/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/30/file21.html NN ----------------------------------------- : National NP Cancer NP Institute NP U NP . SENT S NP . SENT National NP Institutes NPS of IN Health NP www NP . SENT cancer NN . SENT gov NP NCI NP Alliance NP for IN Nanotechnology NP in IN Cancer NP About IN the DT Alliance NP Funding NP News NP Center NP Resource NP Center NP Meetings NNS Events NNS Intranet NP Login NP Nanotech NP News NP Monthly NP Features NNS News NP Releases VVZ Media NP Backgrounder NP Alliance NP Fact NN Sheet NN Learn NP more RBR about IN awards NNS and CC programs NNS being VBG funded VVN Quick NP Links NP Nanotechnology NP Characterization NN Laboratory NP Nanotechnology NP Teaming VVG Site NN Funding NP Opportunities NNS Upcoming JJ Events NNS NCI NP Alliance NP for IN Nanotechnology NP in IN Cancer NP Monthly NP Feature NN December NP 2005 CD Download NP as IN PDF NP Nanotechnology NP Tackles VVZ Brain NP Cancer NP Brain NP cancer NN can MD be VB counted VVN among IN the DT most RBS deadly JJ and CC intractable JJ diseases NNS . SENT Often RB diagnosed VVN after IN a DT patient NN exhibits VVZ symptoms NNS such JJ as IN nausea NN , , dizziness NN , , uncharacteristic JJ behavior NN changes NNS , , or CC paralysis NN , , the DT growing VVG mass NN of IN a DT brain NN tumor NN will MD continue VV to TO squeeze VV out RP normal JJ tissue NN and CC degrade VV the DT brain NN s PP function VVP if IN left VVN untreated JJ . SENT But CC treatment NN is VBZ elusive JJ . SENT Tumors NNS may MD be VB embedded VVN in IN regions NNS of IN the DT brain NN that WDT are VBP critical JJ to TO orchestrating VVG the DT body NN s PP vital JJ functions NNS , , while IN they PP shed VVD cells NNS to TO invade VV other JJ parts NNS of IN the DT brain NN , , forming VVG more JJR tumors NNS too RB small JJ to TO detect VV using VVG conventional JJ imaging NN techniques NNS . SENT Brain NN cancer NN s PP location NN and CC ability NN to TO spread NN quickly RB makes VVZ treatment NN with IN surgery NN or CC radiation NN like IN fighting VVG an DT enemy NN hiding VVG out RP among IN minefields NNS and CC caves NNS , , and CC explains VVZ why WRB the DT term NN brain NN cancer NN is VBZ all RB too RB often RB associated VVN with IN the DT word NN inoperable JJ . SENT Making VVG treatment NN even RB more RBR challenging JJ , , there EX is VBZ a DT system NN of IN blood NN vessels NNS and CC protective JJ cells NNS in IN the DT brain NN the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN that WDT admits VVZ only RB essential JJ nutrients NNS and CC oxygen NN , , and CC keeps VVZ out RP everything NN else RB , , including VVG about IN 95 CD percent NN of IN all DT drugs NNS . SENT This DT natural JJ barrier NN puts VVZ serious JJ limits NNS on IN how WRB much JJ a DT patient NN can MD benefit VV from IN traditional JJ chemotherapy NN and CC new JJ cancer NN drugs NNS . SENT In IN an DT ideal JJ situation NN , , we PP would MD have VH a DT smart JJ drug NN that WDT could MD cross VV the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN , , zero CD in IN on IN the DT cancer NN cells NNS , , mark VV their PP$ location NN clearly RB for IN surgery NN , , or CC destroy VV them PP with IN such JJ precision NN that IN it PP would MD leave VV surrounding VVG , , normal JJ brain NN cells NNS intact JJ . SENT Until IN now RB , , such PDT a DT scenario NN seemed VVD so RB far RB fetched VVD . SENT But CC using VVG nanotechnology NN , , NCI NP supported VVD researchers NNS at IN the DT University NP of IN Michigan NP , , the DT University NP of IN Washington NP , , the DT University NP of IN Texas NP M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Anderson NP Cancer NP Center NP , , Virginia NP Polytechnic NP Institute NP , , and CC Virginia NP Commonwealth NP University NP are VBP creating VVG ultrasmall NN particles NNS that WDT can MD target VV and CC destroy VV cancer NN cells NNS in IN the DT brain NN , , even RB those DT in IN tumors NNS too RB small JJ to TO be VB removed VVN surgically RB . SENT Getting VVG Into IN the DT Brain NP Ticket NN Required VVN Among IN the DT properties NNS of IN nanoparticles NNS that WDT make VVP them PP ideal JJ candidates NNS for IN recognizing VVG and CC treating VVG brain NN cancer NN , , their PP$ ability NN to TO deliver VV a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN payloads NNS across IN the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN is VBZ perhaps RB the DT most RBS important JJ . SENT Understanding VVG how WRB some DT nanoparticles NNS achieve VVP this DT special JJ permission NN to TO enter VV the DT brain NN requires VVZ a DT closer JJR look NN at IN how WRB the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN works NNS . SENT The DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN permits VVZ the DT exchange NN of IN essential JJ nutrients NNS and CC gases NNS between IN the DT bloodstream NN and CC the DT brain NN , , while IN blocking VVG larger JJR entities NNS such JJ as IN microbes NNS , , immune JJ cells NNS and CC most JJS drugs NNS from IN entering VVG . SENT This DT barrier NN system NN is VBZ a DT perfectly RB logical JJ arrangement NN , , since IN the DT brain NN is VBZ the DT most RBS sensitive JJ and CC complex JJ organ NN in IN the DT human JJ body NN and CC it PP would MD not RB make VV sense NN for IN it PP to TO become VV the DT battleground NN of IN infection NN and CC immune JJ response NN . SENT This DT biological JJ demilitarization NN zone NN is VBZ enforced VVN by IN an DT elaborate JJ and CC dense JJ network NN of IN capillary JJ vessels NNS that WDT feeds VVZ the DT brain NN and CC removes VVZ waste NN products NNS . SENT Each DT capillary JJ vessel NN is VBZ bound VVN by IN a DT single JJ layer NN of IN endothelial JJ cells NNS , , connected VVN by IN tight JJ junctions NNS , , thereby RB making VVG it PP very RB difficult JJ for IN most JJS molecules NNS to TO exit VV the DT capillaries NNS and CC permeate VV into IN the DT brain NN . SENT Outside IN of IN the DT central JJ nervous JJ system NN , , capillaries NNS have VHP fenestra NN the DT latin JJ for IN window NN , , which WDT are VBP the DT cracks NNS between IN the DT cells NNS in IN the DT vessel NN wall NN . SENT Both DT small JJ and CC large JJ molecules NNS and CC even RB cells NNS can MD leave VV the DT capillary NN and CC enter VV into IN the DT surrounding VVG tissue NN . SENT Instead RB of IN leaking VVG material NN , , brain NN capillary NN walls NNS closely RB regulate VV the DT flow NN of IN material NN using VVG molecular JJ pumps NNS and CC receptors NNS that WDT recognize VVP and CC transport NN nutrients NNS such JJ as IN glucose NN , , nucleosides NNS , , and CC specific JJ proteins NNS into IN the DT brain NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , substances NNS need VVP to TO be VB pre NP recognized VVN to TO enter VV . SENT So RB what WP allows VVZ some DT nanoparticles NNS to TO get VV into IN the DT brain NN . SENT Nanoparticles NNS that WDT successfully RB cross VVP the DT barrier NN are VBP often RB coated VVN with IN polyethylene NN glycol NN PEG VVP , , polysorbate JJ , , or CC other JJ polymer NN or CC surfactant NN a DT detergent NN like IN substance NN . SENT The DT exact JJ mechanism NN of IN nanoparticle NN transport NN into IN the DT brain NN is VBZ not RB fully RB understood VVN , , but CC it PP is VBZ thought VVN to TO depend VV on IN the DT particle NN s PP size VVP , , material NN composition NN , , and CC structure NN . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS , , it PP appears VVZ that IN a DT specialized JJ coating NN of IN polymer NN or CC surfactant NN allows VVZ nanoparticles NNS to TO mimic VV molecules NNS that WDT would MD normally RB be VB transported VVN into IN the DT brain NN . SENT For IN example NN , , polysorbate JJ coated JJ nanoparticles NNS are VBP thought VVN to TO mimic VV low JJ density NN lipoproteins NNS LDL NP , , allowing VVG them PP to TO be VB transported VVN across IN the DT capillary JJ wall NN and CC into IN the DT brain NN by IN hitching VVG a DT ride NN on IN the DT LDL NP receptor NN . SENT 1 CD In IN another DT example NN , , nanoparticles NNS were VBD decorated VVN with IN opioid JJ peptides NNS , , short JJ pieces NNS of IN protein NN that IN act NN as IN natural JJ painkillers NNS . SENT The DT opioid JJ peptides NNS bind NN to TO specific JJ receptors NNS on IN the DT capillary JJ walls NNS , , which WDT help VVP carry VV the DT nanoparticles NNS into IN the DT brain NN . SENT 2 CD In IN other JJ cases NNS , , no DT special JJ tricks NNS are VBP needed VVN . SENT larger JJR tumors NNS can MD disrupt VV the DT local JJ vasculature NN , , creating VVG leaky JJ vessels NNS through IN which WDT nanoparticles NNS and CC other JJ molecules NNS can MD easily RB penetrate VV . SENT Once RB inside IN the DT brain NN , , a DT nanoparticle NN can MD deliver VV a DT wide JJ variety NN of IN payloads NNS to TO detect VV and CC treat VV cancer NN . SENT Throwing VVG PEBBLEs NNS at IN Brain NP Cancer NP When WRB the DT team NN of IN Raoul NP Kopelman NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , at IN the DT University NP of IN Michigan NP , , thought VVD of IN a DT tool NN to TO diagnose VV and CC treat VV the DT most RBS virulent JJ forms NNS of IN brain NN cancer NN , , they PP thought VVD of IN pebbles NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ , , 20 CD to TO 200 CD nanometer NN diameter NN nanoparticles NNS they PP dubbed VVD Probes NNS Encapsulated VVN by IN Biologically RB Localized JJ Embedding VVG PEBBLEs NNS . SENT 3 CD Kopelman NP designed VVD the DT PEBBLEs NNS to TO carry VV a DT variety NN of IN agents NNS on IN their PP$ surface NN , , each DT with IN a DT unique JJ function NN . SENT Therein RB lies VVZ another DT major JJ potential JJ advantage NN of IN using VVG nanoparticles NNS to TO treat VV cancer NN . SENT multifunctionality NN . SENT One CD target NN molecule NN immobilized VVN on IN the DT surface NN could MD guide VV the DT PEBBLE NN to TO a DT tumor NN . SENT Another DT agent NN could MD be VB used VVN to TO help VV visualize VV the DT target NN using VVG magnetic JJ resonance NN imaging NN MRI NP , , while IN a DT third JJ agent NN attached VVN to TO the DT PEBBLE NN could MD deliver VV a DT destructive JJ dose NN of IN drug NN or CC toxin NN to TO nearby JJ cancer NN cells NNS . SENT All DT three CD functions NNS can MD be VB combined VVN in IN a DT single JJ tiny JJ polymer NN sphere NN to TO make VV a DT potent JJ weapon NN against IN cancer NN See VV Figure NP 1 CD . SENT Figure NN 1 CD The DT power NN of IN PEBBLEs NNS is VBZ in IN their PP$ multifunctionality NN . SENT One CD tiny JJ polymer NN sphere NN can MD contain VV a DT targeting VVG agent NN that IN guides NNS the DT particle NN to TO cancer NN cells NNS , , a DT protective JJ coating NN PEG VV that WDT might MD also RB help VV it PP cross VV the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN , , photodynamic JJ molecules NNS that WDT catalyze VV the DT conversion NN of IN oxygen NN to TO highly RB reactive JJ oxygen NN singlets NNS , , magnetically RB dense JJ metals NNS for IN MRI NP contrast NN imaging NN , , and CC a DT fluorescent JJ beacon NN to TO visually RB pinpoint VV the DT nanoparticles NNS location NN . SENT Courtesy NN . SENT Raoul NP Kopelman NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , University NP of IN Michigan NP Kopelman NP introduced VVD the DT common JJ MRI NP contrast NN element NN gadolinium NN to TO the DT PEBBLEs NNS . SENT When WRB injected VVN into IN the DT bloodstream NN , , the DT nanoparticles NNS wend VV their PP$ way NN through IN the DT bloodstream NN . SENT But CC because IN they PP can MD transverse NN the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN , , and CC because IN they PP have VHP a DT targeting VVG agent NN attached VVN , , the DT PEBBLEs NNS accumulate VVP in IN the DT brain NN tumor NN enabling VVG a DT clear JJ MRI NP image NN within IN just RB a DT few JJ hours NNS . SENT The DT next JJ functional JJ step NN is VBZ a DT remarkable JJ feat NN of IN nano NP engineering NN . SENT Each DT PEBBLE NN carries VVZ a DT photocatalyst NN . SENT When WRB stimulated VVN by IN a DT light JJ source NN through IN a DT micrometer NN sized VVD fiber NN optic JJ probe NN inserted VVN into IN the DT skull NN , , the DT photocatalyst NN converts VVZ oxygen NN into IN a DT so RB called VVN singlet NN state NN , , which WDT effectively RB bleaches VVZ and CC destroys VVZ nearby JJ cells NNS . SENT The DT PEBBLEs NNS are VBP inert JJ and CC harmless JJ until IN the DT light NN is VBZ turned VVN on IN . SENT Used VVN in IN combination NN with IN MRI NP imaging NN , , one PP could MD now RB kill VV cancer NN cells NNS at IN will NN , , while IN tracking VVG the DT effectiveness NN of IN the DT treatment NN with IN imaging NN . SENT The DT targeted VVN treatments NNS using VVG nanoparticles NNS may MD offer VV a DT number NN of IN advantages NNS over IN traditional JJ chemotherapy NN . SENT In IN chemotherapy NN , , the DT drugs NNS permeate VV cells NNS throughout IN the DT body NN to TO damage VV their PP$ DNA NN and CC prevent VV rapid JJ growth NN , , and CC are VBP only RB moderately RB more RBR toxic JJ to TO cancer NN cells NNS over IN normal JJ cells NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ why WRB patients NNS suffer VVP so RB many JJ side NN effects NNS of IN chemotherapy NN including VVG nausea NN , , hair NN loss NN , , and CC anemia NN . SENT In IN contrast NN , , PEBBLEs NNS are VBP highly RB localized VVN to TO the DT cancer NN target NN , , and CC do VVP very RB little JJ damage NN to TO surrounding VVG healthy JJ tissue NN . SENT PEBBLEs NNS and CC other JJ nanoparticle NN drugs NNS could MD also RB avoid VV another DT serious JJ problem NN occurring VVG in IN traditional JJ chemotherapy NN for IN some DT cancers NNS , , over IN 50 CD percent NN of IN patients NNS become VVP non JJ responsive JJ to TO treatment NN due JJ to TO the DT development NN of IN multi NNS drug NN resistance NN MDR NP . SENT MDR NP occurs VVZ when WRB cancer NN cells NNS mutate VV and CC begin VV to TO pump VV the DT chemotherapy NN drugs NNS back RB out RB before IN they PP can MD destroy VV the DT cell NN . SENT The DT cancer NN becomes VVZ immune JJ to TO the DT drug NN . SENT But CC PEBBLEs NNS act VVP on IN the DT outside NN of IN the DT cell NN , , and CC the DT toxic JJ payload NN of IN oxygen NN that IN they PP deliver VVP acts NNS quickly RB , , without IN giving VVG the DT cancer NN much JJ chance NN to TO survive VV and CC develop VV resistance NN . SENT In IN rat NN models NNS of IN a DT type NN of IN brain NN cancer NN called VVD 9 CD L NP gliosarcoma NN , , PEBBLE VV based VVN treatment NN can MD significantly RB increase VV survival NN time NN . SENT Patients NNS with IN this DT particularly RB aggressive JJ form NN of IN cancer NN rarely RB live VVP more JJR than IN four CD months NNS after IN diagnosis NN without IN treatment NN . SENT For IN rats NNS , , the DT clock NN runs VVZ out RP in IN about RB five CD days NNS . SENT When WRB rats NNS were VBD treated VVN with IN PEBBLEs NNS targeted VVN to TO 9 CD L NP gliosarcoma NN tumors NNS , , some DT were VBD still RB thriving VVG after IN two CD months NNS , , and CC an DT MRI NP image NN of IN their PP$ brain NN revealed VVD that IN the DT tumors NNS had VHD been VBN eliminated VVN . SENT Kopelman NP and CC collaborators NNS including VVG Martin NP Philbert NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , at IN the DT University NP of IN Michigan NP School NP of IN Public NP Health NP , , hope VVP ultimately RB to TO prove VV the DT utility NN and CC safety NN of IN this DT approach NN to TO treating VVG brain NN cancer NN in IN humans NNS . SENT The DT Illuminated VVD Brain NP Unfortunately RB , , the DT most RBS common JJ form NN of IN primary JJ brain NN cancer NN , , glioblastoma NN , , is VBZ also RB the DT most RBS aggressive JJ and CC lethal JJ . SENT Glioblastoma NN tumors NNS emerge VVP rapidly RB and CC spread VVN throughout IN the DT brain NN . SENT About IN 20 CD , , 000 CD Americans NNS are VBP diagnosed VVN each DT year NN , , and CC more JJR than IN half NN of IN those DT patients NNS will MD die VV within IN 18 CD months NNS . SENT Surgery NN is VBZ limited VVN in IN its PP$ effectiveness NN because IN it PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO differentiate VV visually RB between IN cancerous JJ and CC normal JJ brain NN tissue NN , , and CC any DT cancer NN cells NNS left VVN behind IN are VBP likely JJ to TO proliferate VV and CC form VV new JJ tumors NNS . SENT In IN order NN to TO improve VV the DT odds NNS of IN eliminating VVG all PDT the DT cancer NN during IN surgery NN and CC avoid VV removing VVG healthy JJ brain NN tissue NN , , researchers NNS have VHP devised VVN a DT number NN of IN fluorophores NNS , , or CC glowing JJ molecules NNS that WDT mark VVP the DT tumor NN boundaries NNS for IN removal NN . SENT But CC the DT fluorescent JJ probes NNS are VBP difficult JJ to TO locate VV and CC use VV within IN the DT brain NN during IN surgery NN . SENT A DT multidisciplinary JJ team NN at IN the DT University NP of IN Washington NP and CC the DT Fred NP Hutchinson NP Cancer NP Research NP Center NP in IN Seattle NP , , wanted VVD to TO see VV if IN surgical JJ outcomes NNS could MD be VB improved VVN by IN a DT single JJ probe NN that WDT accurately RB marks VVZ the DT location NN of IN a DT tumor NN in IN pre NP operative JJ MRI NP scans NNS , , while IN guiding VVG the DT surgeon NN to TO those DT same JJ locations NNS in IN the DT exposed VVN brain NN . SENT To TO materials NNS scientist NN Miqin NP Zhang NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , radiologist NN Raymond NP Sze NP , , M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , and CC oncologist NN Jim NP Olson NP , , M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , nanotechnology NN was VBD the DT perfect JJ solution NN for IN creating VVG such PDT a DT multifunctional JJ probe NN . SENT 4 CD Starting VVG with IN a DT 10 CD nanometer NN diameter NN iron NN oxide NN core NN that WDT serves VVZ as IN an DT MRI NP contrast NN material NN , , Zhang NP and CC colleagues NNS coated VVN the DT nanoparticles NNS with IN polyethylene NN glycol NN and CC modified VVN them PP with IN a DT fluorescent JJ molecule NN called VVN Cy NP 5 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Cy NP 5 CD . SENT 5 CD gives VVZ off RP light NN at IN near JJ infrared JJ wavelengths NNS , , which WDT unlike IN visible JJ light NN can MD penetrate VV several JJ centimeters NNS through IN brain NN tissue NN See VV Figure NP 2 CD . SENT Figure NN 2 CD Schematic NN diagram NN for IN synthesis NN of IN nanoparticle NN chlorotoxin NN NPC NP and CC NPC NP Cy NP 5 CD . SENT 5 CD conjugates VVZ . SENT NPC NP Cy NP 5 CD . SENT 5 CD is VBZ able JJ to TO bind NN to TO and CC fluorescently RB illuminate VV glioblastoma NN tumors NNS . SENT Reprinted VVN with IN permission NN from IN ref NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Copyright NN 2005 CD American NP Chemical NP Society NP In IN order NN to TO selectively RB light VV up RP glioma NN tumors NNS through IN imaging NN , , a DT targeting VVG agent NN had VHD to TO be VB attached VVN . SENT Zhang NP and CC colleagues NNS selected VVD chlorotoxin NN , , a DT peptide NN derived VVN from IN the DT venom NN of IN the DT giant JJ Israeli JJ scorpion NN , , which WDT binds VVZ specifically RB to TO a DT tumor NN surface NN marker NN found VVD in IN the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN gliomas NNS . SENT At IN 15 CD nanometers NNS , , the DT final JJ particle NN size NN and CC composition NN gave VVD it PP the DT best JJS chance NN for IN crossing VVG the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN , , and CC homing VVG in IN on IN its PP$ target NN . SENT Tested VVN on IN cultured JJ cells NNS , , the DT nanoparticles NNS performed VVD remarkably RB well RB See VV Figure NP 3 CD . SENT Studies NNS clearly RB demonstrated VVN uptake NN by IN glioma NN cells NNS , , but CC not RB healthy JJ brain NN cells NNS , , and CC the DT nanoprobes NNS were VBD readily RB detectable JJ by IN both DT MRI NP and CC near JJ infrared JJ fluorescence NN . SENT More JJR work NN remains VVZ to TO be VB done VVN in IN animal JJ studies NNS , , but CC Zhang NP and CC coworkers NNS are VBP driven VVN by IN a DT vision NN that IN some DT day NN a DT surgeon NN will MD be VB able JJ to TO use VV MRI NP to TO map VV out RP a DT surgical JJ plan NN , , and CC then RB have VH a DT visual JJ guide NN for IN that DT plan NN in IN real JJ time NN , , while IN operating VVG on IN the DT brain NN . SENT Figure NN 3 CD Fluorescent JJ microscope NN images NNS showing VVG 9 CD L NP gliosarcoma NN cells NNS light JJ up RP with IN chorotoxin NN linked VVN nanoparticles NNS red JJ dots NNS in IN B NP but CC not RB when WRB exposed VVN to TO nanoparticles NNS without IN the DT chlorotoxin NN targeting VVG agent NN A DT . SENT Reprinted VVN with IN permission NN from IN ref NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Copyright NN 2005 CD American NP Chemical NP Society NP According VVG to TO Chun NP Li NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , at IN the DT University NP of IN Texas NP M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Anderson NP Cancer NP Center NP , , and CC Eastman NP Kodak NP , , near IN infrared JJ emitting VVG nanoparticles NNS could MD be VB a DT valuable JJ tool NN for IN outlining VVG the DT margins NNS of IN a DT tumor NN , , and CC helping VVG the DT surgeon NN to TO avoid VV cutting VVG into IN healthy JJ tissue NN . SENT Better JJR cameras NNS and CC detection NN methods NNS will MD be VB needed VVN before IN these DT nanoparticles NNS are VBP used VVN in IN a DT real JJ operation NN , , but CC a DT photographic JJ technology NN expert NN such JJ as IN Eastman NP Kodak NP seems VVZ ideal JJ to TO address VV these DT challenges NNS . SENT Kodak NP s PP engineering NN and CC chemistry NN teams NNS are VBP backed VVN by IN a DT long JJ history NN of IN expertise NN in IN dye NN chemistry NN . SENT The DT company NN is VBZ supplying VVG high JJ quality NN near IN infrared JJ emitting VVG nanoparticles NNS with IN well RB controlled VVN properties NNS . SENT Li NP s PP multidisciplinary JJ approach NN , , pooling VVG the DT expertise NN of IN engineers NNS , , chemists NNS , , and CC biologists NNS , , is VBZ a DT good JJ example NN of IN the DT multidisciplinary JJ research NN collaborations NNS needed VVN to TO move VV nanotechnology NN research NN forward RB in IN the DT area NN of IN cancer NN . SENT Buckyballs NP Pack NP Heat NP In IN the DT 1970 CD s PP , , a DT new JJ variety NN of IN carbon NN was VBD discovered VVN that IN formed VVN hollow JJ nanometer NN scale NN cage NN like IN spheres NNS . SENT They PP were VBD called VVN buckminsterfullerenes NNS or CC buckyballs NNS , , after IN the DT architect NN who WP built VVD domed VVN structures NNS of IN a DT similar JJ shape NN , , and CC were VBD hypothesized VVN to TO have VH great JJ potential NN for IN their PP$ ability NN to TO carry VV atoms NNS and CC molecules NNS with IN useful JJ properties NNS . SENT Then RB in IN 1999 CD , , Virginia NP Tech NP chemists NNS Harry NP Dorn NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT and CC Harry NP Gibson NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT created VVN the DT first JJ buckyballs NNS encapsulating VVG rare JJ earth NN metals NNS , , the DT kind NN that WDT can MD easily RB be VB recognized VVN as IN a DT contrast NN agent NN for IN MRI NP . SENT The DT attachment NN of IN targeting VVG agents NNS to TO the DT outside NN of IN the DT carbon NN cage NN allowed VVD the DT buckyballs NNS to TO accumulate VV in IN tumors NNS . SENT Now RB , , Panos NP Fatouros NP , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , and CC neurosurgeon NN William NP Broaddus NP , , M NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Ph NN . SENT D SYM . SENT , , both CC at IN Virginia NP Commonwealth NP University NP , , are VBP collaborating VVG with IN Dorn NP and CC Gibson NP on IN a DT project NN using VVG buckyballs NNS to TO improve VV the DT ability NN of IN MRIs NP to TO locate VV brain NN tumors NNS , , and CC deliver VV a DT payload NN of IN radiation NN to TO destroy VV them PP . SENT Experiments NNS on IN rats NNS have VHP shown VVN that IN buckyballs NNS packed VVN with IN the DT MRI NP contrast NN metal NN gadolinium NN can MD increase VV the DT sensitivity NN of IN MRI NP detection NN by IN at IN least JJS 40 CD fold NN . SENT This DT level NN of IN precision NN is VBZ reaching VVG a DT point NN at IN which WDT cancer NN cells NNS that WDT have VHP spread VVN beyond IN the DT margins NNS of IN the DT tumor NN may MD become VV visible JJ . SENT Stray JJ cells NNS , , left VVN behind IN after IN surgery NN , , are VBP thought VVN to TO be VB responsible JJ for IN tumor NN relapse NN . SENT Finding VVG and CC removing VVG these DT cells NNS could MD improve VV a DT patient's JJ chance NN of IN survival NN . SENT Fatouros NNS and CC colleagues NNS have VHP created VVN a DT modified JJ version NN of IN the DT buckyballs NNS with IN a DT fluorescent JJ metal NN atom NN called VVD terbium NN . SENT A DT glowing JJ buckyball NN could MD guide VV surgeons NNS to TO remove VV tumors NNS with IN greater JJR precision NN . SENT Addition NN of IN yet RB another DT metal NN , , lutetium NN , , would MD deliver VV a DT lethal JJ dose NN of IN radiation NN to TO the DT cancer NN cells NNS , , including VVG those DT missed VVN by IN the DT surgeon NN . SENT The DT research NN is VBZ about RB three CD to TO five CD years NNS away RB from IN testing NN in IN humans NNS , , but CC the DT possibilities NNS seem VVP remarkable JJ . SENT Detect VV , , Treat NP , , Track VVP There EX is VBZ a DT growing VVG consensus NN that IN brain NN cancer NN is VBZ a DT problem NN in IN need NN of IN a DT radically RB different JJ solution NN , , and CC that DT nanotechnology NN fits VVZ the DT bill NN . SENT Functionalized JJ nanoparticles NNS could MD provide VV precision NN detection NN , , targeted JJ treatment NN , , and CC real JJ time NN tracking VVG that DT conventional JJ technology NN lacks VVZ . SENT For IN a DT disease NN in IN which WDT only RB 5 CD percent NN to TO 32 CD percent NN of IN patients NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO survive VV after IN five CD years NNS , , large JJ hope NN is VBZ riding VVG on IN the DT potential JJ success NN of IN small JJ technology NN . SENT Brain NP Cancer NP Facts NNS 5 CD 7 CD Brain NP cancer NN is VBZ a DT complex JJ disease NN , , classified VVN into IN 120 CD different JJ types NNS . SENT So RB called VVN non JJ malignant JJ benign JJ brain NN tumors NNS can MD be VB just RB as IN life NN threatening VVG as IN malignant JJ tumors NNS , , as IN they PP squeeze VVP out RP normal JJ brain NN tissue NN and CC disrupt VV function NN . SENT The DT glioma NN family NN of IN tumors NNS comprise VVP 44 CD . SENT 4 CD of IN all DT brain NN tumors NNS . SENT Glioblastoma NP is VBZ the DT most RBS common JJ glioma NN at IN 51 CD . SENT 9 CD , , followed VVN by IN astrocytoma NN at IN 21 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT Brain NN tumors NNS are VBP the DT leading JJ cause NN cancer NN death NN in IN children NNS under IN the DT age NN of IN 20 CD . SENT They PP are VBP the DT second JJ leading JJ cause NN of IN cancer NN death NN among IN 20 CD 29 CD year NN old JJ males NNS . SENT Metastatic JJ brain NN tumors NNS result NN from IN cancer NN that WDT spreads VVZ from IN other JJ parts NNS of IN the DT body NN into IN the DT brain NN . SENT About IN 10 CD 15 CD of IN people NNS with IN cancer NN will MD eventually RB develop VV metastatic JJ brain NN tumors NNS . SENT The DT five CD year NN survival NN rate NN following VVG diagnosis NN of IN a DT primary JJ malignant JJ brain NN tumor NN is VBZ about IN 32 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT The DT five CD year NN survival NN rate NN for IN some DT forms NNS of IN cancer NN , , such JJ as IN glioblastoma NN , , can MD be VB as RB low JJ as IN 5 CD . SENT References NNS 1 CD Kreuter NP J NP , , Shamenkov NP D NP , , Petrov NP V NN , , Ramge NP P NN , , Cychutek NP K NP , , Koch NP Brandt NP C NP , , Alyautdin NP R NP . SENT Apolipoprotein NP mediated VVD transport NN of IN nanoparticle NN bound VVN drugs NNS across IN the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN . SENT J NP Drug NP Target NP 10 CD 4 CD . SENT 317 CD 25 JJ 2002 CD 2 CD Costantino NP L NP , , Gandolfi NP F NP , , Tosi NP G NP , , Rivasi NP F NP , , Vandelli NP MA NN , , Forni NP F NP . SENT Peptide NN derivatized VVD biodegradable JJ nanoparticles NNS able JJ to TO cross VV the DT blood NN brain NN barrier NN . SENT J NP Control NP Release NP 108 CD 1 CD . SENT 84 CD 96 JJ 2005 CD 3 CD Kopelman NP R NP , , Philbert NP M NP , , Koo NP YEL NP , , Moffat NP BA NP , , Reddy NP GR NP , , P NN . SENT McConville NP , , Hall NP DE NP , , Chenevert NP TL NP , , Bhojani NP MS NN , , Buck NP SM NP , , Rehemtulla NP A NP , , Ross NP BD NP . SENT Multifunctional NP Nanoparticle NP Platforms NNS for IN In IN Vivo NP MRI NP Enhancement NN and CC Photodynamic JJ Therapy NN of IN a DT Rat NN Brain NP Cancer NP . SENT J NP . SENT of IN Magnetism NN and CC Magnetic JJ Materials NNS 293 CD . SENT 404 CD 410 JJ 2005 CD 4 CD Veiseh NP O NP , , Sun NP C NP , , Gunn NP J NP , , Kohler NP N NP , , Gabikian NP P NN , , Lee NP D NP , , Bhattarai NP N NP , , Ellenbogen NP R NP , , Sze NP R NP , , Hallahan NP A NP , , Olson NP J NP , , Zhang NP M NP . SENT Optical NP and CC MRI NP multifunctional JJ nanoprobe NN for IN targeting VVG gliomas NNS . SENT Nano NP Lett NP . SENT 5 CD 6 CD . SENT 1003 CD 8 CD 2005 CD 5 CD Jemal NP A NP , , Murray NP T NN , , Samuels NP A NP , , Cancer NP Statistics NP , , 2003 CD . SENT CA MD . SENT A DT Cancer NP Journal NP for IN Clinicians NNS 53 CD 1 CD . SENT 5 CD 26 JJ 2003 CD 6 CD Ries NP LAG NN , , Eisner NP MP NN , , Kosary NP CL NP , , Hankey NP BF NP , , Miller NP BA NP , , Clegg NP L NP , , Edwards NP BK NP eds NPS . SENT Seer NN Cancer NP Statistics NPS Review NP , , 1973 CD 1999 CD . SENT National NP Cancer NP Institute NP , , Bethesda NP , , MD NP 2002 CD 7 CD Primary JJ Brain NP Tumors NNS in IN the DT United NP States NPS Statistical NP Report NP 2002 CD 2003 CD . SENT Central NP Brain NP Tumor NN Registry NN of IN the DT United NP States NPS CBTRUS NP Home NP Text NN Only RB Version NP Contact NP Us NP Policies NNS Accessibility NN Advanced NP Search NP Site NN Map VVP Home NP Images NNS Version NP Contact NP Us NP Policies NNS Accessibility NN Advanced NP Search NP Site NN Map VVP A DT Service NN of IN the DT National NP Cancer NP Institute NP