/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/23/file12.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Home NP Site NN Map NN Contact NP Us NP Donate NP Online JJ email NP newsletter NN About IN Us NP Field NP News NP Volunteer NN Donate NP Public NP Education NP Press NP Room NP Publications NPS Employment NP Special JJ Report NP Deadlock NN in IN the DT Rwandan JJ Refugee NN Crisis NN . SENT Repatriation NN Virtually RB at IN a DT Standstill JJ July NP 1995 CD Contents NNS Summary NN A DT Brief NN Background NN to TO the DT Crisis NN Virtual JJ Standstill NN on IN Repatriation NN and CC Continued JJ Impunity NN . SENT Factors NNS Outside IN Rwanda NP Virtual JJ Standstill NN on IN Repatriation NN and CC Continued JJ Impunity NN . SENT Factors NNS Inside IN Rwanda NP and CC the DT International NP Legal NP Response NP The DT Moral JJ Dilemma NN Conclusions NNS Summary NN The DT repatriation NN of IN about RB two CD million CD Rwandan JJ Hutu NN refugees NNS from IN countries NNS neighboring VVG Rwanda NP has VHZ come VVN to TO a DT virtual JJ standstill NN . SENT Parts NNS of IN the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN and CC the DT Rwandan JJ population NN consider VV the DT refugee NN camps NNS to TO be VB a DT clear JJ threat NN to TO their PP$ security NN . SENT Fear NN of IN reprisal NN killings NNS , , mass JJ arbitrary JJ arrests NNS , , reports NNS about RB grossly RB overcrowded VVN prisons NNS , , the DT lack NN of IN an DT effective JJ judicial JJ system NN and CC the DT control NN exercised VVN by IN their PP$ leaders NNS over IN the DT camps NNS have VHP prevented VVN many JJ refugees NNS and CC internally RB displaced VVN people NNS the DT displaced VVN from IN returning VVG home NN . SENT One CD year NN after IN the DT genocide NN in IN Rwanda NP in IN which WDT Hutu NN extremists NNS systematically RB slaughtered VVN between IN 500 CD , , 000 CD and CC one CD million CD Tutsi NP and CC moderate JJ Hutus NN , , there EX is VBZ still RB no DT justice NN for IN the DT victims NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS . SENT The DT killers NNS continue VVP to TO go VV unpunished JJ and CC some DT of IN those DT responsible JJ for IN the DT genocide NN walk VVP freely RB in IN the DT Rwandan JJ refugee NN camps NNS in IN Tanzania NP and CC Zaire NP , , controlling VVG the DT camp NN populations NNS and CC preparing VVG for IN renewed JJ attacks NNS . SENT The DT former JJ Rwandan JJ Government NN officials NNS have VHP taken VVN steps NNS to TO improve VV the DT public JJ image NN of IN the DT camps NNS in IN order NN to TO ensure VV continued JJ humanitarian JJ assistance NN . SENT However RB , , these DT changes NNS are VBP cosmetic JJ and CC in IN fact NN little RB has VHZ changed VVN since IN November NP 1994 CD , , when WRB MSF NP said VVD that IN the DT situation NN in IN the DT camps NNS could MD not RB be VB sustained VVN . SENT On IN the DT surface NN , , the DT climate NN in IN the DT camps NNS has VHZ improved VVN . SENT Aid NN workers NNS are VBP no RB longer RBR threatened VVN , , soldiers NNS are VBP rarely RB seen VVN , , and CC militia NN training NN no RB longer RB takes VVZ place NN in IN public NN . SENT Many JJ members NNS of IN the DT military NN have VHP left VVN the DT camps NNS and CC those DT who WP remain VVP wear VV civilian JJ clothes NNS . SENT However RB , , the DT same JJ government NN officials NNS who WP incited VVD the DT Hutu NN population NN to TO genocide NN with IN extremist NN propaganda NN continue VVP to TO manipulate VV the DT refugees NNS by IN controlling VVG the DT flow NN of IN information NN and CC political JJ discourse NN in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT They PP talk VVP tirelessly RB about IN the DT victimization NN of IN the DT Hutu NN people NNS . SENT Criminal JJ trials NNS , , national JJ or CC international JJ , , have VHP yet RB to TO take VV place NN . SENT Despite IN their PP$ pledges NNS , , the DT international JJ community NN has VHZ failed VVN to TO give VV adequate JJ support NN to TO rebuilding VVG Rwanda's NP judicial JJ system NN which WDT continues VVZ to TO be VB severely RB hampered VVN by IN a DT lack NN of IN human JJ and CC material JJ resources NNS . SENT Countries NNS in IN which WDT alleged JJ perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN reside VV have VHP failed VVN to TO bring VV them PP to TO justice NN . SENT The DT Deputy NP Prosecutor NN of IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN for IN Rwanda NP , , created VVN in IN November NP 1994 CD , , has VHZ announced VVN that IN he PP expected VVD the DT first JJ indictment NN to TO be VB handed VVN down RP at IN the DT beginning NN of IN 1996 CD . SENT Rwanda NP lacks VVZ the DT resources NNS either CC to TO house VV its PP$ detainees NNS properly RB or CC try VV them PP effectively RB . SENT Nevertheless RB , , mass JJ arrests NNS of IN alleged JJ perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN continue VV . SENT Roughly RB 49 CD , , 000 CD people NNS are VBP detained VVN in IN overcrowded VVN prisons NNS and CC lock NN ups NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , Gitarama NP prison NN , , which WDT was VBD designed VVN for IN 400 CD prisoners NNS in IN reasonable JJ conditions NNS , , now RB holds VVZ nearly RB 7 CD , , 000 CD . SENT The DT absence NN of IN basic JJ sanitary JJ and CC hygienic JJ conditions NNS has VHZ led VVN to TO alarmingly RB high JJ mortality NN rates NNS . SENT The DT average JJ rate NN for IN the DT first JJ three CD months NNS of IN 1995 CD was VBD 9 CD . SENT 6 CD 10 CD , , 000 CD per IN day NN whereas IN 2 CD 10 CD , , 000 CD per IN day NN is VBZ already RB considered VVN a DT full JJ scale NN emergency NN . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN 1994 CD , , the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN declared VVD that IN the DT camps NNS for IN the DT internally RB displaced VVN in IN southern JJ Rwanda NP , , believed VVD to TO harbor NN Hutu NN militia NN , , must MD be VB closed VVN . SENT By IN April NP 1995 CD , , an DT estimated JJ 250 CD , , 000 CD out IN of IN the DT original JJ 380 CD , , 000 RB displaced VVN remained VVN in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT Operation NN Retour NN , , agreed VVN between IN the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN , , UNAMIR NP and CC UNREO NP , , failed VVD to TO convince VV the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN the DT displaced VVN to TO return VV voluntarily RB to TO their PP$ home NN communes NNS . SENT On IN 22 CD April NP 1995 CD , , thousands NNS of IN displaced VVN in IN Kibeho NP were VBD massacred VVN by IN the DT RPA NP during IN the DT forced VVN closure NN of IN the DT camp NN . SENT UNAMIR NP failed VVD to TO protect VV the DT victims NNS . SENT The DT Rwandan JJ refugee NN camps NNS in IN Zaire NP , , Tanzania NP and CC Burundi NP cannot NN be VB sustained VVN in IN the DT long JJ term NN . SENT Those DT suspected VVN of IN genocide NN who WP still RB reside VV in IN the DT camps NNS and CC elsewhere RB should MD be VB arrested VVN and CC tried VVN . SENT The DT remaining JJ refugees NNS should MD be VB free JJ to TO decide VV whether IN to TO return VV to TO Rwanda NP . SENT This DT report NN looks VVZ at IN factors NNS from IN both DT inside JJ and CC outside JJ Rwanda NP which WDT have VHP led VVN to TO the DT virtual JJ standstill NN in IN repatriation NN . SENT One CD year NN after IN the DT mass JJ exodus NN from IN Rwanda NP there EX are VBP still RB no DT lasting JJ solutions NNS for IN the DT regional JJ refugee NN crisis NN . SENT This DT report NN also RB addresses VVZ the DT issue NN of IN impunity NN , , as IN MSF NP has VHZ always RB maintained VVN that IN it PP should MD be VB a DT priority NN that IN those DT responsible JJ for IN the DT genocide NN be VB brought VVN to TO justice NN without IN delay NN , , and CC that IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS in IN which WDT MSF NP provides VVZ humanitarian JJ relief NN should MD not RB be VB given VVN the DT de FW facto FW status FW of IN safe JJ havens NNS for IN those DT who WP committed VVD crimes NNS against IN humanity NN . SENT Further RBR this DT report NN reflects VVZ on IN the DT moral JJ dilemma NN faced VVN by IN MSF NP and CC many JJ other JJ aid NN agencies NNS working VVG in IN camps NNS in IN which WDT killers NNS walk VVP freely RB and CC where WRB preparations NNS are VBP made VVN for IN a DT military JJ intervention NN into IN Rwanda NP aimed VVN at IN further JJR massacres NNS of IN the DT Tutsi NP population NN . SENT Improvements NNS in IN humanitarian JJ aid NN and CC the DT comparable JJ calm NN in IN the DT camps NNS belie VVP the DT fact NN that IN those DT who WP instigated VVD , , prepared VVN , , or CC committed JJ acts NNS of IN genocide NN and CC serious JJ violations NNS of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN continue VVP to TO control VV the DT camps NNS and CC manipulate VV the DT population NN for IN their PP$ own JJ political JJ ends NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ widely RB reported VVN that IN they PP are VBP rearming VVG for IN a DT renewed JJ attack NN . SENT Continued JJ impunity NN in IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS , , in IN Rwanda NP and CC in IN UN NP Member NP States NPS harboring VVG the DT killers NNS , , coupled VVN together RB with IN the DT rearmament NN of IN the DT former JJ Rwandan JJ Armed NP Forces NNS and CC militia NN , , will MD only RB lead VV to TO a DT further JJR cycle NN of IN violence NN . SENT This DT cycle NN must MD be VB broken VVN . SENT Back RB to TO top VV A DT Brief NN Background NN to TO the DT Crisis NN The DT spring NN of IN 1994 CD marked VVD the DT most RBS tragic JJ period NN in IN the DT Rwandan JJ history NN as IN between IN 500 CD , , 000 CD and CC one CD million CD men NNS , , women NNS and CC children NNS were VBD brutally RB murdered VVN during IN a DT violent JJ campaign NN of IN genocide NN committed VVN by IN forces NNS loyal JJ to TO the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN . SENT The DT Genocide NN and CC its PP$ Aftermath NN On IN 6 CD April NP 1994 CD , , President NP Habyarimana NP of IN Rwanda NP and CC President NP Ntaryamira NP of IN Burundi NP were VBD killed VVN when WRB their PP$ plane NN was VBD shot VVN down RP as IN they PP returned VVD to TO Kigali NP from IN talks NNS in IN Arusha NP . SENT The DT Arusha NP Peace NP Accords NPS signed VVD in IN August NP 1993 CD between IN the DT Tutsi NP dominated VVD Rwandan JJ Patriotic JJ Front NP RPF NP and CC Habyarimana's NP Hutu NP regime NN , , provided VVN for IN a DT transitional JJ government NN in IN Rwanda NP and CC eventual JJ legislative JJ elections NNS . SENT The DT United NP Nations NPS UN NP Security NP Council NP deployed VVD the DT United NP Nations NPS Assistance NP Mission NP for IN Rwanda NP UNAMIR NP to TO oversee VV implementation NN of IN the DT Accords NPS . SENT However RB , , Hutu NP extremists NNS opposed VVD to TO the DT principle NN of IN power NN sharing NN and CC already RB intending VVG to TO eliminate VV political JJ opponents NNS , , consistently RB undermined VVN the DT Accords NPS . SENT As IN a DT result NN the DT transitional JJ government NN was VBD never RB installed VVN . SENT The DT genocide NN following VVG the DT plane NN crash NN was VBD masterminded VVN by IN extremist NN politicians NNS intent NN on IN manipulating VVG tensions NNS between IN Hutus NP and CC Tutsi NP in IN order NN to TO decimate VV the DT opposition NN . SENT Almost RB immediately RB after IN the DT plane NN crash NN , , the DT Presidential JJ Guard NN erected VVD roadblocks NNS throughout IN Kigali NP . SENT During IN the DT following VVG days NNS and CC nights NNS , , the DT Interahamwe NP and CC Impuzamugambi NP militia NN checked VVD the DT identity NN cards NNS of IN all DT who WP passed VVD . SENT Tutsi NP , , Hutu NN moderates NNS , , members NNS of IN opposition NN parties NNS and CC human JJ rights NNS activists NNS were VBD brutally RB slaughtered VVN . SENT Within IN 72 CD hours NNS , , Rwanda's NN most RBS prominent JJ opposition NN figures NNS had VHD been VBN assassinated VVN and CC a DT self NN proclaimed VVD interim JJ government NN formed VVD . SENT The DT latter NN , , comprised VVN of IN Hutu NN extremists NNS largely RB drawn VVN from IN President NP Habyarimana's NP National NP Republican JJ Movement NN for IN Development NP and CC Democracy NP MRND NP and CC the DT Hutu NP extremist NN Coalition NP for IN the DT Defense NN of IN the DT Republic NP CDR NP , , directed VVD a DT political JJ campaign NN aimed VVN at IN eliminating VVG the DT Tutsi NP minority NN , , which WDT had VHD been VBN planned VVN in IN advance NN . SENT By IN June NP 1994 CD , , an DT estimated JJ 500 CD , , 000 CD to TO one CD million CD people NNS had VHD been VBN massacred VVN . SENT The DT traditional JJ peacekeeping VVG mandate NN given VVN to TO UNAMIR NP under IN Chapter NP VI NP of IN the DT UN NP Charter NP , , proved VVD useless JJ during IN the DT genocide NN that WDT began VVD on IN 6 CD April NP . SENT The DT mandate NN should MD have VH been VBN adjusted VVN to TO the DT new JJ situation NN but CC the DT UN NP and CC its PP$ member NN states NNS not RB only RB showed VVD a DT strong JJ reluctance NN to TO assume VV their PP$ responsibilities NNS under IN the DT 1948 CD Convention NN on IN the DT Prevention NN and CC Punishment NN of IN the DT Crime NN of IN Genocide NN , , but CC after IN the DT killing NN of IN ten CD Belgian JJ UNAMIR NP soldiers NNS the DT Security NP Council NP even RB reduced VVD the DT UNAMIR NP force NN from IN 1 CD , , 700 CD to TO 270 CD troops NNS by IN its PP$ Resolution NP 912 CD of IN 21 CD April NP , , though IN thousands NNS of IN dead JJ bodies NNS lay VVD in IN the DT streets NNS and CC the DT killing NN continued VVD . SENT In IN Rwanda NP , , extremist NN politicians NNS used VVN hate VVP propaganda NN to TO incite VV the DT population NN to TO take VV part NN in IN the DT killing NN . SENT State NN run VVN Radio NP Rwanda NP provided VVD a DT platform NN for IN the DT interim JJ government NN and CC urged VVD the DT elimination NN of IN anyone NN suspected VVN of IN opposing VVG the DT regime NN . SENT Radio NP T NN l NN vision NN Libre NP des NP Mille NP Collines NP RTLM NP , , backed VVD , , among IN others NNS , , by IN President NP Habyarimana's NP widow NN and CC her PP$ two CD brothers NNS , , encouraged VVN listeners NNS to TO fill VV the DT half JJ empty JJ graves NNS . SENT On IN 29 CD April NP , , the DT world NN witnessed VVN the DT largest JJS refugee NN exodus NN in IN history NN at IN the DT time NN when WRB about IN 200 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS crossed VVD the DT border NN into IN Tanzania NP within IN 48 CD hours NNS . SENT International JJ attention NN was VBD then RB focused VVN on IN the DT refugee NN crisis NN , , rather RB than IN on IN the DT genocide NN which WDT was VBD meanwhile RB continuing VVG in IN neighboring VVG Rwanda NP . SENT In IN mid JJ June NP 1994 CD , , after IN weeks NNS of IN international JJ inaction NN when WRB the DT RPF NP was VBD on IN the DT point NN of IN taking VVG over IN Kigali NP , , France NP suddenly RB announced VVD its PP$ intention NN to TO send VV 2 CD , , 500 CD troops NNS to TO create VV a DT safe JJ zone NN in IN the DT south JJ west NN of IN Rwanda NP in IN order NN to TO protect VV civilians NNS . SENT On IN June NP 22 CD , , 1994 CD , , the DT Security NP Council NP adopted VVD Resolution NP 929 CD authorizing VVG this DT Operation NN Turquoise NN . SENT The DT operation NN was VBD portrayed VVN as IN a DT strictly RB humanitarian JJ mission NN for IN a DT limited JJ period NN of IN two CD months NNS to TO enable VV the DT newly RB expanded VVN UNAMIR NP force NN to TO carry VV out RP its PP$ mandate NN . SENT Many JJ believed VVD that IN the DT French JJ initiative NN was VBD politically RB motivated VVN for IN the DT French JJ Government NN had VHD armed VVN and CC trained VVN the DT national JJ military NN . SENT Meanwhile RB allegations NNS of IN continued JJ gun NN running VVG to TO the DT region NN were VBD reported VVN . SENT The DT French JJ created VVN camps NNS for IN the DT hundreds NNS of IN thousands NNS of IN displaced VVN , , Hutu NN militia NN and CC military JJ fleeing VVG the DT RPF NP advance NN . SENT Following VVG the DT withdrawal NN of IN French JJ troops NNS in IN August NP , , UNAMIR NP and CC soldiers NNS of IN the DT Rwandan JJ Patriotic JJ Army NP RPA NP moved VVD in IN to TO patrol NN the DT camps NNS . SENT Tensions NNS in IN the DT region NN quickly RB mounted VVD and CC UN NP officials NNS began VVD receiving VVG daily JJ reports NNS from IN the DT region NN detailing VVG a DT disturbing JJ increase NN in IN the DT level NN of IN violence NN both CC in IN and CC outside IN the DT camps NNS . SENT On IN 4 CD July NP 1994 CD , , as IN the DT RPF NP took VVD control NN of IN Kigali NP , , defeated VVD government NN officials NNS used VVD radio NN broadcasts NNS to TO invoke VV hysteria NN about IN the DT likely JJ retribution NN for IN the DT crimes NNS committed VVN and CC incited VVN the DT population NN to TO flee VV , , thus RB prompting VVG the DT fastest JJS refugee NN exodus NN in IN recent JJ history NN . SENT Among IN the DT refugee NN population NN were VBD many JJ of IN those DT responsible JJ for IN the DT genocide NN . SENT In IN less JJR than IN a DT week NN , , more JJR than IN 700 CD , , 000 CD people NNS crossed VVD the DT border NN into IN Zaire NP , , creating VVG a DT humanitarian JJ disaster NN on IN an DT unprecedented JJ scale NN . SENT An DT estimated JJ 20 CD , , 000 CD Hutu NN soldiers NNS and CC some DT 50 CD , , 000 CD militia NN joined VVD the DT movement NN convincing VVG the DT population NN that IN they PP would MD be VB killed VVN if IN they PP remained VVD in IN Rwanda NP . SENT International JJ aid NN workers NNS were VBD ill RB equipped VVN to TO confront VV a DT crisis NN of IN such JJ proportions NNS . SENT Cholera NN and CC dysentery NN and CC dehydration NN due JJ to TO lack NN of IN water NN quickly RB swept VVD through IN the DT crowded JJ camps NNS and CC within IN one CD month NN , , an DT estimated JJ 50 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS died VVD . SENT MSF NN Concerns NNS Up RB to TO November NP 1994 CD Regarding VVG the DT Rwandan JJ Refugee NN Camps NP In IN November NP 1994 CD , , MSF NP published VVD its PP$ report NN Breaking VVG the DT Cycle NP . SENT In IN this DT report NN , , MSF NP compiled VVN evidence NN of IN its PP$ concerns NNS that IN . SENT the DT situation NN in IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS could MD not RB be VB sustained VVN and CC that IN for IN MSF NP to TO continue VV to TO give VV humanitarian JJ relief NN in IN these DT circumstances NNS presented VVD a DT moral JJ dilemma NN . SENT refugees NNS alleged VVN of IN having VHG participated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN walk VVP around RB freely RB in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT MSF NP reiterated VVD that IN there EX was VBD also RB growing VVG evidence NN that IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS were VBD becoming VVG training NN bases NNS for IN members NNS of IN the DT militia NN and CC the DT former JJ Rwandan JJ armed JJ forces NNS and CC that DT military JJ training NN occurred VVD openly RB . SENT Consequently RB , , MSF NP called VVD on IN the DT relevant JJ UN NP bodies NNS and CC individual JJ member NN states NNS to TO take VV all DT necessary JJ measures NNS to TO ensure VV . SENT that DT refugees NNS receive VVP adequate JJ protection NN and CC do VVP not RB have VH to TO live VV in IN fear NN for IN their PP$ lives NNS , , to TO which WDT end NN an DT international JJ police NN force NN and CC human JJ rights NNS monitors NNS should MD be VB dispatched VVN to TO the DT camps NNS . SENT Further JJR MSF NN recommended VVN that IN refugee NN registration NN should MD take VV place NN as IN soon RB as RB possible JJ . SENT that IN the DT distribution NN of IN food NN should MD not RB be VB controlled VVN by IN camp NN leaders NNS and CC that DT refugees NNS be VB guaranteed VVN equal JJ access NN to TO humanitarian JJ aid NN . SENT that IN the DT militia NN and CC military NN be VB separated VVN from IN the DT refugees NNS . SENT Moreover RB all DT members NNS of IN the DT military NN and CC militia NN should MD be VB disarmed VVN . SENT all PDT those DT suspected VVN of IN genocide NN who WP currently RB walk VVP freely RB in IN the DT camps NNS should MD be VB brought VVN to TO justice NN , , either CC by IN states NNS on IN whose WP$ territory NN these DT killers NNS reside VV or CC by IN the DT then RB newly RB established VVN International NP Tribunal NN . SENT At IN that DT time NN , , many JJ other JJ humanitarian JJ relief NN agencies NNS , , outraged VVN that IN they PP were VBD becoming VVG unwilling JJ accomplices NNS to TO the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN , , threatened VVD to TO pull VV out RP . SENT MSF NP Programs NP in IN Rwanda NP , , Zaire NP , , Tanzania NP and CC Burundi NP MSF NP worked VVD in IN Rwanda NP before RB , , during IN and CC after IN the DT genocide NN and CC also RB runs VVZ programs NNS in IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS in IN Zaire NP , , Tanzania NP and CC Burundi NP . SENT Rwanda NP . SENT In IN Rwanda NP , , five CD MSF NP sections NNS MSF NP Belgium NP , , France NP , , Holland NP , , Spain NP and CC Switzerland NP implement VV extensive JJ health NN programs NNS throughout IN the DT country NN , , with IN a DT total NN of IN around IN 1 CD , , 800 CD national JJ staff NN and CC 100 CD expatriates NNS . SENT Teams NNS are VBP working VVG in IN the DT prefectures NNS of IN Kigali NP , , Gisenyi NP , , Ruhengeri NP , , Kibuye NP , , Gitarama NP , , Gikongoro NP , , Butare NP , , Cyangugu NP , , Kibungo NP and CC Byumba NP . SENT Both DT local JJ and CC displaced VVN populations NNS benefit VVP from IN these DT programs NNS . SENT MSF NP provides VVZ aid NN to TO hospitals NNS , , health NN centers NNS and CC dispensaries NNS , , and CC is VBZ involved VVN in IN general JJ and CC preventive JJ medicine NN , , pediatrics NNS , , laboratory NN work NN and CC the DT supply NN of IN drugs NNS . SENT Projects NNS include VVP surgical JJ activities NNS , , nutrition NN programs NNS , , mental JJ health NN programs NNS , , programs NNS to TO integrate VV unaccompanied JJ minors NNS into IN the DT community NN and CC support NN for IN water NN supply NN services NNS . SENT In IN hospitals NNS in IN Kigali NP and CC Gitarama NP , , MSF NP also RB supports VVZ referral NN units NNS for IN prisoners NNS . SENT Zaire NP . SENT In IN the DT eastern JJ Zairian NN province NN Kivu NP , , MSF NP works VVZ in IN the DT Rwandan JJ refugee NN camps NNS in IN and CC around IN Goma NP and CC in IN the DT partly RB Rwandan JJ , , partly RB Burundian JJ refugee NN camps NNS in IN Uvira NP . SENT In IN Goma NP , , two CD MSF NP sections NNS are VBP presently RB working VVG with IN 2 CD , , 100 CD national JJ staff NN and CC 25 CD expatriates NNS . SENT MSF NP provides VVZ aid NN to TO an DT estimated JJ 300 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS in IN three CD field NN hospitals NNS as RB well RB as RB in IN many JJ health NN posts NNS and CC dispensaries NNS . SENT The DT MSF NP activities NNS also RB include VVP water NN and CC sanitation NN and CC mental JJ health NN care NN . SENT In IN Uvira NP , , MSF NP is VBZ undertaking VVG medical JJ , , including VVG 4 CD hospitals NNS , , and CC water NN and CC sanitation NN programs NNS for IN approximately RB 55 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS . SENT Tanzania NP . SENT MSF NP runs VVZ medical JJ programs NNS for IN 220 CD , , 230 CD refugees NNS in IN the DT Biharamulo NP , , Karagwe NP and CC Ngara NP districts NNS . SENT MSF NP has VHZ eight CD health NN clinics NNS , , five CD field NN hospitals NNS which WDT are VBP staffed VVN with IN 41 CD expatriate NN staff NN , , 130 CD local JJ staff NN and CC 725 CD volunteer NN refugees NNS . SENT MSF NP also RB has VHZ mental JJ health NN programs NNS an DT all RB four CD camps NNS for IN traumatized VVN refugees NNS . SENT The DT general JJ medical JJ work NN includes VVZ surgical JJ activities NNS , , as RB well RB as IN therapeutic JJ feeding NN . SENT Burundi NP . SENT In IN Burundi NP MSF NP has VHZ four CD field NN hospitals NNS providing VVG medical JJ aid NN to TO 100 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS in IN four CD refugee NN camps NNS in IN Ngozi NP province NN . SENT Further JJR MSF NP runs VVZ medical JJ services NNS in IN Kirundo NP , , Karuzi NP , , Ruygy NP , , and CC Ngozi NP province NN an DT area NN which WDT covers VVZ about IN one CD million CD Burundians NNS . SENT MSF NP has VHZ irregular JJ access NN to TO the DT Cibitoke NP province NN . SENT In IN the DT capital NN Bujumbura NP , , MSF NP supports VVZ several JJ health NN centers NNS , , such JJ as IN a DT post NN for IN small JJ medical JJ interventions NNS in IN the DT Kamenge NP quartier NN of IN the DT capital NN . SENT Moreover RB , , MSF NP has VHZ made VVN stand NN by IN arrangements NNS in IN case NN of IN a DT large JJ scale NN eruption NN of IN the DT ongoing JJ violence NN . SENT Back RB to TO top VV Virtual JJ Standstill NN on IN Repatriation NN and CC Continued JJ Impunity NN . SENT Factors NNS Outside IN Rwanda NP In IN the DT autumn NN of IN 1994 CD , , refugees NNS were VBD regularly RB subjected VVN to TO violence NN and CC sometimes RB killed VVN publicly RB because IN of IN their PP$ wish NN to TO return VV to TO Rwanda NP . SENT Such JJ incidents NNS , , together RB with IN meetings NNS led VVN by IN camp NN leaders NNS to TO urge VV the DT refugees NNS not RB to TO return VV effectively RB acted VVN to TO hold VV the DT population NN hostage NN . SENT Intent NN on IN disproving VVG allegations NNS that IN this DT was VBD the DT case NN , , the DT leaders NNS neither CC openly RB discouraged VVN nor CC resorted VVN to TO physical JJ violence NN themselves PP . SENT Their PP$ use NN of IN speeches NNS inciting VVG ethnic JJ hatred NN and CC extremist NN propaganda NN was VBD sufficiently RB successful JJ and CC , , in IN fact NN , , they PP could MD even RB tell VV the DT refugees NNS that IN they PP were VBD free JJ to TO return VV . SENT This DT new JJ policy NN fit NN perfectly RB into IN the DT designed VVN improved JJ image NN of IN the DT camp NN leadership NN . SENT The DT Rwandan JJ Refugees NNS in IN Goma NP , , Zaire NP During IN the DT first JJ three CD months NNS of IN 1995 CD , , there EX was VBD a DT small JJ , , but CC constant JJ flow NN of IN refugees NNS repatriating VVG to TO Rwanda NP in IN convoys NNS organized VVN by IN UNHCR NP . SENT However RB , , since IN April NP , , repatriation NN has VHZ come VVN to TO a DT virtual JJ standstill NN . SENT Intent NN on IN disproving VVG allegations NNS that IN they PP were VBD holding VVG the DT population NN hostage NN , , the DT Hutu NN leaders NNS in IN the DT camps NNS officially RB told VVD the DT refugees NNS that IN they PP were VBD free JJ to TO return VV . SENT However RB , , repatriation NN rapidly RB declined VVD as IN refugees NNS became VVD more RBR convinced JJ that IN it PP was VBD too RB dangerous JJ to TO go VV back RB to TO Rwanda NP , , a DT conviction NN that WDT was VBD reinforced VVN by IN the DT anti JJ RPA NP propaganda NN and CC hate NN campaign NN carried VVD out RP by IN camp NN leaders NNS and CC the DT deteriorating VVG situation NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT Early JJ July NP , , repatriation NN has VHZ started VVN again RB , , amounting VVG to TO about RB 50 CD to TO 100 CD refugees NNS per IN week NN . SENT The DT Improved JJ Public JJ Image NN of IN the DT Camp NP Leadership NN In IN the DT immediate JJ aftermath NN of IN the DT cholera NN and CC dysentery NN epidemics NNS , , lawlessness NN prevailed VVD . SENT Assassinations NNS of IN supposed JJ RPF NP spies NNS were VBD reported VVN and CC allegations NNS of IN open JJ military JJ training NN were VBD common JJ . SENT Within IN days NNS of IN crossing VVG the DT border NN , , the DT refugees NNS began VVD to TO organize VV themselves PP according VVG to TO the DT same JJ state NN administrative JJ structures NNS which WDT had VHD existed VVN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT In IN the DT chaos NN brought VVD about RB by IN the DT sheer JJ numbers NNS , , UNHCR NP and CC relief NN agencies NNS were VBD forced VVN to TO rely VV on IN those DT who WP presented VVD themselves PP as IN leaders NNS among IN a DT disoriented VVN and CC severely RB traumatized VVN population NN . SENT Initially RB , , many JJ who WP had VHD manipulated VVN the DT population NN to TO commit VV genocide NN in IN Rwanda NP were VBD recognized VVN in IN the DT camps NNS by IN UNHCR NP and CC NGOs NNS as IN legitimate JJ , , or CC at IN least JJS desperately RB needed VVN , , representatives NNS of IN the DT massive JJ refugee NN population NN . SENT The DT Power NP Structures NNS On IN 3 CD November NP 1994 CD , , 16 CD international JJ NGOs NNS , , including VVG MSF NP , , issued VVD a DT joint JJ press NN release NN stating VVG that IN working VVG conditions NNS in IN the DT camps NNS had VHD become VVN unacceptably RB dangerous JJ and CC they PP would MD be VB forced VVN to TO withdraw VV unless IN there EX was VBD immediate JJ action NN to TO improve VV security NN . SENT The DT statement NN declared VVD that IN refugees NNS wishing VVG to TO return VV home NN were VBD virtually RB held VVN hostage NN by IN the DT camp NN leaders NNS . SENT The DT NGOs NNS demanded VVD that IN those DT responsible JJ for IN inciting VVG violence NN and CC disrupting VVG the DT delivery NN of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN should MD be VB separated VVN from IN the DT other JJ refugees NNS and CC that IN all DT weapons NNS should MD be VB removed VVN from IN the DT camps NNS . SENT Furthermore RB , , adequate JJ protection NN for IN refugees NNS needed VVN to TO be VB guaranteed VVN in IN order NN for IN them PP to TO feel VV free JJ to TO return VV home NN or CC remain VV in IN the DT camp NN without IN fearing VVG for IN their PP$ lives NNS . SENT Four CD days NNS later RBR , , MSF NP France NP announced VVD its PP$ decision NN to TO pull VV out RP of IN the DT camps NNS in IN Zaire NP and CC Tanzania NP , , stating VVG that IN the DT continued JJ diversion NN of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN by IN the DT same JJ leaders NNS who WP orchestrated VVD the DT genocide NN , , the DT lack NN of IN effective JJ international JJ action NN regarding VVG impunity NN , , the DT fact NN that IN the DT refugee NN population NN was VBD being VBG held VVN hostage NN , , presented VVD a DT situation NN contradictory NN with IN the DT principles NNS of IN humanitarian JJ assistance NN . SENT Later RBR that DT month NN , , Care NP Canada NP pulled VVD out RP of IN Katale NP camp NN following VVG death NN threats NNS . SENT MSF NP Belgium NP and CC Holland NP decided VVD to TO continue VV working VVG in IN the DT camps NNS while IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN continuously RB and CC publicly RB advocating VVG for IN an DT end NN to TO impunity NN and CC improvements NNS in IN the DT security NN situation NN for IN the DT refugees NNS . SENT After IN the DT criticism NN of IN the DT international JJ aid NN community NN the DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN instituted VVD a DT series NN of IN reforms NNS in IN order NN to TO ensure VV continued JJ humanitarian JJ assistance NN and CC to TO improve VV the DT public JJ image NN of IN the DT camps NNS by IN targeting VVG their PP$ constituency NN , , advance NN democracy NN , , and CC promote VV legitimate JJ leaders NNS to TO pursue VV the DT possibility NN of IN political JJ negotiations NNS with IN the DT government NN in IN Kigali NP . SENT The DT Commission NP Sociale NP was VBD formed VVN , , comprising VVG 15 CD principal JJ members NNS , , the DT majority NN of IN whom WP identify VVP themselves PP as IN either DT former JJ government NN ministers NNS or CC pro JJ MRND NP politicians NNS , , to TO act VV as IN an DT informal JJ link NN between IN the DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN , , international JJ bodies NNS , , and CC the DT refugees NNS in IN North NP Kivu NP . SENT The DT Commission NP Sociale NP played VVD an DT ill RB defined VVN but CC critical JJ role NN in IN carrying VVG out RP a DT concerted JJ campaign NN to TO revamp VV the DT public JJ image NN of IN the DT camps NNS . SENT During IN the DT months NNS that IN followed VVN , , elections NNS were VBD held VVN , , camp NN security NN structures NNS were VBD re IN organized VVN , , and CC countless JJ civic JJ organizations NNS were VBD founded VVN . SENT However RB , , the DT new JJ strategy NN of IN the DT camp NN leaders NNS also RB appeared VVD to TO be VB aimed VVN at IN causing VVG unrest NN inside IN Rwanda NP to TO undermine VV the DT new JJ government NN and CC convince VV refugees NNS that IN it PP was VBD too RB dangerous JJ to TO return VV . SENT MSF NP therefore RB maintains VVZ that IN these DT changes NNS are VBP cosmetic JJ and CC that WDT little RB has VHZ in IN fact NN changed VVN since IN November NP 1994 CD . SENT On IN the DT surface NN , , the DT climate NN in IN the DT camps NNS has VHZ improved VVN . SENT Aid NN workers NNS are VBP no RB longer RBR threatened VVN , , soldiers NNS are VBP rarely RB seen VVN , , and CC militia NN training NN no RB longer RB takes VVZ place NN in IN public NN . SENT Many JJ members NNS of IN the DT military NN have VHP left VVN the DT camps NNS and CC those DT who WP remain VVP wear VV civilian JJ clothes NNS . SENT Following VVG the DT failure NN of IN UN NP Secretary NP General NP Boutros NP Boutros NP Ghali's NP proposal NN for IN an DT international JJ peacekeeping VVG force NN , , the DT deployment NN of IN 1 CD , , 500 CD Zairian NN troops NNS to TO the DT camps NNS has VHZ improved VVN the DT security NN of IN refugees NNS on IN UNHCR NP repatriation NN convoys NNS an DT of IN non JJ governmental JJ organizations NNS NGOs NNS operating VVG in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT While IN the DT camps NNS now RB operate VVP smoothly RB and CC relative JJ calm NN prevails VVZ , , field NN officials NNS of IN NGOs NNS and CC of IN the DT UN NP High NP Commissioner NP for IN Refugees NNS UNHCR NP may MD be VB lulled VVN into IN a DT false JJ sense NN of IN complacency NN . SENT Refugee NN registration NN process NN was VBD poorly RB planned JJ and CC fraught JJ with IN fraud NN . SENT MSF NP Belgium's NP efforts NNS to TO control VV systematic JJ cheating NN and CC intimidation NN by IN militia NN members NNS in IN Kibumba NP led VVD to TO expatriate JJ staff NN being VBG threatened VVN . SENT Declaring VVG this DT militia NN control NN of IN the DT camp NN unacceptable JJ , , MSF NP Belgium NP pulled VVD out RP of IN Kibumba NP on IN 8 CD February NP 1995 CD . SENT In IN response NN to TO the DT high JJ level NN of IN fraud NN , , UNHCR NP spent VVD two CD months NNS conducting VVG registration NN card NN verification NN before IN finally RB arriving VVG at IN more JJR or CC less RBR accurate JJ population NN figures NNS . SENT In IN the DT Tanzanian JJ refugee NN camp NN Ngara NP , , UNHCR NP nullified VVN the DT registration NN after IN wide JJ spread NN fraud NN . SENT The DT registration NN will MD be VB re IN done VVN in IN July NP August NP 1995 CD . SENT Food NN Distribution NN Commonly RB referred VVD to TO as IN camp NN leaders NNS , , the DT representatives NNS of IN the DT refugees NNS were VBD responsible JJ for IN food NN distribution NN to TO their PP$ segment NN of IN the DT population NN . SENT They PP exerted VVD blatant JJ control NN over IN the DT camps NNS in IN the DT form NN of IN routine JJ violence NN , , threats NNS , , and CC massive JJ diversion NN of IN food NN aid NN . SENT Food NN is VBZ now RB distributed VVN directly RB to TO families NNS or CC cellules NNS groups NNS in IN most JJS camps NNS . SENT The DT level NN of IN diversion NN has VHZ decreased VVN and CC the DT control NN of IN the DT camp NN leaders NNS over IN humanitarian JJ aid NN has VHZ largely RB diminished VVN . SENT However RB , , the DT delay NN in IN registration NN resulted VVN in IN the DT diversion NN of IN thousands NNS of IN tons NNS of IN food NN aid NN . SENT Much RB of IN it PP was VBD alleged VVN to TO have VH been VBN stockpiled VVN for IN former JJ Rwandan JJ soldiers NNS . SENT Food NN basket NN monitors VVZ now RB oversee VV the DT equitable JJ distribution NN of IN aid NN . SENT Security NN incidents NNS no RB longer RB surround VVP the DT distribution NN of IN food NN , , except IN when WRB there EX is VBZ little JJ food NN to TO distribute VV . SENT In IN February NP 1995 CD , , the DT World NP Food NP Program NP WFP NP found VVD itself PP falling VVG short RB of IN funds NNS to TO feed VV the DT three CD million CD refugees NNS , , returnees NNS , , and CC displaced VVN in IN the DT Great NP Lakes NP region NN . SENT Rations NNS were VBD reduced VVN to TO as RB little JJ as IN 503 CD kcal NN per IN day NN , , resulting VVG in IN daily JJ scenes NNS of IN chaos NN , , protests NNS and CC threats NNS at IN the DT distribution NN sites NNS . SENT On IN 24 CD March NP 1995 CD , , MSF NP issued VVD a DT public JJ statement NN together RB with IN 32 CD other JJ humanitarian JJ organizations NNS in IN the DT region NN , , urging VVG the DT international JJ community NN to TO act VV swiftly RB to TO end VV the DT food NN shortage NN . SENT The DT appeal NN emphasized VVD the DT fact NN that IN the DT food NN shortage NN threatened VVD regional JJ stability NN . SENT MSF NP maintains VVZ that IN withholding VVG food NN would MD not RB , , as IN some DT donor NN countries NNS apparently RB believed VVN , , encourage VV repatriation NN . SENT However RB , , MSF NP also RB believes VVZ it PP is VBZ very RB serious JJ that IN the DT international JJ community NN still RB feeds VVZ soldiers NNS and CC militia NN who WP are VBP alleged VVN to TO have VH been VBN implicated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN . SENT Humanitarian JJ aid NN should MD not RB be VB used VVN to TO bring VV about IN political JJ solutions NNS . SENT A DT month NN later RBR , , WFP NP reached VVD 70 CD of IN the DT 385 CD million CD needed VVN for IN 1995 CD . SENT Since IN then RB , , rations NNS have VHP steadily RB increased VVN . SENT Elections NNS and CC the DT Search NP for IN Legitimate JJ Leaders NNS In IN spite NN of IN democratic JJ reforms NNS former JJ politicians NNS implicated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN continue VVP to TO dominate VV the DT political JJ life NN of IN the DT camps NNS . SENT The DT fact NN that IN many JJ refugees NNS say VVP they PP were VBD never RB told VVN of IN any DT elections NNS further JJR calls NNS into IN question NN the DT nature NN of IN these DT reforms NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ sure JJ that IN some DT elections NNS took VVD place NN in IN many JJ of IN the DT camps NNS in IN Eastern NP Zaire NP in IN December NP 1994 CD and CC the DT early JJ months NNS of IN 1995 CD . SENT The DT Commission NP Sociale NP , , eager JJ to TO promote VV the DT appearance NN of IN grassroots NNS democracy NN , , said VVD that IN the DT refugees NNS called VVN for IN elections NNS themselves PP . SENT These DT provided VVD an DT opportunity NN to TO elect VV legitimate JJ representatives NNS among IN the DT refugee NN population NN while IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN replacing VVG leaders NNS who WP may MD not RB have VH conformed VVN to TO the DT government NN in IN exile's NNS larger JJR political JJ objectives NNS . SENT However RB , , elections NNS were VBD not RB held VVN in IN every DT prefecture NN and CC the DT replacement NN of IN camp NN leaders NNS was VBD very RB selective JJ . SENT In IN practice NN , , the DT elections NNS appear VVP to TO have VH been VBN orchestrated VVN by IN former JJ government NN officials NNS . SENT In IN Katale NP camp NN , , for IN example NN , , the DT former JJ mayor NN of IN Greater NP Kigali NP , , best RBS known VVN for IN his PP$ statement NN in IN an DT interview NN with IN the DT New NP York NP Times NP that IN the DT killings NNS in IN Rwanda NP did VVD not RB constitute VV genocide NN because IN some DT Tutsi NP had VHD survived VVN , , presided VVN over IN mid JJ January NP elections NNS in IN Ruhengeri NP prefecture NN part NN of IN the DT camp NN . SENT Accompanied VVN by IN the DT former JJ mayor NN of IN Ruhengeri NP , , he PP conducted VVD a DT campaign NN to TO influence VV the DT refugees NNS which WDT of IN the DT two CD candidates NNS to TO vote VV for IN sensibilisation NN de FW la FW population NN before IN , , during IN , , and CC after IN the DT elections NNS . SENT Later RBR , , the DT two CD candidates NNS themselves PP spoke VVD only RB briefly RB . SENT Refugees NNS maintained VVD that IN they PP were VBD free JJ to TO vote VV for IN the DT candidate NN of IN their PP$ choice NN . SENT Security NN Structures NNS In IN December NP 1994 CD , , as IN part NN of IN its PP$ public JJ image NN campaign NN , , the DT Commission NP Sociale NP restructured VVD the DT camps NNS into IN quartiers NNS districts NNS , , sous NNS quartiers NNS sub NN districts NNS , , cellules NNS neighborhoods NNS and CC nyumba JJR kumi NP groups NNS of IN ten CD houses NNS , , each DT with IN their PP$ own JJ representative NN , , allegedly RB duly RB elected VVN . SENT The DT goal NN was VBD twofold JJ . SENT to TO ensure VV that IN the DT refugees NNS could MD properly RB defend VV themselves PP against IN RPA NP infiltrators NNS . SENT and CC to TO assert VV control NN over IN a DT security NN situation NN which WDT threatened VVD continued JJ humanitarian JJ assistance NN . SENT A DT dual JJ power NN structure NN was VBD imposed VVN so RB that IN camp NN leaders NNS now RB have VHP responsibility NN according VVG both CC to TO where WRB they PP currently RB live VVP in IN the DT camps NNS and CC to TO their PP$ commune NN of IN origin NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT Neighborhood NN representatives NNS , , in IN charge NN of IN security NN , , serve VVP to TO reinforce VV the DT power NN of IN the DT camp NN president NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN they PP rival VV the DT power NN of IN the DT administrative JJ representatives NNS . SENT This DT highly RB centralized JJ security NN structure NN is VBZ identical JJ to TO that DT which WDT was VBD perfected VVN in IN Rwanda NP prior RB to TO the DT genocide NN . SENT According VVG to TO African NP Rights NP , , a DT September NP 1991 CD Ministry NP of IN Defense NP memorandum NN entitled VVN Auto NP d NN fense NN de NP la NP population NN envisaged VVD at IN least JJS one CD armed JJ man NN for IN every DT ten CD households NNS . SENT This DT home NN guard NN project NN foreshadowed VVN the DT creation NN of IN the DT militia NN throughout IN the DT country NN under IN the DT control NN of IN senior JJ military JJ officials NNS . SENT During IN the DT genocide NN , , Interahamwe NP knew VVD exactly RB who WP lived VVD in IN which WDT house NN . SENT They PP were VBD therefore RB able JJ to TO carry VV out RP the DT killings NNS literally RB door NN by IN door NN . SENT The DT localized JJ command NN structure NN in IN the DT camps NNS is VBZ based VVN on IN this DT same JJ model NN . SENT A DT Civil NP Society NP The DT final JJ step NN towards IN improving VVG the DT public JJ image NN of IN the DT camps NNS and CC pushing VVG for IN political JJ negotiations NNS was VBD the DT creation NN of IN a DT civil JJ society NN as IN opposed VVN to TO overt JJ military JJ control NN and CC a DT new JJ political JJ party NN . SENT The DT Commission NP Sociale NP was VBD instrumental JJ in IN restructuring VVG the DT camps NNS and CC supporting VVG the DT expansion NN of IN the DT camp NN leadership NN . SENT It PP has VHZ now RB given VVN way NN to TO the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NN which WDT purports VVZ to TO represent VV a DT broad JJ spectrum NN of IN society NN . SENT The DT Commission NP Sociale NP is VBZ a DT member NN of IN the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NP and CC now RB distances NNS itself PP from IN the DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN . SENT The DT latter NN is VBZ equally RB ambiguous JJ about IN its PP$ links NNS with IN former JJ Rwandan JJ Government NN authorities NNS . SENT Founded VVN on IN 14 CD January NP 1995 CD , , six CD months NNS after IN the DT refugees NNS arrived VVN in IN Goma NP , , the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NP currently RB boasts VVZ 92 CD affiliated JJ non JJ profit NN making VVG organizations NNS such JJ as RB . SENT l'Association NP des NP journalistes NNS rwandais NNS en IN exil NN , , le DT Cercle NP des NP intellectuels NNS , , l'Association NNS pour VVP la DT promotion NN f SYM minine NN et FW la FW r NN habilitation NN de NP la NP famille NN rwandaise NN , , and CC l'Association NN des FW juristes NNS pour VVP les FW droits NNS de NP l'homme NN . SENT Most JJS were VBD founded VVN by IN members NNS of IN Rwanda's NP well RB educated VVN elite NN , , the DT MRND NP , , and CC of IN the DT extremist NN media NNS that WDT functioned VVD in IN Rwanda NP before IN the DT genocide NN . SENT Some DT receive VVP substantial JJ funding NN from IN abroad RB . SENT The DT primary JJ goal NN of IN the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NP is VBZ to TO act VV as IN the DT representative NN of IN the DT refugee NN population NN in IN any DT negotiations NNS for IN a DT political JJ settlement NN with IN the DT government NN in IN Kigali NP . SENT On IN 3 CD April NP 1995 CD , , a DT group NN of IN refugees NNS in IN Mugunga NP formed VVD the DT Rally NN for IN Democracy NP and CC the DT Return NN to TO Rwanda NP RDR NP , , a DT new JJ political JJ party NN which WDT also RB denies VVZ any DT formal JJ link NN with IN the DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN . SENT Like IN the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NP , , the DT leaders NNS of IN the DT RDR NP portray VV themselves PP as IN moderates NNS . SENT Nevertheless RB , , they PP have VHP emerged VVN from IN the DT same JJ ideological JJ background NN as IN the DT extremists NNS , , they PP justify VV the DT genocide NN and CC paint VV themselves PP as IN victims NNS . SENT They PP circulate VVP a DT list NN of IN all DT human JJ rights NNS abuses NNS in IN Rwanda NP since IN October NP 1990 CD when WRB the DT RPF NP first RB invaded VVD the DT country NN and CC claim VVP to TO give VV a DT truthful JJ accounting NN of IN the DT facts NNS surrounding VVG the DT death NN of IN President NP Habyarimana NP . SENT this DT is VBZ followed VVN by IN a DT long JJ list NN of IN what WP they PP consider VVP to TO be VB prerequisites NNS for IN peace NN . SENT The DT RDR NP states NNS that IN if IN they PP fail VVP to TO attain VV their PP$ political JJ objectives NNS , , they PP will MD resort VV to TO military JJ action NN as IN a DT final JJ option NN . SENT On IN 4 CD April NP 1995 CD , , 13 CD senior JJ commanders NNS of IN the DT former JJ Rwandan NN Armed NP Forces NP ex FW FAR RB issued VVN a DT public JJ statement NN pledging VVG their PP$ support NN for IN the DT RDR NP . SENT The DT Zairian NN authorities NNS have VHP forbidden VVN the DT RDR NP to TO hold VV public JJ demonstrations NNS and CC activities NNS . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT party NN carries VVZ out RP its PP$ activities NNS clandestine JJ . SENT While IN some DT believe VVP that IN these DT recent JJ political JJ developments NNS herald VVP the DT dawning VVG of IN a DT new JJ era NN , , the DT host NN of IN new JJ leaders NNS appears VVZ to TO have VH emerged VVN from IN the DT same JJ Hutu NN extremist NN ideological JJ position NN . SENT The DT expansion NN of IN the DT camp NN leadership NN , , the DT creation NN of IN the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NP and CC a DT new JJ independent JJ political JJ party NN have VHP not RB broadened VVN the DT political JJ spectrum NN . SENT Indeed RB , , they PP have VHP served VVN to TO further VV the DT monopoly NN of IN extremism NN . SENT In IN the DT highly RB polarized VVN political JJ climate NN of IN the DT camps NNS , , there EX is VBZ virtually RB no DT room NN for IN moderate JJ voices NNS to TO be VB heard VVN . SENT Militarization NN , , Destabilization NN , , and CC Camp NP Security NP in IN Zaire NP Allegations NNS of IN Military NP Training NP and CC Arms NP Shipments NNS Following VVG the DT mass JJ exodus NN into IN Zaire NP , , the DT ousted JJ Rwandan JJ Government NN , , armed JJ forces NNS and CC militia NN have VHP started VVN to TO regroup VV and CC rebuild VV their PP$ military JJ infrastructure NN . SENT According VVG to TO the DT 1951 CD Convention NN Relating VVG to TO the DT Status NN of IN Refugees NNS , , persons NNS with IN respect NN to TO whom WP there RB are VBP serious JJ reasons NNS for IN considering VVG that IN . SENT he PP has VHZ committed VVN a DT . SENT . SENT . SENT war NN crime NN , , or CC a DT crime NN against IN humanity NN , , may MD not RB benefit VV of IN the DT status NN of IN refugee NN . SENT In IN practice NN , , however RB , , those DT suspected VVN of IN having VHG participated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN enjoy VVP protection NN as IN refugees NNS and CC benefit NN from IN relief NN assistance NN supplied VVN by IN the DT international JJ community NN . SENT Among IN the DT first JJ cosmetic JJ changes NNS instituted VVN to TO guarantee VV continued JJ humanitarian JJ aid NN to TO the DT camps NNS was VBD the DT sudden JJ apparent JJ departure NN of IN the DT military NN . SENT they PP are VBP simply RB no RB longer RBR to TO be VB seen VVN in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT Late JJ last JJ year NN , , soldiers NNS were VBD apparently RB ordered VVN to TO shed VV their PP$ uniforms NNS and CC , , at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , thousands NNS of IN members NNS of IN the DT ex JJ FAR RB moved VVN south RB , , out RB of IN the DT camps NNS , , towards IN Bukavu NP and CC Burundi NP . SENT After IN a DT shooting VVG incident NN in IN Katale NP camp NN on IN 25 CD November NP 1994 CD , , in IN which WDT a DT Zairian NN soldier NN was VBD killed VVN , , the DT local JJ authorities NNS ordered VVD all DT refugees NNS to TO move VV into IN the DT officially RB recognized VVN camps NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN reported VVN that IN during IN the DT massive JJ population NN shift NN which WDT ensued VVD a DT military JJ movement NN south RB took VVD place NN towards IN Bukavu NP . SENT During IN the DT early JJ hours NNS of IN the DT morning NN throughout IN the DT first JJ week NN of IN December NP , , eye NN witnesses NNS saw VVD large JJ groups NNS of IN young JJ men NNS moving VVG south RB from IN Mugunga NP , , at IN the DT time NN a DT notorious JJ military JJ camp NN . SENT The DT following VVG week NN , , military JJ vehicles NNS and CC men NNS in IN combat NN boots NNS and CC fatigues NNS were VBD almost RB entirely RB gone VVN . SENT However RB , , senior JJ military JJ commanders NNS continue VVP to TO reside VV just RB down RB the DT road NN from IN Mugunga NP in IN tat NN Major NP , , an DT independent JJ military JJ camp NN . SENT According VVG to TO UNHCR NP officials NNS , , they PP have VHP regular JJ contact NN with IN ex JJ FAR JJ officers NNS who WP have VHP remained VVN behind RB to TO safeguard VV the DT camps NNS against IN RPA NP infiltrators NNS . SENT Many JJ NGOs NNS operating VVG in IN the DT camps NNS regard VVP the DT departure NN of IN the DT military NN as IN a DT vast JJ improvement NN . SENT In IN point NN of IN fact NN , , it PP is VBZ indicative JJ the DT changes NNS which WDT have VHP taken VVN place NN are VBP only RB cosmetic JJ . SENT While IN MSF NP staff NN since IN December NP 1994 CD have VHP not RB themselves PP witnessed VVN increased JJ militarization NN , , training NN or CC arms NNS shipments NNS into IN eastern JJ Zaire NP , , these DT have VHP been VBN widely RB reported VVN in IN the DT international JJ press NN . SENT In IN order NN not RB to TO jeopardize VV ongoing JJ humanitarian JJ aid NN , , large JJ scale NN arms NNS shipments NNS are VBP almost RB certainly RB not RB destined VVN directly RB for IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS themselves PP . SENT Militia NN training NN does VVZ not RB take VV place NN in IN full JJ view NN of IN aid NN workers NNS . SENT The DT rearmament NN and CC increased JJ militarization NN of IN the DT former JJ Rwandan JJ Government NN and CC the DT ex JJ FAR RB have VHP been VBN thoroughly RB documented VVN by IN the DT Human NP Rights NPS Watch NN Arms NP Project NP , , Amnesty NN International NP and CC by IN a DT United NP Kingdom NP television NN program NN . SENT Amnesty NN International NP reports VVZ that IN in IN early JJ April NP 1995 CD , , Zairian NN soldiers NNS working VVG at IN Goma NP airport NN in IN eastern JJ Zaire NP stated VVD that IN arms NNS shipments NNS flown VVN in IN to TO Goma NP were VBD intended VVN for IN the DT Contingent JJ Za NP rois NP pour VVP la NP S NP curit NP des NP Camps NP CZSC NP . SENT However RB , , according VVG to TO the DT Director NP of IN the DT Civilian JJ Security NP Liaison NN Group NP the DT Liaison NN Group NP and CC CZSC NP soldiers NNS , , the DT CZSC NP had VHD not RB received VVN any DT arms NNS shipments NNS and CC the DT weapons NNS are VBP widely RB suspected VVN to TO have VH been VBN destined VVN for IN the DT ex JJ FAR RB . SENT The DT UK NP television NN program NN documents NNS a DT series NN of IN arms NNS flights NNS to TO Goma NP for IN the DT ex JJ FAR RB , , usually RB landing NN on IN Tuesday NP nights NNS around IN 11 CD . SENT 00 CD pm NN . SENT One CD of IN these DT deliveries NNS was VBD apparently RB received VVN by IN the DT prime JJ minister NN of IN the DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN , , Jean NP Kambanda NP , , and CC a DT former JJ leader NN of IN the DT Interahamwe NP , , Jean NP Baptiste NP Gatete NP . SENT According VVG to TO the DT Human NP Rights NPS Watch NN Arms NP Project's NP report NN , , Zaire NP has VHZ not RB only RB assisted VVN the DT ex JJ FAR RB in IN obtaining VVG weapons NNS , , but CC also RB permits VVZ top JJ ex JJ FAR JJ commanders NNS in IN exile NN to TO reside VV under IN the DT leadership NN of IN Major NP General NP Augustin NP Bizimungu NP in IN an DT independent JJ military JJ camp NN not RB far RB from IN the DT Mugunga NP and CC Lac NP Vert NP refugee NN camps NNS outside IN Goma NP . SENT During IN their PP$ mission NN to TO the DT region NN in IN March NP 1995 CD Human NP Rights NPS Watch VVP witnessed VVN military JJ training NN by IN the DT ex JJ FAR JJ and CC militia NN in IN Bilongue NP camp NN near IN Bukavu NP and CC observed VVD a DT building NN that WDT contained VVD an DT arsenal NN of IN attack NN weapons NNS in IN Panzi NP camp NN . SENT Contingent JJ Za NP rois NP pour VVP la NP S NP curit NP des NP Camps NP In IN November NP 1994 CD , , MSF NP called VVD for IN an DT international JJ police NN force NN to TO impose VV law NN and CC order NN in IN the DT camps NNS and CC guarantee VV the DT protection NN of IN refugees NNS . SENT Four CD months NNS later RBR , , UN NP Secretary NP General NP Boutros NP Boutros NP Ghali NP failed VVD to TO muster VV the DT 5 CD , , 000 CD international JJ peace NN keepers NNS he PP requested VVD . SENT Among IN the DT 60 CD countries NNS approached VVN to TO contribute VV troops NNS only RB Bangladesh NP made VVD an DT offer NN . SENT UNHCR NP subsequently RB signed VVD a DT 13 CD million CD dollar NN agreement NN with IN the DT Zairian NN Government NN for IN 1 CD , , 500 CD Zairian NN soldiers NNS to TO be VB deployed VVN in IN the DT camps NNS under IN the DT joint JJ control NN of IN the DT Zairian NN Government NN and CC a DT team NN of IN international JJ civilian JJ observers NNS of IN the DT Liaison NN Group NP . SENT On IN 11 CD February NP , , the DT first JJ of IN 1 CD , , 000 CD CZSC NP troops NNS arrived VVD in IN Goma NP . SENT An DT additional JJ 500 CD were VBD later RBR deployed VVN in IN Bukavu NP . SENT Their PP$ mandate NN is VBZ to TO maintain VV law NN and CC order NN in IN the DT camps NNS , , to TO prevent VV the DT intimidation NN of IN refugees NNS willing JJ to TO return NN and CC escort NN convoys NNS of IN returnees NNS and CC guarantee VV the DT security NN UN NP and CC NGO NP international JJ staff NN working VVG in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT The DT Liaison NN Group NP monitors VVZ the DT performance NN of IN the DT CZSC NP and CC acts NNS as IN an DT intermediary NN between IN the DT CSZC NP , , the DT staff NN of IN UNHCR NP and CC NGOs NNS and CC the DT refugee NN leaders NNS . SENT They PP can MD also RB investigate VV incidents NNS involving VVG breaches NNS of IN security NN , , and CC reports NNS of IN episodes NNS of IN poor JJ discipline NN on IN the DT part NN of IN individual JJ CZSC NP soldiers NNS . SENT The DT CZSC NP has VHZ proved VVN effective JJ at IN establishing VVG some DT level NN of IN security NN and CC protection NN of IN the DT refugees NNS in IN the DT camps NNS and CC guaranteeing VVG the DT security NN of IN repatriation NN convoys NNS and CC NGOs NNS . SENT Many JJ reports NNS and CC complaints NNS from IN the DT refugees NNS about IN the DT misbehavior NN of IN individual JJ troops NNS , , especially RB after IN dusk NN , , reach VV the DT Liaison NN Group NP . SENT The DT Liaison NN Group NP and CC UNHCR NP have VHP acknowledged VVN that IN they PP have VHP to TO improve VV their PP$ links NNS and CC communication NN lines NNS with IN the DT Contingent NN at IN night NN time NN . SENT However RB , , not RB all RB of IN the DT reports NNS and CC complaints NNS coming VVG from IN the DT refugees NNS can MD be VB regarded VVN reliable JJ evidence NN of IN misbehavior NN of IN the DT CZSC's NP troops NNS , , as IN the DT refugees NNS may MD view VV the DT Contingent NN as IN a DT threat NN to TO their PP$ power NN . SENT The DT Contingent NN failed VVD to TO conduct VV thorough JJ investigations NNS into IN some DT serious JJ security NN incidents NNS . SENT For IN example NN , , following VVG the DT 25 CD March NP assassination NN of IN a DT Rwandan JJ guard NN in IN a DT UNHCR NP tent NN in IN Kibumba NP by IN unknown JJ assailants NNS , , their PP$ investigation NN failed VVD to TO produce VV a DT single JJ suspect NN . SENT Although IN the DT CZSC NP has VHZ arrested VVN some DT refugees NNS accused VVN of IN criminal JJ activity NN , , corruption NN among IN local JJ Zairian NN officials NNS renders VVZ legal JJ proceedings NNS virtually RB impossible JJ . SENT Refugees NNS who WP are VBP arrested VVN are VBP alleged VVN routinely RB to TO bribe VV their PP$ way NN out RP of IN prison NN . SENT few JJ remain VVP in IN detention NN for IN more JJR than IN 48 CD hours NNS . SENT Due RB the DT failure NN of IN the DT international JJ community NN to TO support VV the DT Secretary NP General's NP call NN for IN an DT international JJ peace NN keeping VVG force NN , , the DT CZSC NP has VHZ been VBN deployed VVN to TO fulfil VV a DT policing VVG role NN in IN the DT camps NNS , , in IN order NN to TO ensure VV the DT protection NN of IN the DT refugees NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT cosmetic JJ changes NNS and CC reduction NN of IN incidents NNS of IN intimidation NN in IN the DT camps NNS around IN Goma NP , , the DT CZSC NP was VBD able JJ to TO fulfil VV this DT role NN . SENT However RB , , the DT CZSC NP is VBZ not RB mandated VVN to TO arrest VV and CC detain VV persons NNS suspected VVN of IN having VHG been VBN involved VVN in IN the DT genocide NN , , nor CC is VBZ it PP mandated VVD to TO stop VV the DT flow NN of IN arms NNS and CC prevent VV further JJR militarization NN . SENT The DT Contingent NN does VVZ also RB not RB have VH the DT capability NN to TO control VV the DT border NN in IN order NN to TO halt VV border NN incursions NNS by IN the DT ex JJ FAR JJ and CC militia NN . SENT Incursions NNS from IN Kibumba NP Refugee NN Camp NP The NP CZSC NP have VHP stated VVN to TO MSF NP in IN a DT meeting NN in IN March NP 1995 CD that IN nightly JJ incursions NNS into IN Rwanda NP take VVP place NN from IN Kibumba NP , , located VVN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD km NN from IN the DT border NN . SENT Furthermore RB they PP state VVP that DT militia NN training NN takes VVZ place NN just RB outside IN the DT camp NN . SENT According VVG to TO UNHCR NP and CC UNAMIR NP in IN Gisenyi NP there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT marked JJ increase NN in IN incursions NNS into IN Rwanda NP from IN the DT camps NNS since IN February NP . SENT These DT began VVD with IN cattle NNS rustling VVG , , but CC militia NN or CC ex JJ FAR RB in IN the DT camps NNS are VBP now RB conducting VVG a DT concerted JJ campaign NN of IN destabilization NN aimed VVN at IN individuals NNS . SENT The DT CZSC's NP failure NN to TO take VV any DT action NN to TO stop VV militia NN activity NN and CC cross VV border NN incursions NNS implies VVZ their PP$ support NN for IN illegal JJ activity NN and CC further JJR violence NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT One CD of IN the DT first JJ signs NNS of IN a DT destabilization NN campaign NN in IN Gisenyi NP , , just RB on IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT border NN from IN Kibumba NP , , was VBD the DT assassination NN of IN Dr NP . SENT Anatole NP , , a DT moderate JJ Hutu NN and CC a DT prominent JJ figure NN in IN Gisenyi NP who WP had VHD returned VVN from IN the DT camps NNS in IN Zaire NP although IN he PP had VHD been VBN warned VVN that IN he PP and CC his PP$ family NN would MD be VB killed VVN by IN the DT Interahamwe NP if IN he PP did VVD so RB . SENT He PP was VBD shot VVN dead JJ in IN his PP$ home NN on IN 23 CD February NP . SENT One CD of IN his PP$ children NNS died VVD in IN the DT attack NN . SENT his PP$ wife NN and CC another DT child NN were VBD severely RB injured VVN . SENT In IN the DT weeks NNS prior RB to TO the DT anniversary NN of IN the DT genocide NN , , the DT CZSC NP repeatedly RB warned VVD refugee NN leaders NNS against IN any DT paramilitary JJ action NN . SENT At IN the DT 31 CD March NP camp NN leaders NNS meeting NN in IN Kibumba NP , , the DT Captain NP of IN the DT CZSC NP stated VVD that IN they PP were VBD aware JJ of IN rumors NNS of IN a DT possible JJ attack NN on IN Rwanda NP on IN 6 CD April NP . SENT We PP know VVP you PP are VBP training VVG for IN military JJ action NN on IN the DT other JJ side NN on IN the DT 6 CD th NN or CC the DT 7 CD th NN . SENT We PP are VBP warning VVG you PP . SENT We PP know VVP the DT names NNS and CC addresses NNS of IN former JJ soldiers NNS and CC their PP$ commanders NNS in IN the DT camp NN . SENT We PP routinely RB close VV our PP$ eyes NNS to TO the DT nightly JJ coming VVG and CC going VVG across IN the DT border NN . SENT We PP know VVP you PP go VV to TO chercher NP vos NP pommes NP de NP terre NP gather VV potatoes NNS on IN the DT other JJ side NN . SENT But CC be VB warned VVN , , any DT such JJ movement NN on IN 6 CD or CC 7 CD April NP will MD have VH serious JJ consequences NNS . SENT In IN response NN to TO the DT Captain's NP warning NN , , the DT president NN of IN the DT camp NN said VVD that IN refugee NN businessmen NNS were VBD organizing VVG themselves PP to TO find VV means NNS to TO obtain VV pommes NP de NP terre NP elsewhere RB . SENT On IN 13 CD March NP , , a DT refugee NN crossed VVD the DT border NN from IN Gisenyi NP into IN Munigi NP , , located VVN between IN Kibumba NP camp NN and CC the DT town NN of IN Goma NP carrying VVG a DT gun NN and CC covered VVN in IN blood NN . SENT He PP was VBD taken VVN to TO Mugunga NP hospital NN . SENT There RB he PP stated VVD that IN he PP was VBD the DT leader NN of IN a DT group NN of IN Interahamwe NP from IN Kibumba NP who WP had VHD crossed VVN the DT border NN the DT night NN before RB . SENT Their PP$ mission NN was VBD first JJ , , to TO liberate VV several JJ Rwandan JJ refugees NNS arrested VVN in IN Gisenyi NP for IN stealing VVG cattle NNS and CC second JJ , , to TO sabotage VV undisclosed JJ targets NNS in IN the DT region NN . SENT After IN allegedly RB freeing VVG their PP$ brothers NNS from IN Gisenyi NP prison NN by IN force NN , , guards NNS shot VVD the DT leader NN twice RB in IN the DT leg NN . SENT While IN the DT others NNS fled VVD into IN Rwanda NP the DT leader NN escaped VVD back RB across IN the DT border NN to TO Zaire NP . SENT According VVG to TO medical JJ staff NN working VVG in IN the DT International NP Federation NP of IN the DT Red NP Cross NP hospital NN in IN Kibumba NP , , they PP regularly RB treat VVP young JJ men NNS with IN gunshot NN wounds NNS . SENT Continued JJ Vigilante NP Justice NP In IN Deadlock NN the DT Cycle NP , , MSF NP stated VVD that IN . SENT maintaining VVG law NN and CC order NN should MD under IN no DT circumstances NNS be VB the DT responsibility NN of IN individual JJ refugees NNS selected VVN by IN the DT leaders NNS , , many JJ of IN whom WP are VBP themselves PP suspected VVN of IN having VHG been VBN involved VVN in IN the DT genocide NN . SENT Although IN the DT refugees NNS say VVP that DT neighborhood NN security NN officials NNS have VHP been VBN elected VVN , , they PP are VBP answerable JJ only RB to TO the DT president NN of IN the DT camp NN who WP is VBZ the DT ultimate JJ arbitrator NN of IN cases NNS involving VVG alleged JJ RPF NP spies NNS and CC other JJ breaches NNS of IN security NN . SENT In IN Kahindo NP camp NN , , the DT responsibility NN of IN security NN is VBZ taken VVN out RP of IN the DT hands NNS of IN the DT camp NN president NN if IN necessary JJ by IN la DT commission NN securit NN and CC its PP$ boss NN . SENT However RB , , they PP have VHP only RB symbolic JJ power NN . SENT MSF NP remains VVZ concerned VVN that IN despite IN the DT presence NN of IN the DT CZSC NP to TO establish VV law NN and CC order NN in IN the DT camps NNS , , refugees NNS continue VVP to TO take VV these DT matters NNS into IN their PP$ own JJ hands NNS . SENT The DT recent JJ incidents NNS of IN violence NN in IN the DT camps NNS have VHP little RB to TO do VV with IN repatriation NN . SENT They PP are VBP linked VVN to TO a DT policy NN of IN regional JJ destabilization NN . SENT Just RB as IN refugees NNS launch VV nightly JJ incursions NNS across IN the DT border NN into IN Rwanda NP , , the DT refugees NNS themselves PP are VBP convinced VVN that IN there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT parallel JJ increase NN in IN RPF NP infiltration NN into IN the DT camps NNS . SENT The DT result NN has VHZ been VBN a DT slight JJ increase NN in IN violent JJ attacks NNS against IN alleged JJ infiltrators NNS , , rising VVG paranoia NN , , and CC stepped VVD up RP neighborhood NN security NN patrols NNS . SENT Roadblocks NNS , , manned VVD by IN gangs NNS of IN young JJ men NNS , , are VBP erected VVN in IN Mugunga NP at IN night NN . SENT In IN all PDT the DT camps NNS , , refugee NN security NN patrols NNS impose VV an DT eight CD or CC nine CD pm NN curfew NN . SENT According VVG to TO UNHCR NP , , the DT first JJ two CD months NNS of IN 1995 CD were VBD extremely RB quiet JJ . SENT In IN March NP there EX was VBD an DT increase NN in IN so RB called VVN Inyenzi NP incidents NNS literally RB Inyenzi NP means VVZ cockroaches NNS , , during IN the DT genocide NN the DT word NN has VHZ also RB been VBN used VVN figuratively RB to TO refer VV to TO the DT Tutsi NP in IN which WDT individuals NNS were VBD brutally RB attacked VVN and CC possibly RB killed VVN by IN mobs NNS . SENT On IN 15 CD March NP a DT group NN of IN seven CD to TO eight CD refugees NNS from IN Mugunga NP camp NN were VBD escorting VVG a DT Rwandan JJ refugee NN accused VVN of IN being VBG an DT Inyenzi NP down IN the DT road NN south RB of IN the DT camp NN when WRB UNHCR NP staff NN and CC Zairian NN gendarmes NNS arrived VVD on IN the DT scene NN . SENT Upon IN seeing VVG the DT two CD vehicles NNS , , the DT men NNS violently RB attacked VVN and CC strangled VVN the DT refugee NN , , apparently RB in IN an DT attempt NN to TO kill VV him PP before IN the DT vehicles NNS overtook VVD them PP . SENT On IN another DT occasion NN four CD bodies NNS were VBD found VVN stoned VVN , , beaten VVN or CC tortured VVN to TO death NN in IN the DT vicinity NN of IN Mugunga NP Lac NP Vert NP camps NNS following VVG the DT weekend NN of IN 18 CD 19 CD March NP 1995 CD . SENT The DT deliberate JJ brutality NN and CC signs NNS of IN vigilante NN justice NN in IN each DT of IN the DT cases NNS would MD suggest VV they PP had VHD been VBN accused VVN of IN being VBG Inyenzi NP . SENT On IN 20 CD March NP a DT UNHCR NP Field NP Officer NP driving NN by IN Lac NP Vert NP noticed VVD a DT large JJ crowd NN of IN people NNS watching VVG a DT man NN lying VVG on IN the DT ground NN . SENT The DT mob NN had VHD accused VVN him PP of IN being VBG an DT Inyenzi NP and CC his PP$ head NN had VHD been VBN split VVN open RP . SENT UNHCR NP immediately RB evacuated VVN the DT victim NN to TO Goma NP hospital NN . SENT While IN threats NNS and CC brutality NN are VBP commonly RB used VVN against IN anyone NN suspected VVN of IN sympathy NN for IN the DT RPF NP , , the DT camp NN leaders NNS no RB longer RB conduct VV an DT ongoing JJ campaign NN of IN violence NN against IN refugees NNS and CC NGOs NNS . SENT One CD recent JJ exception NN , , however RB , , was VBD during IN the DT relocation NN of IN Kituku NP camp NN . SENT While IN some DT believed VVN that IN in IN smaller JJR camps NNS the DT leaders NNS would MD have VH less JJR power NN over IN the DT refugee NN population NN , , this DT proved VVN to TO be VB a DT mistake NN . SENT The DT leaders NNS , , some DT of IN whom WP have VHP been VBN identified VVN by IN other JJ refugees NNS as IN well RB known VVN Interahamwe NP , , wielded VVN considerably RB more JJR power NN over IN the DT small JJ camp NN population NN of IN 15 CD , , 000 CD than IN their PP$ counterparts NNS in IN the DT larger JJR camps NNS . SENT Intent NN on IN protecting VVG their PP$ own JJ interests NNS , , they PP refused VVD to TO relocate VV and CC prevented VVD the DT other JJ refugees NNS from IN leaving VVG . SENT MSF NP was VBD targeted VVN for IN implementing VVG UNHCR's NP decision NN to TO gradually RB reduce VV services NNS leading VVG up RP to TO the DT closure NN of IN the DT camp NN . SENT On IN 24 CD April NP , , amidst IN increasing VVG tensions NNS , , two CD expatriate NN staff NN were VBD evacuated VVN under IN armed JJ guard NN following VVG death NN threats NNS . SENT MSF NP closed VVD down RP all DT health NN facilities NNS the DT next JJ morning NN . SENT Although IN the DT majority NN of IN the DT population NN appeared VVD eager JJ to TO move VV to TO a DT new JJ , , more RBR spacious JJ camp NN , , the DT camp NN leaders NNS briefly RB succeeded VVN in IN creating VVG a DT climate NN in IN which WDT it PP was VBD impossible JJ for IN UNHCR NP to TO conduct VV an DT information NN campaign NN about IN the DT move NN due JJ to TO physical JJ intimidation NN . SENT However RB , , roughly RB three CD weeks NNS later RBR , , with IN all DT services NNS discontinued VVN and CC the DT leaders NNS discredited VVN , , UNHCR NP finally RB closed VVD the DT camp NN . SENT Refugee NN Leaders NNS Continue VVP to TO Retain VV Control NP Over IN the DT Camps NP in IN Zaire NP Information NP The DT leaders NNS control VVP over IN information NN is VBZ , , in IN large JJ part NN , , the DT key NN to TO their PP$ control NN over IN the DT population NN . SENT The DT former JJ government NN authorities NNS incited VVD a DT population NN to TO commit VV genocide NN through IN the DT use NN of IN extremist NN propaganda NN . SENT Due JJ to TO continued JJ impunity NN , , these DT same JJ officials NNS continue VVP to TO manipulate VV the DT refugee NN population NN by IN controlling VVG the DT flow NN of IN information NN and CC political JJ discourse NN in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT They PP talk VVP tirelessly RB about IN the DT victimization NN of IN the DT Hutu NN people NNS . SENT A DT number NN of IN extremist NN publications NNS devoted VVN to TO fueling VVG ethnic JJ hatred NN and CC silencing VVG moderate JJ voices NNS regularly RB circulate VVP in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT They PP portray VVP the DT Hutu NN people NNS as IN victims NNS and CC attempt NN to TO re NN write VV history NN . SENT Revisionism NN and CC victimization NN are VBP central JJ to TO the DT camp NN leader's NN extremist NN ideology NN . SENT What WP Has VHZ Not RB Been NP Said VVD About IN the DT Massacres NNS in IN Rwanda NP , , published VVN by IN The DT International NP Solidarity NP for IN The DT Rwandan JJ Refugees NNS refers VVZ to TO the DT Hutu NN population NN in IN exile NN as IN victims NNS of IN a DT well RB hatched VVN plot NN , , planned VVN long RB before RB , , and CC that IN it PP had VHD killed VVN only RB because IN it PP was VBD attacked VVN . SENT L'Autre NP face NN du NP g NN nocide NN , , published VVN by IN the DT Association NP Justice NP et CC Paix NP pour VVP la DT R NN conciliation NN au NP Rwanda NP in IN collaboration NN with IN the DT Soci NP t NN Civile NP , , states NNS that IN no DT evidence NN incriminating VVG the DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN has VHZ come VVN to TO light NN and CC that IN it PP was VBD the DT RPF NP who WP committed VVD the DT genocide NN of IN the DT Hutu NN . SENT The DT elimination NN of IN the DT Hutu NP majority NN was VBD aimed VVN at IN decimating VVG the DT opposition NN and CC attaining VVG the DT numerical JJ balance NN they PP had VHD sought VVN for IN so RB long JJ . SENT Extremist NN newspapers NNS such JJ as IN Amizero NP , , and CC numerous JJ political JJ tracts NNS , , blame VVP every DT recent JJ assassination NN in IN Rwanda NP on IN Tutsi NP and CC repeat VV that IN to TO return VV to TO Rwanda NP is VBZ to TO go VV to TO your PP$ grave NN . SENT One CD tract NN , , entitled VVN L'Oeil NP des NP refugi VVD s PP lyrically RB describes VVZ how WRB whether IN you're JJ young JJ or CC old JJ , , if IN you PP are VBP Hutu NP , , you're NN killed VVD , , if IN you PP go VVP back RB , , its PP$ suicide NN . SENT The DT songs NNS schoolchildren NNS sometimes RB sing VVP are VBP , , according VVG to TO refugees NNS , , traditional JJ hunting NN songs NNS songs NNS about IN hunting VVG down RP Tutsi NP . SENT As IN voluntary JJ repatriation NN resumed VVN in IN December NP , , MSF NP repeatedly RB urged VVD UNHCR NP to TO provide VV factual JJ information NN on IN the DT repatriation NN process NN and CC the DT current JJ situation NN in IN Rwanda NP in IN order NN to TO counteract VV extremist NN propaganda NN in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT UNHCR NP launched VVD an DT information NN campaign NN , , broadcast VVN over IN Radio NP Agatashya NP in IN early JJ March NP 1995 CD . SENT It PP was VBD suspended VVN the DT following VVG month NN after IN one CD of IN the DT program's JJ Rwandan NN editors NNS was VBD detained VVN for IN several JJ days NNS in IN Kigali NP . SENT UNHCR NP has VHZ not RB resumed VVN broadcasts NNS . SENT Repatriation NN During IN the DT first JJ three CD months NNS of IN 1995 CD , , there EX was VBD a DT small JJ but CC constant JJ flow NN of IN refugees NNS repatriating VVG to TO Rwanda NP . SENT From IN December NP 1994 CD to TO March NP 1995 CD , , 12 CD , , 775 CD refugees NNS returned VVN to TO Rwanda NP in IN UNHCR NP convoys NNS . SENT However RB , , since IN April NP 1995 CD , , repatriation NN has VHZ come VVN to TO a DT virtual JJ standstill NN due JJ to TO the DT deteriorating VVG situation NN inside IN Rwanda NP . SENT When WRB UNHCR NP resumed VVD voluntary JJ repatriation NN in IN late JJ December NP , , many JJ feared VVD that IN the DT leaders NNS and CC militia NN would MD launch VV a DT campaign NN of IN violence NN to TO prevent VV refugees NNS from IN returning VVG home NN . SENT Although IN officially RB the DT camp NN leaders NNS told VVD the DT refugees NNS the DT refugees NNS were VBD free JJ to TO return VV and CC even RB informed VVD the DT population NN when WRB the DT next JJ convoy NN was VBD leaving VVG . SENT Intent NN on IN disproving VVG allegations NNS that IN they PP held VVD the DT population NN hostage NN , , camp NN leaders NNS neither CC openly RB discouraged VVN repatriation NN nor CC did VVD they PP resort VVP to TO physical JJ intimidation NN . SENT Their PP$ use NN of IN speeches NNS inciting VVG hatred NN and CC propaganda NN was VBD so RB complete JJ that IN they PP did VVD not RB need VV to TO . SENT Just RB as RB with IN elections NNS , , based VVN on IN what WP they PP had VHD been VBN told VVN , , their PP$ choice NN for IN the DT refugees NNS was VBD clear JJ . SENT they PP chose VVD to TO stay VV . SENT Many JJ refugees NNS maintain VVP that IN they PP fled VVD Rwanda NP convinced VVD that IN the DT RPF NP was VBD going VVG to TO kill VV them PP all DT . SENT They PP say VVP nothing NN will MD make VV them PP believe VVP otherwise RB unless IN they PP go VVP to TO Rwanda NP and CC see VV for IN themselves PP . SENT Furthermore RB , , while IN members NNS of IN the DT militia NN were VBD not RB conducting VVG a DT concerted JJ campaign NN of IN violence NN in IN the DT camps NNS , , by IN February NP , , they PP were VBD conducting VVG a DT campaign NN of IN destabilization NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT The DT Commander NP in IN Chief NP of IN the DT ex JJ FAR RB openly RB stated VVN at IN the DT time NN that IN repatriation NN would MD change VV nothing NN . SENT Refugees NNS wishing VVG to TO return VV to TO Rwanda NP would MD still RB support VV us PP , , only RB on IN the DT other JJ side NN , , he PP said VVD . SENT According VVG to TO UNHCR NP and CC UNAMIR NP officials NNS , , prolonged JJ guerrilla NN warfare NN cannot NN be VB successful JJ without IN the DT support NN of IN a DT local JJ population NN to TO shelter NN militia NN and CC assist VV incursions NNS . SENT Most JJS returnees NNS were VBD women NNS , , children NNS , , and CC elderly JJ men NNS returned VVD to TO Rwanda NP via IN convoy NN . SENT Young JJ men NNS from IN the DT camps NNS cross VVP the DT border NN at IN night NN . SENT In IN the DT period NN between IN March NP and CC April NP 1995 CD , , the DT deteriorating VVG security NN situation NN , , increase NN in IN arbitrary JJ arrests NNS and CC reprisal NN killings NNS in IN Rwanda NP have VHP served VVN to TO further VV the DT cycle NN of IN extremism NN . SENT This DT climate NN of IN fear NN among IN the DT refugees NNS holds VVZ them PP from IN going VVG back RB and CC fits VVZ perfectly RB into IN the DT pattern NN of IN control NN the DT leaders NNS exercise VVP over IN the DT refugees NNS . SENT By IN April NP , , the DT continuing VVG destabilization NN in IN Rwanda NP led VVD to TO roughly RB 500 CD new JJ refugees NNS arriving VVG every DT week NN in IN the DT camps NNS in IN North NP Kivu NP . SENT This DT recent JJ influx NN has VHZ reinforced VVN the DT refugees NNS fears NNS of IN returning VVG home NN and CC served VVD to TO further RBR increase VV the DT power NN of IN the DT camp NN leaders NNS . SENT Repatriation NN rapidly RB declined VVD as IN refugees NNS became VVD more RBR convinced JJ it PP was VBD too RB dangerous JJ to TO return VV . SENT The DT influx NN also RB helped VVD to TO fuel VV further JJR paranoia NN about IN infiltration NN by IN RPF NP sympathizers NNS as IN the DT refugees NNS regard VVP those DT who WP are VBP entering VVG Zaire NP at IN this DT point NN as IN potential JJ RPF NP sympathizers NNS . SENT Amidst IN the DT increasing VVG extremism NN and CC highly RB polarized VVN political JJ climate NN in IN the DT camps NNS , , each DT refugee NN is VBZ considered VVN to TO be VB either RB for IN or CC against IN the DT RPF NP . SENT According VVG to TO one CD returnee NN in IN Gisenyi NP , , anyone NN planning NN to TO return VV to TO Rwanda NP via IN a DT convoy NN does VVZ not RB publicize VV this DT for IN fear NN of IN being VBG seen VVN as IN RPF NP sympathizers NNS . SENT Voices NNS of IN reason NN remain VVP silent JJ . SENT The DT control NN exerted VVN by IN the DT camp NN leaders NNS is VBZ not RB only RB due JJ to TO the DT power NN of IN extremism NN but CC to TO the DT inability NN of IN moderate JJ voices NNS to TO be VB heard VVN . SENT On IN 18 CD April NP 1995 CD , , RPA NP started VVD to TO forcibly RB close VV the DT camps NNS for IN the DT internally RB displaced VVN displaced VVN in IN South NP Western NP Rwanda NP , , killing VVG more RBR internally RB displaced VVN than IN it PP was VBD possible JJ to TO count VV . SENT In IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS , , protests NNS were VBD held VVN against IN the DT US NP Government NP because IN it PP did VVD not RB immediately RB suspend VV aid NN to TO Kigali NP . SENT Although IN they PP have VHP remained VVN calm NN , , the DT massacre NN has VHZ had VHN an DT enormous JJ political JJ impact NN on IN the DT camps NNS . SENT Camp NN leaders NNS , , previously RB intent NN on IN pushing VVG for IN negotiations NNS , , have VHP taken VVN a DT more RBR extreme JJ position NN as IN a DT result NN . SENT Given VVN the DT current JJ climate NN both CC in IN the DT camps NNS and CC in IN Rwanda NP , , UNHCR NP feared VVD that IN any DT refugee NN who WP wanted VVD to TO return VV would MD meet VV with IN strong JJ opposition NN from IN other JJ refugees NNS . SENT On IN 21 CD April NP , , UNHCR NP suspended VVD repatriation NN until IN further JJR notice NN . SENT Increased JJ insecurity NN in IN Rwanda NP is VBZ only RB one CD of IN a DT myriad JJ of IN reasons NNS why WRB the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN refugees NNS are VBP afraid JJ to TO return VV home NN . SENT Parallels NNS in IN Tanzania NP On IN 29 CD April NP 1994 CD , , about IN 200 CD , , 000 CD Rwandan JJ refugees NNS crossed VVD the DT bridge NN over IN a DT corpse NN filled VVN Kagera NP river NN into IN Tanzania NP and CC most RBS subsequently RB settled VVN in IN camps NNS near IN the DT small JJ village NN of IN Ngara NP . SENT During IN the DT course NN of IN 1994 CD this DT number NN gradually RB increased VVD to TO 700 CD , , 000 CD residing VVG in IN Tanzania NP . SENT Other JJ refugee NN camps NNS were VBD set VVN up RP in IN the DT district NN of IN Karagwe NP . SENT Added VVD to TO the DT number NN of IN refugees NNS coming VVG from IN Burundi NP , , about IN 700 CD , , 000 CD people NNS presently RB live VVP in IN those DT camps NNS . SENT Similar JJ to TO the DT current JJ situation NN in IN the DT camps NNS in IN Zaire NP , , also RB in IN Tanzania NP there EX have VHP been VBN problems NNS regarding VVG camp NN security NN , , the DT control NN exercised VVN over IN the DT refugees NNS by IN their PP$ leaders NNS , , continuing VVG impunity NN in IN regard NN to TO the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN and CC general JJ militarization NN . SENT However RB , , they PP are VBP no RB longer RBR on IN the DT same JJ disturbing JJ scale NN as IN in IN the DT other JJ countries NNS , , and CC therefore RB do VVP not RB pose VV serious JJ problems NNS for IN the DT relief NN organizations NNS any RB more RBR . SENT Like IN other JJ camps NNS in IN the DT region NN , , camp NN leaders NNS exercise VVP strong JJ control NN over IN the DT refugees NNS who WP are VBP organized VVN in IN the DT same JJ administrative JJ structures NNS as IN those DT which WDT existed VVD in IN Rwanda NP before IN the DT genocide NN . SENT Although IN elections NNS of IN some DT new JJ leaders NNS have VHP taken VVN place NN which WDT have VHP not RB been VBN blocked VVN by IN the DT camp NN leadership NN , , serious JJ doubt NN exists VVZ , , as RB in IN Zaire NP , , about IN the DT freedom NN of IN the DT refugee NN population NN to TO make VV individual JJ choices NNS . SENT MSF NP believes VVZ that IN the DT chief JJ members NNS of IN the DT refugee NN leadership NN are VBP not RB being VBG seen VVN by IN the DT relief NN workers NNS , , since IN it PP appears VVZ that IN they PP are VBP not RB willing JJ to TO be VB involved VVN in IN discussions NNS with IN UNHCR NP and CC NGOs NNS . SENT Furthermore RB , , MSF NP believes VVZ that IN the DT leaders NNS in IN the DT camps NNS around IN Ngara NP meet VV and CC communicate VV with IN leaders NNS in IN the DT Karagwe NP district NN and CC in IN Zaire NP . SENT Individuals NNS were VBD regularly RB reported VVN crossing VVG into IN Zaire NP at IN the DT end NN of IN last JJ year NN . SENT Radio NN sets NNS have VHP been VBN stolen VVN from IN the DT relief NN agencies NNS and CC rumors NNS circulate VVP that DT antennae NNS are VBP erected VVN in IN the DT camps NNS at IN night NN . SENT It PP is VBZ widely RB known VVN that IN the DT Interahamwe NP has VHZ close JJ ties NNS with IN the DT Hutus NP in IN Burundi NP and CC that DT segments NNS of IN these DT groups NNS regularly RB cross VVP over IN the DT border NN between IN Tanzania NP and CC Burundi NP . SENT Although IN intimidation NN by IN the DT Interahamwe NP is VBZ less RBR prevalent JJ than IN last JJ year NN , , at IN the DT same JJ time NN there EX is VBZ less JJR need NN for IN intimidation NN , , because IN the DT leaders NNS have VHP already RB established VVN a DT strong JJ control NN over IN the DT refugees NNS . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , the DT number NN of IN security NN incidents NNS has VHZ decreased VVN . SENT UNHCR NP registers NNS only JJ cases NNS of IN human JJ rights NNS abuses NNS which WDT have VHP been VBN officially RB reported VVN by IN the DT Tanzanian JJ police NN in IN charge NN of IN maintaining VVG law NN and CC order NN in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT But CC refugees NNS are VBP reluctant JJ to TO bring VV human JJ rights NNS abuses NNS to TO the DT attention NN of IN the DT police NN as IN this DT may MD lead VV to TO reprisals NNS by IN the DT Interahamwe NP . SENT There EX is VBZ total JJ impunity NN in IN the DT Tanzanian JJ camps NNS just RB as RB in IN Zaire NP with IN leaders NNS accused VVN of IN involvement NN in IN the DT genocide NN walking VVG around RP freely RB . SENT In IN its PP$ report NN Deadlock NN the DT Cycle NP MSF NP reported VVD two CD such JJ cases NNS of IN leaders NNS implicated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN , , but CC believes VVZ that IN there EX are VBP many RB more RBR . SENT MSF NP France NP has VHZ decided VVN to TO withdraw VV from IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS as IN the DT context NN of IN the DT genocide NN presented VVN in IN their PP$ opinion NN a DT situation NN contradictory NN with IN the DT principles NNS of IN humanitarian JJ assistance NN . SENT MSF NP Spain NP has VHZ left VVN Benaco NP because IN of IN operational JJ reasons NNS but CC are VBP still RB present JJ in IN Kitale NP camp NN . SENT The DT leaders NNS have VHP become VVN aware JJ that IN the DT image NN they PP have VHP of IN ruling NN by IN terror NN does VVZ not RB contribute VV to TO the DT donor NN community's NNS willingness NN to TO continue VV funding NN . SENT As RB in IN Zaire NP , , funding NN for IN the DT camps NNS in IN Tanzania NP is VBZ under IN pressure NN because IN some DT international JJ donors NNS believe VVP that DT repatriation NN should MD be VB a DT priority NN and CC is VBZ the DT only RB durable JJ solution NN to TO this DT crisis NN . SENT These DT donors NNS believe VVP that IN if IN they PP decrease VVP funds NNS and CC thus RB food NN , , the DT refugees NNS would MD be VB forced VVN to TO return VV home NN . SENT Rations NNS are VBP below IN 2 CD , , 100 CD kcal NN per IN day NN . SENT Results NNS of IN MSF NP food NN monitoring NN illustrate VVP that IN 51 CD of IN the DT refugees NNS receive VVP less JJR than IN 1 CD , , 500 CD and CC 69 CD receive VVP less JJR than IN 1 CD , , 630 CD kcal NN per IN day NN . SENT As RB in IN Zaire NP , , repatriation NN from IN Tanzania NP has VHZ come VVN to TO a DT virtual JJ standstill NN . SENT A DT few JJ months NNS ago RB , , when WRB UNHCR NP was VBD assisting VVG refugees NNS who WP wished VVD to TO repatriate VV , , MSF NP received VVD signs NNS from IN the DT refugees NNS that IN many JJ of IN them PP were VBD willing JJ to TO go VV back RB but CC feared VVD threats NNS from IN the DT Interahamwe NP . SENT Another DT serious JJ concern NN regarding VVG respect NN for IN principles NNS related VVN to TO the DT protection NN and CC treatment NN of IN refugees NNS is VBZ that IN at IN the DT end NN of IN March NP 1995 CD , , the DT Tanzanian JJ authorities NNS closed VVD their PP$ border NN with IN Burundi NP , , preventing VVG thousands NNS of IN refugees NNS from IN entering VVG Tanzania NP , , including VVG Rwandan JJ refugees NNS . SENT In IN the DT light NN of IN the DT large JJ scale NN eruption NN of IN ethnic JJ cleansing NN in IN Burundi NP , , this DT has VHZ lead VVN to TO an DT unacceptable JJ denial NN of IN the DT right NN of IN asylum NN to TO refugees NNS . SENT Parallels NNS in IN Burundi NP The DT assassination NN of IN President NP Ndadaye NP in IN October NP 1993 CD disrupted VVD the DT democratization NN process NN which WDT culminated VVD in IN Burundi's NP first JJ democratic JJ elections NNS in IN June NP 1993 CD . SENT After IN the DT assassination NN , , Burundi NP was VBD sucked VVN into IN a DT spiral NN of IN ethnic JJ violence NN among IN Hutu NP and CC Tutsi NP and CC between IN 30 CD , , 000 CD and CC 50 CD , , 000 CD people NNS were VBD killed VVN in IN the DT subsequent JJ clashes NNS during IN the DT last JJ two CD months NNS of IN 1993 CD . SENT Tensions NNS rose VVD after IN the DT victory NN of IN the DT Hutu NN dominated VVN FRODEBU NP party NN over IN UPRONA NP , , the DT ruling NN mainly RB Tutsi NP party NN . SENT However RB , , as IN the DT Burundian JJ army NN is VBZ mainly RB dominated VVN by IN the DT Tutsi NP ethnic JJ group NN and CC does VVZ not RB support VV the DT newly RB elected VVN Hutu NP Government NP this RB created VVD an DT unstable JJ political JJ situation NN . SENT Both DT Hutu NP and CC Tutsi NP extremists NNS take VVP advantage NN of IN the DT situation NN and CC frequently RB clash NN with IN each DT other JJ . SENT The DT political JJ violence NN since IN October NP 1993 CD has VHZ led VVN to TO massive JJ population NN displacements NNS in IN Burundi NP resulting VVG from IN the DT ethnic JJ cleansing NN policies NNS practiced VVN by IN both DT Tutsi NP and CC Hutus NP . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , an DT estimated JJ 500 CD , , 000 CD to TO 1 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD people NNS currently RB find VVP themselves PP displaced VVN , , mainly RB in IN Muyinga NP , , Ngozi NP , , Gitega NP and CC Kirundo NP province NN . SENT Additionally RB , , some DT 200 CD , , 000 CD Hutu NN refugees NNS also RB settled VVN in IN the DT North NP of IN Burundi NP fleeing VVG from IN Rwanda NP in IN July NP 1994 CD , , after IN the DT RPF's NP victory NN . SENT It PP is VBZ obvious JJ that IN the DT presence NN of IN both CC the DT refugees NNS and CC the DT displaced VVN puts NNS further JJR pressure NN on IN the DT already RB unstable JJ political JJ situation NN in IN Burundi NP . SENT Although IN the DT health NN and CC nutritional JJ situation NN in IN the DT camps NNS had VHD stabilized VVN by IN November NP 1994 CD , , the DT question NN of IN protection NN has VHZ become VVN more JJR and CC more RBR difficult JJ to TO resolve VV in IN recent JJ months NNS . SENT With IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS guarded VVN by IN the DT Burundian JJ army NN and CC armed JJ gangs NNS terrorizing VVG the DT region NN , , there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT rapid JJ deterioration NN in IN the DT overall JJ security NN situation NN both CC outside JJ and CC inside IN the DT camps NNS . SENT In IN March NP 1995 CD , , the DT camp NN of IN Majuri NP , , located VVN close RB to TO the DT Rwandan JJ border NN , , was VBD attacked VVN by IN a DT group NN armed VVN with IN guns NNS and CC grenades NNS resulting VVG in IN 12 CD refugees NNS being VBG killed VVN and CC 20 CD wounded VVN . SENT On IN 31 CD March NP , , 40 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS from IN the DT camp NN of IN Magara NP and CC another DT 40 CD , , 000 CD refugees NNS from IN Ruvumu NP , , Kibezi NP and CC Majuri NP camps NNS moved VVD in IN the DT direction NN of IN Tanzania NP in IN reaction NN to TO rumors NNS of IN forthcoming JJ attacks NNS . SENT However RB , , Tanzania NP closed VVD its PP$ border NN forcing VVG the DT refugees NNS to TO return VV to TO their PP$ camps NNS after IN 10 CD to TO 15 CD days NNS waiting VVG in IN vain JJ to TO enter VV . SENT The DT first JJ convoy NN bringing VVG the DT refugees NNS back RB to TO Magara NP camp NN was VBD attacked VVN by IN young JJ men NNS who WP threw VVD grenades NNS into IN the DT truck NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN ten CD refugees NNS were VBD injured VVN . SENT Upon IN their PP$ return NN , , the DT refugees NNS found VVD that IN most JJS of IN the DT camp NN facilities NNS had VHD been VBN looted VVN . SENT Kibezi NP hospital NN had VHD already RB been VBN looted VVN at IN the DT moment NN of IN their PP$ departure NN . SENT After IN the DT massacre NN in IN Kibeho NP camp NN in IN Rwanda NP and CC its PP$ subsequent JJ closure NN , , two CD groups NNS of IN refugees NNS fled VVD to TO Burundi NP . SENT However RB , , it PP has VHZ been VBN reported VVN that IN some DT of IN them PP were VBD refused VVN entry NN or CC were VBD forcibly RB returned VVN to TO Rwanda NP . SENT By IN May NP 30 CD , , a DT first JJ group NN of IN about IN 16 CD , , 000 CD Rwandans NNS moved VVN to TO Cibitoke NP province NN but CC were VBD forced VVN to TO continue VV into IN Zaire NP . SENT A DT second JJ group NN of IN about IN 800 CD was VBD transferred VVN to TO Ngozi NP from IN where WRB 550 JJ were VBD forcibly RB repatriated VVN to TO Rwanda NP on IN 9 CD May NP . SENT To TO avoid VV being VBG repatriated VVN , , one CD refugee NN killed VVD himself PP and CC another DT was VBD wounded VVN after IN jumping VVG from IN the DT truck NN transporting VVG the DT refugees NNS back RB to TO Rwanda NP . SENT Although IN small JJ numbers NNS of IN refugees NNS do VVP repatriate VV voluntary JJ to TO Rwanda NP , , since IN the DT Kibeho NP massacre NN most RBS of IN the DT them PP remain VVP anxious JJ about IN returning VVG to TO Rwanda NP and CC fear VVP that IN they PP will MD be VB arrested VVN . SENT Living VVG conditions NNS inside IN the DT camps NNS have VHP declined VVN due JJ to TO their PP$ isolation NN . SENT The DT only JJ food NN supply NN consists VVZ of IN the DT 1 CD , , 600 CD kcal NN per IN day NN . SENT This DT is VBZ insufficient JJ and CC can MD no RB longer RBR be VB supplemented VVN because IN informal JJ trade NN with IN neighboring VVG communities NNS has VHZ come VVN to TO a DT standstill NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , dependence NN on IN external JJ aid NN is VBZ growing VVG . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT security NN situation NN is VBZ deteriorating VVG for IN humanitarian JJ staff NN as IN well RB . SENT On IN 8 CD May NP 1995 CD , , an DT expatriate JJ staff NN member NN of IN Catholic NP Relief NP Services NP was VBD killed VVN in IN Kirundo NP province NN . SENT The DT Organization NP of IN African NP Unity NP OAU NP recently RB expressed VVD its PP$ fear NN that IN the DT ongoing JJ violence NN might MD lead VV to TO another DT genocide NN . SENT To TO prevent VV this DT the DT OAU NP warned VVD Burundi NP that IN it PP considers VVZ a DT military JJ intervention NN to TO put VV an DT end NN to TO the DT ethnic JJ killings NNS . SENT As IN more JJR refugees NNS are VBP still RB expected VVN to TO arrive VV from IN Rwanda NP and CC ethnic JJ cleansing NN continues VVZ , , MSF NP , , together RB with IN other JJ international JJ NGOs NNS and CC UN NP agencies NNS , , is VBZ concerned VVN that IN the DT security NN situation NN in IN the DT region NN will MD further RBR deteriorate VV . SENT Eventually RB this DT might MD give VV the DT Rwandan JJ refugees NNS no DT other JJ option NN than IN to TO forcefully RB return VV to TO Rwanda NP or CC seek VV refuge NN elsewhere RB . SENT Back RB to TO top VV Virtual JJ Standstill NN on IN Repatriation NN and CC Continued JJ Impunity NN . SENT Factors NNS Inside IN Rwanda NP and CC the DT International NP Legal NP Response NP It PP is VBZ undeniable JJ that IN the DT legal JJ structure NN in IN Rwanda NP has VHZ largely RB been VBN destroyed VVN as IN a DT result NN of IN the DT genocide NN , , the DT war NN and CC the DT refugee NN exodus NN . SENT With IN the DT paralysis NN of IN the DT courts NNS in IN respect NN to TO bringing VVG the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN to TO trial NN , , the DT continued JJ increase NN in IN arrests NNS and CC tension NN over IN property NN rights NNS , , the DT country NN is VBZ locked VVN into IN a DT situation NN where WRB vengeance NN reigns VVZ over IN justice NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT international JJ community NN has VHZ pledged VVN to TO support VV the DT reconstruction NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ legal JJ system NN , , but CC has VHZ been VBN extremely RB slow JJ . SENT The DT massacre NN at IN Kibeho NP camp NN further RBR fueled VVD the DT refugees NNS perception NN that IN it PP is VBZ not RB safe JJ for IN them PP to TO return VV home NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , these DT factors NNS have VHP led VVN to TO a DT virtual JJ standstill NN of IN repatriation NN . SENT Lack NN of IN Progress NP in IN Bringing VVG the DT Perpetrators NNS of IN the DT Genocide NN to TO Trial NP On IN 6 CD April NP 1995 CD , , the DT first JJ trial NN of IN seven CD people NNS connected VVN with IN the DT genocide NN was VBD opened VVN in IN Kigali NP . SENT After IN a DT brief JJ hearing NN , , all DT proceedings NNS were VBD adjourned VVN because IN of IN the DT need NN for IN further JJR investigations NNS . SENT This DT trial NN illustrates VVZ how WRB it PP is VBZ currently RB impossible JJ to TO carry VV out RP justice NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT The DT judicial JJ system NN still RB lacks VVZ the DT capacity NN to TO try VV the DT thousands NNS of IN detainees NNS waiting VVG to TO be VB tried VVN before IN a DT court NN . SENT Obstacles NNS The DT Rwandan JJ legal JJ structure NN was VBD decimated VVN by IN the DT genocide NN and CC the DT refugee NN exodus NN . SENT However RB , , the DT new JJ government NN may MD not RB necessarily RB look VV to TO build VV a DT strong JJ and CC independent JJ judiciary NN system NN . SENT Autonomy NN of IN the DT judiciary NN has VHZ never RB existed VVN before IN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT Considering VVG the DT deplorable JJ state NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ legal JJ system NN , , it PP seems VVZ unlikely JJ that IN it PP will MD be VB capable JJ of IN reviewing VVG each DT individual JJ case NN among IN the DT 49 CD , , 000 CD detainees NNS . SENT Among IN them PP , , there EX are VBP numerous JJ cases NNS of IN people NNS who WP have VHP been VBN coerced VVN by IN the DT militia NN and CC the DT army NN to TO participate VV in IN the DT genocide NN . SENT There EX are VBP very RB few JJ remaining VVG judges NNS , , lawyers NNS or CC other JJ members NNS of IN the DT judiciary NN and CC many JJ of IN them PP are VBP not RB prepared VVN to TO try VV or CC defend VV individuals NNS accused VVN of IN genocide NN . SENT The DT system NN functions NNS today NN thanks NNS to TO a DT few JJ judges NNS who WP escaped VVD the DT killings NNS and CC genuinely RB want VVP to TO ensure VV that IN a DT real JJ justice NN prevails VVZ in IN Rwanda NP . SENT Some DT of IN the DT judges NNS currently RB serving VVG in IN the DT Rwandan JJ courts NNS have VHP practiced VVN during IN the DT regime NN of IN President NP Habyarimana NP . SENT Their PP$ role NN during IN the DT genocide NN is VBZ unclear JJ . SENT Until IN they PP do VVP not RB demonstrate VV their PP$ loyalty NN to TO Rwanda NP today NN by IN condemning VVG the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN , , their PP$ role NN and CC credibility NN remain VVP doubtful JJ . SENT Those DT judges NNS who WP would MD like VV to TO build VV a DT strong JJ and CC independent JJ judicial JJ system NN in IN Rwanda NP are VBP in IN a DT precarious JJ situation NN and CC regularly RB exposed VVN to TO threats NNS . SENT They PP are VBP unable JJ to TO establish VV their PP$ authority NN over IN some DT of IN the DT army NN elements NNS , , which WDT have VHP an DT extremely RB influential JJ role NN in IN the DT current JJ workings NNS of IN the DT legal JJ system NN . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , current JJ abuses NNS are VBP not RB being VBG tried VVN . SENT Moreover RB , , there EX are VBP other JJ technical JJ difficulties NNS which WDT exacerbate VV the DT problem NN . SENT The DT institutions NNS which WDT are VBP essential JJ for IN the DT correct JJ operation NN of IN the DT justice NN system NN are VBP not RB all RB in IN place NN . SENT Institutions NNS required VVN for IN nominating VVG judges NNS to TO the DT Supreme NP Court NP and CC the DT Conseil NP de FW la FW Magistrate NN have VHP failed VVN to TO meet VV as IN they PP do VVP not RB have VH the DT required VVN number NN of IN members NNS . SENT The DT judges NNS of IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP nominate VV those DT that WDT sit VVP on IN the DT Board NP of IN Magistrates NNS . SENT There EX were VBD two CD candidates NNS for IN the DT post NN of IN President NP of IN the DT Supreme NP Court NP , , but CC one PP has VHZ decided VVN to TO withdraw VV his PP$ candidature NN following VVG death NN threats NNS . SENT Several JJ laws NNS are VBP currently RB under IN review NN in IN parliament NN in IN answer NN to TO the DT exceptional JJ character NN of IN the DT current JJ situation NN . SENT These DT include VVP a DT special JJ law NN providing VVG for IN the DT crime NN of IN genocide NN as IN the DT Rwandan JJ penal JJ code NN does VVZ not RB cover VV this DT specifically RB . SENT A DT law NN is VBZ also RB envisaged VVN which WDT provides VVZ for IN the DT release NN of IN those DT imprisoned VVN in IN violation NN of IN the DT normal JJ rules NNS covering VVG arrest NN and CC detention NN . SENT A DT further JJR bill NN is VBZ currently RB before IN parliament NN proposing VVG that IN judges NNS be VB nominated VVN by IN the DT government NN and CC these DT judges NNS would MD subsequently RB elect VV the DT Board NP of IN Magistrates NNS . SENT How WRB these DT two CD institutions NNS are VBP reconstructed VVN will MD determine VV the DT future NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ legal JJ system NN and CC thereby RB guarantee VV future JJ political JJ stability NN . SENT Another DT proposed VVN law NN would MD make VV it PP possible JJ for IN foreign JJ magistrates NNS to TO sit VV on IN Rwandan JJ tribunals NNS in IN order NN to TO reinforce VV the DT capacity NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ magistrate NN . SENT Number NN of IN Arrests NNS and CC Arbitrary JJ Arrests NNS While IN waiting VVG for IN these DT obstacles NNS to TO be VB removed VVN so RB that IN courts NNS can MD start VV to TO hold VV trials NNS , , the DT number NN of IN persons NNS detained VVN because IN they PP are VBP suspected VVN to TO be VB implicated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN rising VVG over IN the DT past JJ months NNS . SENT The DT prison NN in IN Kigali NP officially RB reopened VVD its PP$ doors NNS in IN September NP 1994 CD , , when WRB the DT arrests NNS first RB began VVD , , and CC the DT other JJ prisons NNS were VBD reopened VVN during IN the DT following VVG months NNS . SENT Given VVN the DT large JJ number NN of IN killings NNS during IN the DT genocide NN , , the DT number NN of IN arrests NNS was VBD obviously RB very RB high JJ . SENT However RB , , from IN July NP to TO October NP , , numerous JJ acts NNS of IN summary NN revenge NN were VBD reported VVN by IN several JJ sources NNS . SENT The DT Rwandan JJ Government NN acknowledged VVD what WP was VBD happening VVG and CC broadcast NN radio NN messages NNS condemning VVG these DT acts NNS of IN vengeance NN . SENT From IN October NP to TO December NP , , the DT number NN of IN detainees NNS rose VVD considerably RB . SENT By IN the DT end NN of IN January NP , , 20 CD , , 000 CD prisoners NNS were VBD being VBG held VVN in IN the DT various JJ official NN prisons NNS throughout IN the DT country NN . SENT A DT considerable JJ number NN of IN prisoners NNS were VBD also RB held VVN in IN communal JJ cachots NNS and CC other JJ non JJ official NN detention NN centers NNS . SENT The DT number NN of IN arrests NNS increased VVN in IN the DT following VVG months NNS so RB that IN by IN June NP , , the DT official JJ number NN of IN prisoners NNS was VBD estimated VVN at IN 49 CD , , 000 CD detainees NNS in IN Rwanda NP , , crammed VVD in IN 13 CD overcrowded VVN prisons NNS and CC 160 CD known VVN cachots NNS , , small JJ lock NN ups NNS in IN the DT various JJ communes NNS . SENT Most JJS detainees NNS have VHP not RB been VBN arrested VVN on IN the DT basis NN of IN any DT official JJ legal JJ document NN , , such JJ as IN an DT arrest NN warrant NN . SENT These DT arrests NNS and CC incarcerations NNS are VBP therefore RB illegal JJ under IN Rwandan JJ law NN . SENT Of IN the DT 400 CD detainees NNS in IN the DT prison NN of IN Kibuye NP , , only RB some DT of IN them PP have VHP an DT arrest NN warrant NN . SENT The DT virtual JJ absence NN of IN courts NNS further RBR hampers VVZ the DT proper JJ review NN of IN possible JJ illegal JJ arrests NNS and CC therefore RB does VVZ not RB have VH any DT deterrent NN effect NN on IN the DT authorities NNS involved VVN in IN making VVG arrests NNS . SENT There EX are VBP now RB some DT indications NNS that IN the DT number NN of IN arrests NNS has VHZ temporarily RB decreased VVN due JJ to TO the DT overcrowding NN in IN the DT prisons NNS . SENT On IN 26 CD May NP 1995 CD , , the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN announced VVD that IN it PP would MD only RB arrest VV persons NNS , , if IN there EX would MD be VB sufficient JJ evidence NN to TO suspect VV them PP from IN acts NNS of IN genocide NN . SENT Before RB , , individuals NNS were VBD arrested VVN without IN sufficient JJ evidence NN or CC upon IN vague JJ , , third JJ hand NN accusations NNS . SENT Most JJS plots NNS of IN land NN previously RB owned VVN by IN those DT now RB in IN refugee NN camps NNS are VBP currently RB occupied JJ , , many JJ by IN those DT Tutsi NP refugees NNS who WP returned VVD to TO Rwanda NP after IN the DT RPF NP took VVD control NN of IN Kigali NP . SENT Many JJ of IN the DT refugees NNS currently RB residing VVG in IN Zaire NP , , Tanzania NP and CC Burundi NP even RB fear VV being VBG accused VVN , , often RB falsely RB , , of IN having VHG participated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN by IN those DT who WP would MD like VV to TO remain VV in IN their PP$ recently RB acquired VVN properties NNS . SENT These DT accusations NNS are VBP particularly RB serious JJ considering VVG that IN the DT conditions NNS in IN the DT detention NN centers NNS are VBP often RB such JJ that IN being VBG put VVD there EX is VBZ considered VVN the DT equivalent NN of IN a DT death NN sentence NN . SENT La NP Commission NP de NP Triage NN Besides IN the DT fact NN that IN trials NNS against IN the DT alleged JJ perpetrators NNS have VHP yet RB to TO begin VV , , the DT overpopulation NN in IN the DT prisons NNS is VBZ aggravated VVN by IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT system NN for IN review NN does VVZ not RB function VV adequately RB . SENT In IN January NP 1995 CD , , the DT government NN instituted VVD a DT Commission NP de NP Triage NN in IN order NN to TO screen NN detainees NNS and CC release VV those DT held VVN unjustifiably RB , , for IN example NN , , without IN an DT arrest NN warrant NN or CC without IN a DT proper JJ file NN containing VVG evidence NN against IN them PP . SENT This DT Commission NP was VBD set VVN up RP to TO deal VV with IN the DT situation NN created VVN by IN the DT absence NN of IN trials NNS and CC the DT ever RB increasing VVG number NN of IN detainees NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ comprised VVN of IN a DT lawyer NN from IN the DT Kigali NP city NN administration NN , , a DT representative NN of IN the DT military JJ security NN force NN and CC a DT lawyer NN from IN the DT Ministry NP of IN Defense NP . SENT However RB , , its PP$ independence NN is VBZ of IN serious JJ concern NN as IN it PP is VBZ composed VVN of IN representatives NNS of IN the DT military JJ authorities NNS where WRB at IN the DT same JJ time NN the DT military NN was VBD involved VVN in IN carrying VVG out RP the DT arrests NNS . SENT The DT Commission's NP jurisdiction NN is VBZ limited VVN to TO Kigali NP . SENT The DT objective NN of IN the DT Commission NP is VBZ to TO review VV the DT cases NNS and CC order VV the DT conditional JJ release NN of IN detainees NNS who WP have VHP no DT case NN to TO answer VV or CC who WP have VHP been VBN illegally RB arrested VVN . SENT Given VVN the DT random JJ way NN in IN which WDT persons NNS were VBD arrested VVN , , it PP is VBZ very RB likely JJ that IN a DT large JJ number NN of IN the DT prison NN population NN has VHZ falsely RB been VBN accused VVN of IN genocide NN . SENT However RB , , the DT Commission NP cannot NN deal NN with IN the DT countless JJ numbers NNS of IN people NNS illegally RB imprisoned VVN throughout IN the DT country NN . SENT To TO date NN , , the DT screening NN process NN led VVN to TO the DT release NN of IN only RB two CD prisoners NNS from IN Gitarama NP prison NN . SENT Prison NN Conditions NNS The DT present JJ situation NN in IN the DT Rwandan JJ prisons NNS was VBD portrayed VVN by IN a DT prisoner NN from IN Kigali NP prison NN , , when WRB he PP stated VVD that IN . SENT the DT biggest JJS problem NN is VBZ the DT future NN without IN prospect NN . SENT People NNS die VVP without IN having VHG had VHD the DT opportunity NN to TO prove VV their PP$ innocence NN . SENT MSF NP witnessed VVN overpopulation NN in IN all DT prisons NNS and CC cachots NNS it PP was VBD able JJ to TO visit VV . SENT Due JJ to TO overpopulation NN , , the DT health NN situation NN in IN some DT prisons NNS has VHZ led VVN to TO unacceptable JJ situations NNS and CC it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN when WRB the DT overpopulation NN and CC its PP$ consequences NNS are VBP not RB dealt VVN with IN and CC arrests NNS continue VVP , , other JJ prisons NNS and CC cachots NNS will MD face VV similar JJ health NN problems NNS . SENT MSF NP visited VVD several JJ prisons NNS and CC cachots NNS with IN mobile JJ clinics NNS . SENT MSF NP runs VVZ a DT water NN program NN for IN the DT recently RB opened VVN Gitagata NP detention NN center NN which WDT detains VVZ 152 CD children NNS ranging VVG from IN 7 CD 14 CD years NNS who WP were VBD transferred VVN from IN the DT Kigali NP , , Butare NP and CC Gitarama NP prisons NNS and CC are VBP part NN of IN approximately RB 1 CD , , 100 CD children NNS who WP were VBD arrested VVN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT MSF NP continues VVZ to TO supports NNS local JJ hospitals NNS which WDT serve VVP also RB as IN a DT medical JJ referral NN facility NN for IN prisoners NNS . SENT In IN carrying VVG out RP these DT programs NNS , , MSF NP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO gather VV medical JJ data NNS about IN the DT state NN of IN health NN of IN the DT prisoners NNS . SENT The DT lack NN of IN basic JJ sanitary JJ and CC hygienic JJ conditions NNS inside IN the DT Kigali NP and CC Butare NP prison NN , , led VVN to TO an DT unacceptable JJ health NN situation NN with IN alarmingly RB high JJ mortality NN rates NNS . SENT From IN September NP 1994 CD to TO May NP 1995 CD , , 7003 CD prisoners NNS have VHP been VBN admitted VVN in IN Gitarama NP prison NN . SENT 902 CD of IN them PP have VHP already RB died VVN 13 CD . SENT Prisoners NNS are VBP treated VVN in IN the DT MSF NP supported VVD local JJ Kabgayi NP hospital NN . SENT In IN this DT hospital NN the DT mortality NN rate NN is VBZ even RB higher RBR more JJR than IN 20 CD due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN the DT transferred VVN patients NNS already RB suffered VVD from IN a DT serious JJ general JJ condition NN upon IN hospitalization NN . SENT In IN the DT prison NN of IN Gitarama NP , , the DT prison NN population NN grew VVD rapidly RB from IN 221 CD prisoners NNS in IN September NP 1994 CD to TO 6 CD , , 957 CD in IN May NP 1995 CD , , although IN the DT prison NN was VBD designed VVN to TO detain VV only RB 400 CD prisoners NNS . SENT Detainees NNS live VVP in IN all DT available JJ space NN in IN the DT prison NN and CC occupy VV less JJR than IN half PDT a DT square JJ meter NN per IN person NN . SENT Most JJS prisoners NNS are VBP forced VVN to TO stand VV all DT day NN and CC night NN . SENT The DT lack NN of IN space NN in IN the DT prisons NNS has VHZ led VVN to TO a DT serious JJ deterioration NN of IN the DT health NN situation NN of IN the DT detainees NNS . SENT Diseases NNS like IN dysentery NN , , malaria NN and CC respiratory JJ related JJ diseases NNS often RB result VVP in IN the DT death NN of IN prisoners NNS while IN meningitis NN and CC conjunctivitis NN a DT common JJ eye NN disease NN , , though RB not RB lethal JJ , , create VV further JJR health NN problems NNS . SENT The DT medical JJ situation NN is VBZ further RBR aggravated VVN by IN foot NN injuries NNS resulting VVG from IN standing VVG for IN long JJ periods NNS . SENT At IN the DT end NN of IN May NP , , 41 CD of IN the DT prisoners NNS treated VVN in IN hospital NN population NN suffered VVN from IN rotting VVG feet NNS caused VVN by IN the DT wet JJ and CC dirty JJ ground NN and CC which WDT often RB result VVP in IN amputations NNS . SENT Other JJ injuries NNS like IN human JJ bites NNS and CC burst NN eardrums NNS result NN from IN fighting VVG among IN prisoners NNS and CC accidents NNS . SENT The DT International NP Legal NP Response NP After IN months NNS of IN inaction NN , , the DT international JJ community NN finally RB took VVD action NN by IN setting VVG up RP the DT UN NP Human NP Rights NPS Field NP Operation NN for IN Rwanda NP HRFOR NP . SENT The DT HRFOR NP , , set VVD up RP to TO investigate VV the DT genocide NN and CC to TO create VV a DT climate NN of IN confidence NN , , has VHZ become VVN widely RB known VVN for IN its PP$ shortcomings NNS . SENT Eight CD months NNS after IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN , , the DT required JJ funds NNS have VHP still RB not RB been VBN made VVN available JJ . SENT Although IN justice NN was VBD declared VVN a DT priority NN and CC many JJ promises NNS of IN legal JJ assistance NN were VBD made VVN by IN the DT individual JJ members NNS of IN the DT international JJ community NN , , inertia NN has VHZ hampered VVN the DT reconstruction NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ judicial JJ system NN . SENT The DT UN NP Human NP Rights NPS Field NP Operation NN for IN Rwanda NP A DT special JJ session NN of IN the DT UN NP Commission NP on IN Human NP Rights NP was VBD held VVN in IN Geneva NP on IN 24 CD 25 CD May NP 1994 CD , , at IN the DT request NN of IN the DT Canadian JJ Government NN , , in IN order NN to TO examine VV the DT situation NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT The DT principal JJ outcome NN of IN this DT meeting NN was VBD the DT nomination NN of IN a DT Special JJ Rapporteur NN charged VVN with IN investigating VVG the DT human JJ rights NNS situation NN , , including VVG who WP and NP what WDT was VBD behind IN the DT recent JJ atrocities NNS . SENT The DT UN NP Commission NP on IN Human NP Rights NPS requested VVD the DT High NP Commissioner NP for IN Human NP Rights NPS to TO install VV a DT team NN of IN human JJ rights NNS observers NNS in IN Rwanda NP to TO assist VV the DT Special JJ Rapporteur NN in IN the DT carrying VVG out RP of IN his PP$ functions NNS . SENT Months NNS passed VVN before IN anything NN concrete NN happened VVD in IN the DT field NN . SENT Until IN September NP , , the DT Special JJ Rapporteur's NP team NN was VBD limited VVN to TO one CD person NN based VVN in IN Kigali NP but CC without IN any DT means NN of IN transport NN or CC communications NNS . SENT The DT HRFOR NP had VHD only RB a DT token JJ staff NN up RB till IN November NP 1994 CD . SENT numbers NNS progressively RB expanded VVN from IN approximately RB 20 CD staff NN at IN the DT end NN of IN September NP to TO 80 CD in IN February NP 1995 CD , , reaching VVG 121 CD in IN May NP 1995 CD . SENT As IN the DT initial JJ focus NN of IN the DT operation NN was VBD on IN carrying VVG out RP investigations NNS , , a DT Special JJ Investigations NNS Unit NP SIU NP was VBD set VVN up RP in IN September NP to TO assist VV the DT Special JJ Rapporteur NN and CC a DT Commission NP of IN Experts NNS which WDT also RB had VHD been VBN established VVN . SENT However RB , , in IN December NP , , the DT SIU NP was VBD asked VVN to TO finish VV its PP$ work NN and CC hand NN over IN all PDT the DT information NN gathered VVD to TO the DT new JJ International NP Tribunal NN for IN Rwanda NP and CC placed VVN at IN the DT disposal NN of IN the DT Prosecutor's NP office NN . SENT In IN effect NN , , this DT has VHZ led VVN to TO a DT change NN in IN focus NN for IN the DT HRFOR NP from IN its PP$ initial JJ task NN of IN investigating VVG the DT genocide NN to TO one CD more RBR concerned VVN with IN the DT current JJ human JJ rights NNS situation NN . SENT The DT HRFOR NP has VHZ been VBN widely RB criticized VVN , , but CC it PP should MD not RB be VB forgotten VVN that IN it PP had VHD neither RB the DT means NNS nor CC the DT backing NN to TO help VV it PP reach VV the DT original JJ objectives NNS set VVN for IN it PP . SENT Thus RB , , first RB , , there EX was VBD a DT lack NN of IN equipment NN and CC qualified JJ personnel NNS . SENT Second RB , , there EX was VBD no DT coherent JJ political JJ framework NN . SENT And CC finally RB , , it PP is VBZ too RB early JJ to TO pass VV judgment NN on IN its PP$ work NN as IN all PDT the DT documented VVN evidence NN collected VVN and CC collated VVN by IN the DT team NN was VBD handed VVN over RP to TO the DT International NP Tribunal NN in IN April NP 1995 CD and CC the DT contents NNS cannot NN be VB made VVN public JJ until IN further JJR authorization NN is VBZ given VVN . SENT This DT was VBD the DT first JJ operational JJ field NN mission NN of IN the DT UN NP High NP Commissioner NP for IN Human NP Rights NPS . SENT It PP was VBD originally RB to TO be VB allocated VVN a DT budget NN of IN some DT 10 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD for IN the DT period NN of IN September NP to TO June NP 1995 CD . SENT This DT budget NN was VBD revised VVN to TO 15 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD as IN June NP 22 CD , , 1995 CD , , of IN which WDT only RB 6 CD , , 500 CD , , 000 CD have VHP actually RB been VBN received VVN by IN them PP . SENT The DT International NP Tribunal NN On IN 8 CD November NP 1994 CD , , the DT Security NP Council NP decided VVD to TO set VV up RP an DT International NP Tribunal NN for IN Rwanda NP with IN the DT sole JJ purpose NN of IN prosecuting VVG those DT responsible JJ for IN genocide NN and CC other JJ serious JJ violations NNS of IN international JJ humanitarian JJ law NN . SENT Judge NP Richard NP Goldstone NP was VBD appointed VVN Prosecutor NN , , the DT office NN he PP also RB holds VVZ in IN relation NN to TO the DT International NP Tribunal NN for IN the DT Former NP Yugoslavia NP . SENT A DT Deputy NP Prosecutor NN , , Malagasy NP Judge NP Honor NP Rakotomanana NP , , took VVD office NN on IN 20 CD March NP 1995 CD . SENT There EX have VHP been VBN the DT same JJ problems NNS in IN regard NN to TO settling VVG a DT budget NN for IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN for IN Rwanda NP as IN for IN its PP$ homologue NN on IN former JJ Yugoslavia NP . SENT Although IN four CD investigators NNS have VHP been VBN transferred VVN by IN the DT Prosecutor NN from IN the DT Former NP Yugoslavia NP Tribunal NN , , no DT serious JJ work NN can MD be VB undertaken VVN under IN the DT currently RB existing JJ conditions NNS of IN budgetary JJ uncertainty NN . SENT The DT Security NP Council NP nominated VVD six CD judges NNS in IN May NP 1995 CD , , thus RB enabling VVG the DT Tribunal NN to TO be VB inaugurated VVN on IN 26 CD June NP . SENT Prosecutor NN Goldstone NP has VHZ been VBN able JJ to TO obtain VV promises NNS of IN voluntary JJ contributions NNS towards IN the DT Tribunal NN from IN certain JJ countries NNS at IN a DT meeting NN in IN Kigali NP in IN May NP . SENT A DT total NN of IN 1 CD , , 800 CD , , 000 CD was VBD promised VVN but CC not RB yet RB transferred VVN . SENT Further JJR pledges NNS made VVD more RBR recently RB amount VV to TO an DT additional JJ 9 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD . SENT However RB , , the DT Tribunal NN has VHZ to TO wait VV for IN these DT financial JJ promises NNS to TO be VB realized VVN before IN it PP can MD commence VV operating NN . SENT The DT Deputy NP Prosecutor NN has VHZ announced VVN that IN he PP expected VVD the DT first JJ indictment NN to TO be VB handed VVN down RP at IN the DT beginning NN of IN 1996 CD . SENT Countries NNS Harboring VVG Perpetrators NNS of IN the DT Genocide NN In IN Resolution NP 955 CD 1994 CD , , the DT Security NP Council NP determined VVD that IN all DT countries NNS should MD fully RB cooperate VV with IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN and CC are VBP therefore RB obliged VVN to TO take VV all DT necessary JJ measures NNS under IN their PP$ domestic JJ legal JJ systems NNS to TO implement VV the DT terms NNS of IN the DT Resolution NN and CC Statute NN of IN the DT Tribunal NN . SENT Article NN 28 CD of IN the DT Statute NN implies VVZ that DT countries NNS have VHP a DT duty NN to TO arrest VV and CC detain VV individuals NNS accused VVN in IN relation NN to TO the DT genocide NN and CC hand VV them PP over RP to TO the DT International NP Tribunal NN . SENT The DT Tribunal NN has VHZ announced VVN that IN the DT majority NN of IN the DT 400 CD persons NNS suspected VVN of IN planning VVG and CC implementing VVG the DT genocide NN are VBP presently RB based VVN outside IN Rwanda NP . SENT Many JJ are VBP in IN Africa NP , , but CC there EX are VBP also RB a DT number NN in IN Western JJ countries NNS , , such JJ as IN Belgium NP and CC France NP . SENT Rwandan JJ victims NNS now RB staying VVG in IN foreign JJ countries NNS have VHP tried VVN to TO have VH Rwandans NNS implicated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN arrested VVN in IN those DT countries NNS but CC the DT legal JJ authorities NNS have VHP been VBN very RB slow JJ in IN reacting VVG . SENT In IN France NP , , the DT Ministry NP of IN Justice NP did VVD not RB even RB examine VV a DT complaint NN issued VVN in IN 1994 CD against IN members NNS of IN the DT Habyarimana NP family NN until IN they PP had VHD left VVN French JJ territory NN . SENT This DT is VBZ even RB more RBR disturbing JJ against IN the DT background NN of IN France's NP role NN in IN arming NN and CC training VVG the DT authors NNS of IN the DT genocide NN . SENT However RB , , these DT countries NNS are VBP obliged VVN to TO prosecute VV these DT suspects NNS or CC extradite VV them PP to TO a DT country NN willing JJ to TO prosecute VV under IN the DT principle NN of IN universality NN of IN jurisdiction NN , , which WDT covers VVZ grave JJ breaches NNS of IN humanitarian JJ law NN of IN the DT four CD 1949 CD Geneva NP Conventions NNS . SENT Failure NN to TO Deliver VV the DT Financial NP Aid NP Promised VVD to TO Rebuild VV Rwanda's NP Legal NP System NP The DT reconstruction NN of IN the DT legal JJ system NN was VBD recognized VVN as IN a DT priority NN by IN the DT international JJ community NN shortly RB after IN the DT genocide NN had VHD taken VVN place NN . SENT However RB , , as RB with IN the DT financing NN required VVN for IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN , , the DT promised JJ donations NNS arrive VVP very RB slowly RB and CC far RB too RB late JJ . SENT During IN a DT round NN table NN conference NN in IN Geneva NP in IN January NP 1995 CD , , the DT sum NN of IN 5 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD was VBD promised VVN as IN emergency NN aid NN for IN the DT legal JJ system NN . SENT However RB , , funds NNS were VBD spent VVN for IN numerous JJ months NNS on IN multiple JJ evaluation NN missions NNS . SENT In IN March NP 1995 CD , , the DT High NP Commissioner NP of IN Human NP Rights NPS issued VVD an DT important JJ document NN covering VVG the DT vast JJ program NN of IN technical JJ cooperation NN that WDT would MD be VB necessary JJ . SENT This DT indicated VVD that IN the DT legal JJ system NN in IN Rwanda NP required JJ financing NN to TO the DT amount NN of IN 10 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD . SENT a DT year NN on IN from IN the DT genocide NN approximately RB 1 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD has VHZ been VBN received VVN in IN donations NNS . SENT Although IN the DT program NN costs NNS have VHP been VBN carefully RB detailed JJ , , there EX is VBZ little JJ , , if IN any DT , , documentation NN regarding VVG the DT donations NNS . SENT Impunity NN Continues VVZ In IN Deadlock NN the DT Cycle NP , , MSF NP stated VVD that IN those DT suspected VVN of IN having VHG been VBN involved VVN in IN the DT killings NNS , , still RB enjoy VVP total JJ impunity NN for IN their PP$ crimes NNS . SENT Although IN some DT progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN , , such JJ as IN the DT creation NN of IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN , , impunity NN is VBZ still RB continuing VVG . SENT Until IN today NN , , no DT trials NNS , , in IN or CC outside IN Rwanda NP , , have VHP taken VVN place NN . SENT MSF NP has VHZ always RB taken VVN the DT position NN that IN impunity NN should MD be VB brought VVN to TO an DT end NN , , as RB many JJ of IN those DT enjoying VVG impunity NN continue VVP to TO walk VV freely RB in IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS . SENT As IN such JJ , , impunity NN is VBZ one CD of IN the DT elements NNS which WDT has VHZ contributed VVN to TO the DT moral JJ dilemma NN . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , MSF NP is VBZ not RB in IN the DT position NN to TO determine VV whom WP of IN the DT internally RB displaced VVN persons NNS or CC refugees NNS may MD have VH been VBN involved VVN in IN the DT genocide NN . SENT MSF NP believes VVZ that IN the DT problem NN of IN impunity NN is VBZ even RB more RBR dominant JJ as IN there EX has VHZ been VBN increased VVN reports NNS that IN some DT of IN the DT suspected JJ killers NNS may MD have VH been VBN hired VVN by IN the DT humanitarian JJ organizations NNS , , including VVG MSF NP . SENT For IN many JJ of IN the DT humanitarian JJ organizations NNS , , it PP is VBZ common JJ practice NN to TO hire VV local JJ staff NN . SENT in IN this DT case NN , , the DT inhabitants NNS of IN the DT refugee NN or CC displaced VVN camps NNS . SENT Thus RB , , MSF NP may MD have VH hired VVN unwillingly RB suspected JJ killers NNS . SENT Therefore RB , , MSF NP believes VVZ that IN the DT allegations NNS should MD be VB taken VVN seriously RB by IN the DT humanitarian JJ organizations NNS . SENT Although IN MSF NP believes VVZ it PP to TO be VB impossible JJ to TO investigate VV the DT history NN of IN its PP$ local JJ Rwandan JJ staff NN , , it PP will MD take VV all DT reasonable JJ measures NNS to TO avoid VV that IN it PP employs VVZ suspected JJ killers NNS . SENT In IN Rwanda NP , , MSF NP has VHZ given VVN lists NNS with IN the DT names NNS of IN its PP$ local JJ staff NN to TO the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN , , as RB one CD of IN its PP$ routine JJ obligations NNS under IN an DT agreement NN with IN the DT authorities NNS . SENT Those DT authorities NNS are VBP also RB responsible JJ to TO arrest VV and CC detain VV suspected JJ persons NNS according VVG to TO internationally RB accepted VVN standards NNS . SENT In IN Rwanda's NP neighboring JJ countries NNS , , MSF NP shall MD take VV all DT appropriate JJ steps NNS if IN the DT organization NN employs VVZ persons NNS of IN whom WP there RB is VBZ sufficient JJ evidence NN that IN they PP have VHP been VBN involved VVN in IN the DT genocide NN . SENT Massacres NNS at IN Kibeho NP Camp NP for IN Internally RB Displaced VVN Persons NP Repatriation NN of IN the DT refugees NNS from IN Rwanda's NP neighboring JJ countries NNS ground NN to TO a DT halt NN in IN April NP , , when WRB the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN forcibly RB closed VVD camps NNS in IN South NP West NP Rwanda NP where WRB thousands NNS of IN internally RB displaced VVN persons NNS stayed VVD . SENT On IN 22 CD April NP , , the DT RPA NP killed VVD thousands NNS of IN defenseless JJ displaced VVN persons NNS , , including VVG many JJ women NNS and CC children NNS . SENT The DT displaced VVN persons NNS were VBD forced VVN to TO regroup VV on IN a DT hill NN , , where WRB they PP stood VVD squeezed VVN together RB without IN shelter NN for IN several JJ days NNS , , and CC without IN having VHG access NN to TO food NN , , water NN and CC sanitation NN . SENT Events NNS Leading VVG up RP to TO the DT Massacre NN The DT Rwandan JJ Government NN considered VVN that IN these DT camps NNS harbored VVD persons NNS responsible JJ for IN the DT genocide NN . SENT The DT government NN maintains VVZ that IN these DT camps NNS were VBD sanctuaries NNS for IN elements NNS of IN the DT ex JJ FAR JJ and CC militia NN , , threatening VVG to TO de NP stabilize VV the DT country NN and CC being VBG suspected VVN of IN preparing VVG a DT renewed JJ attack NN . SENT The DT government NN planned VVD the DT closure NN of IN the DT camps NNS . SENT In IN the DT first JJ months NNS of IN 1995 CD , , the DT government NN reached VVD an DT agreement NN with IN UNAMIR NP to TO empty VV the DT camps NNS of IN the DT displaced VVN persons NNS . SENT From IN 15 CD April NP onwards RB , , the DT camps NNS would MD be VB emptied VVN in IN phases NNS in IN an DT orderly JJ and CC peaceful JJ manner NN . SENT Despite IN this DT agreement NN , , the DT RPA NP entered VVD and CC cleared VVD the DT camps NNS of IN Kibeho NP , , N'dago NP and CC Munini NP by IN chasing VVG the DT displaced VVN out RP of IN their PP$ shelters NNS and CC forcibly RB regrouped VVD them PP on IN the DT hills NNS in IN the DT night NN of IN 17 CD 18 CD April NP . SENT During IN the DT days NNS prior RB to TO the DT massacre NN , , tension NN between IN the DT RPA NP forces NNS and CC the DT camp NN population NN increased VVD . SENT Several JJ violent JJ incidents NNS occurred VVD in IN which WDT a DT dozen NN displaced VVN persons NNS were VBD killed VVN . SENT Access NN for IN MSF NP staff NN to TO the DT displaced VVN became VVD more JJR and CC more RBR difficult JJ since IN people NNS were VBD so RB tightly RB packed VVN together RB . SENT Even RB more RBR disturbing JJ for IN the DT humanitarian JJ organizations NNS was VBD that IN the DT RPA NP did VVD not RB permit VV them PP to TO have VH access NN to TO these DT populations NNS in IN need NN of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN . SENT Consequently RB , , the DT health NN situation NN of IN the DT displaced VVN deteriorated VVN due JJ to TO lack NN of IN access NN to TO basic JJ sanitary JJ facilities NNS and CC adequate JJ water NN . SENT On IN 21 CD April NP , , there EX was VBD an DT imminent JJ risk NN of IN outbreaks NNS of IN cholera NN and CC dysentery NN . SENT April NP 22 CD , , 1995 CD . SENT The DT Kibeho NP Massacre NN In IN the DT early JJ morning NN of IN 22 CD April NP , , the DT RPA NP opened VVD fire NN into IN the DT crowd NN of IN tightly RB packed VVN displaced VVN persons NNS , , which WDT marked VVD the DT beginning NN of IN three CD periods NNS of IN intense JJ shooting NN . SENT The DT first JJ period NN which WDT lasted VVD from IN 7 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT 11 CD a DT . SENT m NN . SENT was VBD not RB directly RB witnessed VVN by IN MSF NP staff NN but CC was VBD confirmed VVN by IN other JJ international JJ aid NN workers NNS present JJ . SENT Before IN the DT second JJ period NN from IN 12 CD . SENT 05 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT 30 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT started VVN , , MSF NP staff NN entered VVN Kibeho NP camp NN and CC witnessed VVN many JJ wounded JJ and CC dead JJ people NNS . SENT They PP watched VVD as IN a DT large JJ group NN of IN RPA NP soldiers NNS marched VVD down RP the DT hill NN whistling VVG and CC singing VVG in IN excitement NN about IN the DT imminent JJ attack NN . SENT Then RB the DT shooting NN started VVD and CC MSF NP staff NN was VBD evacuated VVN to TO one CD of IN the DT UNAMIR NP compounds NNS . SENT When WRB the DT shooting NN subsided VVD , , UN NP personnel NNS asked VVD MSF NP to TO give VV medical JJ assistance NN in IN the DT UNAMIR NP compounds NNS . SENT UNAMIR NP would MD bring VV in IN the DT wounded JJ and CC provide VV escort NN . SENT The DT crowd NN was VBD standing VVG quietly RB , , terrorized VVD and CC MSF NP staff NN saw VVD a DT whole JJ lane NN of IN dead JJ and CC dying VVG men NNS women NNS and CC children NNS , , piled VVD up RP three CD deep JJ . SENT At IN that DT point NN the DT bodies NNS covered VVD an DT area NN of IN about IN 75 CD square JJ meters NNS . SENT Then RB the DT third JJ period NN of IN shooting NN started VVD , , lasting VVG from IN 3 CD . SENT 45 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT 00 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT , , with IN permanent JJ machine NN gun NN fire NN combined VVN with IN heavier JJR weapons NNS than IN before RB . SENT As IN a DT result NN , , many JJ displaced VVN persons NNS fled VVN inside IN the DT UNAMIR NP compound NN followed VVD by IN RPA NP soldiers NNS who WP were VBD on IN the DT verge NN of IN shooting VVG them PP . SENT UNAMIR NP soldiers NNS intervened VVD and CC pushed VVD the DT displaced VVN out RP of IN the DT compound NN in IN a DT very RB rough JJ way NN . SENT After IN the DT patients NNS had VHD been VBN treated VVN , , UNAMIR NP staff NN even RB put VVD the DT wounded JJ people NNS back RB in IN to TO the DT crowd NN which WDT was VBD under IN fire NN . SENT When WRB MSF NP staff NN was VBD finally RB evacuated VVN from IN Kibeho NP camp NN around IN 6 CD . SENT 00 CD p NN . SENT m NN . SENT , , continuous JJ firing NN was VBD still RB heard VVN from IN the DT hills NNS . SENT Aid NN workers NNS watched VVN as IN the DT RPA NP shot VVD fleeing VVG displaced VVN persons NNS in IN the DT back NN . SENT Continued JJ Lack NN of IN Protection NP The DT days NNS following VVG this DT massacre NN , , the DT RPA NP continuously RB denied VVD MSF NP staff NN access NN to TO the DT camp NN . SENT When WRB MSF NP eventually RB was VBD granted VVN access NN to TO the DT camp NN the DT RPA NP still RB denied VVD the DT staff NN access NN to TO the DT wounded VVN in IN the DT buildings NNS of IN the DT camp NN . SENT After IN the DT violent JJ closure NN of IN the DT camps NNS and CC the DT massacre NN in IN Kibeho NP camp NN , , the DT internally RB displaced VVN persons NNS returned VVN to TO their PP$ communes NNS . SENT The DT roads NNS were VBD covered VVN with IN belongings NNS of IN the DT population NN indicating VVG their PP$ hurried JJ departure NN . SENT The DT already RB wounded VVN , , exhausted VVN and CC traumatized VVN people NNS were VBD upon IN arrival NN in IN Butare NP awaited VVD by IN a DT crowd NN throwing VVG stones NNS . SENT This DT has VHZ equally RB been VBN reported VVN in IN other JJ communes NNS . SENT Finally RB , , on IN 24 CD April NP , , all PDT the DT camps NNS were VBD closed VVN . SENT Also RB some DT of IN the DT smaller JJR camps NNS along IN the DT road NN from IN Gikongoro NP to TO Kibeho NP were VBD emptied VVN . SENT Seemingly RB , , the DT populations NNS moved VVD off RP spontaneously RB . SENT The DT Role NN of IN UNAMIR NP MSF NP believes VVZ that IN UNAMIR NP has VHZ failed VVN to TO protect VV the DT internally RB displaced VVN persons NNS during IN the DT Kibeho NP massacres NNS , , as IN they PP were VBD obliged VVN to TO according VVG to TO their PP$ mandate NN . SENT According VVG to TO the DT expanded JJ mandate NN , , laid VVN down RP by IN Security NP Council NP resolution NN 918 CD 1994 CD , , UNAMIR NP was VBD entrusted VVN with IN the DT following VVG tasks NNS . SENT Contribute VV to TO the DT security NN and CC protection NN of IN displaced VVN persons NNS , , refugees NNS and CC civilians NNS at IN risk NN in IN Rwanda NP , , including VVG through IN the DT establishment NN and CC maintenance NN , , where WRB feasible JJ , , of IN secure JJ humanitarian JJ areas NNS . SENT Provide VV security NN and CC support NN for IN the DT distribution NN of IN relief NN supplies NNS and CC humanitarian JJ relief NN operations NNS . SENT Additionally RB , , the DT Council NP recognized VVD in IN Resolution NP 925 CD that IN UNAMIR NP may MD be VB required VVN to TO take VV action NN in IN self NN defense NN against IN persons NNS or CC groups NNS who WP threaten VVP protected JJ sites NNS and CC populations NNS , , United NP Nations NPS and CC other JJ humanitarian JJ personnel NNS or CC the DT means VVZ of IN delivery NN and CC distribution NN of IN humanitarian JJ relief NN . SENT According VVG to TO international JJ law NN and CC practice NN concerning VVG UN NP peace NN keeping VVG operations NNS , , a DT peace NN keeping VVG force NN is VBZ allowed VVN to TO use VV armed JJ force NN in IN self NN defense NN only RB . SENT A DT wider JJR notion NN of IN the DT concept NN of IN self NN defense NN , , as RB applies VVZ here RB , , includes VVZ that DT action NN in IN self NN defense NN may MD be VB required VVN in IN case NN of IN an DT armed JJ attack NN on IN protected JJ sites NNS and CC populations NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT peace NN keeping VVG mandate NN implies VVZ an DT engagement NN which WDT goes VVZ beyond IN traditional JJ limits NNS of IN peace NN keeping VVG and CC goes VVZ in IN the DT direction NN of IN peace NN enforcement NN . SENT On IN the DT basis NN of IN this DT , , MSF NP concludes VVZ that IN UNAMIR NP failed VVD to TO fulfil VV this DT protection NN mandate NN . SENT Since RB , , the DT displaced VVN population NN was VBD subjected VVN to TO a DT large JJ scale NN armed JJ attack NN , , UNAMIR NP had VHD the DT duty NN to TO re NN act NN in IN self NN defense NN involving VVG the DT use NN of IN armed JJ force NN in IN order NN to TO protect VV this DT displaced VVN population NN . SENT Commission NP of IN Inquiry NP on IN the DT Events NNS at IN Kibeho NP The DT international JJ community's NN reaction NN to TO the DT massacres NNS in IN Kibeho NP included VVD statements NNS of IN strong JJ condemnation NN and CC the DT suspension NN of IN non JJ humanitarian JJ assistance NN on IN the DT part NN of IN Belgium NP , , the DT Netherlands NP 5 CD , , 5 CD million CD to TO the DT UNDP NP Trust NP Fund NP and CC the DT European NP Union NP . SENT Others NNS believed VVD , , however RB , , that IN the DT suspension NN of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN was VBD short RB sighted VVN and CC potentially RB counter VV productive JJ . SENT The DT UN NP Secretary NP General NP decided VVD to TO send VV a DT special JJ envoy NN to TO Rwanda NP , , Mr NP . SENT Aldo NP Ajello NP , , to TO convey VV his PP$ concerns NNS to TO the DT Rwandan JJ leaders NNS and CC urge VV the DT government NN to TO undertake VV an DT impartial JJ investigation NN . SENT On IN 27 CD April NP , , the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN announced VVN that IN an DT independent JJ International NP Commission NP of IN Inquiry NP would MD be VB set VVN up RP to TO investigate VV the DT circumstances NNS and CC causes NNS of IN the DT Kibeho NP events NNS . SENT In IN its PP$ report NN on IN the DT Kibeho NP massacre NN , , the DT Commission NP recognized VVD the DT intention NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN to TO close VV the DT camps NNS as IN legitimate JJ . SENT The DT Commission NP concluded VVD that IN the DT massacre NN . SENT neither CC resulted VVN from IN a DT planned JJ action NN by IN Rwandan JJ authorities NNS to TO kill VV a DT certain JJ group NN of IN people NNS , , nor CC was VBD it PP an DT accident NN that WDT could MD not RB have VH been VBN prevented VVN . SENT The DT Commission NP attaches VVZ equal JJ importance NN to TO serious JJ human JJ rights NNS abuses NNS committed VVN by IN RPA NP military JJ personnel NNS and CC by IN armed JJ elements NNS among IN the DT displaced VVN persons NNS themselves PP when WRB it PP concluded VVD that IN there EX was VBD sufficient JJ reliable JJ evidence NN that WDT unarmed VVD internally RB displaced VVN persons NNS were VBD subjected VVN to TO serious JJ human JJ rights NNS abuses NNS committed VVN by IN both CC the DT RPA NP and CC armed JJ elements NNS in IN the DT camps NNS . SENT Due JJ to TO logistic NN and CC time NN constraints NNS , , the DT Commission NP did VVD not RB determine VV the DT exact JJ number NN of IN fatalities NNS but CC , , according VVG to TO the DT Commission NP . SENT it PP is VBZ apparent JJ that IN the DT numbers NNS are VBP more JJR than IN those DT formally RB counted VVN in IN the DT Kibeho NP camp NN . SENT The DT Rwandan JJ Government's NP official NN number NN is VBZ 338 CD deaths NNS . SENT MSF NP maintains VVZ that IN thousands NNS of IN people NNS have VHP been VBN killed VVN and CC believes VVZ that IN the DT Commission NP should MD have VH been VBN provided VVN with IN the DT time NN and CC logistics NNS facilities NNS needed VVD to TO determine VV the DT exact JJ number NN of IN fatalities NNS . SENT The DT Commission NP does VVZ not RB analyze VV on IN UNAMIR NP . SENT The DT Commission NP states NNS that IN UNAMIR NP did VVD not RB respond VV adequately RB to TO this DT situation NN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB give VV any DT analysis NN regarding VVG the DT non JJ intervention NN of IN UNAMIR NP when WRB the DT lives NNS of IN the DT displaced VVN were VBD being JJ threatened VVN and CC when WRB they PP were VBD subjected VVN to TO indiscriminate JJ killings NNS . SENT The DT Commission NP remarked VVD that IN . SENT some DT NGOs NNS actively RB contradicted VVD the DT policies NNS of IN the DT Government NN of IN Rwanda NP by IN . SENT . SENT . SENT by IN pursuing VVG discriminatory JJ hiring NN practices NNS . SENT However RB , , MSF NP maintains VVZ that IN it PP is VBZ common JJ practice NN among IN the DT humanitarian JJ relief NN NGOs NNS to TO hire VV local JJ staff NN , , usually RB refugees NNS or CC displaced VVN inhabitants NNS of IN the DT camps NNS . SENT In IN Kibeho NP camp NN where WRB mainly RB Hutus NP stayed VVD , , and CC which WDT is VBZ suspected VVN to TO house VV hard JJ core NN elements NNS responsible JJ for IN the DT genocide NN , , local JJ staff NN should MD preferably RB also RB be VB Hutu NN as IN any DT Tutsi NP staff NN would MD risk VV being VBG killed VVN . SENT The DT Commission NP also RB remarked VVD that IN . SENT the DT decision NN of IN a DT number NN of IN NGOs NNS not RB to TO cooperate VV with IN the DT closure NN operation NN once IN it PP began VVD exacerbated VVD the DT humanitarian JJ crisis NN . SENT However RB , , MSF NP has VHZ never RB made VVN an DT agreement NN with IN the DT government NN that IN MSF NP would MD be VB involved VVN in IN the DT process NN of IN convincing JJ and CC actually RB organizing VVG the DT displaced VVN persons NNS to TO return VV home NN . SENT In IN its PP$ recommendations NNS , , The DT Commission NP calls VVZ upon IN the DT Rwandan JJ authorities NNS . SENT to TO carry VV out RP an DT analysis NN of IN mistakes NNS which WDT occurred VVD in IN the DT closure NN of IN the DT camps NNS . SENT . SENT . SENT as RB well RB as IN an DT investigation NN of IN individual JJ responsibilities NNS . SENT The DT Commission NP recommends VVZ to TO the DT international JJ community NN to TO continue VV to TO assist VV the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN to TO achieve VV justice NN , , national JJ reconciliation NN and CC reconstruction NN . SENT According VVG to TO Vice NP President NP and CC Minister NP of IN Defense NP Paul NP Kagame NP the DT Rwandan JJ authorities NNS already RB started VVD with IN the DT investigation NN of IN individual JJ responsibilities NNS , , by IN way NN of IN an DT internal JJ investigation NN of IN the DT RPA NP , , which WDT will MD also RB try VV those DT responsible JJ . SENT After IN preliminary JJ internal JJ investigations NNS , , the DT local JJ RPA NP Commander NP and CC Deputy NP Commander NP have VHP been VBN suspended VVN . SENT The DT Extension NP of IN UNAMIR's NP Mandate NN As IN UNAMIR NP failed VVD to TO fulfill VV its PP$ mandate NN in IN Kibeho NP during IN the DT massacres NNS , , the DT question NN of IN renewal NN , , when WRB the DT mandate NN was VBD due JJ to TO expire VV on IN June NP 9 CD , , 1995 CD , , became VVD very RB relevant JJ . SENT On IN 4 CD June NP , , the DT Secretary NP General NP released VVD a DT report NN S NP 1995 CD 457 CD which WDT included VVD recommendations NNS on IN a DT new JJ mandate NN . SENT The DT Secretary NP General NP concluded VVD in IN this DT report NN that IN the DT situation NN in IN Rwanda NP had VHD changed VVN and CC that IN the DT focus NN of IN UNAMIR's NP mandate NN could MD be VB shifted VVN from IN peace NN keeping VVG to TO confidence NN building NN . SENT On IN 9 CD June NP , , under IN the DT pressure NN from IN the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN , , the DT Security NP Council NP announced VVD that IN the DT UNAMIR NP force NN would MD be VB reduced VVN from IN 5 CD , , 500 CD to TO 2 CD , , 330 CD within IN three CD months NNS , , and CC to TO 1 CD , , 800 CD within IN four CD months NNS , , of IN the DT adoption NN of IN Resolution NP 997 CD 1995 CD . SENT The DT tasks NNS of IN the DT reduced JJ force NN are VBP the DT following NN . SENT Exercise VV its PP$ good JJ offices NNS to TO help VV achieve VV national JJ reconciliation NN within IN the DT frame NN of IN reference NN of IN the DT Arusha NP Peace NP Agreement NP . SENT Assist VV the DT Government NN of IN Rwanda NP in IN facilitating VVG the DT voluntary JJ and CC safe JJ return NN of IN refugees NNS and CC reintegration NN into IN their PP$ home NN communities NNS , , and CC , , to TO that DT end NN , , support VV the DT government NN in IN its PP$ ongoing JJ efforts NNS to TO promote VV a DT climate NN of IN confidence NN and CC trust NN through IN the DT performance NN of IN monitoring VVG tasks NNS throughout IN the DT country NN by IN military NN and CC police NN observers NNS . SENT Support VV the DT provision NN of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN , , and CC of IN assistance NN and CC expertise NN in IN engineering NN , , logistics NNS , , medical JJ care NN and CC de NP mining NN . SENT It PP is VBZ noticeable JJ that IN protection NN of IN the DT Rwandan JJ population NN has VHZ been VBN left VVN out RP of IN the DT mandate NN . SENT The DT Rwandan JJ Government NN maintains VVZ that IN it PP has VHZ assumed VVN responsibility NN for IN national JJ security NN throughout IN the DT country NN and CC insists VVZ that IN if IN the DT arms NNS embargo NN was VBD lifted VVN , , it PP would MD be VB able JJ to TO protect VV the DT country NN against IN border NN incursions NNS and CC other JJ subversive JJ actions NNS by IN the DT former JJ military NN and CC militia NN . SENT This DT was VBD refused VVN by IN the DT UN NP . SENT However RB , , the DT Security NP Council NP did VVD extend VV the DT existing JJ arms NNS embargo NN to TO the DT sale NN or CC supply NN of IN arms NNS to TO persons NNS in IN the DT states NNS neighboring JJ Rwanda NP which WDT are VBP meant VVN to TO be VB used VVN against IN Rwanda NP . SENT The DT Council NP requested VVD the DT Secretary NP General NP to TO consult VV Rwanda's NP neighbors NNS on IN the DT possibility NN of IN deploying VVG military JJ observers NNS and CC , , as IN a DT matter NN of IN priority NN , , the DT Government NN of IN Zaire NP in IN order NN to TO monitor VV the DT arms NNS embargo NN on IN airfields NNS located VVN in IN Eastern NP Zaire NP . SENT UNAMIR NP regained VVD a DT traditional JJ peace NN keeping VVG mandate NN although IN it PP is VBZ doubtful JJ whether IN this DT mandate NN gives VVZ UNAMIR NP enough JJ scope NN to TO respond VV to TO the DT current JJ fragile JJ and CC unstable JJ situation NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT Military JJ activities NNS by IN the DT ex JJ FAR JJ and CC militia NN and CC rumors NNS of IN increased JJ border NN incursions NNS are VBP clear JJ threats NNS to TO international JJ peace NN and CC security NN in IN the DT region NN . SENT Although IN the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN is VBZ responsible JJ for IN maintaining VVG law NN and CC order NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT UN's NP mandate NN to TO take VV effective JJ measures NNS for IN the DT prevention NN and CC removal NN of IN threats NNS to TO international JJ peace NN and CC security NN . SENT The DT deployment NN of IN international JJ observers NNS to TO monitor VV the DT delivery NN of IN arms NNS and CC training NN activities NNS is VBZ only RB a DT first JJ step NN in IN this DT direction NN . SENT The DT observers NNS should MD be VB deployed VVN without IN any DT delay NN . SENT On IN 26 CD June NP , , it PP was VBD reported VVN that IN the DT Zairian NN Government NN would MD take VV a DT decision NN on IN this DT matter NN . SENT To TO date NN , , however RB , , it PP is VBZ uncertain JJ whether IN this DT decision NN was VBD taken VVN and CC , , if IN so RB , , whether IN the DT Government NN of IN Zaire NP gave VVD its PP$ consent NN to TO the DT deployment NN . SENT Back RB to TO top VV The DT Moral JJ Dilemma NN The DT self NN proclaimed VVD government NN in IN exile NN has VHZ taken VVN steps NNS to TO improve VV the DT public JJ image NN of IN the DT camps NNS such JJ as IN improved JJ security NN and CC the DT elections NNS of IN representatives NNS for IN the DT social JJ and CC political JJ life NN . SENT However RB , , it PP is VBZ obvious JJ that IN even RB these DT changes NNS are VBP under IN the DT close JJ control NN of IN the DT politicians NNS of IN the DT former JJ Rwandan NN regime NN which WDT perpetrated VVD the DT genocide NN . SENT This DT appearance NN of IN calm NN is VBZ was VBD undertaken VVN to TO improve VV the DT image NN of IN the DT refugee NN leadership NN with IN the DT international JJ community NN in IN order NN to TO secure VV the DT continuation NN of IN the DT international JJ aid NN efforts NNS . SENT MSF NP faces VVZ a DT moral JJ dilemma NN when WRB it PP provides VVZ humanitarian JJ assistance NN to TO a DT refugee NN population NN of IN thousands NNS of IN innocent JJ civilians NNS who WP are VBP living VVG in IN these DT Rwandan JJ refugee NN camps NNS alongside IN the DT authors NNS of IN the DT genocide NN who WP are VBP making VVG preparations NNS for IN a DT new JJ military JJ attack NN . SENT For IN an DT organization NN such JJ as IN MSF NP the DT debate NN is VBZ whether IN it PP should MD continue VV to TO provide VV humanitarian JJ assistance NN to TO a DT refugee NN population NN which WDT is VBZ used VVN by IN the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN as IN a DT means VVZ to TO increase VV their PP$ power NN . SENT Whether IN in IN these DT circumstances NNS it PP would MD be VB justified VVN to TO cease VV the DT humanitarian JJ assistance NN to TO the DT refugee NN population NN presents VVZ a DT moral JJ dilemma NN for IN the DT organization NN . SENT Some DT say VVP such JJ a DT situation NN is VBZ contradictory JJ to TO the DT principles NNS of IN humanitarian JJ assistance NN . SENT Others NNS say VVP that IN the DT humanitarian JJ principles NNS demand VVP the DT continuation NN of IN humanitarian JJ assistance NN while IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN raising VVG a DT critical JJ voice NN . SENT This DT debate NN has VHZ forced VVN MSF NP to TO reconsider VV the DT boundaries NNS of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN . SENT Since IN MSF NP published VVD its PP$ report NN Deadlock NN the DT Cycle NP the DT organization NN has VHZ continuously RB critically RB evaluated VVN the DT developments NNS regarding VVG camp NN security NN , , impunity NN and CC militarization NN against IN the DT background NN of IN the DT humanitarian JJ needs NNS . SENT MSF NP has VHZ asked VVN the DT international JJ community NN and CC the DT governments NNS of IN Rwanda NP and CC Zaire NP to TO take VV effective JJ measures NNS with IN respect NN to TO security NN and CC safety NN of IN the DT refugees NNS , , bringing VVG an DT end NN to TO impunity NN and CC militarization NN and CC providing VVG the DT conditions NNS for IN a DT safe JJ return NN of IN the DT refugees NNS . SENT Back RB to TO top JJ Conclusions NNS MSF NP is VBZ seriously RB concerned VVN that IN with IN the DT increasing VVG influence NN of IN extremists NNS on IN both DT sides NNS of IN the DT border NN , , the DT cycle NN of IN violence NN will MD not RB be VB broken VVN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT hope NN for IN reconciliation NN if IN there EX has VHZ been VBN no DT justice NN for IN the DT victims NNS of IN the DT genocide NN . SENT MSF NP also RB believes VVZ that IN the DT ultimate JJ safe JJ return NN of IN the DT refugees NNS is VBZ vital JJ in IN bringing VVG stability NN and CC harmony NN in IN Rwanda NP . SENT In IN the DT mid JJ term NN a DT solution NN should MD be VB found VVN for IN all PDT the DT refugees NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ vital JJ in IN bringing VVG stability NN all RB over IN the DT sub NN region NN . SENT In IN a DT short JJ term NN perspective NN all DT refugees NNS who WP volunteer VV to TO go VV back RB to TO Rwanda NP should MD have VH the DT possibility NN to TO return VV in IN safety NN and CC in IN dignity NN . SENT However RB , , as RB long RB as IN propaganda NN by IN the DT camp NN leaders NNS , , the DT arbitrary JJ arrests NNS , , revenge NN actions NNS , , overcrowded VVD prisons NNS and CC the DT absence NN of IN an DT effective JJ judicial JJ system NN continue VV , , the DT refugees NNS will MD not RB have VH the DT sense NN of IN security NN and CC confidence NN that WDT is VBZ needed VVN for IN them PP to TO believe VV that IN it PP is VBZ safe JJ to TO return VV . SENT Refugees NNS have VHP the DT right NN to TO humanitarian JJ assistance NN and CC to TO decide VV themselves PP whether IN or CC not RB is VBZ safe JJ to TO return VV to TO their PP$ country NN of IN origin NN . SENT The DT victims NNS of IN the DT genocide NN have VH the DT right NN to TO see VV justice NN being VBG done VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT duty NN of IN the DT international JJ community NN and CC of IN the DT Government NN of IN Rwanda NP to TO ensure VV that IN these DT fundamental JJ rights NNS are VBP being VBG guaranteed VVN . SENT Therefore RB MSF NP concludes VVZ the DT following NN . SENT Safety NN of IN the DT Refugees NNS It PP is VBZ the DT responsibility NN of IN the DT host NN government NN to TO maintain VV law NN and CC order NN . SENT In IN Goma NP the DT Zairian NN Contingent JJ CZSC NP is VBZ in IN charge NN of IN law NN and CC order NN in IN the DT camps NNS under IN supervision NN of IN the DT Civilian JJ Security NP Liaison NN Group NP . SENT In IN order NN to TO take VV up RP its PP$ task NN more RBR effectively RB the DT Liaison NN Group NP should MD be VB enlarged VVN with IN more JJR staff NN . SENT The DT fundamental JJ rights NNS of IN the DT refugees NNS should MD be VB protected VVN including VVG the DT right NN to TO choose VV to TO remain VV in IN the DT camps NNS and CC the DT right NN to TO return VV home NN safely RB and CC voluntarily RB . SENT An DT end NN should MD be VB brought VVN immediately RB to TO vigilante NN justice NN . SENT Human JJ rights NNS monitors NNS should MD be VB deployed VVN in IN all DT camps NNS . SENT This DT measure NN should MD be VB implemented VVN immediately RB . SENT In IN addition NN to TO reporting VVG to TO the DT relevant JJ UN NP bodies NNS on IN human JJ rights NNS violations NNS in IN the DT camps NNS , , the DT monitors NNS should MD also RB collaborate VV with IN the DT Liaison NN Group NP . SENT These DT reports NNS should MD be VB made VVN public JJ . SENT As IN part NN of IN its PP$ obligation NN to TO provide VV protection NN to TO the DT refugees NNS UNHCR NP should MD actively RB follow VV up RP on IN returnees NNS . SENT This DT similarly RB applies VVZ to TO the DT human JJ rights NNS monitors NNS inside IN Rwanda NP . SENT Since IN refugee NN registration NN was VBD completed VVN in IN Zaire NP and CC is VBZ due JJ to TO take VV place NN for IN the DT second JJ time NN in IN Tanzania NP , , each DT family NN has VHZ received VVN or CC will MD receive VV a DT food NN ration NN card NN . SENT After IN having VHG carried VVN out IN registration NN , , UNHCR NP should MD implement VV food NN distribution NN at IN the DT family NN level NN in IN all PDT the DT camps NNS so RB as RB to TO ensure VV the DT equitable JJ distribution NN of IN humanitarian JJ aid NN . SENT In IN Burundi NP the DT Rwandan JJ refugees NNS are VBP seriously RB affected VVN by IN the DT highly RB volatile JJ security NN situation NN throughout IN the DT country NN . SENT Measures NNS need VVP to TO be VB taken VVN to TO ensure VV that DT refugees NNS can MD live VV in IN safety NN and CC do VVP not RB need VV to TO fear VV for IN their PP$ lives NNS . SENT Militarization NN 6 CD . SENT The DT Zairian NN Government NN , , the DT UN NP and CC individual JJ Member NP States NPS should MD take VV all DT measures NNS necessary JJ to TO prevent VV that IN the DT refugee NN camps NNS are VBP used VVN as IN launching VVG pads NNS for IN cross NN border NN incursions NNS and CC other JJ military JJ activities NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT Countries NNS involved VVN in IN arming NN the DT perpetrators NNS of IN the DT genocide NN or CC supporting VVG them PP otherwise RB in IN their PP$ military JJ activities NNS should MD immediately RB halt VV these DT activities NNS . SENT The DT arms NNS embargo NN instituted VVN against IN Rwanda NP according VVG to TO Security NP Council NP Resolution NP 918 CD 1994 CD now RB also RB applies VVZ to TO arms NNS destined VVN to TO be VB used VVN against IN Rwanda NP as IN was VBD decide VV by IN the DT Security NP Council NP in IN Resolution NP 997 CD 1995 CD . SENT This DT arms NNS embargo NN should MD be VB enforced VVN without IN delay NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT Following VVG Security NP Council NP Resolution NP 997 CD 1995 CD military JJ observers NNS should MD be VB deployed VVN at IN the DT airports NNS and CC refugee NN camps NNS in IN Eastern NP Zaire NP . SENT They PP should MD publish VV the DT results NNS of IN their PP$ findings NNS . SENT Bringing VVG an DT End NN to TO Impunity NN Those DT responsible JJ for IN genocide NN and CC grave JJ breaches NNS of IN humanitarian JJ law NN must MD be VB brought VVN to TO justice NN . SENT States NNS should MD act VV according VVG to TO their PP$ obligation NN set VVD out RP in IN Security NP Council NP Resolution NP 978 CD 1995 CD and CC arrest VV and CC detain VV , , in IN accordance NN with IN their PP$ national JJ law NN and CC relevant JJ standards NNS of IN international JJ law NN , , pending VVG prosecution NN by IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN for IN Rwanda NP or CC by IN the DT appropriate JJ national JJ authorities NNS , , persons NNS found VVD within IN their PP$ territory NN against IN whom WP there RB is VBZ sufficient JJ evidence NN that IN they PP were VBD responsible JJ for IN acts NNS within IN the DT jurisdiction NN of IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN for IN Rwanda NP . SENT MSF NP furthermore RB calls VVZ on IN the DT international JJ community NN to TO provide VV adequate JJ assistance NN and CC funding NN for IN the DT re NN establishment NN of IN the DT rule NN of IN law NN in IN Rwanda NP so RB as RB to TO ensure VV that IN fair JJ trials NNS can MD be VB held VVN as RB soon RB as RB possible JJ . SENT Similarly RB , , states NNS should MD give VV adequate JJ funding NN and CC assistance NN to TO the DT International NP Tribunal NN and CC lend VV their PP$ cooperation NN in IN every DT respect NN in IN order NN to TO bring VV those DT accused VVN of IN genocide NN to TO justice NN . SENT Overcrowded VVN Prisons NNS The DT Government NN of IN Rwanda NP , , assisted VVN by IN the DT international JJ community NN must MD ensure VV that DT prisoners NNS are VBP not RB subjected VVN to TO cruel JJ , , inhuman JJ or CC degrading JJ treatment NN by IN keeping VVG them PP locked VVN up RP in IN overcrowded VVN prisons NNS . SENT Prisoners NNS should MD also RB be VB allowed VVN full JJ access NN to TO health NN care NN . SENT Sufficient JJ space NN needs VVZ to TO be VB created VVN for IN the DT prisoners NNS to TO live VV on RP . SENT Prisoners NNS should MD not RB be VB held VVN for IN unreasonably RB long JJ periods NNS without IN trial NN and CC should MD have VH their PP$ cases NNS reviewed VVN by IN an DT independent JJ and CC adequately RB staffed VVN Commission NP de NP Triage NN . SENT The DT Kibeho NP Massacres NNS The DT Rwandan JJ Government NN should MD implement VV the DT recommendations NNS of IN the DT Independent NP International NP Commission NP of IN Inquiry NP into IN the DT events NNS at IN Kibeho NP and CC in IN particular JJ carry NN out IN an DT analysis NN of IN mistakes NNS which WDT occurred VVD in IN the DT preparation NN and CC handling NN of IN the DT closure NN of IN the DT camps NNS , , as RB well RB as IN a DT thorough JJ , , prompt JJ and CC impartial JJ investigation NN of IN individual JJ responsibilities NNS within IN its PP$ armed JJ forces NNS and CC any DT other JJ factors NNS which WDT may MD have VH contributed VVN to TO the DT Kibeho NP events NNS . SENT Following VVG the DT Commission's NP recommendation NN the DT international JJ community NN should MD encourage VV and CC assist VV the DT Rwandan JJ Government NN in IN its PP$ efforts NNS to TO achieve VV justice NN , , national JJ reconciliation NN and CC reconstruction NN . SENT Local JJ Staff NN of IN Humanitarian JJ Organizations NNS All DT humanitarian JJ agencies NNS , , UN NP agencies NNS and CC NGOs NNS , , should MD critically RB examine VV any DT allegations NNS of IN local JJ staff NN having VHG participated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN and CC in IN any DT case NN should MD ensure VV that IN those DT of IN whom WP there RB is VBZ sufficient JJ evidence NN that IN they PP have VHP participated VVN in IN the DT genocide NN , , including VVG those DT who WP will MD be VB indicted VVN by IN the DT International NP Tribunal NN , , are VBP not RB employed VVN by IN them PP . SENT Back RB to TO top VV All DT Special JJ Reports NNS Read VV more JJR on IN Rwanda NP 2004 CD Activity NN Report NP 12 CD 31 CD 04 CD Rwanda NP Ideas NNS Opinions NNS 04 CD 30 CD 04 CD Rwanda NP . SENT Mourning VVG the DT Dead NP is VBZ not RB Enough JJ 2003 CD Activity NN Report NP 12 CD 31 CD 03 CD Rwanda NP 2002 CD Activity NN Report NP 12 CD 31 CD 02 CD Rwanda NP 2001 CD Activity NN Report NP 12 CD 31 CD 01 CD Rwanda NP Press NP Release NP 06 CD 16 CD 98 CD From IN Sutures NNS to TO Justice NP . SENT Justice NP Must MD Heal NP the DT Wounds NNS of IN War NP Crimes NP Speech NN 12 CD 05 CD 97 CD A DT Statement NN by IN MSF NP Regarding VVG Central NP Africa NP for IN the DT Hearing NP at IN the DT House NP of IN Representatives NPS House NP Committee NP on IN International NP Relations NP Special JJ Report NP 07 CD 20 CD 95 CD Deadlock NN in IN the DT Rwandan JJ Refugee NN Crisis NN . SENT Repatriation NN Virtually RB at IN a DT Standstill JJ Special JJ Report NP 11 CD 10 CD 94 CD Breaking VVG the DT Cycle NP . SENT Calls NNS for IN Action NP in IN the DT Rwandese NP Refugee NN Camps NP in IN Tanzania NP and CC Zaire NP Briefing NN Document NN 01 CD 01 CD 94 CD Rwanda NP 1994 CD Help NN Spread VVD the DT Word NP . SENT Order VV an DT ACCESS NN Campaign NN T NN Shirt NN contact VV us PP other JJ MSF NP world NN offices NNS link VVP to TO us PP copyright NN statement NN privacy NN policy NN This DT site NN is VBZ maintained VVN by IN the DT U NP . SENT S NP . SENT section NN of IN Doctors NNS Without IN Borders NP M NP decins NNS Sans NP Fronti NP res NN MSF NP 2005 CD MSF NP All NP rights NNS reserved VVD . SENT