , Tarrier NN , , N NP . SENT 1993 CD . SENT Towards IN a DT cognitive JJ behavioral JJ theory NN of IN problem NN gambling NN . SENT British NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 162 CD , , 407 CD 412 CD . SENT Sobell NP , , M NP . SENT B SYM . SENT , , Sobell NP , , L NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1973 CD . SENT Alcoholics NNS treated VVN by IN individualized VVN behavior NN therapy NN . SENT one CD year NN treatment NN outcome NN . SENT Behavioral JJ Therapy NN , , 4 CD , , 49 CD 72 CD . SENT Sobell NP , , M NP . SENT B SYM . SENT , , Sobell NP , , L NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1976 CD . SENT Second JJ year NN treatment NN outcome NN of IN alcoholics NNS treated VVN by IN individualized VVN behavior NN therapy NN . SENT results NNS . SENT Behavioral JJ Research NN and CC Therapy NN , , 14 CD , , 195 CD 215 CD . SENT Sommers NP , , I PP . SENT 1988 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Estimating VVG prevalence NN and CC group NN characteristics NNS . SENT International NP Journal NP of IN the DT Addictions NNS , , 23 CD , , 477 CD 490 CD . SENT Specker NP , , S NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Carlson NP , , G NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Edmonson NP , , K NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Johnson NP , , P NN . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Marcotte NP , , M NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Psychopathology NN in IN Pathological JJ gamblers NNS seeking VVG treatment NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 1 CD , , 67 CD 81 CD . SENT Steel NP , , Z NN . SENT , , Blaszczynski NP , , A NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT The DT factorial JJ structure NN of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 1 CD , , 3 CD 19 CD . SENT Substance NN Abuse NN and CC Mental JJ Health NP Services NPS Administration NP , , Center NP for IN Substance NN Abuse NN Prevention NN . SENT 1996 CD . SENT A DT review NN of IN alternative JJ activities NNS and CC alternatives NNS programs NNS in IN youth NN oriented JJ prevention NN . SENT Technical JJ Report NP 13 CD . SENT Substance NN Abuse NN and CC Mental JJ Health NP Services NPS Administration NP , , Center NP for IN Substance NN Abuse NN Prevention NN . SENT Selected JJ findings NNS in IN prevention NN . SENT a DT decade NN of IN results NNS form VVP the DT Center NN for IN Substance NN Abuse NN Prevention NN CSAP NP . SENT Taber NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Compulsive JJ gambling NN . SENT an DT examination NN of IN relevant JJ models NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 3 CD , , 219 CD 223 CD . SENT Taber NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT , , Chaplin NP , , M NP . SENT P NN . SENT 1988 CD . SENT Group NN psychotherapy NN with IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Behavior NN , , 4 CD , , 183 CD 196 CD . SENT Taber NP , , J NP . SENT I PP . SENT , , McCormick NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Russo NP , , A NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Adkins NP , , B NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Ramirez NP , , L NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 1987 CD . SENT Follow VV up RP of IN pathological JJ gamblers NNS after IN treatment NN . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 144 CD , , 757 CD 761 CD . SENT Toneatto NP , , T NN . SENT , , Sobell NP , , L NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1990 CD . SENT Pathological JJ gambling NN treated VVN with IN cognitive JJ behavior NN therapy NN . SENT a DT case NN report NN . SENT Addict NN Behavior NN , , 15 CD , , 497 CD 501 CD . SENT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Human NP Services NPS , , Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Third JJ report NN to TO Congress NP on IN Alcohol NP and CC other JJ drug NN abuse NN prevention NN . SENT The DT national JJ structured JJ evaluation NN . SENT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT Department NP of IN Health NP and CC Human NP Services NPS , , Washington NP , , D NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Community NP Kit NP , , Reality NN Check NP . SENT Volberg NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Prevalence NN studies NNS of IN problem NN gambling NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 2 CD , , 215 CD 231 CD . SENT Volberg NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT G NN . SENT , , Ladouceur NP , , R NN . SENT , , Abbott NP , , M NP . SENT W NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Prevalence NN studies NNS and CC the DT development NN of IN services NNS for IN problem NN gamblers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 2 CD , , 215 CD 231 CD . SENT Volberg NP , , R NP . SENT A DT . SENT Steadman NP , , H NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1988 CD . SENT Refining NN prevalence NN estimates NNS of IN pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , 145 CD , , 502 CD 505 CD . SENT Walker NP , , M NP . SENT B SYM . SENT , , Dickerson NP , , M NP . SENT G NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT The DT prevalence NN of IN problem NN and CC pathological JJ gambling NN . SENT A DT critical JJ analysis NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Gambling VVG Studies NNS , , 12 CD 2 CD , , 233 CD 249 CD . SENT Westphal NP , , J NP . SENT , , Rush NP , , J NP . SENT , , Stevens NP , , L NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Preliminary JJ report NN on IN the DT statewide JJ baseline NN survey NN for IN pathological JJ gambling NN and CC substance NN abuse NN in IN Louisiana NP adolescents NNS 6 CD th NN through IN 12 CD th NN grades NNS . SENT Department NP of IN Psychiatry NP , , Louisiana NP State NP University NP Medical NP Center NP , , School NP of IN Medicine NP in IN Shreveport NP , , LA NP . SENT Last RB Revised VVN . SENT Tuesday NP , , 29 CD Jun NN 2004 CD 16 CD . SENT 11 CD . SENT 16 CD EST NP