/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/1/file_165.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Work NN and CC Wealth NN . SENT A DT Human NP Valuation NN J NP . SENT A DT . SENT Hobson NP PREFACE NN The DT goods NNS and CC services NNS that WDT constitute VVP our PP$ national JJ income NN are VBP valued VVN severally RB and CC collectively RB with IN a DT fair JJ amount NN of IN accuracy NN in IN terms NNS of IN money NN . SENT For IN a DT gold JJ standard NN , , though RB by IN no DT means NNS perfect JJ for IN the DT work NN of IN monetary JJ measurement NN , , is VBZ stable JJ and CC has VHZ a DT single JJ definite JJ meaning NN to TO all DT men NNS . SENT By IN means NNS of IN it PP we PP can MD estimate VV the DT rates NNS of IN growth NN or CC decline NN in IN our PP$ industry NN , , as IN an DT aggregate NN or CC in IN its PP$ several JJ departments NNS , , and CC the DT quantities NNS of IN output NN and CC consumption NN of IN the DT various JJ products NNS . SENT We PP can MD compare VV the DT growth NN of IN our PP$ national JJ wealth NN with IN that DT of IN other JJ nations NNS . SENT But CC how WRB far RB can MD these DT measurements NNS of IN concrete JJ wealth NN furnish VV reliable JJ information NN regarding VVG the DT vital JJ values NNS , , the DT human JJ welfare NN , , which WDT all DT economic JJ processes NNS are VBP designed VVN to TO yield VV . SENT Though IN it PP will MD be VB generally RB admitted VVN that IN every DT increase NN of IN economic JJ wealth NN is VBZ in IN some DT measure NN conducive JJ to TO welfare NN , , every DT decrease NN to TO illfare NN , , nobody NN will MD pretend VV even RB approximately RB to TO declare VV what WP that DT measure NN is VBZ , , or CC to TO lay VV down RP any DT explicit JJ rules NNS relating VVG wealth NN to TO welfare NN , , either CC for IN an DT individual NN or CC a DT nation NN . SENT Indeed RB , , even RB the DT general JJ assumption NN that IN every DT growth NN of IN wealth NN enhances VVZ welfare NN cannot NN be VB admitted VVN without IN qualification NN . SENT An DT injurious JJ excess NN of IN income NN is VBZ possible JJ for IN an DT individual NN , , perhaps RB for IN a DT nation NN , , and CC the DT national JJ welfare NN which WDT an DT increased JJ volume NN of IN wealth NN seems VVZ capable JJ of IN yielding VVG might MD be VB more JJR than IN cancelled VVN by IN a DT distribution NN which WDT bestowed VVN upon IN a DT few JJ an DT increased JJ share NN of IN the DT larger JJR wealth NN , , or CC by IN an DT aggravation NN of IN the DT toil VVP of IN the DT producers NNS . SENT Such JJ obvious JJ considerations NNS drive VVP us PP to TO seek VV some DT intelligible JJ and CC consistent JJ method NN of IN human JJ valuation NN for IN economic JJ goods NNS and CC processes NNS . SENT To TO find VV a DT standard NN of IN human JJ welfare NN as IN stable JJ and CC as RB generally RB acceptable JJ as IN the DT monetary JJ standard NN is VBZ manifestly RB impossible JJ . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT difficulties NNS attending VVG any DT sort NN of IN calculus NN of IN vital JJ values NNS might MD appear VV insuperable JJ , , were VBD it PP not RB for IN one CD reflection NN . SENT Every DT statesman NN , , social JJ reformer NN , , philanthropist NN , , every DT public JJ spirited JJ citizen NN , , does VVZ possess VV and CC apply VV to TO the DT conduct NN of IN affairs NNS some DT such JJ standard NN or CC criterion NN as IN we PP are VBP seeking VVG . SENT Some DT notion NN or CC idea NN , , more JJR or CC less RBR clear JJ and CC explicit JJ , , of IN the DT general JJ welfare NN , , crossed VVD and CC blurred VVD no DT doubt NN by IN other JJ interests NNS and CC passions NNS , , is VBZ an DT operative NN and CC directive NN influence NN in IN his PP$ policy NN . SENT Moreover RB , , though IN idiosyncrasies NNS will MD everywhere RB affect VV this DT operative JJ ideal NN , , there EX will MD be VB found VVN among IN persons NNS of IN widely RB different JJ minds NNS and CC dispositions NNS a DT substantial JJ body NN of IN agreement NN in IN their PP$ meaning NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT The DT common JJ social JJ environment NN partly RB evokes VVZ , , partly RB imposes VVZ , , this DT agreement NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , all DT co NP operative JJ work NN for IN social JJ progress NN implies VVZ the DT existence NN of IN some DT such JJ standard NN as IN we PP are VBP seeking VVG . SENT The DT complex JJ image NN of IN human JJ values NNS which WDT it PP contains VVZ is VBZ always RB slowly RB changing VVG , , and CC varies VVZ somewhat RB among IN different JJ sorts NNS and CC conditions NNS of IN men NNS . SENT But CC for IN the DT interpretation NN of IN economic JJ goods NNS and CC processes VVZ it PP has VHZ , , at IN any DT time NN , , a DT real JJ validity NN . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ anchored VVN to TO certain JJ solid JJ foundations NNS of IN human JJ nature NN , , the DT needs NNS and CC functions NNS to TO which WDT , , alike RB in IN the DT individual JJ and CC in IN the DT society NN , , we PP give VVP the DT term NN organic JJ . SENT Only RB by IN considering VVG the DT organic JJ nature NN of IN man NN and CC of IN human JJ society NN can MD we PP trace VV an DT intelligible JJ order NN in IN the DT evolution NN of IN industry NN . SENT The DT wants VVZ of IN man NN , , and CC therefore RB the DT economic JJ operations NNS serving VVG them PP must MD be VB treated VVN as IN organic JJ processes NNS . SENT This DT term NN , , borrowed VVN from IN biology NN , , must MD be VB extended VVN so RB as IN to TO cover VV the DT entire JJ physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ structure NN of IN human JJ society NN , , for IN no DT other JJ term NN is VBZ so RB well RB fitted VVN to TO describe VV the DT nature NN of IN the DT federal JJ unity NN which WDT society NN presents VVZ . SENT The DT standard NN of IN values NNS thus RB set VV up RP is VBZ the DT current JJ estimate NN of IN organic JJ welfare NN . SENT The DT justification NN of IN these DT terms NNS and CC of IN this DT mode NN of IN human JJ valuation NN is VBZ to TO be VB found VVN in IN their PP$ application NN to TO the DT task NN before IN us PP . SENT These DT tools NNS will MD be VB found VVN to TO do VV the DT work NN better RBR than IN any DT others NNS that WDT are VBP available JJ . SENT In IN seeking VVG to TO translate VV economic JJ values NNS into IN human JJ by IN reference NN to TO such JJ a DT standard NN of IN organic JJ welfare NN , , I PP take VVP as IN the DT aptest JJS material NN for IN experiment NN the DT aggregate NN of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS that WDT constitute VVP the DT real JJ income NN of IN the DT British JJ nation NN . SENT In IN order NN to TO reduce VV that DT income NN to TO terms NNS of IN human JJ welfare NN , , I PP first RB examine VVP separately RB the DT economic JJ costs NNS of IN production NN and CC the DT economic JJ utilities NNS of IN consumption NN which WDT meet VVP in IN this DT concrete JJ wealth NN , , analysing VVG them PP into IN human JJ cost NN and CC human JJ utility NN , , the DT debit NN and CC credit NN sides NNS of IN the DT account NN of IN welfare NN . SENT Analysis NN of IN the DT productive JJ processes NNS will MD , , of IN course NN , , disclose VV the DT fact NN that IN not RB all DT economic JJ costs NNS have VHP human JJ costs NNS attached VVN to TO them PP , , but CC that IN human JJ utilities NNS of IN varying VVG value NN inhere VV in IN many JJ sorts NNS of IN productive JJ work NN . SENT Surveying VVG the DT different JJ orders NNS of IN productive JJ energy NN , , from IN the DT finest JJS arts NNS to TO the DT lowest JJS modes NNS of IN routine JJ toil VVP , , we PP discover VVP that IN any DT two CD bodies NNS of IN economic JJ wealth NN , , possessing VVG the DT same JJ pecuniary JJ value NN , , may MD differ VV enormously RB in IN the DT quantity NN of IN human JJ cost NN they PP carry VVP . SENT For IN that DT cost NN will MD depend VV upon IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT work NN , , the DT nature NN of IN the DT workers NNS , , and CC the DT distribution NN of IN the DT work NN among IN the DT workers NNS . SENT This DT line NN of IN enquiry NN opens VVZ out RP , , in IN form NN at IN any DT rate NN , , a DT complete JJ criticism NN of IN current JJ English JJ industry NN , , from IN the DT humanist NN standpoint NN . SENT A DT similar JJ analysis NN applied VVN on IN the DT consumption NN side NN resolves VVZ the DT economic JJ utility NN of IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS into IN human JJ utility NN . SENT Here RB again RB out RB of IN economic JJ utilities NNS much RB human JJ cost NN emerges VVZ , , just RB as RB out RB of IN economic JJ costs NNS much RB human JJ utility NN . SENT Equal JJ quantities NNS of IN income NN yield NN in IN their PP$ consumption NN widely RB diverse JJ quantities NNS of IN human JJ utility NN or CC welfare NN . SENT Piecing VVG together RB the DT two CD sides NNS of IN our PP$ enquiry NN into IN the DT production NN and CC consumption NN of IN the DT income NN , , we PP perceive VVP , , as RB might MD be VB expected VVN , , that IN a DT sound JJ human JJ economy NN conforms VVZ to TO the DT organic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN , , from IN each DT according VVG to TO his PP$ power NN , , to TO each DT according VVG to TO his PP$ needs NNS , , and CC that WDT , , precisely RB so RB far RB as IN the DT current JJ processes NNS of IN economic JJ distribution NN of IN work NN and CC of IN its PP$ product NN contravene VV this DT organic JJ law NN , , waste NN accrues VVZ and CC illfare NN displaces VVZ welfare NN . SENT The DT economic JJ distinction NN between IN costs NNS and CC unearned JJ surplus NN 1 CD furnishes VVZ in IN effect NN a DT faithful JJ measure NN of IN the DT extent NN and CC forms NNS of IN divergence NN between IN the DT economic JJ and CC the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN . SENT For IN when WRB this DT surplus NN income NN is VBZ traced VVN , , backward RB to TO the DT human JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN its PP$ production NN , , forward RB to TO the DT human JJ injuries NNS inflicted VVN by IN the DT excessive JJ and CC bad JJ consumption NN it PP sustains VVZ , , it PP is VBZ seen VVN to TO be VB the DT direct JJ efficient JJ cause NN of IN all PDT the DT human JJ defects NNS in IN our PP$ economic JJ system NN . SENT Growing VVG in IN magnitude NN with IN the DT development NN of IN the DT modern JJ arts NNS of IN industry NN and CC commerce NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT concrete JJ embodiment NN of IN the DT social JJ economic JJ problem NN . SENT The DT absorption NN and CC utilisation NN of IN the DT surplus NN for IN the DT betterment NN of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS and CC the DT enrichment NN of IN public JJ life NN are VBP essential JJ conditions NNS for IN the DT humanisation NN of IN industry NN . SENT The DT first JJ half NN of IN the DT book NN is VBZ occupied VVN with IN the DT general JJ exposition NN and CC illustration NN of IN this DT method NN of IN human JJ valuation NN . SENT The DT second JJ part NN applies VVZ the DT humanist NN principles NNS thus RB established VVN , , to TO the DT discussion NN of IN some DT of IN the DT great JJ practical JJ issues NNS of IN social JJ economic JJ reconstruction NN in IN the DT fields NNS of IN business NN and CC politics NNS . SENT The DT medley NN of IN overlapping JJ conflicts NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , producer NN and CC consumer NN , , competition NN and CC combination NN , , the DT individual NN and CC society NN , , is VBZ sifted VVN so RB as IN to TO discover VV lines NNS of IN industrial JJ reformation NN based VVN upon IN a DT conception NN of IN organic JJ harmony NN . SENT The DT reconstruction NN of IN the DT business NN , , so RB as RB adequately RB to TO represent VV in IN its PP$ operation NN the DT respective JJ interests NNS of IN capital NN , , ability NN , , labour NN and CC the DT consumer NN , , is VBZ seen VVN to TO be VB the DT first JJ desideratum NN of IN reform NN . SENT Here RB , , as RB in IN the DT wider JJR oppositions NNS between IN business NN and CC business NN , , trade NN and CC trade NN , , nation NN and CC nation NN misconceived VVN as IN economic JJ units NNS , , the DT more RBR rational JJ standpoint NN of IN a DT humanist NN valuation NN suggests VVZ modes NNS of IN reconcilement NN following VVG an DT evolution NN of IN economic JJ structure NN in IN which WDT the DT corporate JJ or CC co NP operative JJ spirit NN finds VVZ clearer JJR and CC stronger JJR expression NN . SENT The DT most RBS debated VVN question NN , , how WRB far RB ordinary JJ human JJ nature NN can MD yield VV economic JJ motives NNS to TO social JJ service NN strong JJ and CC reliable JJ enough RB to TO enable VV society NN to TO dispense VV with IN some DT of IN the DT incentives NNS of IN competitive JJ greed NN , , hitherto RB deemed VVN indispensable JJ supports NNS to TO industry NN , , is VBZ discussed VVN in IN several JJ of IN the DT later JJR chapters NNS . SENT The DT practicable JJ limits NNS of IN industrial JJ reformation NN are VBP found VVN to TO depend VV upon IN the DT reality NN and CC importance NN assigned VVN to TO the DT social JJ will NN as IN a DT power NN operative NN for IN industrial JJ purposes NNS , , in IN other JJ words NNS upon IN the DT strength NN of IN the DT spiritual JJ unity NN of IN society NN . SENT A DT final JJ chapter NN is VBZ given VVN to TO a DT discussion NN of IN the DT limitations NNS of IN the DT scientific JJ and CC quantitative JJ methods NNS in IN the DT interpretation NN and CC direction NN of IN social JJ economic JJ life NN . SENT It PP is VBZ contended VVN that IN the DT art NN of IN social JJ as RB of IN individual JJ conduct NN must MD always RB defy VV exact JJ scientific JJ guidance NN , , the DT methods NNS of IN science NN being VBG incompetent JJ closely RB to TO predict VV or CC direct VV the DT creative JJ element NN in IN organic JJ processes NNS . SENT The DT processes NNS of IN human JJ valuation NN and CC judgment NN , , therefore RB , , whether IN applied VVN to TO industry NN or CC to TO other JJ activities NNS and CC achievements NNS , , must MD ultimately RB belong VV to TO the DT art NN rather RB than IN to TO the DT science NN of IN society NN , , the DT statesman NN and CC the DT citizen NN absorbing VVG and CC assimilating VVG the DT history NN of IN the DT past JJ which WDT science NN presents VVZ in IN its PP$ facts NNS and CC laws NNS , , but CC using VVG his PP$ free JJ constructive JJ faculty NN to TO make VV the DT history NN of IN the DT future NN . SENT The DT failures NNS of IN the DT individual JJ statesman NN or CC citizen NN in IN the DT performance NN of IN this DT artistic JJ work NN are VBP due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN a DT larger JJR artist NN , , whose WP$ performance NN the DT most RBS enlightened JJ individual NN can MD but CC slightly RB apprehend VV , , viz NN . SENT , , society NN itself PP , , takes VVZ an DT over IN ruling VVG part NN in IN the DT process NN . SENT This DT brief JJ presentation NN of IN the DT argument NN , , dwelling NN unavoidably RB upon IN intellectual JJ method NN , , may MD possibly RB have VH failed VVN to TO convey VV the DT intensely RB practical JJ purpose NN which WDT I PP have VHP kept VVN in IN mind NN throughout IN the DT preparation NN of IN the DT book NN . SENT That DT purpose NN is VBZ to TO present VV a DT full JJ and CC formal JJ exposure NN of IN the DT inhumanity NN and CC vital JJ waste NN of IN modern JJ industry NN by IN the DT close JJ application NN of IN the DT best RBS approved VVN formulas NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ welfare NN , , and CC to TO indicate VV the DT most RBS hopeful JJ measures NNS of IN remedy NN for IN a DT society NN sufficiently RB intelligent JJ , , courageous JJ and CC self NN governing VVG to TO apply VV them PP . SENT Such PDT a DT work NN evidently RB presents VVZ a DT large JJ front NN for IN hostile JJ criticism NN . SENT Its PP$ scope NN has VHZ often RB compelled VVN a DT rigorous JJ compression NN in IN the DT discussion NN of IN important JJ controversial JJ topics NNS , , and CC has VHZ precluded VVN all DT entrance NN upon IN the DT more JJR detailed JJ issues NNS in IN the DT policy NN of IN reconstruction NN . SENT But CC I PP venture NN to TO hope VV that IN many JJ readers NNS , , who WP may MD disagree VV with IN the DT particular JJ valuations NNS and CC interpretations NNS offered VVN in IN these DT chapters NNS , , will MD be VB led VVN to TO accept VV the DT broader JJR outlines VVZ of IN the DT method NN of IN human JJ valuation NN here RB proposed VVN , , and CC will MD recognize VV the DT importance NN of IN a DT better JJR application NN of IN this DT method NN in IN the DT solutions NNS of IN the DT practical JJ problems NNS of IN economic JJ reform NN . SENT J NP . SENT A DT . SENT HOBSON NP . SENT HAMPSTEAD NP , , January NP , , 1914 CD . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT This DT distinction NN is VBZ elaborated VVN in IN my PP$ work NN , , The DT Industrial NP System NP . SENT CHAPTER NN I NN . SENT THE DT HUMAN JJ STANDARD NN OF IN VALUE NN I PP . SENT In IN an DT age NN when WRB human JJ problems NNS of IN a DT distinctively RB economic JJ character NN , , relating VVG to TO wages NNS , , hours NNS of IN labour NN , , housing NN , , employment NN , , taxation NN , , insurance NN and CC kindred JJ subjects NNS , , are VBP pressing VVG for IN separate JJ consideration NN and CC solution NN , , it PP is VBZ particularly RB important JJ to TO enforce VV the DT need NN of IN a DT general JJ survey NN of IN our PP$ economic JJ system NN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ values NNS . SENT Social JJ students NNS , , of IN course NN , , are VBP justified VVN by IN considerations NNS of IN intellectual JJ economy NN in IN isolating VVG these DT several JJ problems NNS for IN certain JJ purposes NNS of IN detailed JJ enquiry NN . SENT But CC the DT broader JJR human JJ setting NN , , demanded VVD for IN the DT judgment NN or CC the DT policy NN of IN a DT statesman NN or CC reformer NN , , can MD never RB be VB obtained VVN by IN this DT separatist NN treatment NN . SENT For IN the DT interactions NNS which WDT relate VVP these DT issues NNS to TO one PP another DT are VBP numerous JJ and CC intimate JJ . SENT Taking VVG as IN the DT most RBS familiar JJ example NN the DT groups NNS of IN questions NNS relating VVG to TO the DT working VVG classes NNS , , we PP recognise VV at IN once RB how WRB the DT wages NNS , , hours NNS , , regularity NN of IN employment NN and CC other JJ considerations NNS of IN labour NN , , overlap VV and CC intertwine VV , , while IN , , again RB , , the DT questions NNS relating VVG to TO conditions NNS of IN living NN , , such JJ as IN housing NN , , food NN , , drink NN , , education NN , , recreation NN , , facilities NNS of IN transit NN , , have VHP similar JJ interrelations NNS as IN factors NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN comfort NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ it PP less RB evident JJ that IN conditions NNS of IN labour NN and CC conditions NNS of IN living NN , , taken VVN severally RB and CC in IN the DT aggregate NN , , interact VV in IN ways NNS that WDT affect VVP the DT efficiency NN and CC well RB being VBG of IN the DT people NNS . SENT The DT special JJ and CC separate JJ studies NNS of IN these DT various JJ problems NNS must MD then RB , , in IN order NN to TO be VB socially RB serviceable JJ , , be VB subject JJ to TO the DT guidance NN and CC direction NN of IN some DT general JJ conception NN which WDT shall MD have VH regard NN to TO all DT sorts NNS of IN economic JJ factors NNS and CC operations NNS , , assessing VVG them PP by IN reference NN to TO some DT single JJ standard NN of IN the DT humanly RB desirable JJ . SENT This DT general JJ survey NN and CC the DT application NN of IN this DT single JJ standard NN of IN valuation NN are VBP necessary JJ alike RB to TO a DT scientific JJ interpretation NN of IN the DT economic JJ or CC industrial JJ world NN and CC to TO a DT conscious JJ art NN of IN social JJ economic JJ progress NN . SENT They PP must MD exert VV a DT control NN over IN the DT division NN of IN intellectual JJ labour NN on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , and CC over IN the DT utilisation NN of IN such JJ labour NN for IN social JJ policy NN upon IN the DT other JJ . SENT The DT notion NN that WDT , , by IN setting VVG groups NNS of IN students NNS to TO work VV at IN gathering NN , , testing NN , , measuring VVG and CC tabulating VVG crude JJ facts NNS , , relating VVG , , say VVP , , to TO infant JJ mortality NN , , expenditure NN on IN drink NN , , or CC wages NNS in IN women's NN industries NNS , , valuable JJ truths NNS of IN wide JJ application NN will MD somehow RB be VB spontaneously RB generated VVN , , and CC that IN by IN a DT purely RB inductive JJ process NN there EX will MD come VV to TO light VV general JJ laws NNS authoritative JJ for IN social JJ policy NN , , is VBZ entirely RB destitute JJ of IN foundation NN . SENT The DT humblest JJS grubber NN among IN facts NNS must MD approach VV them PP with IN some DT equipment NN of IN questions NNS , , hypotheses NNS , , and CC methods NNS of IN classification NN , , all DT of IN which WDT imply VVP the DT acceptance NN of IN principles NNS derived VVN from IN a DT wider JJR field NN of IN thought NN . SENT The DT same JJ holds VVZ again RB of IN the DT next JJ higher JJR grade NN of IN students NNS , , the DT intellectual JJ middlemen NNS who WP utilise VV the DT facts NNS got VVD by IN the DT detailed JJ workers NNS at IN the DT face NN . SENT They PP too RB must MD bring VV wider JJR principles NNS to TO correlate VV and CC to TO interpret VV the DT results NNS got VVD by IN the DT humbler JJR workers NNS . SENT So RB at IN each DT stage NN of IN the DT inductive JJ process NN , , laws NNS and CC standards NNS derived VVN from IN a DT higher JJR intellectual JJ stage NN are VBP brought VVN to TO bear VV . SENT Even RB if IN such JJ studies NNS were VBD prompted VVN entirely RB by IN a DT disinterested JJ desire NN for IN knowledge NN , , it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN their PP$ success NN implies VVZ the DT inspiration NN and CC application NN of IN some DT general JJ ideas NNS , , which WDT in IN relation NN to TO these DT studies NNS are VBP a DT priori NN . SENT But CC regarding VVG these DT studies NNS as RB designed VVN primarily RB to TO assist VV the DT art NN of IN social JJ policy NN , , we PP must MD recognise VV that IN the DT inner JJ prompting VVG motive NN of IN every DT question NN that WDT is VBZ put VVN at IN each DT stage NN of IN such JJ enquiries NNS , , the DT inner JJ regulative JJ principle NN of IN the DT division NN of IN labour NN and CC of IN the DT correlation NN of IN the DT results NNS , , is VBZ the DT desire NN to TO realise VV some DT more JJR or CC less RBR clear JJ conception NN of IN general JJ human JJ well NN being VBG . SENT It PP must MD , , of IN course NN , , be VB admitted VVN that IN this DT procedure NN rests VVZ upon IN a DT sort NN of IN paradox NN . SENT The DT general JJ conception NN of IN human JJ well NN being NN is VBZ itself PP vague JJ and CC unsubstantial JJ , , until IN it PP has VHZ acquired VVN and CC assimilated VVN the DT very JJ sorts NNS of IN knowledge NN the DT collection NN of IN which WDT it PP is VBZ here RB assumed VVN to TO be VB able JJ to TO direct VV . SENT This DT paradox NN , , however RB , , is VBZ familiar JJ to TO all DT who WP reflect VVP upon IN the DT progress NN of IN knowledge NN in IN any DT department NN and CC for IN any DT purpose NN . SENT I PP only RB name VV it PP here RB in IN order NN to TO anticipate VV the DT objection NN of IN those DT disposed VVN to TO question VV the DT validity NN of IN assuming VVG any DT sort NN of IN standard NN of IN human JJ welfare NN , , and CC to TO insist VV upon IN testing VVG each DT economic JJ issue NN upon IN what WP they PP call VVP its PP$ own JJ merits NNS . SENT The DT application NN of IN a DT general JJ survey NN and CC a DT general JJ standard NN of IN values NNS is VBZ none NN the DT less JJR a DT logically RB valid JJ and CC a DT practically RB useful JJ procedure NN , , because IN the DT new JJ facts NNS which WDT its PP$ application NN discloses VVZ afford VV more JJR fulness NN and CC exactitude NN to TO the DT survey NN , , while IN the DT standard NN is VBZ itself PP made VVD clearer JJR and CC more RBR effective JJ thereby RB . SENT Assuming VVG it PP to TO be VB admitted VVN , , then RB , , that IN a DT human JJ valuation NN of IN economic JJ processes NNS is VBZ possible JJ and CC desirable JJ , , both CC for IN the DT enlargement NN of IN knowledge NN and CC for IN purposes NNS of IN social JJ policy NN , , the DT questions NNS next RB arise VVP , , How WRB shall MD we PP conceive VV and CC describe VV the DT standard NN of IN human JJ valuation NN , , and CC how WRB shall MD we PP apply VV it PP to TO the DT interpretation NN of IN the DT present JJ economic JJ system NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Before IN facing VVG these DT questions NNS , , however RB , , it PP will MD be VB well RB to TO have VH before IN our PP$ minds NNS a DT clear JJ outline NN picture NN of IN this DT economic JJ system NN which WDT we PP seek VVP to TO value NN . SENT It PP consists VVZ of IN two CD complex JJ operations NNS , , constantly RB interacting VVG , , known VVN as IN Production NN and CC Consumption NN of IN wealth NN . SENT By IN wealth NN is VBZ understood VVN all DT sorts NNS of IN vendible JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN material NN wealth NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , it PP is VBZ produced VVN by IN a DT series NN of IN processes NNS which WDT convert VVP raw JJ materials NNS into IN finished JJ goods NNS of IN various JJ sorts NNS and CC sizes NNS and CC dispose VV them PP in IN such JJ quantities NNS as RB are VBP required VVN , , for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN consumers NNS or CC as IN instruments NNS in IN some DT further JJR process NN of IN production NN . SENT Similarly RB , , in IN the DT case NN of IN professional JJ , , official JJ , , domestic JJ , , industrial JJ , , commercial JJ , , and CC other JJ personal JJ services NNS , , which WDT also RB rank VVP as IN wealth NN , , 1 CD a DT variety NN of IN productive JJ processes NNS go VVP to TO prepare VV them PP and CC to TO place VV them PP at IN the DT disposal NN of IN consumers NNS . SENT The DT processes NNS of IN production NN may MD thus RB be VB classified VVN as IN extractive NN , , manufacturing NN , , artistic JJ , , transport NN , , commercial JJ , , professional JJ , , domestic JJ . SENT Thus RB it PP is VBZ seen VVN that IN the DT work NN of IN distribution NN and CC exchange NN , , 2 LS sometimes RB distinguished VVN from IN the DT work NN of IN production NN , , is VBZ here RB included VVN in IN that DT category NN . SENT Now RB , , the DT first JJ difficulty NN confronting VVG us PP in IN our PP$ search NN for IN a DT human JJ valuation NN of IN this DT economic JJ system NN consists VVZ in IN the DT obscurity NN in IN which WDT half NN this DT system NN lies VVZ . SENT For IN though IN there EX is VBZ everywhere RB a DT formal JJ recognition NN that IN consumption NN is VBZ the DT end NN or CC goal NN of IN industry NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT admission NN that IN the DT arts NNS of IN consumption NN are VBP equally RB important JJ with IN the DT arts NNS of IN production NN and CC are VBP deserving JJ of IN as IN much JJ attention NN by IN students NNS or CC reformers NNS of IN our PP$ economic JJ system NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , so IN absorbing VVG are VBP the DT productive JJ processes NNS in IN their PP$ claims NNS upon IN the DT physical JJ and CC mental JJ energies NNS of IN mankind NN , , that IN the DT economic JJ system NN , , alike RB for IN practitioners NNS and CC theorists NNS , , has VHZ almost RB come VVN to TO be VB identified VVN with IN these DT processes NNS . SENT This DT depreciation NN and CC neglect NN of IN consumption NN no DT doubt NN has VHZ been VBN natural JJ enough RB . SENT So RB much RB more RBR conscious JJ energy NN of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN , , and CC so RB much RB more JJR expenditure NN of IN time NN and CC effort NN have VHP gone VVN into IN the DT discovery NN , , development NN and CC practice NN of IN the DT productive JJ arts NNS . SENT Their PP$ practice NN has VHZ involved VVN so RB much RB more JJR publicity NN , , so RB much RB wider JJR and CC more RBR varied JJ intercourse NN , , and CC therefore RB so RB much RB more JJR organisation NN . SENT Consumption NN , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , has VHZ been VBN so RB much RB more RBR passive JJ in IN its PP$ character NN , , so RB private JJ and CC individual JJ in IN the DT acts NNS which WDT comprise VVP it PP , , so RB little RB associated VVN with IN sequences NNS of IN thought NN or CC purpose NN , , that WDT it PP has VHZ hardly RB come VVN to TO be VB regarded VVN as IN an DT art NN . SENT Hence RB , , even RB in IN the DT more JJR elaborate JJ civilisations NNS where WRB much JJ detailed JJ skill NN and CC attention NN are VBP devoted VVN to TO the DT use NN and CC enjoyment NN of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS , , the DT neglect NN of IN consumptive JJ processes NNS by IN economic JJ science NN remains VVZ almost RB unimpaired JJ . SENT The DT arts NNS of IN production NN remain VVP so RB much RB more RBR exacting JJ in IN their PP$ demands NNS upon IN our PP$ attention NN . SENT The DT early JJ influence NN of IN this DT dominance NN of IN the DT productive JJ standpoint NN in IN economic JJ science NN has VHZ had VHN effects NNS upon IN the DT terminology NN and CC structure NN of IN that DT science NN which WDT are VBP serious JJ obstacles NNS to TO the DT human JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN . SENT unconsciously RB , , but CC consistently RB , , the DT early JJ structure NN of IN the DT science NN was VBD built VVN with IN exclusive JJ regard NN to TO the DT industrial JJ or CC productive JJ processes NNS . SENT The DT art NN out RP of IN which WDT the DT science NN grew VVD was VBD concerned VVN with IN the DT progress NN of IN agriculture NN , , manufacture VV , , and CC commerce NN , , or CC with IN problems NNS of IN money NN , , taxation NN , , and CC population NN , , regarded VVN mainly RB or CC wholly RB from IN the DT productive JJ standpoint NN . SENT The DT underlying JJ assumption NN everywhere RB was VBD the DT question NN , , How WRB will MD this DT or CC that DT policy NN affect VV the DT quantity NN of IN wealth NN produced VVN in IN the DT country NN . SENT always RB with IN an DT important JJ corollary NN to TO the DT effect NN , , How WRB will MD it PP affect VV the DT quantity NN of IN wealth NN , , passing VVG as IN rents NNS , , profits NNS , , interest NN , , or CC wages NNS to TO the DT several JJ classes NNS of IN the DT nation NN . SENT But CC nowhere RB was VBD there RB any DT direct JJ consideration NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN consumption NN , , with IN one CD particularly RB instructive JJ exception NN . SENT The DT only JJ bit NN of IN attention NN paid VVN by IN our PP$ early JJ classical JJ economists NNS to TO processes NNS of IN consumption NN was VBD to TO distinguish VV productive JJ from IN unproductive JJ consumption NN , , that WDT is VBZ , , to TO suggest VV a DT valuation NN of IN consumption NN based VVN entirely RB upon IN its PP$ subordination NN to TO future JJ purposes NNS of IN production NN . SENT Their PP$ condemnation NN of IN luxurious JJ expenditure NN and CC waste NN , , alike RB in IN the DT wealthy JJ and CC the DT working VVG classes NNS , , was VBD not RB primarily RB directed VVN against IN the DT loss NN of IN real JJ enjoyment NN , , or CC human JJ well NN being VBG , , or CC the DT moral JJ degradation NN involved VVN in IN such JJ abuse NN of IN spending NN power NN , , but CC against IN the DT damage NN to TO the DT further JJR processes NNS of IN making VVG wealth NN by IN reducing VVG the DT rate NN of IN saving VVG or CC by IN impairing VVG the DT working VVG efficiency NN of IN labour NN . SENT Though IN occasional JJ considerations NNS of IN a DT more RBR distinctively RB humane JJ or CC moral JJ character NN entered VVN into IN the DT tirades NNS against IN luxury NN , , or CC the DT dietetic JJ advice NN offered VVN by IN these DT economic JJ teachers NNS , , the DT main JJ trend NN of IN their PP$ reflections NNS on IN the DT use NN of IN wealth NN was VBD quite RB evidently RB dominated VVN by IN considerations NNS of IN increased JJ production NN . SENT This DT tendency NN further RBR impressed VVD itself PP upon IN the DT central JJ concept NN of IN economic JJ science NN , , that WDT of IN value NN , , which WDT was VBD treated VVN by IN these DT early JJ makers NNS of IN Political NP Economy NP exclusively RB from IN the DT productive JJ standpoint NN of IN costs NNS . SENT When WRB , , however RB , , later JJR theorists NNS , , beginning VVG with IN Jevons NNS in IN this DT country NN , , sought VVD to TO convert VV the DT formal JJ goal NN of IN consumption NN into IN the DT real JJ goal NN , , by IN substituting VVG utility NN for IN cost NN as IN the DT determinant NN of IN value NN , , it PP might MD have VH been VBN supposed VVN that IN they PP would MD have VH been VBN impelled VVN , , passing VVG through IN the DT gateway NN of IN utility NN into IN consumption NN , , to TO open VV up RP that DT hitherto RB neglected VVN country NN . SENT But CC no DT such JJ thing NN has VHZ happened VVN . SENT While IN an DT elaborate JJ division NN of IN intellectual JJ labour NN has VHZ been VBN applied VVN , , both CC to TO the DT study NN of IN the DT objective JJ structure NN of IN industry NN and CC to TO the DT psychology NN of IN the DT various JJ agents NNS of IN production NN , , no DT corresponding JJ studies NNS of IN consumption NN have VHP been VBN made VVN . SENT When WRB the DT products NNS of IN industry NN pass NN over IN the DT retail JJ counter NN , , economic JJ science NN almost RB entirely RB loses VVZ count NN of IN them PP . SENT They PP pass VVP from IN sight NN into IN the DT mysterious JJ maw NN of IN the DT Consumer NN . SENT it PP has VHZ never RB occurred VVN to TO the DT economist NN that IN it PP is VBZ just RB as RB important JJ to TO have VH a DT clear JJ and CC close JJ knowledge NN of IN what WP happens VVZ to TO products NNS when WRB they PP have VHP become VVN consumer's JJ goods NNS , , as IN it PP is VBZ to TO trace VV their PP$ history NN in IN the DT productive JJ stages NNS . SENT It PP would MD , , of IN course NN , , be VB untrue JJ to TO say VV that IN modern JJ economists NNS completely RB ignore VVP methods NNS and CC motives NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT Their PP$ studies NNS of IN value NN and CC of IN markets NNS compel VV them PP to TO direct VV equal JJ attention NN to TO forces NNS regulating VVG Supply NN and CC Demand NN , , and CC many JJ of IN them PP assign VVP a DT formal JJ superiority NN to TO the DT demand NN for IN final JJ commodities NNS which WDT issues NNS from IN Consumers NNS , , as IN the DT regulator NN of IN the DT whole JJ industrial JJ system NN . SENT But CC while IN this DT has VHZ evoked VVN some DT interesting JJ enquiries NNS into IN quantities NNS and CC modes NNS of IN consumption NN , , the DT main JJ interest NN of IN these DT enquiries NNS has VHZ lain VVN , , not RB in IN the DT light NN they PP shed VVD upon IN the DT use NN and CC enjoyment NN got VVD from IN consumption NN , , but CC in IN the DT effects NNS of IN that DT consumption NN upon IN demand NN as IN a DT factor NN in IN problems NNS of IN price NN and CC of IN production NN . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , the DT economic JJ arts NNS of IN consumption NN still RB run VVN in IN subordination NN to TO the DT arts NNS of IN production NN , , and CC the DT very JJ nature NN of IN the DT interest NN taken VVN in IN them PP attests VVZ their PP$ secondary JJ place NN . SENT Half NN of IN the DT field NN of IN economic JJ survey NN important JJ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ welfare NN thus RB stands VVZ unexplored JJ or CC ill RB explored VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT A DT necessary JJ result NN of IN this DT identification NN of IN economic JJ subject JJ matter NN with IN the DT productive JJ apparatus NN , , has VHZ been VBN to TO impose VV upon IN the DT study NN of IN economics NNS a DT distinctively RB mechanical JJ character NN . SENT The DT network NN of IN businesses NNS and CC trades NNS and CC processes NNS , , which WDT constitutes VVZ industry NN , , may MD indeed RB , , by IN an DT interpretative JJ effort NN of IN imagination NN , , be VB resolved VVN into IN the DT myriads NNS of IN thoughts NNS , , desires NNS and CC relations NNS which WDT are VBP its PP$ spiritual JJ texture NN . SENT Every DT business NN , , with IN its PP$ varied JJ machinery NN and CC plant NN , , its PP$ buildings NNS , , materials NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , is VBZ the DT embodiment NN of IN conscious JJ human JJ effort NN , , and CC the DT personnel NNS of IN management NN and CC operatives NNS represent VVP a DT live JJ current NN of IN volition NN and CC intelligence NN , , directing VVG and CC cooperating VVG with IN it PP . SENT A DT business NN , , thus RB regarded VVN , , is VBZ a DT distinctively RB spiritual JJ fabric NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT true JJ only RB of IN those DT industries NNS employed VVN in IN fashioning VVG material NN goods NNS . SENT The DT complicated JJ arrangements NNS of IN communications NNS and CC of IN commerce NN with IN their PP$ ganglia NNS of IN markets NNS , , by IN which WDT goods NNS pass VVP from IN one CD process NN to TO another DT and CC are VBP gathered VVN , , sorted VVN and CC distributed VVN in IN regulated JJ channels NNS throughout IN the DT world NN of IN workers NNS and CC consumers NNS , , represent VVP an DT even RB more RBR delicate JJ adjustment NN of IN psychical JJ activities NNS . SENT Economic JJ science NN tends VVZ , , undoubtedly RB , , to TO become VV less JJR material NN in IN its PP$ outlook NN and CC treatment NN , , and CC to TO give VV more JJR attention NN to TO the DT psychological JJ supports NNS of IN the DT industrial JJ system NN . SENT Not RB only RB have VH we PP many JJ special JJ studies NNS of IN such JJ economic JJ questions NNS as IN saving NN and CC investment NN , , business NN administration NN and CC other JJ critical JJ operations NNS of IN will NN and CC judgment NN , , but CC in IN such JJ works NNS as IN those DT of IN M NP . SENT Tarde NP in IN France NP , , and CC Mr NP . SENT Wicksteed NNS in IN this DT country NN , , we PP find VVP attempts NNS at IN a DT systematic JJ psychological JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN . SENT Economics NNS , , indeed RB , , according VVG to TO the DT latter JJ writer NN , , is VBZ a DT branch NN of IN the DT science NN of IN preferences NNS , , the DT application NN of IN intelligent JJ human JJ volition NN to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN economic JJ wants VVZ . SENT And CC yet RB the DT science NN remains VVZ distinctively RB mechanical JJ and CC unfitted VVN for IN the DT performance NN of IN any DT human JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN . SENT This DT is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT failure NN of IN our PP$ psychological JJ economists NNS to TO tear VV themselves PP free JJ from IN the DT traditions NNS of IN a DT Political JJ Economy NN which WDT in IN its PP$ very JJ structure NN has VHZ made VVN man NN subservient JJ to TO marketable JJ wealth NN . SENT The DT accepted VVN conception NN of IN the DT Art NN of IN Political NP Economy NP is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ directed VVN to TO the DT production NN of IN wealth NN whose WP$ value NN is VBZ attested VVN by IN the DT purely RB quantitative JJ calculus NN of IN money NN and CC the DT Science NN of IN Political NP Economy NP is VBZ virtually RB confined VVN to TO discovering VVG and CC formulating VVG the DT laws NNS for IN the DT production NN of IN such JJ wealth NN . SENT The DT basic JJ concepts NNS of IN Value NP , , Cost NN , , and CC Utility NP , , are VBP subjected VVN to TO this DT governing VVG presupposition NN . SENT Their PP$ primary JJ significance NN is VBZ a DT monetary JJ one CD . SENT The DT value NN of IN any DT stock NN of IN wealth NN is VBZ signified VVD in IN money NN , , the DT cost NN of IN its PP$ production NN , , the DT utility NN of IN its PP$ consumption NN , , are VBP registered VVN in IN monetary JJ terms NNS . SENT The DT psychological JJ researches NNS which WDT take VVP place NN into IN processes NNS of IN thought NN and CC desire NN are VBP not RB regarded VVN as IN having VHG significance NN on IN their PP$ own JJ account NN , , but CC merely RB as IN means NNS or CC instruments NNS in IN the DT working NN of IN industrial JJ processes NNS . SENT The DT study NN of IN motives NNS , , interests NNS , , and CC ideas NNS in IN the DT process NN of IN invention NN , , or CC in IN the DT organisation NN and CC operation NN of IN some DT productive JJ work NN , , treats VVZ these DT thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS not RB in IN their PP$ full JJ bearing NN upon IN human JJ life NN , , its PP$ progress NN or CC happiness NN , , but CC in IN exclusive JJ relation NN to TO the DT monetary JJ end NN to TO which WDT they PP are VBP directed VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT It PP is VBZ no DT concern NN of IN ours PP to TO criticise VV this DT attitude NN in IN the DT sense NN of IN condemnation NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ important JJ to TO realise VV that IN no DT progress NN of IN psychological JJ analysis NN will MD enable VV economic JJ science NN to TO supply VV a DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN so RB long RB as IN all PDT the DT human JJ functions NNS involved VVN in IN economic JJ processes NNS are VBP measured VVN , , assessed VVN , , and CC valued VVN , , according VVG to TO their PP$ bearing NN upon IN the DT production NN of IN a DT wealth NN which WDT has VHZ no DT directly RB assignable JJ relation NN to TO human JJ welfare NN , , but CC is VBZ estimated VVN by IN a DT purely RB monetary JJ measure NN . SENT The DT net JJ effect NN of IN this DT conception NN of IN the DT economic JJ system NN as IN an DT elaborate JJ arrangement NN of IN material NN and CC spiritual JJ factors NNS , , contributing VVG to TO the DT production NN and CC distribution NN of IN a DT stream NN of IN various JJ goods NNS valued VVN by IN a DT monetary JJ standard NN , , is VBZ to TO leave VV upon IN the DT mind NN the DT impress VV of IN a DT distinctively RB mechanical JJ apparatus NN . SENT No DT one NN , , for IN example NN , , can MD read VV the DT masterly JJ work NN of IN Mr NP . SENT Wicksteed NP 3 CD without IN recognising VVG that IN his PP$ delicate JJ , , elaborate JJ measurements NNS and CC balances NNS of IN motives NNS and CC preferences NNS , , while IN involving VVG and CC implying VVG actions NNS that IN no DT one NN but CC man NN can MD perform VV , , treat VV not RB only JJ industry NN , , but CC humanity NN itself PP as IN a DT psychological JJ mechanism NN . SENT This DT distinctively RB mechanical JJ character NN is VBZ inherent JJ in IN the DT structure NN of IN an DT economic JJ science NN based VVN upon IN the DT subserviency NN of IN all DT human JJ activities NNS to TO a DT purely RB quantitative JJ conception NN of IN wealth NN , , and CC a DT purely RB monetary JJ standard NN of IN value NN . SENT This DT character NN of IN economic JJ science NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , by IN no DT means NNS disabling VVG for IN all DT purposes NNS . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , it PP furnishes VVZ valid JJ instruments NNS for IN the DT interpretation NN of IN many JJ important JJ groups NNS of IN phenomena NNS in IN the DT business NN world NN , , and CC for IN the DT solution NN of IN certain JJ problems NNS where WRB purely RB quantitative JJ standards NNS and CC methods NNS are VBP applicable JJ . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT increasing VVG devotion NN of IN economists NNS to TO problems NNS of IN money NN , , price NN , , and CC other JJ definitely RB monetary JJ questions NNS , , may MD be VB taken VVN as IN a DT half JJ instinctive JJ recognition NN of IN the DT real JJ inadequacy NN of IN current JJ economics NNS for IN any DT very RB useful JJ solution NN of IN those DT more JJR vital JJ problems NNS into IN which WDT closely RB human JJ considerations NNS enter VVP as IN governing VVG factors NNS . SENT As IN we PP proceed VVP , , we PP shall MD realise VV in IN more JJR detail NN the DT nature NN of IN the DT incapacity NN of IN current JJ economics NNS to TO furnish VV any DT rules NNS for IN settling VVG issues NNS that WDT relate VVP to TO wages NNS , , hours NNS of IN labour NN , , State NP interference NN with IN private JJ industry NN , , private JJ property NN , , and CC other JJ human JJ problems NNS which WDT are VBP in IN first JJ appearance NN economic JJ . SENT Three CD defects NNS appear VVP , , then RB , , to TO disqualify VV current JJ economic JJ science NN for IN the DT work NN of IN human JJ valuation NN . SENT First RB , , an DT exaggerated JJ stress NN upon IN production NN , , reflected VVN in IN the DT terminology NN and CC method NN of IN the DT science NN , , with IN a DT corresponding JJ neglect NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Secondly RB , , a DT standard NN of IN values NNS which WDT has VHZ no DT consistent JJ relation NN to TO human JJ welfare NN . SENT Thirdly RB , , a DT mechanical JJ conception NN of IN the DT economic JJ system NN , , due JJ to TO the DT treatment NN of IN every DT human JJ action NN as IN a DT means NN to TO the DT production NN of IN non JJ humanly RB valued VVN wealth NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT These DT warning NN posts NNS may MD help VV us PP to TO discover VV and CC to TO formulate VV an DT intellectual JJ procedure NN more RBR suited VVN to TO our PP$ needs NNS . SENT A DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN will MD give VV equal JJ attention NN to TO Production NN and CC Consumption NN , , will MD express VV Cost NN and CC Utility NN in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ effort NN and CC satisfaction NN , , and CC will MD substitute VV for IN the DT monetary JJ standard NN of IN wealth NN a DT standard NN of IN human JJ well NN being VBG . SENT This DT assertion NN of IN vital JJ value NN as IN the DT standard NN and CC criterion NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , no DT novelty NN . SENT It PP has VHZ underlain VVN all PDT the DT more RBR comprehensive JJ criticisms NNS of IN orthodox JJ political JJ economy NN by IN moralists NNS and CC social JJ reformers NNS . SENT By IN far RB the DT most RBS brilliant JJ and CC effective JJ of IN these DT criticisms NNS , , that WDT of IN John NP Ruskin NP , , was VBD expressly RB formulated VVN in IN terms NNS of IN vital JJ value NN . SENT The DT defects NNS which WDT he PP found VVD in IN the DT current JJ economic JJ science NN were VBD substantially RB the DT same JJ as IN those DT which WDT we PP have VHP noted VVN . SENT His PP$ famous JJ declaration NN that IN There EX is VBZ no DT wealth NN but CC life NN , , and CC his PP$ insistence NN that IN all DT concrete JJ wealth NN or CC money NN income NN must MD be VB estimated VVN in IN relation NN to TO the DT vital JJ cost NN of IN its PP$ production NN and CC the DT vital JJ utility NN of IN its PP$ consumption NN , , is VBZ the DT evidently RB accurate JJ standpoint NN for IN a DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN . SENT This DT vital JJ criterion NN he PP brought VVD to TO bear VV with IN great JJ skill NN , , alike RB upon IN the DT processes NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN , , disposing VVG the DT immense JJ discrepancies NNS between IN monetary JJ costs NNS and CC human JJ costs NNS , , monetary JJ wealth NN and CC vital JJ wealth NN . SENT No DT one NN ever RB had VHD a DT more RBR vivid JJ and CC comprehensive JJ view NN of IN the DT essentially RB organic JJ nature NN of IN the DT harmony NN of IN various JJ productive JJ activities NNS needed VVN for IN a DT wholesome JJ life NN , , and CC of IN the DT related JJ harmony NN of IN uses NNS and CC satisfactions NNS on IN the DT consumptive JJ side NN . SENT His PP$ mind NN seized VVN with IN incomparable JJ force NN of IN vision NN the DT cardinal JJ truth NN of IN human JJ economics NNS , , viz NN . SENT , , that IN every DT piece NN of IN concrete JJ wealth NN must MD be VB valued VVN in IN terms NNS of IN the DT vital JJ costs NNS of IN its PP$ production NN and CC the DT vital JJ uses NNS of IN its PP$ consumption NN , , and CC his PP$ most RBS effective JJ assault NN upon IN current JJ economic JJ theory NN was VBD based VVN upon IN its PP$ complete JJ inadequacy NN to TO afford VV such JJ information NN . SENT But CC , , though IN most JJS of IN his PP$ later JJR writings NNS were VBD suffused VVN with IN this DT conception NN of IN wealth NN and CC with IN the DT double JJ process NN of IN analysis NN which WDT it PP involved VVD , , nowhere RB was VBD that DT analysis NN systematically RB applied VVN . SENT There EX were VBD brilliant JJ excursions NNS into IN the DT domain NN of IN labour NN , , distinguishing VVG the DT nobler JJR and CC the DT baser JJR sorts NNS , , those DT which WDT are VBP truly RB recreative JJ and CC those DT which WDT degrade VV and CC impoverish VV life NN . SENT There EX was VBD the DT famous JJ distinction NN between IN wealth NN and CC illth NN , , according VVG to TO the DT essential JJ qualities NNS of IN the DT goods NNS and CC the DT sorts NNS of IN persons NNS into IN whose WP$ hands NNS they PP pass VVP for IN consumption NN . SENT In IN the DT most RBS systematic JJ of IN his PP$ works NNS , , Munera NP Pulveris NP , , he PP , , indeed RB , , appears VVZ at IN the DT outset NN to TO have VH his PP$ mind NN closely RB set VVN upon IN the DT exact JJ performance NN of IN the DT required JJ analysis NN . SENT For IN , , defining VVG the DT scope NN of IN his PP$ work NN , , he PP says VVZ , , The DT essential JJ work NN of IN the DT political JJ economist NN is VBZ to TO determine VV what WP are VBP in IN reality NN useful JJ or CC life NN giving VVG things NNS , , and CC by IN what WP degrees NNS and CC kind NN of IN labour NN they PP are VBP attainable JJ and CC distributable JJ . SENT 4 CD Then RB follows VVZ a DT clear JJ and CC logical JJ distinction NN between IN value NN and CC cost NN . SENT Value NN is VBZ the DT life NN giving VVG power NN of IN anything NN . SENT cost VV the DT quantity NN of IN labour NN required VVN to TO produce VV it PP . SENT Had VHD he PP proceeded VVD to TO estimate VV Wealth NN with IN equal JJ regard NN to TO its PP$ value NN and CC its PP$ labour NN cost NN , , the DT latter NN expressed VVN in IN vital JJ terms NNS , , the DT scientific JJ character NN of IN his PP$ analysis NN would MD have VH been VBN preserved VVN . SENT But CC unfortunately RB he PP allowed VVD himself PP to TO be VB overweighted VVN by IN a DT sense NN of IN value NN which WDT stresses VVZ human JJ utility NN of IN consumption NN , , so RB that IN , , while IN the DT utility NN side NN of IN the DT equation NN is VBZ worked VVN out RP with IN admirable JJ skill NN , , the DT cost NN or CC labour NN side NN is VBZ slighted VVN , , and CC the DT organic JJ relation NN between IN the DT two CD is VBZ lost VVN sight NN of IN . SENT The DT confusion NN wrought JJ in IN the DT minds NNS of IN readers NNS by IN the DT failure NN to TO find VV in IN any DT of IN his PP$ works NNS a DT full JJ application NN of IN his PP$ principle NN has VHZ been VBN responsible JJ for IN an DT unjust JJ disparagement NN of IN the DT truly RB scientific JJ service NN rendered VVN by IN Ruskin NP towards IN the DT foundation NN of IN social JJ economics NNS . SENT From IN a DT Pisgah NP height NN his PP$ mind's NNS eye NN swept VVN in IN quick JJ penetrative JJ glances NNS over IN the DT promised JJ land NN , , but CC he PP did VVD not RB occupy VV it PP , , or CC furnish VV any DT clear JJ survey NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Our PP$ purpose NN here RB is VBZ in IN part NN to TO perform VV the DT task NN indicated VVD by IN Ruskin NP , , viz NP . SENT to TO apply VV to TO industry NN the DT vital JJ standard NN of IN valuation NN , , or CC at IN any DT rate NN to TO improve VV the DT instruments NNS of IN vital JJ survey NN . SENT But CC only RB , , in IN part NN . SENT For IN our PP$ task NN is VBZ in IN scope NN less RBR comprehensive JJ than IN that IN to TO which WDT Ruskin NP applied VVD himself PP . SENT Though IN his PP$ teaching NN sprang VVD originally RB from IN two CD related JJ roots NNS of IN emotional JJ valuation NN distinctively RB economic JJ in IN their PP$ bearings NNS , , the DT love NN of IN the DT finer JJR sorts NNS of IN human JJ work NN called VVN Art NP , , and CC the DT reprobation NN of IN the DT degrading JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT work NN most JJS of IN his PP$ countrymen NNS were VBD called VVN upon RP to TO do VV , , it PP expanded VVD into IN a DT wider JJR meaning NN of IN economy NN which WDT included VVD not RB merely RB economic JJ activities NNS and CC economic JJ goods NNS , , but CC all DT sorts NNS of IN vital JJ activities NNS and CC goods NNS . SENT A DT criticism NN of IN current JJ Political NP Economy NP , , on IN the DT ground NN that IN it PP did VVD not RB treat VV its PP$ accepted JJ subject JJ matter NN in IN a DT vital JJ manner NN , , thus RB developed VVN into IN a DT constructive JJ Political JJ Economy NN which WDT not RB merely RB humanised VVN the DT method NN but CC expanded VVD the DT area NN of IN the DT science NN and CC art NN , , so RB as RB to TO make VV it PP in IN effect NN a DT comprehensive JJ science NN and CC art NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT Now RB it PP has VHZ always RB been VBN an DT open JJ question NN whether IN the DT makers NNS of IN Political NP Economy NP were VBD intellectually RB justified VVN in IN severing VVG marketable JJ from IN non JJ marketable JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS , , and CC framing VVG a DT separate JJ science NN upon IN studies NNS of IN the DT former JJ . SENT That IN marketable JJ goods NNS are VBP not RB always RB separable JJ from IN non JJ marketable JJ , , and CC that IN the DT economic JJ activities NNS of IN man NN are VBP always RB inter VV related VVN with IN non JJ economic JJ activities NNS , , are VBP accepted VVN truths NNS . SENT Ruskin's NP perception NN of IN the DT intimacy NN of IN these DT relations NNS between IN commercial JJ and CC non JJ commercial JJ functions NNS and CC products NNS led VVD him PP to TO break VV down RP . SENT the DT barriers NNS set VVD up RP by IN Economic NP Science NP , , in IN the DT furtherance NN of IN an DT art NN which WDT should MD set VV up RP as IN its PP$ goal NN the DT multiplication NN of IN human JJ life NN at IN its PP$ highest JJS standard NN . SENT Now RB this DT enlargement NN may MD be VB quite RB legitimate JJ . SENT But CC it PP was VBD evidently RB responsible JJ in IN large JJ measure NN for IN the DT failure NN of IN Ruskin NP to TO drive VV home RB the DT criticism NN directed VVN against IN the DT current JJ economic JJ teaching NN . SENT It PP was VBD one CD thing NN to TO attack VV Political JJ Economists NNS for IN failing VVG to TO take VV due JJ account NN of IN human JJ values NNS in IN their PP$ treatment NN of IN processes NNS relating VVG to TO marketable JJ wealth NN . SENT It PP was VBD , , however RB , , quite PDT another DT to TO insist VV that IN the DT barrier NN between IN Political NP Economy NP and CC other JJ social JJ sciences NNS and CC arts NNS should MD be VB torn VVN down RP , , and CC that IN all DT phenomena NNS of IN vital JJ import NN should MD become VV the DT objects NNS of IN its PP$ study NN . SENT Had VHD Ruskin NP been VBN able JJ to TO keep VV to TO the DT narrower JJR scope NN , , doubtless RB he PP would MD not RB have VH been VBN Ruskin NP , , but CC his PP$ attack NN on IN current JJ economic JJ theory NN and CC practice NN would MD have VH been VBN vastly RB more JJR effective JJ . SENT This DT brief JJ excursion NN into IN Ruskin's NP work NN has VHZ been VBN necessary JJ , , first JJ in IN order NN to TO make VV proper JJ acknowledgement NN of IN the DT sound JJ scientific JJ instinct NN of IN this DT great JJ pioneer NN of IN social JJ thought NN , , and CC , , secondly RB , , to TO make VV it PP clear VV that WDT , , while IN accepting VVG his PP$ standard NN of IN valuation NN , , we PP do VVP not RB propose VV applying VVG it PP outside IN the DT range NN of IN economic JJ phenomena NNS in IN the DT ordinary JJ acceptation NN of IN that DT term NN . SENT While IN admitting VVG the DT overlapping JJ and CC interaction NN of IN economic JJ and CC other JJ human JJ functions NNS , , we PP shall MD accept VV the DT ordinary JJ definition NN of IN the DT boundaries NNS of IN economic JJ studies NNS , , and CC shall MD seek VV to TO make VV our PP$ human JJ survey NN and CC apply VV our PP$ human JJ valuation NN within IN these DT limits NNS . SENT The DT extra JJ economic JJ implications NNS which WDT the DT unity NN of IN life NN will MD disclose VV cannot NN , , indeed RB , , be VB ignored VVN , , but CC they PP will MD be VB treated VVN as RB supplementary JJ to TO the DT main JJ purpose NN , , that WDT of IN valuing VVG the DT processes NNS directly RB connected VVN with IN the DT getting VVG and CC spending VVG of IN money NN incomes NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT In IN setting VVG up RP a DT vital JJ standard NN of IN valuation NN , , we PP are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB met VVN with IN the DT objections NNS that IN life NN is VBZ too RB vague JJ , , too RB changing VVG , , too RB incomprehensible JJ for IN any DT standard NN , , and CC that DT life NN is VBZ not RB valuable JJ in IN itself PP but CC because IN of IN certain JJ qualities NNS which WDT it PP may MD possess VV . SENT Our PP$ standard NN must MD be VB conceived VVN in IN terms NNS of IN a DT life NN that WDT is VBZ good JJ or CC desirable JJ . SENT This DT consideration NN might MD evidently RB lead VV us PP far RB afield RB . SENT If IN we PP are VBP to TO undertake VV a DT valuation NN of IN life NN as IN a DT preliminary JJ to TO valuing VVG industry NN , , it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN we PP may MD never RB approach VV the DT second JJ undertaking NN . SENT The DT best JJS escape NN from IN this DT predicament NN is VBZ to TO start VV from IN some DT generally RB accepted VVN concept NN which WDT indicates VVZ , , even RB if IN it PP does VVZ not RB express VV fully RB , , the DT desirable JJ in IN life NN . SENT Such PDT a DT term NN I PP take VVP to TO be VB organic JJ welfare NN . SENT Though RB in IN form NN a DT mere JJ synonym NN for IN good JJ life NN , , it PP is VBZ by IN usage NN both CC more RBR restricted JJ and CC more RBR precise JJ . SENT It PP perhaps RB appears VVZ to TO thrust NN into IN the DT forefront NN of IN consideration NN the DT physical JJ basis NN of IN life NN . SENT But CC the DT organic JJ concept NN , , when WRB liberally RB interpreted VVN and CC applied VVN , , carries VVZ no DT such JJ restrictive JJ implication NN , , and CC its PP$ distinctively RB biological JJ association NN should MD not RB rule VV it PP out RP from IN the DT work NN of IN wider JJR valuation NN here RB required VVN . SENT As IN a DT provisional JJ statement NN of IN our PP$ standard NN of IN valuation NN , , organic JJ welfare NN has VHZ two CD advantages NNS . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , it PP supplies VVZ an DT admittedly RB sound JJ method NN of IN estimating VVG those DT physical JJ costs NNS and CC utilities NNS with IN which WDT the DT major JJ part NN of IN industry NN and CC of IN its PP$ product NN is VBZ associated VVN . SENT Even RB in IN the DT most RBS advanced JJ civilisation NN of IN to TO day NN , , economic JJ processes NNS are VBP primarily RB physical JJ in IN the DT efforts NNS they PP evoke VVP and CC in IN the DT needs VVZ they PP satisfy VV . SENT the DT expenditure NN and CC recoupment NN of IN physical JJ energy NN constitute VVP the DT first JJ and CC most RBS prominent JJ aspect NN of IN industry NN . SENT In IN tracing VVG the DT origins NNS of IN human JJ industry NN , , we PP shall MD find VV this DT rooted VVN in IN what WP appear VVP as IN half DT instinctive JJ animal NN functions NNS for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN organic JJ needs NNS , , individual JJ or CC racial JJ . SENT The DT primitive JJ direction NN of IN productive JJ effort NN is VBZ evidently RB organic JJ . SENT Again RB , , the DT organic JJ point NN of IN view NN avoids VVZ two CD grave JJ errors NNS common JJ to TO the DT more RBR mechanical JJ treatment NN of IN an DT economic JJ science NN which WDT has VHZ subordinated VVN man NN to TO commercial JJ wealth NN . SENT It PP insists VVZ upon IN regarding VVG the DT productive JJ effort NN which WDT goes VVZ into IN any DT work NN of IN production NN and CC the DT satisfaction NN which WDT proceeds VVZ from IN the DT consumption NN of IN any DT product NN , , not RB as IN a DT separate JJ cost NN and CC a DT separate JJ utility NN , , but CC in IN their PP$ total JJ bearing NN upon IN the DT life NN of IN the DT producer NN or CC consumer NN . SENT The DT mechanical JJ separatism NN of IN the DT ordinary JJ economic JJ view NN follows VVZ from IN a DT treatment NN in IN which WDT the DT labour NN bestowed VVN on IN a DT product NN is VBZ only RB a DT cost NN in IN the DT same JJ sense NN as IN the DT raw JJ materials NNS and CC tools NNS employed VVN in IN making VVG it PP , , all DT alike RB purchased VVN as IN separate JJ commodities NNS at IN a DT market NN in IN which WDT they PP figure VVP as IN fractions NNS of IN a DT Supply NN . SENT Similarly RB with IN the DT ordinary JJ economic JJ treatment NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Each DT consumable JJ is VBZ regarded VVN as IN yielding VVG a DT quality NN of IN utility NN or CC satisfaction NN valued VVN on IN its PP$ own JJ account NN , , whereas IN in IN reality NN its PP$ consumable JJ value NN depends VVZ upon IN the DT ways NNS in IN which WDT it PP affects VVZ the DT entire JJ organic JJ process NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Every DT speeding VVG up RP of IN a DT machine NN process NN , , or CC every DT reduction NN of IN the DT hours NNS of IN labour NN , , affects VVZ for IN good JJ or CC evil JJ both CC the DT economic JJ and CC the DT human JJ efficiency NN of IN the DT whole JJ man NN . SENT every DT rise NN or CC fall NN of IN remuneration NN for IN his PP$ labour NN similarly RB reacts VVZ upon IN the DT standard NN of IN life NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT all RB . SENT Current JJ economic JJ science NN has VHZ not RB only RB treated VVN each DT cost NN and CC each DT utility NN as IN a DT separate JJ item NN or CC unit NN of IN economic JJ power NN , , it PP has VHZ treated VVN each DT man NN as IN two CD men NNS , , producer NN and CC consumer NN . SENT The DT acquiescence NN in IN the DT economic JJ tendency NN towards IN a DT constantly RB increasing VVG specialisation NN of IN man NN as IN producer NN , , a DT constantly RB increasing VVG generalisation NN of IN man NN as IN consumer NN , , is VBZ only RB intelligible JJ upon IN the DT supposition NN that IN the DT arts NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN have VHP no DT relation NN to TO one CD another DT . SENT 5 LS The DT standpoint NN of IN organic JJ welfare NN reduces VVZ to TO its PP$ natural JJ limits NNS this DT useful JJ distinction NN of IN producer NN and CC consumer NN , , and CC enables VVZ us PP to TO trace VV the DT true JJ interactions NNS of IN the DT two CD processes NNS . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , it PP obliges VVZ us PP to TO value VV every DT act NN of IN production NN or CC consumption NN with IN regard NN to TO its PP$ aggregate JJ effect NN upon IN the DT life NN and CC character NN of IN the DT agent NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT Finally RB , , a DT social JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN is VBZ not RB possible JJ except IN by IN treating VVG society NN as IN an DT organic JJ structure NN . SENT Whether IN society NN be VB regarded VVN as IN an DT organism NN with IN a DT life NN conceived VVN as IN comprising VVG and CC regulating VVG the DT life NN of IN its PP$ individuals NNS , , in IN the DT same JJ manner NN as IN a DT biological JJ organism NN that IN of IN its PP$ cells NNS , , or CC as IN an DT organisation NN contrived JJ by IN individuals NNS entirely RB for IN the DT furtherance NN of IN their PP$ private JJ ends NNS , , it PP must MD be VB treated VVN as IN a DT vital JJ structure NN capable JJ of IN working VVG well RB or CC working VVG ill RB . SENT I PP say VVP vital JJ structure NN , , not RB spiritual JJ structure NN , , for IN I PP hold VVP the DT tendency NN to TO interpret VV social JJ organisation NN exclusively RB in IN terms NNS of IN ethical JJ ends NNS , , and CC as RB existing VVG simply RB for IN the DT realisation NN of IN an DT ethical JJ order NN , , to TO be VB unwarranted JJ . SENT The DT men NNS who WP form VVP or CC constitute VVP a DT Society NP , , or CC who WP enter VVP any DT sort NN of IN social JJ organisation NN , , enter VV body NN and CC soul NN , , they PP carry VVP into IN it PP the DT inseparable JJ character NN of IN the DT organic JJ life NN , , with IN all PDT the DT physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ activities NNS and CC purposes NNS it PP contains VVZ . SENT Particular JJ modes NNS of IN social JJ organisation NN , , as RB , , for IN example NN , , a DT Church NP , , may MD be VB treated VVN as IN directed VVN primarily RB to TO spiritual JJ ends NNS , , though RB even RB there RB the DT separation NN is VBZ not RB finally RB valid JJ . SENT But CC society NN in IN the DT broader JJR sense NN , , even RB though RB conceived VVN not RB as IN an DT organism NN but CC merely RB as IN an DT organisation NN , , must MD be VB regarded VVN as IN existing VVG for IN various JJ sorts NNS of IN human JJ purposes NNS . SENT For IN the DT impulses NNS to TO form NN societies NNS are VBP rooted VVN in IN broad JJ instincts NNS of IN gregariousness NN and CC of IN sexual JJ and CC racial JJ feeling NN , , which WDT are VBP best RBS described VVN as IN organic JJ , , and CC , , though IN these DT instincts NNS become VVP spiritualised VVN and CC rationalised VVN with IN the DT progress NN of IN the DT human JJ mind NN , , they PP never RB cease VVP to TO carry VV a DT biological JJ import NN . SENT Even RB though IN one PP takes VVZ , , therefore RB , , the DT extremely RB individualistic JJ view NN of IN Society NP , , regarding VVG it PP as IN nothing NN more RBR than IN a DT set NN of IN arrangements NNS for IN furthering VVG the DT life NN of IN individual JJ men NNS and CC women NNS , , entirely RB a DT means NN or CC instrument NN for IN achieving VVG the DT ends NNS of IN personality NN , , our PP$ human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN will MD require VV consideration NN of IN its PP$ reactions NNS upon IN the DT structure NN and CC working VVG of IN these DT social JJ arrangements NNS . SENT But CC this DT organic JJ treatment NN of IN Society NP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , still RB more RBR essential JJ , , if IN we PP consider VVP society NN not RB merely RB as IN a DT number NN of IN men NNS and CC women NNS with IN social JJ instincts NNS and CC social JJ aspects NNS of IN their PP$ individual JJ lives NNS , , but CC as IN a DT group NN life NN with IN a DT collective JJ body NN , , a DT collective JJ consciousness NN and CC will MD , , and CC capable JJ of IN realising VVG a DT collective JJ vital JJ end NN . SENT The DT disposition NN to TO convert VV sociology NN into IN a DT study NN , , on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , of IN social JJ feelings NNS in IN the DT individual JJ man NN , , on IN the DT other JJ of IN social JJ institutions NNS that WDT are VBP only RB forms NNS through IN which WDT these DT feelings NNS express VVP themselves PP , , is VBZ to TO my PP$ mind NN a DT wholly RB inadequate JJ conception NN of IN the DT science NN of IN Society NP . SENT The DT study NN of IN the DT social JJ value NN of IN individual JJ men NNS no RB more RBR constitutes VVZ sociology NN than IN the DT study NN of IN cell NN life NN constitutes VVZ human JJ physiology NN . SENT A DT recognition NN of IN the DT independent JJ value NN of IN the DT good JJ life NN of IN a DT society NN is VBZ essential JJ to TO any DT science NN or CC art NN of IN Society NP . SENT To TO a DT Greek JJ or CC a DT Roman NP , , the DT idea NN that IN the DT city NN existed VVD merely RB for IN the DT production NN of IN good JJ citizens NNS , , and CC without IN an DT end NN or CC self NN of IN its PP$ own JJ , , would MD never RB have VH seemed VVN plausible JJ . SENT Nor CC to TO any DT Christian JJ , , familiar JJ with IN the DT idea NN and CC the DT sentiment NN of IN the DT Church NP as IN a DT society NN of IN religious JJ men NNS and CC women NNS , , would MD it PP occur VV that DT such JJ Society NP had VHD no DT life NN or CC purpose NN other JJ than IN that WDT contained VVD in IN its PP$ individual JJ members NNS . SENT Society NP must MD then RB be VB conceived VVN , , not RB as IN a DT set NN of IN social JJ relations NNS , , but CC as IN a DT collective JJ organism NN , , with IN life NN , , will MD , , purpose NN , , meaning VVG of IN its PP$ own JJ , , as RB distinguished VVD from IN the DT life NN , , will MD , , purpose NN , , meaning VVG , , of IN the DT individual JJ members NNS of IN it PP . SENT To TO those DT who WP boggle VV at IN the DT extension NN of IN the DT biological JJ term NN organism NN to TO society NN , , asking VVG awkward JJ questions NNS as RB to TO the DT whereabouts NN of IN the DT social JJ sensorium NN , , and CC the DT integument NN of IN a DT society NN , , Or CC whether IN a DT political JJ , , a DT religious JJ , , an DT industrial JJ Society NP do VVP not RB conflict VVP and CC overlap VVP , , I PP would MD reply VV that IN these DT difficulties NNS are VBP such JJ as RB arise VV whenever WRB an DT extension NN of IN boundaries NNS occurs VVZ in IN the DT intellectual JJ world NN . SENT The DT concept NN organism NN as RB applied VVD to TO the DT life NN of IN animals NNS and CC vegetables NNS , , is VBZ not RB wholly RB appropriate JJ to TO describe VV the DT life NN of IN a DT society NN , , but CC it PP is VBZ more RBR appropriate JJ than IN any DT other JJ concept NN , , and CC some DT concept NN must MD be VB applied VVN . SENT If IN some DT qualification NN is VBZ desired VVN , , no DT objection NN can MD be VB raised VVN against IN the DT term NN super JJ organism NN except IN its PP$ length NN . SENT What WP is VBZ necessary JJ is VBZ that IN some DT term NN should MD be VB used VVN to TO assist VV the DT mind NN in IN realising VVG clearly RB that IN all DT life NN proceeds NNS by IN the DT cooperation NN of IN units NNS working VVG , , not RB each DT for IN its PP$ separate JJ self NN , , but CC for IN a DT whole NN , , and CC attaining VVG their PP$ separate JJ well NN being VBG in IN the DT proper JJ functioning NN of IN that DT whole NN . SENT As IN the DT structure NN of IN the DT organic JJ cell NN , , the DT organ NN , , and CC the DT organism NN illustrate VVP this DT cooperative JJ and CC composite JJ life NN , , so RB with IN the DT larger JJR groupings NNS which WDT we PP call VVP societies NNS . SENT An DT animal NN organism NN is VBZ a DT society NN of IN cells NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT difficulty NN arising VVG from IN the DT narrowly RB biological JJ use NN of IN the DT term NN organism NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , that WDT is VBZ rapidly RB disappearing VVG before IN the DT advance NN of IN psychology NN . SENT For IN modern JJ biology NN is VBZ coming VVG more JJR and CC more JJR to TO realise VV its PP$ early JJ error NN in IN seeking VVG to TO confine VV itself PP to TO the DT study NN of IN life NN as IN a DT merely RB physical JJ phenomenon NN . SENT Biology NN and CC psychology NN are VBP constantly RB drawing VVG into IN closer JJR relations NNS , , with IN the DT result NN that IN a DT new JJ science NN of IN psycho JJ biology NN is VBZ already RB coming VVG into IN being VBG . SENT In IN building NN , , thus RB far RB , , upon IN a DT foundation NN of IN organic JJ concepts NNS , , one PP is VBZ no RB longer RBR properly RB exposed VVN to TO the DT suspicion NN of IN ignoring VVG or CC disparaging VVG the DT psychical JJ phenomena NNS which WDT constitute VVP man's JJ spiritual JJ nature NN . SENT As IN biology NN , , thus RB treating VVG the DT entire JJ organic JJ nature NN of IN man NN , , becomes VVZ an DT individual JJ psycho JJ physics NNS , , so RB must MD sociology NN , , treating VVG the DT wider JJR organic JJ nature NN of IN man NN , , become VVN a DT collective JJ psychophysics NN . SENT While IN then RB the DT respective JJ importance NN of IN the DT welfare NN of IN the DT individual JJ and CC of IN society NN may MD still RB be VB difficult JJ to TO define VV , , the DT admission NN of IN society NN as IN a DT psycho JJ physical JJ structure NN , , with IN human JJ ends NNS of IN its PP$ own JJ , , will MD involve VV its PP$ proper JJ recognition NN in IN the DT appraisement NN of IN every DT sort NN of IN human JJ value NN . SENT Our PP$ task NN , , that WDT of IN devising VVG a DT method NN of IN valuation NN of IN industry NN , , will MD evidently RB demand VV that IN economic JJ processes NNS shall MD be VB considered VVN , , not RB only RB in IN their PP$ bearing NN upon IN individual JJ lives NNS , , but CC in IN their PP$ bearing NN upon IN the DT welfare NN of IN society NN . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO see VV how WRB any DT reasonable JJ person NN can MD confront VV the DT grave JJ practical JJ problems NNS presented VVN by IN the DT industrial JJ societies NNS of IN to TO day NN , , such JJ as IN those DT contained VVN in IN individual JJ , , class NN , , sex NN , , national JJ differentiation NN of IN economic JJ functions NNS , , without IN realising VVG that IN the DT hypothesis NN of IN humanity NN as IN itself PP a DT collective JJ organism NN can MD alone RB furnish VV any DT hope NN of IN their PP$ rational JJ solution NN . SENT The DT significance NN of IN the DT organic JJ conception NN in IN any DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industrial JJ acts NNS or CC products NNS is VBZ evident JJ . SENT It PP requires VVZ us PP to TO value VV each DT act NN or CC product NN both CC from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT individual JJ and CC of IN the DT society NN to TO which WDT he PP belongs VVZ , , and CC it PP furnishes VVZ a DT harmony NN of IN the DT two CD areas NNS of IN interest NN . SENT The DT baffling VVG problems NNS everywhere RB presented VVN to TO thought VVN by IN the DT apparent JJ contradiction NN of IN the DT unity NN and CC the DT diversity NN of IN nature NN , , the DT whole NN and CC the DT parts NNS , , the DT general NN and CC the DT particular JJ , , find VV their PP$ clearest JJS practical JJ solution NN in IN the DT fact NN and CC consciousness NN of IN man's JJ social JJ nature NN , , his PP$ recognition NN that IN in IN feeling NN and CC in IN action NN he PP is VBZ both CC an DT individual NN and CC a DT member NN of IN a DT number NN of IN social JJ groups NNS , , expanding VVG in IN a DT series NN of IN concentric JJ circles NNS from IN family NN and CC city NN to TO humanity NN , , and CC in IN dimmer JJR outline NN to TO some DT larger JJR cosmic JJ organism NN . SENT For IN our PP$ economic JJ valuation NN , , the DT harmony NN of IN this DT narrower JJR and CC wider JJR treatment NN of IN human JJ nature NN is VBZ of IN profound JJ and CC obvious JJ importance NN . SENT It PP will MD require VV us PP , , in IN considering VVG the DT vital JJ costs NNS and CC satisfactions NNS involved VVN in IN the DT production NN and CC consumption NN of IN goods NNS , , to TO have VH regard NN to TO their PP$ effects NNS , , not RB only RB upon IN the DT individuals NNS who WP produce VVP and CC consume VVP the DT goods NNS , , but CC upon IN the DT city NN , , nation NN , , or CC other JJ society NN to TO which WDT they PP belong VVP . SENT Human JJ welfare NN will MD be VB not RB merely RB the DT welfare NN of IN human JJ beings NNS taken VVN as IN an DT aggregate NN , , but CC of IN society NN regarded VVN as IN an DT organic JJ unity NN . SENT The DT most RBS delicate JJ economic JJ and CC spiritual JJ issues NNS of IN adjustment NN will MD be VB found VVN to TO relate VV to TO the DT provisions NNS for IN harmonising VVG the DT order NN and CC the DT growth NN of IN the DT narrower JJR and CC the DT wider JJR organisms NNS . SENT While IN , , then RB , , biology NN has VHZ in IN the DT past NN been VBN too RB arrogant JJ in IN pressing VVG distinctively RB physical JJ implications NNS of IN the DT term NN organism NN into IN the DT dawning VVG science NN of IN sociology NN , , and CC in IN distorting VVG the DT true JJ conception NN of IN social JJ evolution NN by IN enforcing VVG narrow JJ interpretations NNS of IN selection NN and CC survival NN , , this DT is VBZ no DT ground NN for IN refusing VVG to TO utilise VV the DT terminology NN which WDT , , better JJR than IN any DT other JJ , , expresses VVZ the DT relations NNS of IN parts NNS to TO wholes NNS in IN every DT sort NN of IN living VVG substance NN . SENT The DT contradictions NNS of IN Production NN and CC Consumption NN , , Cost NN and CC Utility NN , , Physical JJ and CC Spiritual JJ Welfare NP , , Individual NP and CC Social NP Welfare NP , , all DT find VVP their PP$ likeliest JJS mode NN of IN reconcilement NN and CC of IN harmony NN in IN the DT treatment NN of IN society NN as IN an DT organism NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Labour NN employed VVN in IN productive JJ work NN of IN industry NN is VBZ usually RB excluded VVN from IN the DT category NN of IN national JJ wealth NN , , though IN it PP is VBZ sometimes RB regarded VVN as IN personal JJ wealth NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ no DT sufficient JJ reason NN for IN this DT exclusion NN . SENT Any DT increase NN of IN the DT efficiency NN of IN the DT labour NN of IN a DT nation NN is VBZ evidently RB as RB much RB an DT increase NN of IN its PP$ total JJ vendible JJ resources NNS as IN an DT increase NN in IN its PP$ instrumental JJ capital NN would MD be VB . SENT 2 LS . SENT Exchange NP is VBZ simply RB an DT ordinary JJ branch NN of IN production NN , , mainly RB consisting VVG of IN wholesale JJ and CC retail JJ trade NN . SENT Distribution NN has VHZ , , of IN course NN , , another DT and CC an DT important JJ economic JJ signification NN , , being VBG applied VVN to TO the DT laws NNS determining VVG the DT apportionment NN of IN the DT product NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT Common JJ sense NN of IN Political NP Economy NP . SENT 4 LS . SENT Munera NP Pulveris NP , , XL NP . SENT 5 LS . SENT How WRB potent JJ a DT source NN of IN intellectual JJ confusion NN this DT separation NN of IN producer NN and CC consumer NN is VBZ , , may MD be VB best RBS illustrated VVN from IN the DT commonly RB accepted VVN treatment NN of IN the DT theory NN of IN taxation NN , , which WDT regards VVZ consumers NNS as IN a DT different JJ class NN of IN beings NNS from IN producers NNS for IN purposes NNS of IN incidence NN of IN taxes NNS . SENT NOTE NN . SENT There EX are VBP doubtless RB those DT who WP will MD remain VV dissatisfied VVN with IN this DT insistence NN upon IN the DT extension NN of IN organism NN and CC the DT conception NN of IN the DT humanly RB desirable JJ in IN terms NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN . SENT They PP would MD insist VV that IN the DT conscious JJ personality NN of IN an DT individual JJ or CC of IN a DT society NN transcends VVZ organism NN , , as IN the DT latter NN does VVZ mechanism NN , , and CC that IN our PP$ standard NN and CC measure NN of IN welfare NN should MD be VB expressed VVN in IN psychical JJ terms NNS of IN personality NN . SENT This DT point NN of IN view NN has VHZ recently RB been VBN concisely RB and CC powerfully RB restated VVN by IN Dr NP . SENT Haldane NP Mechanism NN , , Life NN and CC Personality NN . SENT But CC though IN there EX is VBZ much JJ to TO say VV for IN treating VVG personality NN as IN the DT intrinsic JJ quality NN of IN our PP$ humanist NN standard NN , , I PP decided VVD against IN the DT course NN on IN a DT balance NN of IN intellectual JJ expediency NN , , preferring VVG to TO retain VV the DT clearness NN and CC force NN of IN the DT organic JJ concept NN while IN spiritualising VVG it PP to TO meet VV the DT requirements NNS of IN ascending VVG life NN . SENT CHAPTER NN II NP . SENT THE DT HUMAN JJ ORIGINS NNS OF IN INDUSTRY NN 1 CD . SENT Although IN it PP is VBZ no DT part NN of IN my PP$ purpose NN to TO endeavour VV to TO set VV forth RB the DT facts NNS and CC laws NNS of IN the DT historical JJ evolution NN of IN modern JJ industry NN , , it PP will MD be VB useful JJ to TO make VV some DT brief JJ allusion NN to TO the DT origins NNS of IN industry NN and CC property NN , , so RB as RB to TO give VV concrete JJ meaning NN to TO the DT stress NN laid VVN upon IN organic JJ processes NNS in IN our PP$ interpretation NN . SENT For IN just RB in IN proportion NN as IN it PP is VBZ realised VVN that IN industry NN has VHZ all PDT its PP$ earliest JJS roots NNS in IN the DT primary JJ organic JJ needs NNS of IN man NN , , will MD assent VV more RB easily RB be VB given VVN to TO the DT proposal NN to TO adhere VV to TO the DT organic JJ conception NN of IN welfare NN in IN valuing VVG modern JJ economic JJ processes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB easy JJ to TO ascertain VV where WRB the DT activities NNS which WDT we PP term VV industrial JJ first RB emerge VV in IN the DT evolution NN of IN organic JJ life NN . SENT Every DT organism NN selects VVZ , , appropriates VVZ , , and CC assimilates VVZ matter NN from IN its PP$ environment NN , , in IN order NN to TO provide VV for IN growth NN or CC waste NN of IN tissue NN and CC energy NN given VVN out RP in IN the DT general JJ course NN of IN its PP$ vital JJ processes NNS , , including VVG the DT activities NNS of IN procuring VVG food NN , , protection NN against IN organic JJ or CC inorganic JJ dangers NNS , , and CC the DT generation NN , , rearing NN , , and CC protection NN of IN offspring NN . SENT Nutrition NN and CC function NN are VBP the DT terms NNS usually RB applied VVD to TO describe VV the DT primary JJ balance NN of IN the DT vital JJ processes NNS of IN intaking NN and CC outputting NN energy NN . SENT The DT organism NN feeds VVZ itself PP in IN order NN to TO work VV . SENT It PP seems VVZ at IN first RB as RB if IN we PP had VHD here RB laid VVN down RP in IN the DT origins NNS of IN organic JJ life NN a DT natural JJ economy NN of IN production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT But CC do VVP the DT organic JJ processes NNS of IN feeding NN , , choosing VVG , , appropriating VVG , , and CC assimilating VVG food NN , , constitute VVP consumption NN , , and CC do VVP the DT other JJ activities NNS for IN which WDT food NN is VBZ utilised VVN constitute VVP production NN . SENT Reflection NN will MD show VV that IN there EX is VBZ very RB little JJ intellectual JJ service NN in IN pressing VVG sharply RB this DT distinction NN . SENT The DT active JJ life NN of IN an DT organism NN consists VVZ in IN a DT round NN of IN nutritive JJ , , protective JJ , , generative JJ processes NNS , , each DT of IN which WDT , , from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN individual NN and CC species NN , , may MD be VB regarded VVN alike RB as IN productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ . SENT A DT plant NN drives VVZ its PP$ suckers NNS into IN the DT soil NN in IN search NN of IN the DT foods NNS it PP needs VVZ , , disposes VVZ its PP$ leaves NNS to TO utilise VV the DT light NN and CC air NN or CC for IN protection NN against IN the DT wind NN , , assimilates VVZ its PP$ organic JJ food NN by IN the DT use NN of IN its PP$ stock NN of IN chlorophyl NN , , distributes VVZ it PP throughout IN its PP$ system NN for IN maintenance NN and CC growth NN , , and CC directs VVZ that DT growth NN so RB as RB to TO safeguard VV its PP$ own JJ existence NN and CC to TO provide VV itself PP with IN favourable JJ opportunities NNS of IN fertilisation NN by IN insect NN or CC other JJ agencies NNS . SENT If IN due JJ account NN be VB taken VVN both CC of IN the DT cellular JJ life NN within IN the DT individual JJ and CC of IN the DT specific JJ life NN of IN this DT plant NN organism NN , , the DT whole NN of IN the DT processes NNS or CC activities NNS appears VVZ to TO be VB nutritive JJ , , each DT act NN of IN nutrition NN being VBG associated VVN with IN some DT other JJ function NN in IN the DT evolution NN of IN the DT cell NN , , the DT organism NN , , the DT species NN . SENT It PP would MD be VB as RB plausible JJ to TO assert VV that IN every DT other JJ function NN , , protective JJ , , generative JJ , , or CC other JJ , , was VBD undertaken VVN for IN the DT nutrition NN of IN the DT individual NN or CC the DT species NN , , as RB to TO assert VV the DT opposite NN . SENT But CC , , without IN entering VVG into IN the DT delicate JJ metaphysics NN of IN this DT question NN , , we PP may MD confidently RB affirm VV that IN in IN this DT elementary JJ organic JJ life NN nutrition NN and CC function NN cannot NN be VB regarded VVN as IN mutually RB exclusive JJ processes NNS , , while IN the DT economic JJ contrasts VVZ of IN production NN and CC consumption NN , , work NN and CC enjoyment NN , , cost NN and CC utility NN , , have VHP no DT clear JJ application NN . SENT If IN we PP approach VVP a DT stage NN nearer JJR to TO human JJ life NN , , we PP begin VVP to TO find VV , , in IN the DT life NN of IN either CC the DT lower JJR or CC higher JJR animals NNS , , some DT organic JJ activities NNS to TO which WDT the DT term NN industry NN appears VVZ applicable JJ . SENT The DT long JJ , , arduous JJ , , complex JJ and CC painful JJ output NN of IN energy NN , , consciously RB put VVN forth RB by IN many JJ animals NNS in IN the DT search NN for IN food NN , , sometimes RB in IN the DT storage NN of IN food NN , , in IN the DT provision NN of IN shelter NN , , in IN some DT instances NNS in IN the DT use NN of IN tools NNS or CC weapons NNS , , in IN processes NNS of IN cooperation NN and CC division NN of IN labour NN for IN migration NN , , protection NN , , or CC combat NN , , certainly RB approaches VVZ what WP we PP recognise VV as IN industry NN . SENT It PP involves VVZ a DT painstaking JJ interference NN with IN the DT material NN environment NN for IN the DT purposive JJ attainment NN of IN some DT distinct JJ object NN consciously RB regarded VVN as IN desirable JJ , , which WDT is VBZ of IN the DT essence NN of IN industry NN . SENT It PP may MD , , however RB , , be VB objected VVN that IN such JJ processes NNS , , though IN resembling VVG human JJ industry NN in IN the DT intricacy NN and CC technical JJ skill NN involved VVD , , are VBP not RB really RB purposive JJ in IN the DT rational JJ sense NN , , but CC are VBP merely RB instinctive JJ , , and CC that WDT , , as IN such JJ , , they PP ought MD to TO be VB distinguished VVN from IN the DT rational JJ conduct NN of IN human JJ industry NN . SENT Thus RB , , it PP is VBZ contended VVN that IN , , though IN the DT efforts NNS given VVN out RP by IN many JJ animals NNS in IN procuring VVG food NN , , protection NN against IN enemies NNS , , or CC provision NN of IN shelter NN , , formally RB correspond VV with IN familiar JJ processes NNS of IN human JJ industry NN , , the DT direction NN of IN instinct NN makes VVZ the DT application NN of IN this DT term NN improper JJ . SENT But CC , , as IN we PP proceed VVP further JJR into IN our PP$ psychological JJ analysis NN of IN human JJ work NN , , we PP shall MD find VV so RB large JJ an DT element NN of IN admitted VVN instinct NN in IN many JJ forms NNS of IN it PP as RB to TO preclude VV us PP from IN admitting VVG that DT rational JJ direction NN is VBZ essential JJ to TO industry NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , therefore RB , , permissible JJ for IN us PP to TO give VV a DT provisional JJ recognition NN to TO such JJ animal NN activities NNS as IN containing VVG some DT , , at IN any DT rate NN , , of IN the DT essential JJ characteristics NNS of IN work NN or CC industry NN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT evident JJ resemblance NN of IN these DT regular JJ activities NNS of IN animals NNS in IN seeking VVG food NN , , shelter NN and CC protection NN , , to TO the DT activities NNS of IN primitive JJ man NN applied VVN to TO the DT same JJ definitely RB organic JJ satisfactions NNS , , would MD preclude VV us PP from IN denying VVG to TO the DT lower JJR animals NNS what WP we PP must MD admit VV in IN the DT case NN of IN men NNS . SENT For IN , , even RB in IN primitive JJ men NNS , , possessing VVG a DT certain JJ use NN of IN tools NNS and CC weapons NNS , , and CC a DT higher JJR degree NN of IN cunning JJ in IN dealing VVG with IN their PP$ environment NN , , the DT drive NN and CC direction NN of IN organic JJ instincts NNS and CC impulses NNS , , as RB distinguished VVD from IN reflection NN and CC reason NN , , appear VVP to TO be VB hardly RB less RBR dominant JJ than IN in IN their PP$ animal NN kindred JJ . SENT Unless IN we PP arbitrarily RB reserve VVP the DT concepts NNS work NN and CC industry NN for IN a DT higher JJR stage NN of IN social JJ evolution NN , , in IN which WDT some DT measure NN of IN settled VVN life NN with IN tribal JJ and CC personal JJ property NN and CC calculated JJ provision NN for IN future NN wants VVZ have VH emerged VVN , , it PP will MD be VB well RB to TO seek VV the DT roots NNS of IN the DT elaborated VVN industrial JJ system NN which WDT we PP wish VVP to TO interpret VV in IN these DT rudimentary JJ and CC mainly RB instinctive JJ activities NNS of IN animals NNS and CC savage JJ men NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT In IN examining VVG these DT organic JJ activities NNS lying VVG at IN the DT basis NN of IN human JJ industry NN , , we PP shall MD light VV at IN the DT outset NN upon IN one CD fact NN of IN extreme JJ significance NN , , viz NP . SENT that IN to TO each DT of IN these DT organically RB useful JJ efforts NNS Nature NN has VHZ attached VVN some DT definite JJ physical NN , , or CC psycho JJ physical NN , , enjoyment NN . SENT Hunting NN , , fighting VVG , , mating NN , , the DT care NN and CC protection NN of IN the DT young JJ , , indeed RB all DT actions NNS which WDT possess VVP what WP is VBZ called VVN survival NN value NN or CC biological JJ utility NN , , are VBP endowed VVN with IN a DT pleasure NN bonus NN as IN a DT bribe NN for IN their PP$ performance NN . SENT Nature NP endows VVZ most RBS organically RB useful JJ efforts NNS with IN concurrent JJ enjoyment NN . SENT But CC , , though RB in IN these DT organic JJ functions NNS many JJ animals NNS give VVP out RP a DT great JJ deal NN of IN laborious JJ effort NN , , commingled VVN with IN elements NNS of IN play NN or CC of IN incipient JJ art NN , , as RB in IN the DT dancing NN , , singing NN and CC decorative JJ operations NNS of IN birds NNS , , to TO none NN of IN them PP is VBZ the DT word NN industry NN fully RB applicable JJ . SENT We PP do VVP not RB seem VV to TO enter VV the DT definitely RB economic JJ sphere NN until IN we PP find VVP animals NNS sufficiently RB reasonable JJ to TO interfere VV in IN a DT conscious JJ way NN with IN their PP$ environment NN , , for IN tolerably RB distant JJ ends NNS . SENT For IN , , though IN much JJ industrial JJ production NN and CC consumption NN will MD continue VV to TO be VB either RB instinctive JJ or CC automatic JJ in IN their PP$ operation NN , , a DT growing VVG element NN of IN conscious JJ purpose NN will MD become VV essential JJ to TO the DT ordered VVN conduct NN of IN all DT industrial JJ processes NNS . SENT The DT conscious JJ conception NN of IN more JJR distant JJ ends NNS and CC the DT growing VVG willingness NN to TO make VV present JJ sacrifices NNS for IN their PP$ attainment NN are VBP the DT plainest JJS badges NNS of IN this DT industrial JJ progress NN . SENT When WRB a DT being NN is VBZ aware JJ of IN these DT purposes NNS he PP has VHZ entered VVN a DT rational JJ economy NN . SENT As IN this DT more RBR rational JJ economy NN proceeds NNS , , the DT marks NNS which WDT distinguish VV it PP from IN a DT purely RB instinctive JJ organic JJ economy NN become VVN evident JJ . SENT The DT instinctive JJ economy NN allows VVZ little JJ scope NN for IN individuality NN of IN life NN , , the DT dominant JJ drive NN of IN its PP$ implicit JJ purpose NN is VBZ specific JJ , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , subserving VVG the DT maintenance NN and CC evolution NN of IN the DT species NN . SENT The DT spirit NN of IN the DT hive NN in IN bee NN life NN is VBZ the DT fullest JJS expression NN of IN this DT subservience NN of IN the DT individual JJ life NN to TO the DT corporate JJ life NN and CC of IN the DT present JJ generation NN to TO the DT series NN of IN generations NNS constituting VVG the DT specific JJ life NN . SENT But CC everywhere RB the DT dominion NN of IN instinct NN implies VVZ the DT absorption NN of IN the DT individual JJ life NN in IN promoting VVG the DT ends NNS of IN the DT species NN . SENT successful JJ parenthood NN is VBZ the DT primary JJ work NN of IN the DT individual NN . SENT It PP might MD almost RB be VB said VVN that IN the DT dawn NN of IN reason NN is VBZ the DT dawn NN of IN selfishness NN . SENT For IN rational JJ economy NN involves VVZ a DT conscious JJ realisation NN of IN the DT individual JJ self NN , , with IN ends NNS of IN its PP$ own JJ to TO be VB secured VVN and CC with IN opportunities NNS for IN securing VVG them PP . SENT The DT earliest JJS conception NN of IN this DT separate JJ self NN and CC its PP$ ends NNS will MD naturally RB tend VV to TO be VB in IN terms NNS of IN merely RB or CC mainly RB physical JJ satisfaction NN . SENT Thus RB the DT displacement NN of IN the DT instinctive JJ by IN the DT rational JJ economy NN is VBZ evidently RB a DT critical JJ era NN , , attended VVN with IN grave JJ risks NNS due JJ to TO the DT tendency NN towards IN an DT over IN assertion NN of IN the DT individual JJ self NN and CC a DT consequent JJ weakening NN of IN the DT forces NNS making VVG for IN specific JJ life NN . SENT Man UH , , the DT newly RB conscious JJ individual NN , , may MD perversely RB choose VV to TO squander VV organic JJ resources NNS intended VVN by IN nature NN for IN the DT race NN upon IN his PP$ own JJ personal JJ pleasures NNS and CC needs NNS . SENT He PP may MD refuse VV to TO make VV as IN a DT matter NN of IN rational JJ choice NN those DT personal JJ efforts NNS and CC sacrifices NNS for IN family NN and CC race NN which WDT no DT animal NN , , subject JJ to TO the DT drive NN of IN instinct NN , , is VBZ able JJ to TO think VV of IN refusing VVG . SENT Such JJ may MD be VB an DT effect NN of IN the DT release NN from IN the DT life NN of IN organic JJ instincts NNS . SENT The DT increasing VVG supply NN of IN foods NNS and CC other JJ sources NNS of IN physical JJ satisfaction NN he PP may MD apply VV to TO build VV up RP for IN himself PP a DT life NN of IN super JJ brutal JJ hedonism NN . SENT 1 LS For IN , , when WRB reason NN first RB begins VVZ to TO assert VV supremacy NN , , it PP is VBZ apt JJ to TO become VV thrall NN to TO the DT purely RB animal JJ self NN . SENT Only RB as IN this DT animal JJ self NN becomes VVZ spiritualised VVN and CC socialised VVN , , does VVZ the DT social JJ race NN life NN reassert VV its PP$ sway NN upon IN the DT higher JJR plane NN of IN human JJ consciousness NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ of IN importance NN to TO realise VV that IN a DT first JJ effect NN of IN reason NN , , operating VVG to TO direct VV the DT purposive JJ activities NNS , , is VBZ to TO liberate VV the DT self NN from IN the DT dominion NN of IN the DT specific JJ life NN , , and CC to TO enable VV it PP to TO seek VV and CC obtain VV separate JJ personal JJ satisfactions NNS . SENT For IN with IN this DT power NN comes VVZ the DT fact NN and CC the DT sense NN of IN personal JJ property NN which WDT play VVP so RB large JJ a DT part NN in IN industry NN . SENT Early JJ industry NN and CC early JJ property NN are VBP largely RB directed VVN by IN the DT requirements NNS of IN this DT dawning VVG sense NN of IN personality NN . SENT Though IN the DT origins NNS of IN industry NN are VBP doubtless RB found VVN in IN the DT promptings NNS of IN organic JJ utility NN , , they PP are VBP not RB of IN a DT narrowly RB utilitarian JJ character NN . SENT We PP do VVP not RB find VV the DT earliest JJS industries NNS of IN man NN closely RB confined VVN to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN what WP might MD seem VV the DT most RBS urgent JJ of IN his PP$ organic JJ needs NNS , , food NN , , shelter NN , , protection NN against IN enemies NNS . SENT The DT elements NNS of IN play NN and CC ornament NN are VBP so RB prevalent JJ in IN early JJ industries NNS as RB to TO suggest VV the DT theory NN , , which WDT some DT anthropologists NNS press NN far RB , , that DT adornment NN for IN personal JJ glory NN is VBZ the DT dominant JJ origin NN of IN industry NN and CC property NN . SENT So RB , , for IN example NN , , B NP cher NP 2 CD contends VVZ that IN the DT earliest RBS really RB industrial JJ activities NNS were VBD a DT painting NN and CC tatooing VVG of IN the DT body NN , , and CC a DT manufacture NN of IN clothing NN and CC of IN other JJ personal JJ apparatus NN for IN purely RB ornamental JJ purposes NNS . SENT Even RB the DT taming VVG of IN domestic JJ animals NNS was VBD , , he PP held VVD , , first RB undertaken VVN for IN amusement NN or CC for IN the DT worship NN of IN the DT gods NNS . SENT The DT strong JJ attraction NN of IN most RBS savage JJ or CC backward RB peoples NNS in IN our PP$ day NN towards IN articles NNS of IN ornament NN and CC play NN which WDT afford VVP expression NN to TO naive JJ personal JJ pride NN , , appears VVZ to TO support VV this DT view NN . SENT Primitive JJ man NN certainly RB does VVZ not RB evolve VV towards IN industrial JJ civilisation NN by IN a DT logically RB sane JJ economy NN of IN satisfying VVG first JJ his PP$ most RBS vitally RB important JJ material NN needs NNS , , and CC then RB building VVG on IN this DT foundation NN a DT superstructure NN of IN conveniences NNS , , comforts NNS and CC luxuries NNS , , with IN the DT various JJ industries NNS appertaining VVG thereto RB . SENT This DT economic JJ man NN is VBZ nowhere RB found VVN . SENT Actual JJ man NN , , as IN many JJ anthropologists NNS depict VVP him PP , , appears VVZ to TO begin VV with IN the DT luxuries NNS and CC dispenses VVZ with IN the DT conveniences NNS . SENT This DT non JJ utilitarian JJ view NN of IN the DT origins NNS of IN industry NN has VHZ , , however RB , , been VBN driven VVN to TO excess NN . SENT There EX remains VVZ a DT large JJ element NN of IN truth NN in IN the DT proverb NN Necessity NN is VBZ the DT mother NN of IN invention NN . SENT The DT earliest JJS weapons NNS and CC tools NNS , , adapted VVN from IN sticks NNS and CC stones NNS and CC other JJ raw JJ material NN , , were VBD probably RB forced VVN on IN the DT dawning VVG intelligence NN of IN man NN by IN the DT hard JJ facts NNS of IN his PP$ struggle NN with IN hostile JJ nature NN and CC his PP$ search NN for IN food NN . SENT Fighting NP , , hunting NN , , mating NN , , were VBD presumably RB his PP$ first JJ pursuits NNS and CC the DT early JJ arts NNS or CC industries NNS , , at IN any DT rate NN on IN the DT male JJ side NN , , would MD be VB subsidiary JJ to TO these DT pursuits NNS . SENT Any DT organised VVN process NN or CC handling NN of IN matter NN which WDT would MD make VV him PP a DT better JJR fighter NN , , hunter NN , , suitor NN , , would MD be VB likely JJ to TO emerge VV as IN a DT craft NN or CC industry NN . SENT This DT explains VVZ the DT apparent JJ blend NN of IN utilitarian JJ and CC non JJ utilitarian JJ origins NNS . SENT In IN point NN of IN fact NN , , most JJS of IN the DT so RB called VVN ornamental JJ activities NNS and CC products NNS have VHP their PP$ evident JJ biological JJ uses NNS . SENT They PP are VBP not RB mere JJ playthings NNS . SENT The DT adornment NN of IN the DT human JJ body NN , , the DT use NN of IN tatoos NNS and CC masks NNS , , drums NNS and CC gongs NNS and CC other JJ play NN products NNS , , are VBP partly RB , , no DT doubt NN , , for IN mere JJ glory NN of IN self NN assertion NN , , itself PP an DT instinctive JJ craving NN , , but CC also RB for IN courtship NN , , for IN recognition NN and CC for IN frightening JJ enemies NNS . SENT While IN , , then RB , , it PP remains VVZ true JJ that IN the DT sportive JJ and CC artistic JJ impulses NNS are VBP conspicuous JJ in IN the DT early JJ crafts NNS , , it PP is VBZ a DT mistake NN to TO disparage VV the DT organic JJ utility NN of IN these DT processes NNS . SENT After IN man NN has VHZ made VVN provision NN for IN the DT present JJ necessities NNS of IN the DT body NN , , his PP$ superfluous JJ energy NN naturally RB tends VVZ , , either CC to TO preparatory JJ play NN , , the DT practice NN or CC imitation NN of IN biologically RB useful JJ actions NNS , , or CC else RB to TO explorative JJ , , constructive JJ , , and CC decorative JJ work NN in IN handling VVG such JJ materials NNS as RB present VV themselves PP . SENT This DT curiosity NN about IN his PP$ surroundings NN , , and CC the DT instinctive JJ desire NN to TO construct VV and CC arrange VV them PP for IN his PP$ convenience NN , , or CC for IN the DT dawning VVG aesthetic JJ satisfaction NN of IN his PP$ senses NNS , , or CC to TO impress VV the DT female NN of IN his PP$ race NN , , these DT instincts NNS undeniably RB coalesce VV with IN the DT drive NN of IN physical JJ necessity NN to TO force VV man NN to TO apply VV his PP$ mind NN to TO the DT discovery NN and CC practice NN of IN the DT early JJ arts NNS and CC crafts NNS . SENT But CC , , though IN these DT distinctively RB male JJ modes NNS of IN manipulating VVG the DT environment NN thus RB possess VVP a DT utilitarian JJ aspect NN , , they PP do VVP not RB furnish VV the DT beginnings NNS of IN the DT chief JJ industries NNS which WDT figure VVP in IN civilised JJ life NN . SENT The DT beginnings NNS of IN manufacture NN and CC of IN agriculture NN , , as IN regular JJ occupations NNS , , are VBP commonly RB ascribed VVN to TO women NNS and CC to TO slaves NNS . SENT Those DT who WP conceive VV of IN the DT earliest JJS human JJ societies NNS as IN matriarchal JJ or CC gynaecocentric JJ , , the DT women NNS forming VVG fixed JJ centres NNS of IN order NN in IN the DT home NN and CC village NN , , owning VVG the DT children NNS and CC the DT property NN attached VVN to TO the DT home NN , , regard NN women NNS both CC as IN the DT inventors NNS and CC the DT practitioners NNS of IN the DT early JJ handicrafts NNS , , including VVG the DT cultivation NN of IN the DT soil NN . SENT The DT beginnings NNS of IN the DT arts NNS of IN pottery NN , , basket NN making NN , , building NN , , clothes NNS making VVG , , as RB well RB as IN digging NN , , planting NN , , milling NN and CC other JJ processes NNS of IN preparing VVG food NN , , were VBD doubtless RB women's NNS work VVP in IN the DT first JJ instance NN , , though IN they PP were VBD probably RB raised VVN to TO the DT position NN of IN regular JJ industries NNS when WRB slavery NN became VVD common JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ , , however RB , , noteworthy JJ that IN , , even RB in IN those DT early JJ handicrafts NNS devoted VVN to TO the DT most RBS practical JJ needs NNS of IN life NN , , the DT decorative JJ instinct NN generally RB finds VVZ expression NN . SENT Not RB only RB the DT weapons NNS of IN the DT men NNS , , but CC the DT pots NNS and CC pans NNS and CC other JJ domestic JJ utensils NNS of IN the DT women NNS , , carry VVP carvings NNS or CC mouldings NNS , , which WDT testify VVP to TO the DT play NN or CC art NN impulses NNS . SENT Leisure NN and CC pleasure NN thus RB appear VVP as IN ingredients NNS in IN the DT earliest JJS industries NNS . SENT To TO whatever JJ source NN , , then RB , , we PP trace VV the DT origins NNS of IN industry NN , , to TO the DT use NN of IN weapons NNS , , snares NNS and CC other JJ male JJ apparatus NN for IN the DT fight NN and CC hunt NN , , to TO the DT instincts NNS of IN play NN , , imitation NN and CC adornment NN as IN modes NNS of IN self NN expression NN and CC of IN pride NN , , or CC to TO the DT more RBR distinctively RB utilitarian JJ work NN of IN women NNS and CC of IN slaves NNS around IN the DT home NN , , we PP find VVP play NN or CC pleasure NN mingled VVN with IN the DT work NN . SENT This DT profoundly RB interesting JJ truth NN is VBZ attested VVN by IN the DT long JJ surviving VVG presence NN of IN the DT song NN and CC other JJ rhythmic JJ activities NNS in IN many JJ forms NNS of IN associated JJ labour NN , , as RB well RB as RB in IN the DT dancing NN which WDT in IN primitive JJ societies NNS was VBD an DT almost RB invariable JJ accompaniment NN of IN all DT important JJ enterprises NNS , , war NN , , hunting NN and CC harvesting NN , , and CC which WDT still RB survives VVZ among IN us PP in IN the DT Harvest NP home NN . SENT Though RB in IN slave NN industries NNS this DT lighter JJR element NN doubtless RB dwindled VVD very RB low JJ , , it PP seldom RB died VVD out RP entirely RB , , as IN the DT song NN of IN the DT galley NN rowers NNS , , or CC of IN the DT Southern JJ negroes NNS in IN the DT cotton NN fields NNS , , testifies VVZ . SENT Where WRB the DT handicrafts NNS throve VVD among IN free JJ men NNS in IN Europe NP , , everywhere RB the DT motives NNS of IN play NN , , personal JJ pride NN and CC prowess NN , , find VV liberal JJ expression NN in IN industry NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT This DT slight JJ and CC necessarily RB speculative JJ sketch NN of IN the DT origin NN of IN industry NN is VBZ designed VVN to TO enforce VV two CD facts NNS . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , we PP can MD trace VV in IN every DT rudimentary JJ industry NN the DT promptings NNS of IN vital JJ utility NN , , laying VVG the DT foundations NNS of IN an DT economy NN of IN efforts NNS and CC satisfactions NNS which WDT furthers VVZ the DT organic JJ development NN of IN the DT individual NN and CC the DT race NN . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , we PP everywhere RB find VVP what WP we PP call VVP distinctively RB economic JJ motives NNS and CC activities NNS almost RB inextricably RB intertwined VVN , , or CC even RB fused VVN , , with IN other JJ motives NNS and CC activities NNS , , sportive JJ , , artistic JJ , , religious JJ , , social JJ and CC political JJ . SENT To TO trace VV the DT history NN of IN the DT process NN by IN which WDT in IN modern JJ civilisation NN economic JJ or CC industrial JJ activities NNS have VHP separated VVN themselves PP from IN other JJ activities NNS , , assuming VVG more JJR and CC more JJR dominance NN , , until IN the DT industrial JJ System NN and CC the DT Business NP Man NP have VHP become VVN the DT most RBS potent JJ facts NNS of IN life NN , , would MD lie VV beyond IN our PP$ scope NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ it PP at IN all DT necessary JJ . SENT What WP is VBZ important JJ for IN us PP to TO realise VV , , however RB , , is VBZ that IN this DT process NN of IN industrialisation NN , , through IN which WDT the DT civilised JJ peoples NNS have VHP been VBN passing VVG , , is VBZ beyond IN all DT question NN the DT most RBS powerful JJ instrument NN of IN education NN . SENT It PP appears VVZ to TO have VH done VVN more RBR to TO rationalise VV and CC to TO socialise VV men NNS than IN all PDT the DT higher JJR and CC more JJR spiritual JJ institutions NNS of IN man NN , , so RB far RB as IN such JJ comparisons NNS are VBP possible JJ . SENT It PP has VHZ rationalised VVN man NN chiefly RB by IN compelling VVG him PP to TO exercise VV foresight NN and CC forethought NN , , to TO subdue VV his PP$ will NN and CC train VV his PP$ active JJ faculties NNS to TO the DT performance NN of IN long JJ and CC intrinsically RB disagreeable JJ tasks NNS , , in IN order NN to TO realise VV some DT more JJR and CC more RBR distant JJ object NN of IN desire NN , , and CC by IN obliging VVG him PP to TO recognise VV the DT rigorous JJ laws NNS of IN causation NN in IN his PP$ calculations NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ socialised VVN him PP by IN weaving VVG an DT ever RB more RBR elaborate JJ tissue NN of IN common JJ interests NNS between IN him PP and CC a DT growing VVG number NN of IN his PP$ fellow JJ men NNS , , and CC by IN compelling VVG him PP to TO engage VV in IN closer JJR co NP operation NN with IN them PP for IN the DT attainment NN of IN his PP$ ends NNS . SENT Though IN this DT socialisation NN is VBZ far RB more RBR advanced JJ in IN objective JJ fact NN than IN in IN thought NN and CC feeling NN , , it PP remains VVZ true JJ that IN the DT direct JJ and CC indirect JJ association NN of IN larger JJR and CC more JJR various JJ bodies NNS or CC men NNS in IN modern JJ industry NN and CC commerce NN is VBZ the DT first JJ condition NN and CC the DT strongest JJS stimulus NN to TO the DT expansion NN and CC intensification NN of IN the DT social JJ will NN . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT orderly JJ rational JJ system NN of IN industry NN , , employing VVG , , as IN it PP does VVZ , , the DT organic JJ powers NNS of IN man NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN his PP$ organic JJ needs NNS , , that WDT we PP seek VVP to TO submit VV to TO valuation NN . SENT The DT immense JJ variety NN and CC complexity NN of IN the DT arts NNS and CC crafts NNS of IN which WDT such JJ a DT system NN of IN human JJ industry NN consists VVZ , , the DT long JJ interval NN of IN time NN which WDT often RB intervenes VVZ between IN acts NNS of IN production NN and CC of IN consumption NN , , the DT differences NNS of IN personality NN between IN those DT who WP perform VVP the DT efforts NNS of IN production NN and CC those DT who WP utilise VV or CC enjoy VV the DT fruits NNS of IN those DT efforts NNS in IN consumption NN , , immensely RB remote JJ as IN they PP appear VVP from IN the DT simple JJ organic JJ economy NN of IN primitive JJ man NN , , do VVP not RB escape VV an DT ultimate JJ dependence NN upon IN organic JJ laws NNS and CC conditions NNS . SENT A DT human JJ valuation NN , , therefore RB , , must MD insist VV upon IN expressing VVG them PP in IN terms NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN , , individual JJ and CC social JJ . SENT As IN human JJ activities NNS and CC enjoyments NNS ascend VV in IN the DT process NN we PP term NN civilisation NN , , we PP shall MD expect VV to TO find VV this DT organic JJ life NN becoming VVG more RBR psychical JJ , , in IN the DT sense NN that IN their PP$ modes NNS are VBP more RBR reasonable JJ and CC the DT emotions NNS that WDT attach VVP to TO them PP are VBP more RBR spiritual JJ , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , less RBR directly RB driven VVN by IN animal JJ instincts NNS . SENT So RB too RB we PP shall MD expect VV industrial JJ progress NN to TO contribute VV to TO a DT growing VVG adjustment NN between IN the DT individual NN and CC the DT social JJ economy NN , , restoring VVG under IN the DT form NN of IN reasonable JJ social JJ service NN to TO the DT more RBR highly RB individualised VVN members NNS of IN a DT modern JJ society NN an DT increasing VVG measure NN of IN that DT subservience NN to TO the DT organic JJ welfare NN of IN mankind NN which WDT instinct NN was VBD able JJ to TO secure VV upon IN a DT lower JJR plane NN of IN conscious JJ life NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Ein NP wenig NP besser NP w NN rd NN er NN leben NN H NP ttst NN du NP ihm NP nicht NP den NN Schein NP des NP Himmels NP Licht NP gegeben NP Er NP nennt's NP Vernunft NP und NN braucht's NP allein NP Nur NP thierischer NP als NPS jedes NP Thier NP zu NP sein NP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Industrial JJ Evolution NN Bell NP Co NP . SENT . SENT CHAPTER NN III NP . SENT REAL JJ INCOME NN . SENT COST NN AND CC UTILITY NN 1 CD . SENT Approaching VVG on IN its PP$ concrete JJ side NN the DT economic JJ system NN the DT human JJ values NNS of IN which WDT we PP seek VVP to TO ascertain VV , , we PP find VVP it PP to TO consist VV in IN a DT series NN of IN productive JJ processes NNS bringing VVG various JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS into IN marketable JJ shape NN , , accompanied VVN by IN a DT series NN of IN consumptive JJ processes NNS in IN which WDT these DT goods NNS and CC services NNS are VBP used VVN , , wasted VVN , , or CC otherwise RB disposed VVN of IN by IN those DT who WP buy VVP them PP for IN personal JJ uses NNS . SENT The DT former JJ set NN of IN processes NNS , , as IN we PP have VHP recognised VVN , , occupy VV a DT place NN of IN so RB much RB greater JJR prominence NN and CC publicity NN as IN virtually RB to TO absorb VV the DT science NN of IN industry NN or CC economics NNS , , leaving VVG to TO the DT processes NNS of IN consumption NN an DT obscure JJ and CC entirely RB subordinate JJ position NN . SENT Our PP$ organic JJ or CC human JJ valuation NN starts VVZ with IN a DT protest NN against IN this DT assumption NN of IN inequality NN in IN the DT arts NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT Its PP$ interpretation NN of IN economic JJ processes NNS will MD be VB disposed VVN to TO lay VV as IN much JJ stress NN upon IN the DT history NN of IN the DT various JJ commodities NNS after IN they PP leave VVP the DT shop NN counter NN and CC pass VV into IN the DT possession NN of IN consumers NNS as IN before RB . SENT The DT human JJ good JJ and CC evil JJ associated VVN with IN economic JJ wealth NN must MD , , viewed VVN from IN the DT organic JJ standpoint NN , , depend VVP as RB much RB upon IN the DT nature NN of IN its PP$ consumption NN as IN upon IN the DT nature NN of IN its PP$ production NN . SENT This DT consideration NN will MD determine VV our PP$ method NN of IN applying VVG the DT human JJ standard NN of IN values NNS . SENT Accepting VVG at IN the DT outset NN the DT convenient JJ distinction NN between IN the DT processes NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN , , we PP shall MD approach VV the DT economic JJ system NN at IN the DT point NN where WRB the DT two CD processes NNS meet VV , , that WDT is VBZ to TO say VV where WRB wealth NN emerges VVZ from IN the DT productive JJ processes NNS as IN income NN , , in IN order NN to TO pass VV as RB such JJ into IN the DT possession NN of IN persons NNS entitled VVN to TO consume VV it PP . SENT To TO make VV the DT enquiry NN simpler JJR and CC more RBR easily RB intelligible JJ , , we PP will MD ignore VV for IN the DT present VV all PDT the DT extra JJ national JJ or CC cosmopolitan JJ conditions NNS of IN modern JJ industry NN , , and CC assume VV that IN we PP are VBP dealing VVG with IN a DT closed JJ national JJ system NN producing VVG , , distributing VVG , , and CC consuming NN the DT two CD thousand CD million CD pounds NNS worth JJ of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS roughly RB estimated VVN to TO constitute VV the DT current JJ annual JJ income NN of IN the DT British JJ nation NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Now RB the DT habit NN of IN regarding VVG wealth NN and CC income NN in IN terms NNS of IN money NN is VBZ so RB deep RB seated VVN and CC persistent JJ as RB to TO make VV it PP difficult JJ for IN ordinary JJ business NN men NNS to TO realise VV these DT words NNS in IN any DT other JJ than IN a DT monetary JJ sense NN . SENT The DT ordinary JJ mind NN has VHZ to TO break VV through IN a DT certain JJ barrier NN of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN in IN order NN even RB to TO present VV to TO itself PP the DT significance NN of IN real JJ wages NNS or CC real JJ income NN , , as RB distinguished VVD from IN money NN wages NNS and CC money NN income NN . SENT This DT dominion NN of IN the DT monetary JJ standard NN is VBZ illustrated VVN by IN the DT almost RB instinctive JJ thrill NN of IN elation NN that WDT is VBZ felt VVN when WRB we PP are VBP informed VVN that IN the DT income NN of IN the DT nation NN has VHZ risen VVN from IN about IN 1 CD , , 200 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD in IN 1870 CD to TO 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD in IN 1912 CD . SENT 1 CD So RB accustomed VVN are VBP we PP to TO regard VV money NN as IN the DT measure NN of IN the DT desirable JJ , , that IN we PP feel VVP that IN this DT rise NN of IN money NN income NN must MD imply VV a DT corresponding JJ rise NN in IN national JJ welfare NN . SENT It PP requires VVZ some DT effort NN of IN mind NN to TO realise VV even RB the DT two CD obviously RB important JJ factors NNS of IN the DT increase NN of IN population NN and CC the DT shift NN of IN prices NNS , , which WDT , , when WRB once RB realised VVN , , so RB evidently RB affect VV the DT bearing NN of IN the DT money NN income NN upon IN the DT national JJ welfare NN . SENT Year NN after IN year NN trade NN reports NNS and CC other JJ official JJ documents NNS , , in IN comparing VVG the DT relative JJ economic JJ position NN of IN the DT various JJ nations NNS or CC the DT fluctuations NNS of IN trade NN within IN a DT single JJ nation NN , , habitually RB encourage VV this DT misleading JJ influence NN of IN the DT financial JJ standard NN by IN publishing VVG crude JJ , , uncorrected JJ monetary JJ values NNS as IN if IN they PP were VBD indicative JJ of IN industrial JJ facts NNS , , and CC statesmen NNS take VVP such JJ figures NNS as IN valid JJ evidence NN on IN which WDT to TO base VV a DT policy NN . SENT As RB regards VVZ the DT particular JJ object NN of IN our PP$ enquiry NN , , this DT obsession NN of IN the DT general JJ ind NP by IN the DT monetary JJ standard NN makes VVZ it PP impossible JJ for IN us PP even RB to TO assume VV that IN all PDT our PP$ leaders NNS attach VVP a DT clear JJ and CC consistent JJ meaning NN to TO the DT term NN real JJ income NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB quite RB easy JJ at IN first JJ to TO grasp VV the DT central JJ and CC essential JJ fact NN that IN every DT receipt NN of IN any DT sort NN of IN income NN , , whether IN as IN wages NNS , , rent NN , , salary NN , , interest NN , , profit NN , , fees NNS or CC otherwise RB , , involves VVZ the DT coming VVG into IN being VBG of IN a DT bit NN of IN real JJ income NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN some DT material NN goods NNS or CC some DT saleable JJ service NN . SENT 2 LS This DT fact NN once RB grasped VVD , , however RB , , it PP becomes VVZ evident JJ that IN the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , said VVD to TO be VB the DT nation's JJ income NN , , is VBZ merely RB the DT monetary JJ representative NN of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS which WDT are VBP the DT net JJ product NN of IN the DT economic JJ activity NN of IN the DT year NN , , the DT quantity NN of IN wealth NN produced VVN over IN and CC above IN that DT which WDT has VHZ gone VVN to TO maintain VV the DT existing JJ material NN fabric NN of IN industry NN . SENT The DT aggregate JJ amount NN of IN wealth NN produced VVN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , considerably RB greater JJR , , for IN a DT large JJ quantity NN of IN the DT productive JJ power NN must MD continually RB be VB employed VVN in IN repairing VVG the DT wear NN and CC tear VV sustained VVN by IN the DT material NN instruments NNS of IN production NN , , the DT land NN , , buildings NNS , , machinery NN and CC tools NNS and CC other JJ forms NNS of IN fixed JJ capital NN , , and CC in IN replacing VVG the DT raw JJ materials NNS and CC other JJ forms NNS of IN circulating VVG capital NN which WDT have VHP passed VVN out RP of IN the DT productive JJ processes NNS into IN consumable JJ goods NNS . SENT The DT net JJ real JJ income NN consists VVZ of IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS produced VVN over IN and CC above IN this DT provision NN for IN the DT maintenance NN of IN the DT material NN structure NN of IN the DT system NN . SENT There EX is VBZ , , however RB , , an DT important JJ qualification NN to TO this DT mode NN of IN reckoning VVG the DT net JJ real JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN which WDT needs VVZ mention NN . SENT While IN the DT portion NN of IN the DT current JJ product NN which WDT goes VVZ to TO replace VV this DT wear NN and CC tear VV of IN land NN and CC capital NN is VBZ not RB included VVN in IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS represented VVN by IN the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD and CC classed VVN as IN real JJ net JJ income NN , , the DT wear NN and CC tear VV or CC maintenance NN fund NN of IN labour NN is VBZ included VVN in IN it PP . SENT When WRB consideration NN is VBZ taken VVN of IN the DT distribution NN of IN what WP is VBZ often RB termed VVN the DT national JJ dividend NN between IN the DT respective JJ owners NNS of IN the DT factors NNS of IN production NN , , this DT anomaly NN is VBZ seldom RB borne VVN in IN mind NN . SENT In IN estimating VVG the DT income NN of IN labour NN the DT replacement NN fund NN is VBZ counted VVN . SENT in IN estimating VVG the DT income NN of IN land NN and CC capital NN it PP is VBZ not RB counted VVN . SENT But CC , , illogical JJ as IN this DT discrimination NN is VBZ , , usage NN has VHZ so RB universally RB accepted VVN it PP that IN it PP will MD be VB best JJS for IN us PP in IN a DT work NN not RB chiefly RB concerned VVN with IN the DT problems NNS of IN objective JJ distribution NN to TO give VV a DT provisional JJ acceptance NN to TO it PP . SENT The DT real JJ net JJ income NN , , or CC national JJ dividend NN , , corresponding JJ to TO the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , consists VVZ of IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS at IN the DT disposal NN of IN the DT recipients NNS of IN this DT money NN income NN . SENT By IN applying VVG each DT sovereign JJ as IN they PP received VVD it PP in IN rent NN , , wages NNS , , interest NN , , profit NN , , fees NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , to TO purchase VV consumable JJ goods NNS or CC services NNS , , they PP might MD consume VV the DT whole NN of IN it PP during IN the DT current JJ year NN . SENT In IN that DT event NN , , though IN provision NN would MD have VH been VBN made VVN for IN the DT bare JJ upkeep NN of IN capital NN , , no DT provision NN would MD have VH been VBN made VVN for IN its PP$ enlargement NN or CC improvement NN with IN a DT view NN to TO the DT future JJ increase NN of IN production NN . SENT In IN point NN of IN fact NN , , that DT provision NN is VBZ made VVN by IN applying VVG a DT considerable JJ portion NN of IN the DT net JJ money NN income NN , , say VVP 300 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , to TO demand VV , , not RB consumable JJ goods NNS or CC services NNS , , but CC more JJR instruments NNS and CC materials NNS of IN production NN . SENT As IN this DT process NN goes VVZ on IN continuously RB , , it PP implies VVZ that IN some DT 3 CD 20 CD of IN the DT total JJ industrial JJ activity NN of IN the DT nation NN is VBZ engaged VVN in IN making VVG not RB consumable JJ but CC new JJ capital NN goods NNS . SENT 3 LS This DT saving NN process NN has VHZ an DT important JJ psychology NN of IN its PP$ own JJ to TO which WDT we PP shall MD give VV some DT attention NN later RBR on IN . SENT At IN present NN it PP need MD only RB be VB considered VVN as IN a DT reduction NN in IN the DT net JJ income NN of IN consumable JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS at IN the DT disposal NN of IN a DT progressive JJ community NN for IN current JJ use NN and CC enjoyment NN . SENT This DT wealth NN , , actually RB available JJ for IN current JJ use NN , , the DT food NN , , clothing NN , , shelter NN and CC other JJ domestic JJ necessaries NN and CC conveniences NNS , , the DT travel NN , , information NN , , education NN , , recreation NN , , professional JJ , , official JJ and CC domestic JJ services NNS , , the DT various JJ sorts NNS of IN material NN and CC non JJ material NN comforts NNS and CC luxuries NNS , , constituting VVG the DT current JJ net JJ real JJ income NN of IN consumer's JJ goods NNS , , is VBZ the DT primary JJ object NN of IN our PP$ valuation NN . SENT The DT new JJ machines NNS , , tools NNS , , buildings NNS , , materials NNS and CC other JJ forms NNS of IN capital NN , , expressing VVG the DT 300 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD of IN savings NNS , , though IN entering VVG our PP$ analysis NN upon IN the DT costs NNS side NN equally RB with IN goods NNS used VVN for IN immediate JJ consumption NN , , do VVP not RB figure VV directly RB on IN the DT consumption NN side NN , , but CC only RB indirectly RB in IN the DT future JJ consumables NNS which WDT they PP assist VVP to TO produce VV . SENT 3 LS . SENT But CC as RB regards VVZ the DT application NN of IN our PP$ analysis NN , , it PP makes VVZ no DT real JJ difference NN whether IN we PP take VVP the DT narrower JJR connotation NN of IN the DT national JJ dividend NN which WDT includes VVZ only RB consumable JJ goods NNS , , or CC the DT broader JJR one CD which WDT includes VVZ savings NNS . SENT It PP will MD no RB doubt VV easily RB be VB admitted VVN that IN a DT merely RB pecuniary JJ statement NN of IN the DT value NN of IN this DT dividend NN conveys VVZ no DT reliable JJ information NN as RB to TO the DT human JJ or CC vital JJ welfare NN it PP involves VVZ . SENT Making VVG due JJ allowance NN for IN all DT temporal JJ or CC local JJ variations NNS of IN price NN , , the DT statement NN that IN the DT national JJ income NN has VHZ doubled VVN in IN the DT last JJ century NN , , or CC even RB that IN the DT income NN per IN head NN of IN the DT population NN has VHZ doubled VVN , , affords VVZ no DT positive JJ proof NN that IN any DT increase NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN in IN the DT national JJ welfare NN , , much RB less RBR how WRB much JJ increase NN . SENT Unless IN , , however RB , , we PP adopt VVP an DT attitude NN of IN general JJ scepticism NN towards IN the DT economic JJ structure NN of IN civilisation NN , , we PP may MD admit VV , , with IN Professor NP Pigou NP , , 4 CD a DT presumption NN that IN a DT growth NN of IN the DT national JJ dividend NN faster RBR than IN the DT growth NN of IN population NN implies VVZ some DT increase NN of IN welfare NN . SENT But CC even RB that DT presumption NN must MD be VB qualified VVN by IN the DT reflection NN that IN it PP really RB rests VVZ upon IN a DT view NN of IN marketable JJ wealth NN which WDT has VHZ exclusive JJ regard NN to TO its PP$ supposed VVN utility NN in IN consumption NN without IN any DT corresponding JJ consideration NN of IN the DT cost NN of IN its PP$ production NN . SENT A DT pecuniary JJ statement NN of IN the DT national JJ dividend NN which WDT contained VVD no DT information NN as RB to TO the DT nature NN of IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS comprising VVG it PP , , may MD be VB repudiated VVN out RP of IN hand NN as IN useless JJ for IN our PP$ purpose NN . SENT For IN upon IN such PDT a DT statement NN 1 CD worth NN of IN trade NN gin NN has VHZ precisely RB the DT same JJ value NN as IN 1 CD worth NN of IN best JJS books NNS or CC of IN wholesome JJ bread NN , , 1 CD worth NN of IN handmade JJ lace NN sweated VVN out RP of IN peasant NN women NNS at IN the DT cost NN of IN their PP$ eyesight NN has VHZ precisely RB the DT same JJ weight NN in IN the DT money NN income NN of IN the DT nation NN as IN 1 CD worth NN of IN carpentry NN or CC of IN medical JJ attendance NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT If IN we PP are VBP to TO estimate VV the DT human JJ value NN of IN a DT given VVN national JJ income NN , , it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN we PP must MD secure VV answers NNS to TO three CD questions NNS . SENT We PP must MD first RB learn VV what WP the DT concrete JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS are NN which WDT constitute VVP the DT real JJ income NN , , and CC then RB we PP must MD trace VV these DT concrete JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS backwards RB through IN the DT processes NNS of IN their PP$ production NN and CC forward RB through IN the DT processes NNS of IN their PP$ consumption NN , , in IN order NN to TO learn VV the DT human JJ costs NNS and CC utilities NNS which WDT attach VVP to TO each DT . SENT The DT amount NN of IN human JJ wealth NN or CC illth NN which WDT each DT of IN these DT concrete JJ goods NN contains VVZ has VHZ , , strictly RB speaking VVG , , no DT assignable JJ relation NN to TO the DT money NN ticket NN put VVD upon IN it PP when WRB it PP is VBZ sold VVN . SENT That DT sum NN of IN human JJ value NN can MD only RB be VB worked VVN out RP in IN terms NNS of IN the DT actual JJ processes NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN through IN which WDT the DT goods NNS pass VVP . SENT Some DT students NNS of IN current JJ political JJ economy NN may MD perhaps RB be VB disposed VVN to TO cavil VV at IN this DT criticism NN , , insisting VVG that IN on IN the DT average JJ things NNS must MD be VB sold VVN in IN proportion NN to TO the DT painful JJ or CC otherwise RB distasteful JJ efforts NNS of IN producing VVG them PP , , or CC in IN proportion NN to TO the DT pleasant JJ or CC otherwise RB serviceable JJ modes NNS of IN their PP$ consumption NN . SENT On IN the DT average NN , , they PP will MD contend VV , , a DT rational JJ calculus NN of IN pleasure NN and CC pain NN underlies VVZ the DT operations NNS of IN the DT economic JJ system NN . SENT This DT position NN , , however RB , , I PP claim VVP to TO undermine VV by IN showing VVG , , first JJ that IN this DT rational JJ calculus NN rests VVZ upon IN assumptions NNS of IN free JJ choice NN and CC competition NN which WDT are VBP unwarrantable JJ , , and CC secondly RB , , that IN this DT rational JJ calculus NN of IN current JJ pleasures NNS and CC pains NNS , , so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ operative JJ , , is VBZ not RB a DT valid JJ criterion NN of IN human JJ welfare NN as IN conceived VVN in IN the DT terms NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN . SENT Our PP$ task NN , , it PP must MD be VB realised VVN , , is VBZ not RB that IN of IN reducing VVG monetary JJ values NNS , , or CC the DT concrete JJ goods NNS to TO which WDT they PP refer VVP , , to TO terms NNS of IN average JJ current JJ desirability NN , , but CC to TO terms NNS of IN that DT desirability NN corrected VVN so RB as IN to TO conform VV to TO the DT best JJS approved VVN standard NN of IN the DT desirable JJ . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , the DT defects NNS of IN average JJ current JJ estimates NNS and CC desires NNS , , in IN part NN causes NNS , , in IN part NN effects NNS of IN a DT defective JJ industrial JJ economy NN , , must MD themselves PP be VB valued VVN and CC discounted VVN in IN terms NNS of IN our PP$ human JJ ideals NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ life NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT With IN this DT organic JJ standard NN , , the DT nature NN and CC validity NN of IN which WDT will MD become VV clearer JJR with IN use NN , , let VVD us PP set VVD about IN our PP$ task NN of IN finding VVG methods NNS for IN assessing VVG in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ value NN the DT stocks NNS of IN concrete JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS which WDT are VBP the DT real JJ net JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN . SENT The DT human JJ , , as RB distinguished VVD from IN the DT money NN and CC the DT real JJ dividend NN , , will MD consist VV of IN the DT amount NN of IN vital JJ or CC organic JJ welfare NN conveyed VVD in IN the DT producing NN and CC consuming NN processes NNS for IN which WDT this DT concrete JJ income NN stands NNS . SENT What WP we PP require VVP then RB is VBZ to TO apply VV some DT sort NN of IN calculus NN of IN human JJ cost NN and CC human JJ utility NN to TO these DT processes NNS . SENT Now RB we PP are VBP confronted VVN at IN the DT outset NN by IN the DT position NN of IN an DT economic JJ science NN which WDT conceives VVZ production NN entirely RB in IN terms NNS of IN cost NN , , consumption NN entirely RB in IN terms NNS of IN utility NN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT economic JJ doctrine NN of IN value NN hinges NNS almost RB entirely RB upon IN this DT antithesis NN . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ mainly RB owing VVG to TO its PP$ costs NNS that IN a DT limit NN of IN scarcity NN is VBZ set VVN on IN each DT supply NN , , while IN it PP is VBZ the DT utility NN accorded VVN by IN consumers NNS that WDT gives VVZ economic JJ force NN and CC meaning VVG to TO demand VV . SENT Hence RB production NN is VBZ conceived VVN as IN a DT process NN which WDT rolls VVZ up RP costs NNS into IN commodities NNS , , consumption NN as IN a DT process NN that WDT unrolls VVZ them PP into IN utilities NNS . SENT Now RB an DT organic JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN cannot NN accept VV this DT mode NN of IN conceiving VVG the DT productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ functions NNS . SENT Considerations NNS of IN the DT organic JJ origins NNS of IN industry NN lend VVP no RB support VV to TO the DT assumption NN that IN production NN is VBZ all DT cost NN and CC no DT utility NN , , consumption NN all DT utility NN and CC no DT cost NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , in IN our PP$ human JJ analysis NN of IN economic JJ processes NNS we PP shall MD rather RB expect VV to TO find VV costs NNS and CC utilities NNS , , alike RB in IN their PP$ sense NN of IN pains NNS and CC pleasures NNS and CC of IN organic JJ losses NNS and CC organic JJ gains NNS , , commingled VVN in IN various JJ degrees NNS in IN all DT productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ processes NNS . SENT Our PP$ aim NN will MD be VB to TO set VV out RP , , as RB well RB as IN we PP can MD , , reliable JJ rules NNS for IN examining VVG the DT productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ history NN of IN the DT various JJ sorts NNS of IN concrete JJ marketable JJ goods NNS so RB as RB to TO discover VV the DT human JJ elements NNS of IN cost NN and CC utility NN contained VVN in IN each DT , , and CC by IN a DT computation NN of IN these DT positives NNS and CC negatives NNS to TO reach VV some DT estimate NN of IN the DT aggregate JJ human JJ value NN contained VVN in IN the DT several JJ sorts NNS of IN commodities NNS which WDT form VVP the DT concrete JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN and CC in IN this DT income NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Only RB by IN some DT such JJ process NN is VBZ it PP possible JJ to TO reach VV a DT knowledge NN of IN the DT real JJ wealth NN of IN nations NNS . SENT We PP may MD state VV the DT problem NN provisionally RB in IN three CD questions NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT What WP are VBP the DT concrete JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS which WDT constitute VVP the DT real JJ national JJ income NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT How WRB are VBP these DT goods NNS produced VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT How WRB are VBP they PP consumed VVN . SENT But CC in IN truth NN the DT consideration NN of IN the DT so RB called VVN concrete JJ nature NN of IN these DT goods NNS is VBZ as RB irrelevant JJ to TO our PP$ analysis NN as IN that DT of IN the DT money NN ticket NN placed VVN on IN them PP . SENT For IN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN welfare NN these DT goods NNS are VBP nothing NN but CC the DT activities NNS of IN those DT who WP produce VVP and CC consume VVP them PP , , or CC , , if IN it PP be VB preferred JJ , , the DT human JJ processes NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT The DT human JJ meaning NN of IN any DT given VVN stock NN of IN wheat NN in IN our PP$ national JJ supply NN will MD consist VV of IN the DT efforts NNS of IN body NN and CC mind NN , , the DT thought NN and CC desire NN and CC directed VVN skill NN , , put VVN into IN the DT several JJ processes NNS of IN preparing VVG the DT soil NN , , sowing VVG , , tending VVG , , reaping VVG and CC marketing VVG the DT wheat NN , , undergone VVN by IN the DT farmer NN in IN Manitoba NP or CC in IN Norfolk NP , , the DT merchant NN , , shipper NN , , miller NN , , baker NN who WP convey VVP it PP from IN the DT farm NN and CC convert VV it PP into IN bread NN , , and CC finally RB the DT activities NNS of IN mastication NN , , digestion NN and CC assimilation NN with IN the DT accompanying JJ satisfaction NN as IN it PP passes VVZ into IN the DT physical JJ system NN of IN the DT consumer NN . SENT And CC so RB with IN every DT other JJ sort NN of IN concrete JJ marketable JJ goods NNS or CC services NNS . SENT From IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ value NN , , they PP are VBP wholly RB resolvable JJ into IN the DT physical JJ and CC mental JJ activities NNS and CC feelings NNS of IN the DT human JJ beings NNS who WP produce VVP and CC consume VVP them PP . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT balance NN of IN the DT desirable JJ over IN the DT undesirable JJ in IN these DT several JJ activities NNS and CC feelings NNS that WDT constitutes VVZ the DT human JJ value NN of IN any DT stock NN of IN marketable JJ goods NNS . SENT The DT standard NN of IN desirability NN will MD be VB the DT conception NN of IN the DT organic JJ wellbeing NN of IN the DT society NN to TO which WDT the DT individuals NNS whose WP$ activities NNS and CC feelings NNS are VBP concerned VVN belong VV . SENT Or CC the DT several JJ stages NNS of IN interpretation NN may MD be VB expressed VVN as RB follows VVZ . SENT A DT given VVN money NN income NN must MD first RB be VB resolved VVN into IN the DT concrete JJ goods NNS which WDT it PP expresses VVZ . SENT those DT goods NNS must MD then RB be VB resolved VVN into IN the DT various JJ efforts NNS of IN production NN and CC satisfactions NNS of IN consumption NN , , estimated VVN according VVG to TO the DT current JJ ideas NNS and CC desires NNS of IN the DT individuals NNS who WP experience VVP them PP . SENT these DT current JJ individual JJ estates NNS of IN the DT desirable JJ must MD be VB adjusted VVN by IN reference NN to TO an DT ideal JJ standard NN of IN the DT socially RB desirable JJ . SENT The DT extent NN of IN this DT latter JJ process NN of IN adjustment NN will MD , , of IN course NN , , depend VVP upon IN how WRB far RB the DT actual JJ current JJ ideas NNS and CC feelings NNS of IN individuals NNS are VBP kept VVN in IN essential JJ harmony NN with IN the DT true JJ standard NN of IN social JJ well NN being VBG by IN the DT natural JJ evolution NN of IN an DT organic JJ society NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Our PP$ task NN in IN seeking VVG to TO devise VV a DT method NN for IN the DT human JJ interpretation NN or CC valuation NN of IN industry NN consists VVZ then RB in IN confronting VVG the DT goods NNS which WDT form VVP the DT net JJ consumable JJ income NN of IN the DT community NN , , and CC in IN finding VVG answers NNS to TO the DT two CD related JJ questions NNS . SENT What WP are VBP the DT net JJ human JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN their PP$ production NN . SENT What WP are VBP the DT net JJ human JJ utilities NNS involved VVN in IN their PP$ consumption NN . SENT A DT simple JJ sum NN in IN subtraction NN should MD then RB give VV us PP the DT result NN we PP seek VVP so RB far RB as IN any DT such JJ quantitative JJ calculus NN is VBZ valid JJ and CC feasible JJ . SENT 5 CD Now RB though IN economists NNS , , of IN course NN , , are VBP well RB aware JJ that IN many JJ of IN the DT processes NNS of IN production NN contain VVP elements NNS of IN pleasure NN and CC utility NN to TO the DT producers NNS , , while IN some DT of IN the DT processes NNS of IN consumption NN contain VVP elements NNS of IN pain NN and CC cost NN to TO the DT consumers NNS , , they PP have VHP , , rightly RB from IN their PP$ standpoint NN , , ignored VVD these DT qualifications NNS in IN their PP$ general JJ formulae NNS , , and CC have VHP represented VVN goods NNS from IN the DT producer's JJ side NN as IN consisting VVG entirely RB of IN accumulated VVN costs NNS , , while IN from IN the DT consumer's JJ side NN they PP constitute VVP pure JJ utility NN . SENT Though IN our PP$ brief JJ preliminary JJ survey NN of IN the DT origins NNS of IN industry NN indicates VVZ that IN no DT such JJ sharp JJ distinction NN between IN production NN and CC consumption NN can MD ultimately RB be VB maintained VVN , , and CC that IN throughout IN the DT whole JJ continuous JJ career NN of IN goods NNS from IN cradle NN to TO grave NN the DT activities NNS bestowed VVN on IN them PP are VBP composites NNS of IN pleasure NN and CC pain NN , , cost NN and CC utility NN , , organic JJ gain NN and CC organic JJ loss NN , , socially RB desirable JJ and CC socially RB undesirable JJ , , it PP will MD be VB expedient JJ to TO take VV our PP$ start NN from IN the DT commonly RB accepted VVN economic JJ position NN , , and CC to TO give VV separate JJ consideration NN to TO the DT human JJ values NNS underlying VVG processes NNS of IN production NN on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , processes VVZ of IN consumption NN on IN the DT other JJ . SENT The DT general JJ lines NNS along IN which WDT such JJ an DT investigation NN must MD proceed VV are VBP unmistakable JJ . SENT In IN order NN to TO express VV business NN costs NNS in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ cost NN , , we PP require VVP to TO know VV three CD things NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT quality NN and CC kind NN of IN the DT various JJ human JJ efforts NNS involved VVN in IN the DT business NN cost NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT capacities NNS of IN the DT human JJ beings NNS who WP give VVP out RP these DT efforts NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT distribution NN of IN the DT effort NN among IN those DT who WP give VVP it PP out RP . SENT Corresponding JJ strictly RB to TO this DT analysis NN of IN costs NNS of IN Production NN will MD be VB the DT analysis NN of IN utility NN of IN Consumption NN . SENT There RB we PP shall MD want VV to TO know VV . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT quality NN and CC kind NN of IN the DT satisfaction NN or CC utility NN yielded VVD by IN the DT economic JJ utility NN that WDT is VBZ sold VVN to TO consumers NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT capacities NNS of IN the DT consumers NNS who WP get VVP this DT economic JJ utility NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT distribution NN of IN the DT economic JJ utility NN among IN the DT consuming NN public NN . SENT The DT humanist NN criticism NN of IN industry NN is VBZ condensed JJ into IN this DT analysis NN . SENT The DT humanist NN requires VVZ that IN the DT effort NN expended VVN on IN any DT sort NN of IN production NN shall MD be VB such JJ as RB to TO contain VV a DT minimum NN of IN painful JJ or CC injurious JJ or CC otherwise RB undesirable JJ activity NN . SENT His PP$ complaint NN is VBZ that DT industry NN , , as RB actually RB organised VVN and CC operated VVN under IN a DT system NN which WDT treats VVZ all DT forms NNS of IN productive JJ human JJ effort NN as IN marketable JJ goods NNS , , does VVZ not RB secure VV this DT human JJ economy NN . SENT The DT humanist NN requires VVZ that IN the DT persons NNS set VVN to TO give VV out RP undesirable JJ effort NN , , human JJ cost NN , , shall MD be VB those DT best RBS capable JJ of IN sustaining VVG this DT loss NN . SENT Weak JJ women NNS or CC children NNS , , for IN example NN , , shall MD not RB be VB set VVN to TO do VV work NN heavy JJ or CC dangerous JJ in IN its PP$ incidence NN , , when WRB strong JJ men NNS are VBP available JJ who WP could MD do VV it PP easily RB and CC safely RB . SENT The DT humanist NN requires VVZ that IN undesirable JJ or CC humanly RB costly JJ work NN shall MD not RB merely RB be VB confined VVN to TO classes NNS of IN persons NNS capable JJ of IN performing VVG it PP most RBS easily RB and CC safely RB , , but CC that IN the DT distribution NN of IN such JJ effort NN shall MD , , as RB regards VVZ length NN of IN time NN and CC intensity NN of IN pace NN , , be VB such JJ as RB to TO reduce VV the DT human JJ cost NN per IN unit NN of IN product NN to TO a DT minimum NN . SENT The DT humanist NN criticism NN of IN industry NN upon IN the DT Costs NNS side NN consists VVZ . SENT pointing VVG out RP that IN there EX is VBZ no DT adequately RB reliable JJ or CC normal JJ in IN tendency NN for IN the DT business NN economy NN of IN costs NNS to TO conform VV to TO this DT three CD fold VVP human JJ economy NN . SENT Similarly RB , , turning VVG to TO the DT consumption NN side NN , , the DT humanist NN points VVZ out RP . SENT 1 LS . SENT That IN many JJ of IN the DT goods NNS sold VVN to TO consumers NNS are VBP inherently RB destitute JJ of IN human JJ utility NN , , or CC , , worse JJR , , are VBP repositories NNS of IN disutility NN . SENT and CC that IN money NN values NNS is VBZ no DT true JJ key NN to TO human JJ utility NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT That IN the DT amount NN of IN utility NN or CC welfare NN to TO be VB got VVN out RP of IN any DT goods NNS depends VVZ upon IN the DT character NN , , the DT natural JJ or CC acquired JJ capacity NN , , of IN the DT particular JJ consumers NNS or CC classes NNS of IN consumers NNS into IN whose WP$ hands NNS they PP fall VVP . SENT 3 LS . SENT That IN a DT true JJ economy NN of IN consumption NN , , therefore RB , , involves VVZ their PP$ distribution NN among IN consumers NNS in IN proportion NN to TO their PP$ capacity NN to TO use VV them PP for IN purposes NNS of IN welfare NN . SENT It PP is VBZ contended VVN that IN the DT went VVD working VVG of IN our PP$ industrial JJ system NN , , on IN its PP$ distributive JJ and CC consumptive JJ side NN , , makes VVZ no DT reliable JJ provision NN for IN securing VVG that IN the DT maximum NN of IN human JJ utility NN shall MD attach VV to TO the DT consumption NN of IN the DT national JJ income NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT To TO test VV in IN detail NN the DT exact JJ validity NN of IN this DT humanist NN criticism NN would MD require VV us PP to TO examine VV the DT costs NNS and CC the DT utility NN , , economic JJ and CC human JJ , , represented VVN in IN each DT item NN of IN all PDT the DT various JJ supplies NNS of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS which WDT constitute VVP the DT national JJ income NN . SENT This DT is VBZ manifestly RB impracticable JJ . SENT Nor CC is VBZ it PP necessary JJ for IN our PP$ purpose NN , , which WDT is VBZ to TO establish VV a DT sound JJ method NN of IN valuation NN rather RB than IN to TO endeavour VV to TO form VV an DT exact JJ computation NN of IN the DT values NNS it PP discloses VVZ . SENT With IN this DT object NN in IN view NN it PP will MD be VB sufficient JJ to TO direct VV our PP$ enquiry NN to TO the DT accepted VVN classes NNS or CC grades NNS of IN human JJ activities NNS figuring VVG as IN economic JJ costs NNS , , and CC the DT corresponding JJ classes NNS or CC grades NNS of IN human JJ utilities NNS affected VVN by IN consumption NN . SENT Let VV us PP begin VV with IN the DT costs NNS side NN . SENT Accepting VVG the DT general JJ categories NNS of IN costs NNS of IN production NN , , as IN rent NN , , interest NN and CC profit NN , , salaries NNS and CC fees NNS , , wages NNS for IN all DT other JJ business NN costs NNS , , as RB for IN instance NN , , cost NN of IN material NN , , machinery NN , , fuel NN , , can MD be VB resolved VVN into IN these DT , , let VV us PP consider VV what WP is VBZ the DT nature NN of IN the DT human JJ costs NNS for IN which WDT these DT payments NNS are VBP made VVN , , in IN the DT chief JJ orders NNS of IN industry NN , , and CC how WRB these DT human JJ costs NNS are VBP related VVN to TO the DT economic JJ costs NNS . SENT At IN the DT outset NN of IN this DT enquiry NN , , however RB , , it PP will MD be VB convenient JJ to TO eliminate VV one CD economic JJ cost NN of IN considerable JJ magnitude NN from IN our PP$ consideration NN , , viz NP . SENT economic JJ rent NN . SENT For IN , , although IN Nature NP , , or CC the DT earth NN , , may MD in IN a DT study NN of IN objective JJ industry NN be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT productive JJ agent NN , , yielding VVG materials NNS , , physical JJ energy NN , , and CC special JJ utilities NNS , , this DT work NN involves VVZ no DT human JJ effort NN , , and CC therefore RB is VBZ represented VVN by IN no DT human JJ cost NN . SENT This DT statement NN , , of IN course NN , , by IN no DT means NN implies VVZ that DT human JJ foresight NN and CC activities NNS play VVP no DT part NN in IN the DT effective JJ supply NN of IN land NN and CC other JJ natural JJ resources NNS . SENT Such JJ resources NNS , , hitherto RB existing VVG outside IN the DT industrial JJ system NN , , are VBP continually RB being VBG discovered VVN , , brought VVN within IN reach NN and CC developed VVN by IN human JJ skill NN and CC effort NN , , while IN new JJ or CC improved JJ uses NNS are VBP continually RB being VBG obtained VVN from IN natural JJ resources NNS already RB within IN reach NN . SENT In IN such JJ processes NNS of IN discovery NN and CC development NN much JJ capital NN , , ability NN , , and CC labour NN , , are VBP constantly RB engaged VVN , , the DT costs NNS of IN which WDT must MD be VB defrayed VVN . SENT Moreover RB , , in IN certain JJ uses NNS of IN land NN for IN agricultural JJ and CC other JJ purposes NNS , , provision NN must MD be VB made VVN for IN wear NN and CC tear VV or CC replacement NN . SENT But CC all DT such JJ costs NNS or CC expenses NNS are VBP really RB payments NNS for IN the DT capital NN and CC labour NN employed VVN On IN this DT work NN of IN development NN or CC upkeep NN . SENT They PP are VBP not RB payments NNS for IN the DT use NN of IN natural JJ resources NNS . SENT They PP are VBP not RB economic JJ rent NN . SENT That DT business NN cost NN has VHZ no DT human JJ cost NN attached VVN to TO it PP . SENT From IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT manager NN of IN a DT particular JJ business NN the DT payment NN of IN rent NN is VBZ necessary JJ to TO enable VV him PP to TO get VV the DT use NN of IN the DT land NN or CC other JJ natural JJ agent NN he PP requires VVZ . SENT Where WRB private JJ property NN in IN land NN exists VVZ , , the DT payment NN of IN such JJ rent NN is VBZ legally RB necessary JJ . SENT Where WRB the DT maintenance NN of IN such JJ legal JJ rights NNS has VHZ enabled VVN land NN values NNS to TO exchange VV freely RB with IN other JJ forms NNS of IN wealth NN , , a DT moral JJ expediency NN may MD be VB claimed VVN for IN the DT payment NN of IN rent NN . SENT But CC no DT human JJ cost NN corresponds VVZ to TO it PP . SENT In IN the DT organic JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN , , it PP figures VVZ as IN waste NN . SENT While IN , , therefore RB , , due JJ account NN must MD be VB taken VVN of IN this DT division NN of IN wealth NN or CC human JJ utilities NNS in IN any DT final JJ survey NN of IN our PP$ social JJ economy NN , , it PP may MD be VB dismissed VVN from IN our PP$ immediate JJ consideration NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT In IN order NN to TO get VV a DT clear JJ understanding NN of IN industry NN regarded VVN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ costs NNS , , it PP will MD be VB convenient JJ to TO fasten VV our PP$ attention NN first JJ on IN the DT structure NN and CC working VVG of IN the DT single JJ businesses NNS which WDT are VBP the DT productive JJ units NNS of IN the DT system NN . SENT For IN the DT business NN is VBZ a DT closer JJR , , more RBR compact JJ , , and CC more RBR intelligible JJ structure NN than IN the DT trades NNS , , markets NNS , , or CC other JJ larger JJR divisions NNS of IN industry NN . SENT We PP shall MD , , therefore RB , , endeavour VV to TO analyse VV the DT combinations NNS of IN human JJ effort NN as IN they PP are VBP expressed VVN in IN the DT various JJ types NNS of IN business NN , , so RB as RB to TO discover VV and CC to TO estimate VV the DT human JJ costs NNS that WDT are VBP involved VVN . SENT Though IN the DT term NN Business NN , , as IN we PP use VVP it PP here RB , , must MD be VB extended VVN so RB as IN to TO include VV all DT sorts NNS of IN centres NNS of IN economic JJ activity NN not RB commonly RB included VVN , , such JJ as IN a DT school NN , , a DT doctor's NNS practice NN , , a DT theatre NN , , it PP will MD be VB best RBS to TO take VV for IN our PP$ leading JJ case NN an DT ordinary JJ manufacturing NN business NN . SENT Here RB are VBP gathered VVN into IN close JJ cooperation NN a DT large JJ number NN of IN human JJ and CC non JJ human JJ factors NNS of IN production NN . SENT The DT centre NN of IN the DT little JJ system NN is VBZ the DT manager NN , , employer NN , , or CC director NN , , whose WP$ ideas NNS , , desires NNS , , and CC purposes NNS govern VV and CC regulate VV the DT movements NNS of IN the DT various JJ forms NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT This DT man NN has VHZ got VVN together RB on IN his PP$ premises NNS a DT quantity NN of IN machinery NN and CC other JJ plant NN which WDT express VVP a DT complicated JJ growth NN of IN invention NN running VVG far RB back RB into IN the DT past JJ and CC derived VVN from IN great JJ numbers NNS of IN human JJ brains NNS . SENT These DT machines NNS and CC plant NN embodying VVG these DT inventive JJ ideas NNS were VBD made VVN by IN past JJ labour NN of IN various JJ kinds NNS . SENT This DT manager NN or CC director NN , , in IN planting VVG the DT Business NN , , chose VVD what WP seemed VVD the DT best JJS apparatus NN for IN the DT purposes NNS he PP had VHD in IN mind NN . SENT He PP induced VVD a DT number NN of IN investors NNS or CC capitalists NNS to TO lend VV the DT money NN which WDT enabled VVD him PP to TO obtain VV this DT apparatus NN , , and CC to TO hire VV the DT various JJ sorts NNS of IN labour NN power NN required VVN to TO operate VV it PP . SENT This DT labour NN power NN itself PP is VBZ the DT product NN of IN the DT energies NNS of IN man NN in IN the DT past NN , , the DT direct JJ ancestry NN of IN the DT labourers NNS who WP produced VVD the DT beings NNS that WDT give VVP forth RB the DT labour NN power NN , , the DT past JJ generations NNS of IN men NNS whose WP$ growing VVG knowledge NN and CC practice NN yielded VVD the DT training NN and CC the DT habits NNS of IN industry NN and CC of IN cooperation NN essential JJ for IN the DT productiveness NN of IN labour NN in IN the DT modern JJ arts NNS of IN industry NN . SENT Here RB are VBP evidently RB many JJ different JJ sorts NNS of IN human JJ effort NN , , some DT of IN them PP physical JJ , , others NNS intellectual JJ , , some DT pleasurable JJ , , others NNS painful JJ , , some DT beneficial JJ , , others NNS detrimental JJ , , to TO the DT individuals NNS who WP give VVP out RP the DT effort NN , , or CC to TO society NN . SENT All DT of IN these DT productive JJ energies NNS rank VVP in IN Political JJ Economy NN as IN costs NNS , , and CC as RB such JJ are VBP remunerated VVN out RP of IN the DT product NN . SENT Which WDT of IN these DT are VBP human JJ costs NNS and CC in IN what WP sense NN and CC what WP degree NN . SENT Such JJ are VBP the DT questions NNS that WDT lie VVP immediately RB before IN us PP , , if IN we PP are VBP seeking VVG to TO reduce VV our PP$ 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD to TO terms NNS of IN human JJ well NN being VBG . SENT 9 CD . SENT In IN this DT conversion NN of IN economic JJ into IN human JJ costs NNS we PP can MD best RBS begin VV by IN considering VVG the DT fundamental JJ distinction NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN , , enforced VVN with IN so RB much JJ penetration NN by IN the DT French JJ sociologist NN , , M NP . SENT Tarde NP . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB in IN its PP$ primary JJ significance NN a DT doctrine NN of IN costs NNS , , but CC a DT division NN of IN productive JJ energy NN into IN two CD classes NNS . SENT All DT social JJ progress NN , , indeed RB all DT social JJ changes NNS upwards RB or CC downwards RB , , according VVG to TO this DT theory NN , , comes VVZ about RB in IN the DT following VVG way NN . SENT Some DT unusually RB powerful JJ , , original JJ , , or CC enterprising JJ person NN , , assisted VVN often RB by IN good JJ fortune NN , , makes VVZ what WP is VBZ called VVN a DT discovery NN , , some DT true JJ and CC useful JJ way NN of IN doing VVG things NNS or CC of IN thinking VVG about IN things NNS , , or CC even RB of IN saying VVG things NNS . SENT This DT new JJ truth NN , , new JJ phrase NN , , new JJ dodge NN , , is VBZ capable JJ of IN being VBG recognised VVN as IN interesting JJ or CC useful JJ , , not RB only RB by IN its PP$ discoverer NN , , but CC by IN the DT many JJ who WP had VHD not RB the DT wit NN or CC the DT courage NN or CC the DT luck NN to TO discover VV it PP for IN themselves PP . SENT By IN suggestion NN , , infection NN , , contagion NN , , or CC conscious JJ imitation NN , , or CC by IN any DT combination NN of IN those DT forces NNS and CC habits NNS that WDT constitute VVP the DT social JJ nature NN of IN man NN , , the DT novelty NN becomes VVZ adopted VVN and CC applied VVN by IN an DT ever RB growing VVG number NN of IN persons NNS , , over IN a DT widening NN area NN , , until IN it PP becomes VVZ an DT accepted VVN practice NN or CC convention NN of IN the DT whole JJ society NN . SENT Every DT new JJ religious JJ or CC moral JJ idea NN or CC sentiment NN , , every DT scientific JJ law NN , , every DT invention NN in IN the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN , , every DT development NN of IN a DT new JJ taste NN , , thus RB proceeds NNS from IN one CD or CC more JJR special JJ centres NNS of IN original JJ discovery NN , , and CC spreads VVZ by IN a DT well RB nigh JJ automatic JJ process NN of IN expansion NN or CC imitation NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT Now RB this DT distinction NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN , , as RB propounded VVN and CC applied VVN by IN M NP . SENT Tarde NP , , is VBZ doubtless RB open JJ to TO serious JJ objections NNS . SENT The DT psychology NN of IN imitation NN is VBZ shallow JJ , , for IN under IN this DT single JJ term NN is VBZ covered VVN what WP are VBP in IN reality NN many JJ different JJ actions NNS , , while IN the DT whole JJ conception NN of IN imitation NN as IN a DT process NN is VBZ too RB mechanical JJ . SENT To TO some DT of IN these DT defects NNS we PP shall MD refer VV presently RB . SENT But CC though RB , , regarded VVN as IN an DT explanation NN of IN the DT processes NNS of IN human JJ progress NN , , the DT antithesis NN of IN creation NN and CC imitation NN does VVZ not RB satisfy VV , , it PP furnishes VVZ an DT exceedingly RB useful JJ starting VVG point NN towards IN a DT psychological JJ analysis NN of IN economic JJ processes NNS . SENT For IN in IN the DT evolution NN of IN industry NN it PP is VBZ quite RB evident JJ that IN improvements NNS do VVP come VV about RB in IN this DT manner NN . SENT A DT comparatively RB small JJ number NN of IN original JJ or CC curious JJ minds NNS invent VVP new JJ uses NNS or CC new JJ ways NNS of IN doing VVG things NNS that WDT are VBP better JJR than IN the DT old JJ , , or CC they PP recognise VV the DT value NN of IN new JJ ideas NNS which WDT others NNS failed VVD to TO recognise VV , , and CC they PP have VHP the DT energy NN and CC enterprise NN to TO put VV the DT new JJ ideas NNS into IN operation NN . SENT Many JJ of IN the DT inventions NNS are VBP not RB good JJ enough JJ or CC big JJ enough NN . SENT only RB by IN a DT considerable JJ number NN of IN little JJ increments NNS of IN novelty NN will MD a DT new JJ machine NN , , or CC a DT new JJ process NN , , emerge VV into IN economic JJ vitality NN , , or CC , , in IN business NN language NN , , become VVN profitable JJ . SENT But CC where WRB an DT invention NN or CC improvement NN has VHZ once RB emerged VVN , , Station NP multiplies VVZ it PP and CC it PP passes VVZ into IN general JJ use NN . SENT 6 CD A DT comparatively RB small JJ number NN of IN creative JJ or CC inventive JJ minds NNS thus RB undoubtedly RB play VV an DT exceedingly RB important JJ part NN in IN the DT development NN of IN industry NN . SENT The DT brief JJ acts NNS of IN thinking VVG of IN a DT Watt NP , , a DT Stevenson NP , , a DT Siemens NP or CC an DT Edison NP , , appear VVP to TO be VB incomparably RB more RBR productive JJ in IN effect NN than IN the DT routine JJ life NN toil VVP of IN the DT many JJ thousands NNS of IN workers NNS who WP simply RB repeat VV hour NN by IN hour NN , , day NN by IN day NN , , year NN by IN year NN , , some DT simple JJ single JJ process NN they PP have VHP learned VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that WDT invention NN is VBZ too RB narrow JJ a DT term NN properly RB to TO express VV the DT distinction NN we PP are VBP examining VVG between IN that DT work NN which WDT expresses VVZ the DT creative JJ energy NN of IN man NN and CC that IN which WDT is VBZ essentially RB imitative JJ . SENT For IN if IN a DT successful JJ invention NN furnishes VVZ machinery NN or CC methods NNS which WDT thus RB multiply VVP the DT productivity NN of IN human JJ labour NN , , the DT skilful JJ organisation NN and CC administration NN of IN a DT business NN , , the DT work NN done VVN by IN the DT employer NN , , has VHZ the DT same JJ sort NN of IN effect NN . SENT An DT able JJ employer NN who WP directs VVZ his PP$ business NN with IN knowledge NN and CC foresight NN , , gathering VVG together RB just RB the DT right JJ men NNS , , materials NNS and CC machinery NN , , producing VVG the DT right JJ goods NNS at IN the DT right JJ time NN , , and CC marketing VVG them PP properly RB , , seems VVZ by IN his PP$ personal JJ ability NN greatly RB to TO enlarge VV the DT valuable JJ output NN of IN the DT entire JJ business NN . SENT In IN a DT big JJ business NN he PP seems VVZ to TO be VB as RB productive JJ as IN a DT thousand CD men NNS . SENT 11 CD . SENT So IN a DT broad JJ distinction NN is VBZ built VVN up RP between IN Ability NN and CC common JJ Labour NN , , the DT creative JJ and CC the DT merely RB imitative JJ work NN of IN man NN . SENT From IN this DT distinction NN has VHZ been VBN drawn VVN an DT ingenious JJ defence NN of IN the DT current JJ inequalities NNS in IN distribution NN of IN wealth NN . SENT Since IN all PDT the DT progress NN of IN modern JJ industry NN is VBZ really RB attributable JJ to TO the DT ability NN and CC enterprise NN of IN a DT small JJ group NN of IN inventing VVG , , organising VVG and CC enterprising JJ people NNS , , common JJ labour NN being VBG in IN itself PP no RB more RBR skilful JJ , , no DT more RBR productive JJ than IN before RB , , there EX can MD , , it PP is VBZ maintained VVD , , be VB neither DT justice NN nor CC reason NN in IN the DT claims NNS of IN labour NN to TO a DT larger JJR share NN of IN that DT huge JJ increase NN of IN wealth NN due JJ to TO the DT ability NN of IN the DT few JJ . SENT I PP do VVP not RB propose VV just RB now RB to TO examine VV the DT validity NN of IN this DT contention NN . SENT What WP criticism NN I PP have VHP to TO offer VV will MD emerge VV in IN the DT course NN of IN my PP$ closer JJR examination NN of IN the DT nature NN of IN industrial JJ work NN . SENT At IN present NN I PP will MD only RB ask VV readers NNS to TO observe VV that IN the DT doctrine NN assumes VVZ that DT payment NN for IN industrial JJ services NNS must MD or CC ought MD to TO be VB determined VVN by IN the DT productivity NN of IN those DT services NNS , , not RB by IN their PP$ cost NN . SENT Now RB , , our PP$ immediate JJ enquiry NN , , we PP must MD remember VV , , is VBZ into IN human JJ costs NNS . SENT And CC the DT distinction NN between IN creative JJ and CC imitative JJ work NN is VBZ particularly RB instructive JJ in IN its PP$ bearing NN upon IN human JJ costs NNS . SENT For IN if IN we PP grade NN the DT various JJ sorts NNS of IN human JJ effort NN that WDT contribute VVP to TO the DT production NN of IN wealth NN according VVG to TO the DT amount NN of IN creative JJ and CC imitative JJ character NN they PP seem VVP to TO possess VV , , some DT valuable JJ light NN will MD be VB thrown VVN upon IN the DT distribution NN of IN human JJ costs NNS among IN the DT various JJ classes NNS of IN producers NNS . SENT Leaving VVG out RP of IN consideration NN Land NP , , which WDT , , as IN a DT factor NN in IN production NN , , involves VVZ no DT output NN of IN human JJ effort NN , , we PP shall MD find VV that IN the DT provision NN and CC application NN of IN all PDT the DT other JJ factors NNS , , ability NN , , capital NN and CC labour NN , , involve VVP some DT human JJ effort NN both CC of IN a DT creative JJ and CC an DT imitative JJ type NN and CC contain VV some DT elements NNS of IN cost NN . SENT For IN the DT purpose NN of IN this DT analysis NN I PP propose VVP to TO classify VV productive JJ activities NNS under IN the DT following VVG heads NNS . SENT Art NP , , Invention NN , , Professional NP Service NP , , Organisation NP , , Management NP , , Labour NN , , Saving VVG . SENT The DT warranty NN for IN this DT classification NN will MD emerge VV in IN the DT course NN of IN the DT analysis NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT I PP have VHP taken VVN the DT estimate NN of IN the DT total JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN made VVN by IN Mr NP . SENT Flux NN in IN his PP$ Reports NNS of IN the DT First NP Census NP of IN Production NN for IN the DT United NP Kingdom NP 1907 CD as IN the DT basis NN for IN the DT round NN figures NNS adopted VVD here RB for IN aggregate JJ income NN and CC for IN savings NNS . SENT As IN a DT matter NN of IN fact NN Mr NP . SENT Flux NN assigns VVZ to TO savings NNS a DT slightly RB higher JJR figure NN and CC proportion NN of IN income NN than IN that DT taken VVN here RB . SENT But CC since IN for IN our PP$ purpose NN nothing NN depends VVZ upon IN the DT exactitude NN of IN the DT figures NNS and CC indeed RB Mr NP . SENT Flux NN claims VVZ no DT such JJ exactitude NN for IN his PP$ it PP is VBZ more RBR convenient JJ for IN us PP to TO take VV the DT round NN figures NNS of IN our PP$ text NN , , though RB probably RB in IN both DT instances NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , aggregate JJ income NN and CC savings NNS , , they PP are VBP somewhat RB below IN the DT true JJ figures NNS for IN 1912 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT commoner NN stumbling VVG block NN to TO the DT beginner NN in IN the DT study NN of IN Political NP Economy NP than IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT income NN of IN a DT rich JJ man NN , , amounting VVG to TO say VV 10 CD , , 000 CD , , when WRB paid VVN away RP to TO persons NNS who WP sell VVP him PP goods NNS or CC personal JJ services NNS , , seems VVZ to TO count VV over RP again RB as IN incomes NNS of IN these DT persons NNS . SENT Why WRB , , they PP are VBP disposed VVN to TO ask VV , , should MD the DT private JJ secretary NN who WP receives VVZ 400 CD out IN of IN this DT 10 CD , , 000 RB be VB required VVN to TO pay VV an DT income NN tax NN upon IN a DT sum NN which WDT as RB they PP say VVP has VHZ already RB paid VVN its PP$ share NN as IN part NN of IN the DT 10 CD , , 000 CD . SENT Nothing NN but CC a DT grasp NN of IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT secretary NN produces VVZ a DT real JJ income NN of IN services NNS corresponding JJ to TO this DT 400 CD which WDT he PP receives VVZ clears VVZ up RP the DT misunderstanding NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT About IN half NN of IN this DT passes NNS under IN the DT head NN of IN over IN seas NNS investments NNS into IN the DT industrial JJ systems NNS of IN other JJ nations NNS , , though IN the DT interest NN upon IN this DT foreign JJ capital NN is VBZ available JJ for IN consumption NN in IN this DT country NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Wealth NN and CC Welfare NP , , Chap NN . SENT I PP . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT exceedingly RB important JJ question NN of IN the DT limits NNS to TO the DT validity NN of IN such PDT a DT quantitative JJ calculus NN is VBZ discussed VVN in IN the DT concluding VVG chapter NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT Tarde NP applies VVZ the DT same JJ term NN imitation NN to TO two CD different JJ sorts NNS of IN act NN . SENT The DT business NN man NN or CC employer NN who WP recognises VVZ some DT improved JJ machine NN or CC method NN and CC copies NNS it PP is VBZ an DT imitator NN . SENT Every DT improvement NN thus RB starting VVG from IN a DT centre NN of IN discovery NN becomes VVZ diffused VVN throughout IN a DT trade NN . SENT But CC the DT term NN imitation NN is VBZ also RB applied VVN to TO the DT regular JJ work NN of IN the DT routine JJ operator NN , , who WP is VBZ constantly RB engaged VVN in IN repeating VVG some DT single JJ process NN . SENT Now RB , , regarded VVN as IN psychological JJ and CC as IN economic JJ facts NNS , , these DT two CD imitations NNS are VBP distinct JJ . SENT The DT former JJ is VBZ the DT adoption NN of IN a DT discovery NN involving VVG an DT act NN of IN recognition NN and CC of IN judgment NN not RB a DT purely RB automatic JJ imitation NN at IN any DT rate NN until IN it PP has VHZ become VVN a DT common JJ form NN in IN the DT trade NN . SENT The DT employer NN who WP copies NNS or CC adopts VVZ an DT improvement NN performs VVZ a DT single JJ act NN he PP incorporates VVZ this DT improvement NN in IN the DT technique NN of IN his PP$ mill NN or CC shop NN once RB for IN all DT . SENT When WRB , , however RB , , it PP is VBZ said VVN of IN a DT machine NN worker NN that IN his PP$ work NN is VBZ imitative JJ , , something NN different JJ is VBZ meant VVN . SENT He PP is VBZ continually RB repeating VVG himself PP , , each DT act NN of IN repetition NN involving VVG less JJR consciousness NN in IN the DT adaptation NN of IN means NNS to TO end VV . SENT CHAPTER NN IV NP . SENT THE DT CREATIVE JJ FACTOR NN IN IN PRODUCTION NN 1 CD . SENT The DT most RBS distinctively RB creative JJ kind NN of IN human JJ work NN is VBZ called VVN art NN . SENT In IN motive NN and CC in IN performance NN it PP is VBZ the DT freest JJS expression NN of IN personality NN in IN work NN . SENT The DT artist NN in IN what WP are VBP termed VVN the DT fine JJ arts NNS , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , as IN painter NN , , poet NN , , sculptor NN , , musician NN , , desires NNS to TO give VV formal JJ expression NN to TO some DT beautiful JJ , , true JJ or CC otherwise RB desirable JJ conception NN , , in IN order NN either CC to TO secure VV for IN himself PP its PP$ fuller JJR realisation NN or CC the DT satisfaction NN of IN communicating VVG it PP to TO others NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB , , however RB , , necessary JJ for IN our PP$ purpose NN to TO enter VV upon IN the DT exact JJ psychology NN of IN art NN motives NNS or CC processes NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , we PP are VBP not RB concerned VVN with IN the DT whole JJ range NN of IN artistic JJ activity NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT artist NN works VVZ simply RB and CC entirely RB for IN his PP$ own JJ satisfaction NN , , in IN order NN to TO express VV himself PP to TO himself PP , , he PP cannot NN be VB deemed VVN to TO be VB contributing VVG to TO the DT economic JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN . SENT For IN us PP the DT artist NN is VBZ the DT producer NN of IN a DT marketable JJ commodity NN , , and CC we PP are VBP concerned VVN to TO discover VV the DT economic JJ and CC the DT human JJ costs NNS which WDT he PP incurs VVZ in IN this DT capacity NN . SENT Now RB so RB far RB as IN the DT painter NN , , poet NN , , or CC musician NN works NNS as IN pure JJ artist NN , , exercising VVG freely RB his PP$ creative JJ faculty NN , , his PP$ economic JJ costs NNS consist VVP merely RB of IN his PP$ keep NN , , the DT material NN and CC intellectual JJ consumption NN necessary JJ to TO support VV him PP and CC to TO feed VV his PP$ art NN . SENT The DT net JJ human JJ costs NNS of IN the DT creative JJ work NN are VBP nil NN . SENT For IN though IN all DT creative JJ work NN may MD involve VV some DT pains NNS of IN travail NN , , those DT pains NNS are VBP more RBR than IN compensated VVN by IN the DT joy NN that IN a DT child NN is VBZ born VVN . SENT Even RB if IN we PP distinguish VV the DT creative JJ conception NN from IN the DT process NN of IN artistic JJ execution NN , , which WDT may MD involve VV much JJ laborious JJ effort NN not RB interesting JJ or CC desirable JJ in IN itself PP , , we PP must MD still RB remember VV that IN these DT labours NNS are VBP sustained VVN and CC endowed VVN with IN pleasurable JJ significance NN as RB means VVZ to TO a DT clearly RB desired VVN end NN , , so RB that IN the DT whole JJ activity NN becomes VVZ in IN a DT real JJ sense NN a DT labour NN of IN love NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , the DT human JJ costs NNS are VBP outweighed VVN by IN the DT human JJ utility NN even RB in IN the DT processes NNS of IN production NN , , so RB that IN the DT pure JJ practice NN of IN art NN is VBZ a DT net JJ increase NN of IN life NN . SENT The DT artist NN , , who WP , , following VVG freely RB his PP$ own JJ creative JJ bent NN , , produces VVZ pictures NNS , , plays NNS or CC novels NNS which WDT bring VVP him PP in IN great JJ gains NNS , , is VBZ thus RB in IN the DT position NN of IN being VBG paid VVN handsomely RB for IN work NN which WDT is VBZ in IN itself PP a DT pleasure NN to TO perform VV and CC which WDT he PP would MD do VV just RB as RB well RB if IN he PP were VBD only RB paid VVN his PP$ human NN keep VV . SENT The DT wasteful JJ social JJ economy NN of IN the DT ordinary JJ process NN of IN remunerating VVG successful JJ artists NNS needs VVZ no DT discussion NN . SENT For IN the DT true JJ art NN faculty NN resembles VVZ those DT processes NNS by IN which WDT Nature NP works VVZ in IN the DT organic JJ world NN for IN the DT increase NN of IN commodities NNS whose WP$ comparative JJ scarcity NN secures VVZ for IN them PP a DT market NN value NN . SENT A DT poet NN who WP does VVZ but RB sing VV because IN he PP must MD , , and CC yet RB is VBZ paid VVN heavily RB for IN doing VVG so RB , , is VBZ evidently RB getting VVG the DT best JJS of IN both DT worlds NNS . SENT Our PP$ present JJ point NN , , however RB , , is VBZ that IN the DT economic JJ cost NN which WDT his PP$ publisher NN incurs VVZ in IN royalties NNS upon IN the DT sales NNS of IN his PP$ poem NN is VBZ attended VVN by IN no DT net JJ human JJ cost NN at IN all DT , , but CC by IN a DT positive JJ fund NN of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT And CC this DT holds VVZ of IN all DT truly RB creative JJ work NN . SENT the DT performance NN involves VVZ an DT increase NN of IN life NN , , not RB that IN loss NN which WDT is VBZ the DT essence NN of IN all DT human JJ cost NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT I PP have VHP spoken VVN of IN the DT pure JJ artist NN . SENT The DT artistic JJ producer NN who WP sells VVZ his PP$ freedom NN to TO the DT moneyed JJ public NN may MD incur VV the DT heaviest JJS of IN human JJ costs NNS , , the DT degradation NN of IN his PP$ highest JJS quality NN . SENT The DT temptation NN to TO incur VV these DT moral JJ and CC intellectual JJ damages NNS is VBZ great JJ in IN any DT nation NN where WRB the DT dominant JJ standard NN of IN personal JJ success NN is VBZ money NN income NN and CC expenditure NN . SENT But CC perhaps RB there EX is VBZ a DT false JJ simplicity NN in IN the DT romantic JJ view NN of IN artistic JJ genius NN , , which WDT assumes VVZ that IN the DT artist NN and CC his PP$ work NN are VBP necessarily RB degraded VVN by IN inducements NNS to TO work VV for IN a DT public NN , , instead RB of IN working VVG for IN himself PP alone RB . SENT It PP may MD , , indeed RB , , be VB held VVN that IN an DT artist NN who WP is VBZ so RB self NN centred VVD as RB to TO have VH no DT conscious JJ consideration NN of IN the DT artistic JJ needs NNS and CC capabilities NNS of IN his PP$ fellow JJ men NNS , , is VBZ so RB essentially RB inhuman JJ as RB to TO be VB incapable JJ of IN great JJ work NN . SENT The DT use NN of IN an DT art NN gift NN for IN communion NN with IN others NNS , , involving VVG some DT measure NN of IN conscious JJ social JJ direction NN , , seems VVZ involved VVN in IN the DT humanity NN of IN the DT artist NN . SENT Even RB when WRB that DT direction NN takes VVZ the DT shape NN of IN market NN prices NNS , , it PP does VVZ not RB necessarily RB incur VV the DT violent JJ censure NN bestowed VVN by IN romantic JJ persons NNS . SENT When WRB a DT sound JJ public JJ taste NN operates VVZ , , this DT direction NN may MD be VB justified VVN . SENT The DT portraits NNS which WDT Mr NP G NP . SENT F SYM . SENT Watts NNS painted VVD reluctantly RB for IN money NN need MD not RB be VB considered VVN a DT waste NN of IN his PP$ powers NNS . SENT The DT nature NN , , again RB , , of IN many JJ creative JJ minds NNS seems VVZ to TO require VV the DT application NN of IN an DT external JJ stimulus NN to TO break VV down RP a DT certain JJ barrier NN of IN sterile JJ self NN absorption NN or CC of IN diffidence NN , , which WDT would MD rob VV humanity NN of IN many JJ of IN the DT fruits NNS of IN genius NN . SENT At IN any DT rate NN it PP need MD not RB be VB assumed VVN that IN working VVG for IN a DT public NN , , or CC even RB for IN a DT market NN , , is VBZ essentially RB injurious JJ . SENT Where WRB the DT taste NN which WDT operates VVZ through IN the DT demand NN is VBZ definitely RB base JJ , , and CC where WRB the DT practice NN and CC the DT consciousness NN of IN having VHG sold VVN one's NNS soul NN for IN money NN are VBP plainly RB realised VVN , , no DT doubt NN can MD exist VV . SENT But CC where WRB public JJ sympathy NN and CC appreciation NN , , even RB exercised VVN through IN the DT market NN , , induce VV the DT artist NN to TO subordinate VV some DT of IN his PP$ private JJ tastes NNS and CC proclivities NNS to TO the DT performance NN of IN work NN which WDT , , though RB of IN secondary JJ interest NN to TO himself PP , , has VHZ a DT sound JJ social JJ value NN , , the DT pressure NN of IN demand NN may MD produce VV a DT larger JJR body NN of IN real JJ wealth NN at IN no DT real JJ human JJ cost NN to TO the DT producer NN . SENT Very RB different JJ , , of IN course NN , , are VBP the DT instances NNS urged VVD with IN so RB much JJ passionate JJ insistence NN by IN Ruskin NP , , where WRB depraved JJ public JJ tastes NNS , , springing VVG directly RB from IN luxury NN and CC idleness NN , , debauch VV the DT natural JJ talents NNS of IN artists NNS , , and CC poison NN the DT very JJ founts NNS of IN the DT creative JJ power NN of IN a DT nation NN . SENT Corruptio NP optimi NP pessima NN . SENT The DT production NN of IN base NN forms NNS of IN art NN , , in IN painting NN , , music NN , , the DT drama NN , , literature NN , , the DT plastic JJ arts NNS , , must MD necessary JJ entail NN the DT highest JJS human JJ costs NNS , , the DT largest JJS loss NN of IN human JJ welfare NN , , individual JJ and CC social JJ . SENT For IN such PDT an DT artist NN poisons NNS not RB only RB his PP$ own JJ soul NN but CC the DT social JJ soul NN , , adulterating VVG the DT food NN designed VVN to TO nourish VV the DT highest JJS faculties NNS of IN man NN . SENT There EX is VBZ , , however RB , , a DT sense NN in IN which WDT it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN every DT pressure NN of IN social JJ direction NN or CC demand NN upon IN the DT artist NN impairs VVZ the DT creative JJ character NN of IN his PP$ work NN . SENT For IN such JJ social JJ demand NN rests VVZ upon IN a DT similarity NN of IN taste NN among IN the DT members NNS of IN a DT public NN , , and CC its PP$ satisfaction NN requires VVZ the DT artist NN to TO repeat VV himself PP . SENT An DT artist NN , , endowed VVN by IN the DT State NP or CC some DT other JJ body NN , , might MD express VV himself PP in IN unique JJ masterpieces NNS , , as RB was VBD the DT case NN with IN the DT great JJ artists NNS of IN antiquity NN or CC of IN the DT renaissance NN who WP were VBD fortunate JJ in IN their PP$ private JJ or CC public JJ patrons NNS . SENT But CC art NN , , supported VVN by IN numerous JJ private JJ purchasers NNS , , whose WP$ social JJ standards NNS mould VV their PP$ tastes NNS to TO tolerably RB close VV conformity NN , , must MD stoop VV to TO qualify VV creation NN by IN much JJ imitative JJ repetition NN . SENT This DT often RB involves VVZ a DT large JJ human JJ cost NN , , imposing VVG an DT injurious JJ specialisation NN , , mannerisms NNS or CC mechanical JJ routine NN . SENT This DT is VBZ particularly RB true JJ of IN arts NNS where WRB a DT refractory JJ material NN gives VVZ great JJ importance NN to TO technique NN , , and CC where WRB the DT practice NN of IN this DT technique NN necessarily RB restricts VVZ the DT spontaneity NN of IN execution NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT descent NN from IN Artist NP to TO the DT more JJR or CC less RBR mechanical JJ producer NN of IN art NN products NNS is VBZ marked VVN by IN many JJ grades NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ the DT grade NN which WDT does VVZ not RB pretend VV to TO any DT free JJ exercise NN of IN the DT creative JJ faculty NN , , confining VVG itself PP to TO interpretation NN or CC execution NN . SENT This DT in IN music NN and CC in IN certain JJ other JJ fine NN arts NNS is VBZ signified VVD by IN adopting VVG the DT French JJ term NN artiste NN . SENT But CC some DT of IN this DT interpretative JJ work NN affords VVZ large JJ scope NN for IN truly RB creative JJ work NN . SENT A DT traditional JJ or CC written JJ drama NN , , a DT score NN of IN music NN , , or CC other JJ necessarily RB imperfect JJ and CC half JJ mechanical JJ register NN of IN some DT great JJ creative JJ work NN , , requires VVZ a DT constant JJ process NN of IN re NN creation NN by IN a DT sympathetic JJ spirit NN . SENT In IN such JJ arts NNS there EX is VBZ a DT genuinely RB creative JJ cooperation NN between IN the DT original JJ composer NN and CC his PP$ interpreters NNS , , the DT latter NN enjoying VVG some DT real JJ liberty NN of IN personal JJ expression NN and CC giving VVG merit NN to TO the DT performance NN by IN this DT union NN of IN reproductive JJ and CC creative JJ achievement NN . SENT The DT great JJ actor NN or CC musician NN may MD thus RB even RB come VV to TO use VV the DT work NN of IN the DT playwright NN or CC the DT composer NN as IN so RB much JJ material NN for IN his PP$ own JJ creative JJ expression NN . SENT He PP may MD even RB carry VV this DT to TO an DT excess NN , , ousting VVG his PP$ predecessor NN and CC parasitically RB utilising VVG his PP$ reputation NN for IN the DT display NN of IN his PP$ own JJ artistic JJ qualities NNS or CC defects NNS . SENT In IN painting NN and CC sculpture NN , , of IN course NN , , we PP come VVP to TO a DT mode NN of IN skilled JJ imitation NN , , that WDT of IN the DT copyist NN , , where WRB the DT free JJ creative JJ element NN is VBZ confined VVN to TO far RB narrower JJR limits NNS . SENT The DT main JJ skill NN here RB is VBZ that IN of IN technical JJ imitation NN , , not RB of IN interpretation NN . SENT As RB we PP descend VV from IN the DT higher JJR grades NNS of IN distinctively RB creative JJ art NN to TO these DT interpretative JJ and CC more RBR or CC less RBR imitative JJ grades NNS , , it PP will MD be VB evident JJ that IN larger JJR human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN are VBP apt JJ to TO emerge VV . SENT All DT imitation NN or CC repetition NN , , either CC of IN oneself PP or CC of IN another DT , , is VBZ not RB inhuman JJ . SENT There EX is VBZ a DT rhythm NN in IN the DT processes NNS of IN organic JJ life NN which WDT even RB requires VVZ some DT repetition NN . SENT But CC this DT repetition NN is VBZ never RB precise JJ , , for IN organic JJ history NN does VVZ not RB exactly RB repeat VV itself PP . SENT The DT attempt NN , , therefore RB , , to TO induce VV a DT person NN to TO perform VV an DT intricate JJ process NN many JJ times NNS and CC at IN short JJ intervals NNS with IN great JJ exactitude NN , , is VBZ against IN humanity NN . SENT It PP involves VVZ some DT physical JJ and CC moral JJ injury NN , , a DT human JJ cost NN . SENT We PP shall MD consider VV the DT more RBR serious JJ effects NNS of IN this DT procedure NN when WRB we PP come VVP to TO consider VV that DT work NN of IN industry NN most RBS widely RB removed VVN from IN art NN . SENT In IN considering VVG , , however RB , , the DT sub NN artistic JJ workers NNS it PP will MD not RB be VB right JJ to TO rate VV the DT human JJ costs NNS too RB high JJ . SENT A DT good JJ deal NN of IN scope NN for IN personal JJ satisfaction NN remains VVZ in IN many JJ of IN these DT kinds NNS of IN work NN . SENT The DT sense NN of IN skill NN in IN overcoming VVG difficulties NNS , , evoked VVD wherever WRB any DT intricate JJ work NN is VBZ done VVN by IN brain NN and CC hand NN , , yields VVZ a DT vital JJ joy NN . SENT This DT the DT executant NN artist NN , , even RB though IN mainly RB a DT copyist NN , , experiences VVZ in IN no DT mean JJ measure NN . SENT It PP sustains VVZ a DT fine JJ vitality NN , , and CC , , what WP is VBZ significant JJ for IN our PP$ particular JJ enquiry NN , , it PP involves VVZ low JJ human JJ cost NN , , unless IN the DT pace NN and CC strain NN of IN repetition NN are VBP carried VVN to TO excess NN . SENT Wherever WRB any DT reasonable JJ scope NN for IN individual JJ expression NN or CC achievement NN remains VVZ , , though IN the DT main JJ body NN of IN the DT product NN may MD be VB rigorously RB prescribed VVN by IN close JJ imitation NN , , or CC ordered VVD by IN mechanical JJ contrivance NN , , the DT art NN spirit NN lives NNS and CC the DT human JJ costs NNS are VBP low JJ . SENT The DT photographer NN , , or CC even RB the DT skilled JJ performer NN on IN the DT pianola NN , , retains VVZ a DT larger JJR measure NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC the DT satisfaction NN of IN the DT artist NN than IN a DT merely RB cursory JJ consideration NN of IN his PP$ occupation NN would MD suggest VV . SENT A DT considerable JJ and CC growing VVG proportion NN of IN productive JJ energy NN is VBZ given VVN out RP in IN these DT various JJ levels NNS of IN artistic JJ or CC creative JJ work NN , , and CC the DT proportion NN of IN the DT national JJ income NN represented VVN by IN this DT product NN is VBZ growing VVG with IN fair JJ rapidity NN in IN every DT modern JJ civilised JJ community NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT From IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS we PP proceed VVP by IN an DT easy JJ transition NN to TO the DT processes NNS of IN discovery NN and CC invention NN which WDT play VVP so RB important JJ a DT role NN in IN progressive JJ industry NN and CC are VBP leading VVG channels NNS of IN creative JJ activity NN . SENT The DT process NN of IN discovering VVG a DT new JJ relation NN between IN phenomena NNS , , establishing VVG a DT new JJ fact NN or CC a DT new JJ law NN , , has VHZ much RB in RB common JJ with IN artistic JJ creation NN . SENT The DT scientific JJ imagination NN is VBZ creative JJ through IN its PP$ use NN of IN the DT existing JJ material NN of IN knowledge NN to TO frame VV hypotheses NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT disinterested JJ play NN of IN the DT mind NN in IN the DT explanation NN of IN facts NNS by IN bringing VVG them PP within IN the DT range NN of IN scientific JJ laws NNS , , or CC , , conversely RB , , in IN extending VVG the DT range NN of IN known VVN laws NNS to TO new JJ groups NNS of IN facts NNS , , is VBZ a DT process NN of IN adventure NN containing VVG novelties NNS of IN insight NN and CC of IN outlook NN akin JJ to TO artistic JJ production NN . SENT Those DT philosophers NNS , , indeed RB , , who WP hold VVP that IN the DT laws NNS of IN science NN are VBP nothing NN other JJ than IN the DT patterns NNS which WDT man NN imposes VVZ upon IN the DT phantasmagoria NN of IN experience NN for IN his PP$ own JJ private JJ ends NNS , , would MD make VV the DT whole NN of IN scientific JJ discovery NN merely RB an DT art NN , , differing VVG from IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS in IN having VHG utility NN rather RB than IN beauty NN for IN its PP$ goal NN . SENT But CC we PP need VVP not RB press VV this DT interpretation NN in IN order NN to TO perceive VV the DT similarity NN of IN all DT disinterested JJ pursuit NN of IN knowledge NN to TO the DT fine JJ arts NNS . SENT When WRB a DT mathematician NN speaks VVZ of IN a DT beautiful JJ solution NN to TO a DT problem NN , , he PP is VBZ not RB using VVG the DT language NN of IN hyperbole NN , , but CC attesting VVG to TO the DT presence NN of IN an DT aesthetic JJ emotion NN attendant NN on IN the DT mode NN in IN which WDT a DT truth NN is VBZ reached VVN and CC stated VVN . SENT Modern JJ physics NN is VBZ full JJ of IN discoveries NNS containing VVG some DT such JJ artistic JJ quality NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , the DT grouping NN of IN the DT elements NNS in IN the DT proportions NNS of IN their PP$ atomic JJ weight NN which WDT Mendelieff NP established VVD , , or CC Sir NP W NP . SENT Ramsay's NP recent JJ discovery NN of IN the DT relations NNS between IN helium NN and CC its PP$ chemical NN kindred JJ . SENT But CC one PP need VVP not RB labour VV the DT analogy NN between IN artist NN and CC scientist NN . SENT For IN our PP$ main JJ enquiry NN is VBZ into IN human JJ costs NNS , , and CC it PP will MD be VB admitted VVN that IN the DT zest NN of IN the DT scientific JJ student NN and CC the DT joy NN of IN discovery NN are VBP emotions NNS as IN vital JJ and CC as RB valuable JJ in IN themselves PP as IN the DT emotions NNS of IN the DT artist NN . SENT So RB far RB , , then RB , , as IN the DT scientist NN comes VVZ within IN our PP$ purview NN as IN a DT productive JJ agent NN , , his PP$ activity NN must MD rank VV with IN the DT artist's NNS , , as RB yielding VVG more RBR human JJ utility NN than IN cost NN . SENT It PP may MD , , however RB , , be VB contended VVN that IN the DT man NN of IN science NN seldom RB , , as IN such JJ , , enters VVZ into IN the DT field NN of IN industrial JJ productivity NN , , save VV when WRB he PP adds VVZ to TO his PP$ scientific JJ work NN the DT rile VV of IN inventor NN . SENT With IN the DT advent NN of IN the DT inventor NN the DT attainment NN of IN knowledge NN is VBZ bent JJ to TO some DT purpose NN of IN industrial JJ utility NN . SENT But CC though IN some DT definitely RB gainful JJ purpose NN may MD lurk VV in IN the DT inventor's JJ mind NN , , it PP does VVZ not RB commonly RB impose VV upon RP his PP$ work NN the DT distinctive JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN . SENT For IN invention NN , , however RB narrowly RB utilitarian JJ in IN its PP$ objects NNS and CC results NNS , , still RB remains VVZ in IN the DT realm NN of IN creation NN , , still RB yields VVZ the DT satisfaction NN of IN a DT production NN that WDT is VBZ interesting JJ and CC elevating VVG in IN itself PP . SENT It PP seems VVZ to TO matter VV little RB whether IN the DT inventive JJ process NN is VBZ a DT large JJ bold JJ speculative JJ handling NN of IN some DT problem NN in IN which WDT the DT inventor NN is VBZ a DT pioneer NN , , or CC whether IN he PP is VBZ engaged VVN upon IN the DT narrower JJR task NN of IN bringing VVG the DT past JJ inventions NNS of IN many JJ greater JJR minds NNS up RP to TO the DT level NN of IN industrial JJ utility NN by IN some DT small JJ new JJ economy NN . SENT The DT process NN of IN invention NN carries VVZ the DT quality NN of IN interesting JJ novelty NN which WDT from IN our PP$ standpoint NN is VBZ the DT badge NN of IN creative JJ work NN . SENT We PP shall MD , , doubtless RB , , be VB reminded VVN at IN this DT point NN that IN history NN shows VVZ the DT path NN of IN the DT inventor NN to TO be VB almost RB as RB hard JJ as IN that DT of IN the DT transgressor NN , , strewn VVN with IN toil NN and CC disappointments NNS . SENT But CC though IN a DT great JJ invention NN , , like IN a DT great JJ work NN of IN art NN , , often RB conceals VVZ an DT arduous JJ and CC painful JJ gestation NN under IN the DT appearance NN of IN a DT spontaneous JJ generation NN , , too RB much RB must MD not RB be VB made VVN of IN such PDT a DT cost NN . SENT The DT training NN of IN a DT creative JJ faculty NN , , though RB like IN all DT training NN it PP involves VVZ an DT exercise NN and CC a DT discipline NN not RB pleasing VVG in IN themselves PP , , can MD , , indeed RB , , scarcely RB be VB regarded VVN in IN our PP$ sense NN as IN a DT cost NN of IN labour NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT furtherance NN and CC not RB a DT repression NN of IN personality NN . SENT the DT practice NN it PP involves VVZ , , the DT technique NN it PP imparts VVZ are VBP not RB merely RB mechanical JJ aptitudes NNS , , and CC they PP always RB carry VVP in IN them PP the DT conscious JJ hope NN of IN creative JJ achievement NN . SENT The DT education NN of IN artistic JJ or CC inventive JJ faculty NN involves VVZ no DT real JJ wear NN and CC tear VV of IN human JJ vitality NN beyond IN that DT physical JJ waste NN which WDT every DT prolonged JJ occupation NN involves VVZ . SENT Invention NN itself PP involves VVZ no DT cost NN . SENT In IN none NN of IN these DT operations NNS is VBZ the DT characteristic NN of IN labour NN present NN , , the DT giving VVG out RP of IN some DT single JJ sort NN of IN energy NN by IN constant JJ repetition NN of IN identical JJ acts NNS in IN a DT narrow JJ groove NN of IN endeavour NN . SENT Such JJ acts NNS of IN labour NN are VBP indeed RB inimical JJ to TO invention NN . SENT the DT act NN of IN invention NN comes VVZ commonly RB in IN times NNS of IN leisure NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT product NN more RBR of IN play VV than IN of IN work NN , , and CC the DT element NN of IN instinct NN , , perhaps RB even RB of IN chance NN , , is VBZ often RB a DT factor NN of IN success NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT M NP . SENT Tarde NP , , in IN his PP$ abrupt JJ contrast NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN or CC labour NN , , has VHZ dogmatised VVN upon IN the DT rarity NN of IN the DT creative JJ faculty NN , , and CC certain JJ other JJ sociologists NNS and CC politicians NNS have VHP busily RB engaged VVN themselves PP in IN sowing VVG fears NNS lest IN the DT greed NN of IN organised VVN labour NN or CC the DT rashness NN of IN socialistic JJ legislation NN should MD , , by IN robbing VVG genius NN and CC ability NN of IN its PP$ proper JJ rewards NNS , , tamper VV with IN the DT springs VVZ of IN industrial JJ progress NN . SENT Now RB , , the DT important JJ question NN of IN the DT economic JJ reward NN of IN ability NN and CC genius NN may MD be VB deferred VVN until IN we PP have VHP ascertained VVN more RBR clearly RB what WP part NN these DT creative JJ qualities NNS play VVP in IN all PDT the DT different JJ modes NNS of IN productive JJ energy NN . SENT But CC the DT assumption NN that IN artistic JJ and CC inventive JJ faculty NN is VBZ exceedingly RB rare JJ , , because IN it PP has VHZ so RB seldom RB been VBN displayed VVN , , must MD be VB boldly RB challenged VVN . SENT The DT studies NNS of IN modern JJ psychologists NNS and CC educationalists NNS refute VV it PP . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , there EX is VBZ reason NN to TO believe VV that DT human JJ nature NN is VBZ exceedingly RB rich JJ in IN all DT sorts NNS of IN variations NNS from IN the DT normal JJ , , and CC that IN very RB many JJ of IN these DT variations NNS have VHP valuable JJ uses NNS , , provided VVN that IN suitable JJ conditions NNS for IN their PP$ discovery NN , , training NN and CC application NN are VBP present JJ . SENT The DT notion NN that IN genius NN , , like IN murder NN , , will MD out RB is VBZ a DT false JJ sentimentalism NN . SENT Some DT men NNS of IN genius NN do VVP , , indeed RB , , make VV their PP$ way NN in IN spite NN of IN adverse JJ circumstances NNS , , forcing VVG themselves PP out RP of IN the DT obscurity NN of IN their PP$ surroundings NN . SENT they PP break VVP their PP$ birth's NNS invidious JJ bar NN , , and CC breast NN the DT blows NNS of IN circumstance NN , , and CC grasp VV the DT skirts VVZ of IN happy JJ chance NN . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV some DT sorts NNS of IN genius NN are VBP united VVN with IN qualities NNS of IN audacity NN , , persistence NN , , and CC luck NN , , which WDT enable VVP them PP to TO win VV through RP . SENT But CC how WRB many JJ men NNS of IN genius NN do VVP not RB possess VV these DT faculties NNS and CC therefore RB do VVP not RB emerge VV , , it PP is VBZ from IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT case NN impossible JJ to TO learn VV . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN much JJ genius NN , , talent NN , , and CC ability NN , , capable JJ of IN yielding VVG fine JJ social JJ service NN , , is VBZ lost VVN . SENT Indeed RB it PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN many JJ of IN the DT finest JJS human JJ variations NNS , , involving VVG unusual JJ delicacy NN of IN feeling NN and CC perhaps RB of IN physique NN , , will NN by IN natural JJ necessity NN be VB incapacitated VVN for IN making VVG their PP$ way NN and CC forcing VVG recognition NN amid IN uncongenial JJ surroundings NN . SENT It PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN far RB more JJR human JJ genius NN is VBZ lost JJ than IN is VBZ saved VVN , , even RB in IN the DT more JJR civilised JJ nations NNS of IN to TO day NN . SENT For IN what WP are VBP the DT conditions NNS of IN the DT successful JJ utilisation NN of IN genius NN , , and CC for IN what WP proportion NN of IN the DT population NN are VBP they PP securely RB attained VVN . SENT Leisure NP is VBZ a DT first JJ condition NN for IN all DT free JJ and CC fruitful JJ play NN of IN the DT mind NN . SENT Very RB few JJ inventions NNS have VHP come VVN from IN workers NNS compelled VVN to TO keep VV their PP$ noses NNS to TO the DT grindstone NN , , and CC unable JJ to TO let VV their PP$ eyes NNS and CC thoughts NNS play VVP freely RB round VV the DT nature NN of IN their PP$ work NN . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB slavery NN contributed VVD so RB very RB little JJ to TO the DT development NN of IN the DT industrial JJ arts NNS . SENT this DT is VBZ why WRB so RB comparatively RB few JJ inventions NNS of IN importance NN have VHP been VBN made VVN by IN hired VVN labourers NNS in IN this DT and CC other JJ countries NNS . SENT The DT strongest JJS economic JJ plea NN for IN a DT shorter JJR and CC a DT lighter JJR working NN day NN is VBZ that IN it PP will MD liberate VV for IN invention NN and CC industrial JJ progress NN the DT latent JJ creative JJ energy NN of IN countless JJ workers NNS that WDT is VBZ stifled VVN under IN . SENT the DT conditions NNS of IN a DT long JJ day's NNS monotonous JJ toil VVP . SENT Education NP is VBZ the DT next JJ condition NN . SENT The DT great JJ mass NN of IN the DT population NN in IN this DT country NN have VH no DT such JJ opportunity NN of IN education NN as RB is VBZ needed VVN to TO discover VV , , stimulate VV , , and CC nourish VV the DT creative JJ faculties NNS in IN art NN , , science NN , , and CC industrial JJ invention NN . SENT One PP need VVP not RB overrate VV what WP even RB the DT best JJS education NN can MD do VV for IN human JJ talent NN of IN the DT creative JJ order NN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT education NN of IN the DT schools NNS may MD sometimes RB rather RB injure VV than IN improve VV the DT finest JJS faculties NNS . SENT But CC education NN can MD do VV one CD incomparable JJ service NN to TO native JJ genius NN or CC talent NN . SENT By IN putting VVG the DT sensitive JJ mind NN of IN a DT young JJ man NN or CC woman NN in IN contact NN with IN the DT innumerable JJ waves NNS of IN thought VVN astir JJ in IN the DT intellectual JJ atmosphere NN around RB , , it PP supplies VVZ the DT first RB essential JJ of IN all DT creative JJ activity NN , , the DT fruitful JJ union NN of IN two CD thoughts NNS . SENT Until IN all PDT the DT new JJ minds NNS brought VVN into IN the DT world NN are VBP placed VVN in IN such JJ free JJ contact NN with IN every DT fertilising VVG current JJ of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN , , and CC enjoy VV free JJ , , full JJ opportunities NNS of IN knowing VVG the DT best JJS that DT has VHZ been VBN thought VVN and CC said VVD in IN all DT departments NNS of IN human JJ knowledge NN , , we PP cannot NN tell VV how WRB much JJ creative JJ faculty NN perishes VVZ for IN lack NN of IN necessary JJ nutriment NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT From IN artistic JJ and CC inventive JJ work NN which WDT is VBZ essentially RB creative JJ , , enjoyable JJ , , vitally RB serviceable JJ and CC costless JJ , , we PP proceed VVP to TO review VV the DT regular JJ skilled JJ mental JJ work NN of IN the DT professional JJ and CC administrative JJ classes NNS . SENT The DT bulk NN of IN the DT productive JJ energy NN classed VVN as IN Ability NN comes VVZ under IN these DT heads NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN in IN most JJS of IN this DT work NN the DT creative JJ quality NN is VBZ blended VVN in IN various JJ degrees NNS with IN imitation NN or CC routine JJ . SENT We PP pass VVP from IN the DT more RBR miraculous JJ , , interesting JJ , , and CC rapid JJ modes NNS of IN productive JJ achievement NN to TO a DT lower JJR level NN , , where WRB the DT expenditure NN of IN time NN and CC effort NN is VBZ greater JJR and CC where WRB the DT terms NNS practice NN and CC practitioner NN themselves PP attest VV the DT more JJR confined VVN nature NN of IN the DT activities NNS . SENT There EX can MD be VB no DT doubt NN that IN the DT practice NN of IN law NN or CC medicine NN , , even RB in IN its PP$ highest JJS walks NNS , , involves VVZ a DT good JJ deal NN of IN toilsome JJ and CC almost RB mechanical JJ routine NN , , though IN the DT most RBS successful JJ practitioners NNS generally RB shift VVP the DT bulk NN of IN this DT burden NN on IN to TO the DT lower JJR grades NNS of IN the DT profession NN . SENT The DT practice NN called VVD devilling VVG in IN the DT law NN illustrates VVZ my PP$ meaning NN . SENT But CC every DT profession NN has VHZ its PP$ lower JJR grades NNS of IN routine JJ workers NNS , , assistants NNS , , dispensers NNS , , nurses NNS , , clerks NNS and CC others NNS , , whose WP$ sphere NN of IN liberty NN is VBZ closely RB circumscribed VVN , , and CC whose WP$ work NN , , although IN involving VVG some DT qualities NNS of IN personal JJ skill NN and CC responsibility NN , , mainly RB consists VVZ in IN carrying VVG out RP orders NNS . SENT This DT consideration NN of IN the DT subsidiary NN professional JJ services NNS brings VVZ to TO light VV , , however RB , , a DT certain JJ defect NN in IN the DT use NN of IN the DT antithesis NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN , , regarded VVN as IN an DT index NN of IN humanly RB desirable JJ and CC humanly RB undesirable JJ work NN . SENT Mere JJ repetition NN or CC close JJ routine NN is VBZ not RB the DT distinctive JJ character NN of IN much JJ of IN this DT work NN . SENT The DT work NN of IN a DT private JJ secretary NN , , clerk NN , , or CC other JJ subordinate NN to TO a DT professional JJ man NN or CC a DT high JJ official NN , , may MD contain VV much JJ variety NN and CC novelty NN in IN detail NN or CC even RB in IN kind NN . SENT The DT same JJ may MD be VB true JJ of IN the DT work NN of IN a DT valet NN or CC other JJ personal JJ attendant NN . SENT It PP applies VVZ to TO all DT work NN which WDT consists VVZ in IN carrying VVG out RP another's JJ orders NNS . SENT There EX may MD be VB plenty JJ of IN variety NN and CC scope NN for IN skill NN in IN such JJ work NN . SENT in IN its PP$ initial JJ stage NN , , as RB conceived VVN by IN the DT chief NN or CC employer NN , , it PP may MD contain VV elements NNS of IN creative JJ energy NN . SENT But CC the DT subordinate NN does VVZ not RB reap VV these DT elements NNS of IN personal JJ interest NN because IN the DT initiation NN of IN the DT process NN does VVZ not RB rest VV with IN him PP . SENT The DT essentials NNS of IN the DT work NN are VBP imposed VVN upon IN him PP by IN the DT intellect NN and CC will NN of IN another DT . SENT neither CC the DT design NN nor CC the DT mode NN of IN execution NN is VBZ his PP$ own JJ . SENT Though RB , , therefore RB , , his PP$ work NN may MD not RB consist VV in IN mere JJ routine NN , , but CC may MD be VB widely RB varied VVN , , the DT fact NN that IN it PP is VBZ not RB properly RB his PP$ work NN , , the DT expression NN of IN his PP$ personality NN , , deprives VVZ it PP of IN all DT qualities NNS of IN creation NN or CC achievement NN , , save VV such JJ fragments NNS as RB adhere VV to TO the DT details NNS that WDT are VBP left VVN to TO him PP . SENT Such JJ work NN may MD , , indeed RB , , be VB described VVN as IN imitative JJ , , in IN that WDT it PP consists VVZ in IN executing VVG a DT design NN prescribed VVN to TO him PP by IN another DT . SENT But CC if IN the DT term NN imitation NN be VB required VVN , , as IN it PP is VBZ , , to TO designate VV the DT sort NN of IN labour NN which WDT consists VVZ in IN constant JJ repetition NN of IN a DT single JJ act NN or CC process NN , , it PP would MD be VB better JJR to TO mark VV this DT distinction NN between IN free JJ agent NN and CC subordinate JJ in IN a DT different JJ way NN . SENT The DT subordination NN of IN the DT secretary NN or CC the DT clerk NN involves VVZ the DT human JJ cost NN of IN a DT surrender NN of IN his PP$ personal JJ judgment NN and CC initiative NN . SENT To TO the DT extent NN that IN he PP does VVZ this DT , , he PP becomes VVZ an DT instrument NN of IN another's NNS will MD . SENT The DT extent NN to TO which WDT this DT involves VVZ a DT human JJ cost NN will MD vary VV greatly RB with IN the DT particular JJ conditions NNS , , technical JJ or CC personal JJ . SENT Where WRB such JJ subordination NN belongs VVZ to TO genuine JJ education NN or CC apprenticeship NN , , or CC where WRB close JJ sympathy NN and CC mutual JJ understanding NN happen VV to TO exist VV between IN superior JJ and CC subordinate JJ , , so RB that IN the DT mind NN of IN one PP is VBZ the DT mind NN of IN both DT , , no DT human JJ cost NN at IN all DT but CC a DT human JJ utility NN may MD emerge VV . SENT Or CC , , in IN other JJ cases NNS , , the DT technical JJ nature NN of IN the DT work NN may MD involve VV the DT necessity NN of IN leaving VVG to TO the DT subordinate NN a DT good JJ deal NN of IN discretion NN and CC a DT correspondingly RB large JJ field NN for IN personal JJ expression NN . SENT But CC where WRB the DT subordinate NN becomes VVZ the DT mere JJ tool NN of IN his PP$ master NN , , a DT heavy JJ cost NN is VBZ entailed VVN . SENT That DT cost NN is VBZ heavier RBR indeed RB than IN in IN ordinary JJ manual JJ routine JJ labour NN , , because IN it PP involves VVZ more RBR directly RB the DT subordination NN of IN the DT mind NN and CC will NN of IN the DT worker NN . SENT Part NN of IN the DT distaste NN for IN domestic JJ and CC other JJ closely RB personal JJ service NN is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT closer JJR bondage NN of IN the DT whole JJ personality NN that WDT is VBZ involved VVN in IN the DT relation NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB so RB much JJ that IN the DT work NN is VBZ intrinsically RB dull JJ or CC unpleasant JJ as IN that WDT it PP encroaches VVZ upon IN personality NN and CC inhibits VVZ initiative NN and CC achievement NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT The DT work NN of IN the DT highest JJS , , most RBS honoured VVN and CC best RBS remunerated VVN members NNS of IN the DT professions NNS retains VVZ essentially RB the DT quality NN of IN personal JJ achievement NN . SENT It PP consists VVZ of IN a DT number NN of IN detached VVN and CC usually RB brief JJ acts NNS of IN intellectual JJ skill NN , , the DT formation NN of IN a DT judgment NN upon IN the DT meaning NN or CC merits NNS of IN a DT complicated JJ case NN , , the DT presentation NN of IN that DT judgment NN in IN advice NN or CC argument NN , , the DT bringing VVG intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ influences NNS to TO bear VV upon IN some DT line NN of IN conduct NN . SENT In IN some DT instances NNS , , as RB in IN the DT argument NN of IN a DT difficult JJ case NN in IN court NN , , or CC the DT conduct NN of IN a DT complicated JJ Bill NN in IN Parliament NP , , prolonged JJ and CC arduous JJ exertion NN , , both CC mental JJ and CC physical JJ , , may MD be VB involved VVN . SENT Even RB where WRB the DT separate JJ acts NNS require VVP no DT prolonged JJ output NN of IN energy NN , , a DT professional JJ career NN , , comprising VVG long JJ series NN of IN such JJ acts NNS , , may MD strain VV or CC exhaust VV the DT mental JJ and CC physical JJ resources NNS even RB of IN a DT strong JJ man NN . SENT Though IN each DT case NN will MD be VB different JJ , , and CC will MD call VV for IN qualities NNS of IN personal JJ skill NN and CC judgment NN , , interesting JJ and CC agreeable JJ in IN their PP$ exercise NN , , all DT will MD fall VV within IN the DT limits NNS of IN a DT special JJ line NN of IN practice NN , , and CC this DT specialism NN will MD wear VV upon IN the DT nervous JJ system NN , , bringing VVG the DT activity NN under IN an DT economy NN of IN costs NNS . SENT The DT temptations NNS of IN a DT busy JJ and CC successful JJ professional JJ career NN insidiously RB sap VV the DT interest NN and CC joy NN which WDT attend VVP the DT earlier JJR struggle NN , , unless IN a DT man NN has VHZ the DT rare JJ wisdom NN and CC the DT strength NN of IN will NN to TO limit VV his PP$ amount NN of IN work NN and CC income NN . SENT What WP is VBZ said VVD here RB of IN the DT competitive JJ professions NNS is VBZ in IN large JJ measure NN applicable JJ to TO the DT official JJ grades NNS of IN the DT public JJ services NNS . SENT The DT higher JJR sorts NNS of IN official NN work VVP continually RB involve VV qualities NNS of IN judgment NN and CC imagination NN , , and CC there EX is VBZ little RB mere JJ repetition NN . SENT As IN one PP descends VVZ to TO the DT lower JJR official NN levels NNS , , the DT routine JJ or CC repetitive JJ element NN increases NNS , , until IN one PP reaches VVZ a DT sort NN of IN official NN , , the DT liberty NN , , initiative NN , , skill NN , , and CC interest NN of IN whose WP$ work NN hardly RB exceeds VVZ that IN of IN the DT ordinary JJ machine NN feeder NN in IN a DT factory NN . SENT In IN all DT such JJ distinctively RB routine JJ work NN there EX is VBZ a DT heavy JJ mental JJ and CC even RB physical JJ cost NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ this DT distinction NN between IN the DT case NN of IN the DT official NN and CC of IN the DT professional JJ man NN . SENT The DT former JJ is VBZ not RB subject JJ to TO the DT constant JJ drive NN of IN the DT competitive JJ system NN and CC is VBZ usually RB relieved VVN from IN the DT sense NN of IN insecurity NN and CC anxiety NN which WDT wears VVZ upon IN the DT mind NN of IN most JJS professional JJ men NNS . SENT 8 CD . SENT The DT psychology NN of IN the DT entrepreneur NN or CC business NN man NN is VBZ one CD of IN great JJ interest NN and CC complexity NN . SENT If IN we PP take VVP the DT ordinary JJ activities NNS of IN the DT manager NN of IN a DT well RB established VVN business NN in IN a DT staple JJ trade NN , , they PP do VVP not RB seem VV to TO involve VV much RB in IN the DT way NN of IN high JJ intellectual JJ skill NN , , imagination NN , , or CC exploit VV but CC merely RB a DT limited JJ amount NN of IN special JJ trade NN knowledge NN , , ordinary JJ intelligence NN , , and CC common JJ sense NN . SENT He PP has VHZ to TO perform VV a DT number NN of IN little JJ acts NNS of IN calculation NN and CC decision NN . SENT What WP we PP call VVP his PP$ character NN , , viz NN . SENT , , honesty NN , , reliability NN , , sense NN of IN responsibility NN , , really RB counts VVZ for IN more JJR than IN intellect NN . SENT there EX is VBZ little JJ demand NN for IN constructive JJ or CC creative JJ imagination NN , , or CC for IN high JJ enterprise NN . SENT The DT conduct NN of IN such PDT a DT business NN , , even RB on IN the DT part NN of IN its PP$ manager NN , , though RB not RB destitute JJ of IN interesting JJ incident NN , , involves VVZ a DT good JJ deal NN of IN dull JJ routine JJ and CC even JJ drudgery NN which WDT carries VVZ a DT distinct JJ cost NN in IN mental JJ wear NN and CC tear VV . SENT The DT subordinate JJ officials NNS in IN such JJ business NN are VBP , , of IN course NN , , subjected VVN to TO a DT closer RBR routine JJ , , though RB never RB to TO a DT merely RB mechanical JJ repetition NN , , and CC their PP$ working JJ life NN is VBZ less RBR affected VVN by IN hopes NNS and CC fears NNS relating VVG to TO the DT profits NNS or CC loss NN on IN the DT half NN year's NNS working VVG . SENT But CC a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN business NN men NNS work VVP under IN very RB different JJ conditions NNS from IN these DT . SENT Most JJS industries NNS to TO day NN are VBP subjected VVN to TO rapid JJ changes NNS in IN regard NN to TO instruments NNS and CC methods NNS of IN work NN , , markets NNS for IN materials NNS and CC for IN finished JJ products NNS , , wages NNS and CC conditions NNS of IN employment NN . SENT A DT keen JJ eye NN for IN novelties NNS , , a DT rapid JJ judgment NN , , long JJ sighted JJ calculation NN , , commanding JJ character NN , , courage NN in IN undertaking NN risks VVZ these DT are VBP leading VVG notes NNS in IN the DT modern JJ business NN life NN . SENT The DT business NN man NN who WP constructs VVZ , , enlarges VVZ , , and CC conducts VVZ a DT modern JJ competitive JJ business NN , , performs VVZ a DT good JJ many JJ functions NNS which WDT call VVP for IN various JJ mental JJ and CC moral JJ qualities NNS . SENT He PP must MD plan VV the DT structure NN of IN his PP$ business NN determine VV its PP$ size NN , , the DT sizes NNS and CC sorts NNS of IN premises NNS and CC plant NN he PP will MD require VV , , the DT place NN which WDT he PP can MD best RBS occupy VV . SENT he PP must MD get VV reliable JJ managers NNS and CC assistants NNS , , and CC a DT good JJ supply NN of IN skilled JJ labour NN of IN various JJ kinds NNS . SENT He PP must MD watch VV markets NNS and CC be VB a DT master NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN buying VVG and CC selling VVG . SENT he PP must MD have VH tact NN in IN managing VVG employees NNS and CC a DT quick JJ eye NN for IN improvements NNS in IN methods NNS of IN production NN and CC of IN marketing NN . SENT he PP must MD be VB a DT practical JJ financier NN , , and CC must MD follow VV the DT course NN of IN current JJ history NN so RB far RB as IN it PP affects VVZ trade NN prospects NNS . SENT If IN we PP take VVP the DT most RBS generalised VVN type NN of IN modern JJ business NN man NN , , the DT financier NN who WP directs VVZ the DT flow NN of IN capital NN into IN its PP$ various JJ channels NNS , , or CC the DT capitalist NN who WP lives VVZ by IN managing VVG his PP$ investments NNS , , we PP find VVP the DT business NN ability NN in IN its PP$ most RBS refined JJ form NN . SENT For IN these DT men NNS are VBP the DT general JJ directors NNS of IN economic JJ energy NN , , operating VVG through IN joint JJ stock NN enterprise NN . SENT The DT human JJ costs NNS of IN this DT work NN of IN speculation NN and CC direction NN are VBP difficult JJ to TO assess VV . SENT Such JJ terms NNS as IN labour NN and CC industry NN are VBP alien JJ from IN the DT atmosphere NN of IN these DT high JJ economic JJ functions NNS . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN the DT strain NN of IN excitement NN , , and CC , , at IN certain JJ seasons NNS , , of IN prolonged JJ intellectual JJ effort NN and CC attention NN , , the DT sense NN of IN responsibility NN for IN critical JJ decisions NNS , , involve VVP a DT heavy JJ nervous JJ wear NN and CC tear VV . SENT Probably RB the DT heaviest JJS human JJ cost NN , , however RB , , is VBZ a DT certain JJ moral JJ callousness NN and CC recklessness NN involved VVN in IN the DT financial JJ struggle NN . SENT For IN the DT paper NN symbols NNS of IN industrial JJ power NN , , which WDT financiers NNS handle VVP , , are VBP so RB abstract JJ in IN nature NN and CC so RB remote JJ from IN the DT human JJ fates NNS which WDT they PP direct RB , , that IN the DT chain NN of IN causation NN linking VVG stocks NNS and CC shares NNS with IN human JJ work NN and CC human JJ life NN is VBZ seldom RB realised VVN . SENT How WRB should MD the DT temporary JJ holder NN of IN a DT block NN of IN shares NNS in IN Peruvian JJ rubber NN concern NN himself PP with IN the DT conditions NNS of IN forced VVN labour NN in IN the DT Amazon NP forests NNS , , or CC the DT group NN formed VVD to TO float VV a DT foreign JJ government NN loan NN consider VVP the DT human JJ meaning NN of IN the DT naval JJ policy NN it PP is VBZ intended VVN to TO finance VV . SENT Except IN in IN so RB far RB as IN they PP affect VVP the DT values NNS of IN their PP$ holdings NNS and CC the DT price NN at IN which WDT they PP can MD market VV the DT shares NNS , , the DT human JJ significance NN of IN the DT business NN or CC political JJ enterprises NNS which WDT are VBP concrete JJ entities NNS behind IN finance NN , , has VHZ no DT meaning NN for IN them PP . SENT These DT men NNS and CC their PP$ economic JJ activities NNS are VBP further RBR removed VVN from IN human JJ costs NNS and CC utilities NNS than IN any DT other JJ sort NN of IN business NN men NNS . SENT In IN view NN of IN the DT immense JJ human JJ consequences NNS which WDT follow VVP from IN their PP$ conduct NN this DT aloofness NN is VBZ a DT demoralising VVG condition NN . SENT So RB occult JJ and CC so RB suspect VVP are VBP many JJ of IN the DT operations NNS of IN financiers NNS as IN somewhat RB to TO obscure VV the DT importance NN of IN the DT actual JJ economic JJ services NNS they PP render VV to TO our PP$ industrial JJ system NN . SENT General JJ finance NN is VBZ the DT governor NN of IN the DT economic JJ engine NN . SENT it PP distributes VVZ economic JJ power NN among IN the DT various JJ industries NNS , , allocating VVG the DT capital NN of IN the DT saving VVG classes NNS to TO road NN making NN , , irrigation NN , , mining NN , , the DT equipment NN of IN new JJ cities NNS , , the DT establishment NN of IN staple NN manufactures VVZ , , and CC the DT supply NN of IN financial JJ resources NNS for IN various JJ purposes NNS of IN government NN . SENT The DT finest JJS business NN instincts NNS , , the DT most RBS rapid JJ , , accurate JJ , , and CC complex JJ powers NNS of IN inference NN and CC prophecy NN , , the DT best JJS balance NN of IN audacity NN and CC caution NN , , the DT largest JJS and CC best RBS informed JJ imagination NN , , are VBP needed VVN for IN this DT work NN of IN general JJ finance NN . SENT It PP is VBZ intensely RB interesting JJ , , and CC exerts VVZ a DT fascination NN which WDT is VBZ traceable JJ to TO a DT combination NN of IN appeals NNS . SENT The DT chief JJ field NN for IN high JJ economic JJ adventure NN , , it PP evokes VVZ most RBS fully RB the DT combative JJ qualities NNS of IN force NN and CC cunning JJ . SENT it PP is VBZ full JJ of IN hazard NN and CC fluctuation NN , , with IN large JJ , , rapid JJ gains NNS and CC losses NNS . SENT it PP neither RB requires VVZ nor CC permits VVZ close JJ personal JJ contact NN with IN the DT troublesome JJ or CC sordid JJ details NNS of IN industrial JJ or CC commercial JJ life NN . SENT Such JJ is VBZ the DT work NN of IN the DT financier NN and CC the DT skilled JJ investor NN , , who WP found VVD capitalistic JJ enterprises NNS and CC deal NN in IN their PP$ stocks NNS and CC shares NNS over IN the DT whole JJ area NN of IN the DT industrial JJ world NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT most RBS intellectual JJ and CC , , in IN one CD sense NN , , the DT most RBS moral JJ of IN business NN activities NNS , , involving VVG at IN once RB the DT finest JJS arts NNS of IN calculation NN and CC the DT fullest JJS faith NN in IN human JJ nature NN . SENT For IN finance NN is VBZ most RBS closely RB linked VVN with IN credit NN , , and CC credit NN is VBZ only RB the DT business NN name NN for IN faith NN . SENT When WRB people NNS talk VVP of IN finance NN as IN if IN it PP were VBD riddled VVN with IN dishonesty NN , , facts NNS give VVP them PP the DT lie VVP . SENT The DT normal JJ honesty NN of IN finance NN is VBZ proved VVN by IN the DT fact NN that IN larger JJR and CC larger JJR numbers NNS of IN men NNS and CC women NNS in IN every DT country NN of IN the DT civilised JJ world NN are VBP coming VVG to TO entrust VV their PP$ savings NNS more JJR and CC more JJR to TO men NNS who WP are VBP personal JJ strangers NNS , , for IN investment NN in IN distant JJ countries NNS and CC in IN businesses NNS the DT exact JJ nature NN of IN which WDT is VBZ unknown JJ to TO them PP , , and CC over IN which WDT they PP cannot VVN hope VVP to TO exercise VV an DT appreciable JJ control NN . SENT The DT working NN of IN the DT machinery NN of IN modern JJ investment NN by IN which WDT millions NNS of IN men NNS in IN England NP , , France NP , , and CC Germany NP have VHP sent VVN their PP$ savings NNS to TO make VV railways NNS in IN S NP . SENT America NP , , or CC to TO open VV up RP mines NNS in IN S NP . SENT Africa NP , , or CC to TO build VV dams NNS in IN Egypt NP , , is VBZ the DT largest JJS tangible JJ result NN of IN modern JJ education NN that WDT can MD be VB adduced VVN . SENT It PP implies VVZ the DT intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ cooperation NN of IN larger JJR numbers NNS of IN distinct JJ personalities NNS across IN wider JJR local JJ and CC national JJ barriers NNS than IN bas NNS ever RB occurred VVD before IN in IN the DT history NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT A DT reasonable JJ faith NN in IN the DT future NN and CC a DT willingness NN to TO run VV some DT risk NN are VBP complementary JJ motives NNS in IN this DT growth NN of IN financial JJ investment NN . SENT They PP are VBP , , however RB , , by IN no DT means NNS confined VVN to TO operations NNS of IN finance NN . SENT All DT industry NN involves VVZ faith NN and CC risk NN taking NN . SENT Every DT producer NN who WP acts VVZ as IN a DT free JJ agent NN conceives VVZ some DT good JJ object NN which WDT be VB thinks VVZ attainable JJ by IN his PP$ work NN . SENT He PP may MD be VB mistaken VVN , , either CC in IN conceiving VVG wrongly RB , , or CC in IN failing VVG to TO carry VV out RP his PP$ plan NN . SENT His PP$ failure NN may MD be VB due JJ to TO want VV of IN skill NN or CC knowledge NN , , or CC to TO adverse JJ circumstances NNS . SENT In IN primitive JJ societies NNS , , where WRB a DT man NN produces VVZ mostly RB for IN his PP$ own JJ use NN , , the DT risk NN is VBZ less JJR . SENT For IN he PP may MD be VB supposed VVN to TO know VV what WP he PP wants VVZ , , how WRB much JJ , , and CC when WRB he PP wants VVZ it PP . SENT But CC when WRB he PP makes VVZ for IN others NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , for IN a DT market NN , , the DT risks NNS are VBP greater JJR . SENT For IN he PP will MD not RB know VV so RB much RB about IN the DT wants VVZ of IN other JJ persons NNS as IN about IN his PP$ own JJ . SENT It PP might MD seem VV as RB if IN small JJ local JJ markets NNS , , in IN which WDT the DT producer NN dealt VVD exclusively RB with IN neighbours NNS , , would MD carry VV the DT least JJS risk NN , , and CC that IN the DT risk NN would MD expand VV with IN each DT expansion NN of IN the DT market NN area NN . SENT But CC this DT is VBZ not RB commonly RB the DT case NN . SENT As IN a DT rule NN , , there EX is VBZ less JJR risk NN for IN the DT producer NN serving VVG a DT large JJ market NN , , the DT individual JJ members NNS of IN which WDT he PP does VVZ not RB know VV , , than IN a DT small JJ market NN of IN his PP$ neighbours NNS . SENT For IN the DT fluctuations NNS of IN aggregate JJ demand NN will MD be VB smaller JJR in IN the DT larger JJR market NN , , and CC though IN he PP will MD know VV less JJR about IN the DT individual JJ contributions NNS to TO its PP$ supply NN and CC its PP$ demand NN , , his PP$ risk NN of IN failing VVG to TO effect VV a DT sale NN , , when WRB he PP desires VVZ to TO do VV so RB , , will MD usually RB be VB less JJR . SENT This DT at IN any DT rate NN applies VVZ to TO most RBS standard JJ trades NNS . SENT Since IN effective JJ access NN to TO large JJ markets NNS implies VVZ a DT fairly RB large JJ business NN , , the DT economy NN of IN risk NN becomes VVZ one CD of IN the DT economies NNS of IN capitalism NN , , and CC its PP$ calculation NN a DT chief JJ branch NN of IN the DT employer's NN skill NN . SENT The DT watching NN of IN the DT market NN so RB as RB to TO reduce VV the DT waste NN of IN misdirected VVN production NN is VBZ the DT most RBS delicate JJ of IN the DT intellectual JJ activities NNS of IN most JJS managers NNS . SENT It PP takes VVZ him PP outside IN the DT scope NN of IN his PP$ own JJ business NN and CC the DT present JJ process NN of IN production NN , , to TO consider VV the DT whole JJ condition NN of IN the DT trade NN in IN the DT present JJ and CC the DT probable JJ future NN . SENT These DT calculations NNS and CC acts NNS of IN judgment NN issuing VVG from IN the DT brain NN of IN business NN managers NNS are VBP the DT psychical JJ aspect NN of IN the DT whole JJ structure NN of IN markets NNS and CC of IN the DT trade NN and CC traffic NN arrangements NNS which WDT give VVP such JJ unity NN and CC order NN as RB are VBP visible JJ in IN what WP is VBZ termed VVN the DT industrial JJ system NN . SENT Thus RB , , not RB merely RB on IN the DT financial JJ but CC on IN the DT commercial JJ side NN , , industry NN is VBZ perceived VVN to TO be VB a DT great JJ fabric NN of IN beliefs NNS and CC desires NNS . SENT Though RB , , as IN we PP shall MD recognise VV , , in IN dealing VVG with IN labour NN , , and CC with IN saving NN , , risk NN taking NN is VBZ by IN no DT means NNS confined VVN to TO employers NNS and CC entrepreneurs NNS , , its PP$ wider JJR operations NNS belong VVP to TO the DT speculative JJ skill NN which WDT comes VVZ under IN the DT general JJ head NN of IN ability NN of IN management NN . SENT In IN the DT psychological JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN this DT function NN of IN the DT entrepreneur NN is VBZ of IN quite RB crucial JJ significance NN , , cooperating VVG everywhere RB with IN the DT more JJR abstract JJ calculations NNS of IN financiers NNS in IN directing VVG the DT amounts NNS , , kinds NNS , , and CC directions NNS , , of IN the DT various JJ currents NNS of IN industrial JJ energy NN which WDT move VVP in IN the DT business NN world NN . SENT Since IN it PP involves VVZ a DT constant JJ use NN of IN the DT constructive JJ imagination NN in IN the DT interpretation NN of IN the DT play NN of IN changing VVG motives NNS in IN many JJ minds NNS , , and CC the DT forecasting NN of IN future JJ conditions NNS which WDT can MD never RB be VB a DT mere JJ repetition NN of IN the DT past NN , , the DT creative JJ faculty NN obtains VVZ here RB its PP$ highest JJS expression NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB for IN nothing NN that IN the DT great JJ modern JJ master NN either CC of IN finance NN or CC industry NN is VBZ accredited VVN with IN some DT quality NN of IN imaginative JJ power NN akin JJ to TO that DT of IN the DT artist NN . SENT This DT , , however RB , , must MD in RB not RB a DT few JJ instances NNS imply VVP , , not RB merely RB the DT genius NN of IN the DT prophet NN , , but CC that IN of IN the DT skilled JJ manipulator NN of IN economic JJ material NN and CC opportunity NN , , who WP helps VVZ to TO secure VV the DT due JJ fulfilment NN of IN the DT prophecies NNS upon IN which WDT he PP stakes VVZ his PP$ faith NN . SENT CHAPTER NN V NN . SENT THE DT HUMAN JJ COSTS NNS OF IN LABOUR NN 1 CD . SENT The DT classical JJ Political JJ Economy NN of IN this DT country NN gave VVD to TO Labour VV a DT role NN of IN supreme JJ importance NN in IN the DT production NN of IN wealth NN . SENT From IN Adam NP Smith NP , , Ricardo NP , , and CC other JJ authoritative JJ exponents NNS of IN the DT new JJ science NN many JJ passages NNS can MD be VB cited VVN to TO support VV the DT thesis NN that IN labourers NNS are VBP the DT only JJ producers NNS . SENT Nor CC does VVZ it PP appear VVP that IN in IN these DT utterances NNS Labour NN was VBD usually RB intended VVN to TO include VV the DT services NNS of IN organisation NN and CC management NN or CC other JJ intellectual JJ activities NNS . SENT Wealth NN is VBZ baldly RB attributed VVN to TO Labour VV in IN the DT sense NN that IN the DT manual JJ labour NN , , which WDT extracts VVZ raw JJ materials NNS from IN the DT earth NN , , shapes VVZ and CC composes VVZ them PP , , and CC carries VVZ them PP from IN one CD place NN to TO another DT , , alone RB counts VVZ as IN a DT cost NN of IN production NN . SENT It PP is VBZ natural JJ enough RB that IN the DT scientific JJ socialism NN of IN Europe NP should MD have VH accepted VVN and CC enforced VVN this DT doctrine NN . SENT Though IN the DT more JJR intelligent JJ socialists NNS and CC labour NN men NNS admit VVP the DT necessary JJ work NN of IN superintendence NN and CC other JJ mental JJ work NN as IN useful JJ and CC productive JJ , , the DT materialism NN prevalent JJ in IN the DT business NN world NN tends VVZ to TO relegate VV to TO a DT quite RB secondary JJ place VV all PDT the DT higher JJR forms NNS of IN intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ activity NN . SENT It PP was VBD upon IN the DT whole NN , , indeed RB , , a DT sound JJ instinct NN which WDT thus RB led VVD the DT early JJ theorists NNS to TO use VV language NN which WDT attributed VVD to TO manual JJ labour NN the DT real JJ burden NN of IN the DT costs NNS of IN production NN . SENT For IN closer JJR investigation NN attests VVZ the DT force NN of IN the DT distinction NN between IN the DT productive JJ energy NN given VVN out RP by IN the DT intellectual NN , , the DT directing NN , , and CC administrative JJ classes NNS on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , and CC by IN the DT labouring VVG classes NNS on IN the DT other JJ . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT social JJ as RB well RB as IN the DT economic JJ cleavage NN is VBZ so RB distinctive JJ a DT feature NN of IN our PP$ life NN that IN it PP would MD be VB inconvenient JJ to TO ignore VV it PP . SENT The DT cleavage NN will MD be VB found VVN to TO correspond VV pretty RB accurately RB to TO the DT distinction NN between IN the DT creative JJ and CC the DT imitative JJ functions NNS which WDT we PP provisionally RB adopted VVD for IN a DT starting VVG point NN in IN our PP$ analysis NN . SENT For IN most JJS of IN the DT productive JJ energy NN given VVN out RP by IN the DT artistic JJ , , inventive JJ , , professional JJ , , official JJ , , and CC managerial JJ classes NNS , , which WDT have VHP passed VVN under IN our PP$ survey NN , , is VBZ seen VVN to TO be VB in IN large JJ measure NN creative JJ , , varied JJ , , interesting JJ , , and CC pleasurable JJ . SENT Now RB in IN the DT labour NN of IN the DT wage NN earning VVG classes NNS these DT qualities NNS are VBP generally RB lacking VVG . SENT Alike RB in IN motives NNS and CC in IN methods NNS , , the DT contrast NN is VBZ clearly RB marked VVN . SENT The DT mind NN of IN the DT artist NN or CC the DT inventor NN , , even RB of IN the DT professional JJ man NN or CC the DT administrator NN , , is VBZ occupied VVN with IN the DT work NN in IN hand NN , , as IN an DT object NN of IN interest NN and CC of IN desirable JJ achievement NN . SENT The DT nature NN of IN the DT work NN and CC the DT conditions NNS of IN remuneration NN conduce VV to TO fix VV his PP$ immediate JJ thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS on IN the DT performance NN of IN his PP$ work NN . SENT With IN the DT labourer NN it PP is VBZ different JJ . SENT The DT conditions NNS of IN most JJS labour NN are VBP such JJ that IN the DT labourer NN finds VVZ little JJ scope NN for IN thought NN and CC emotional JJ interest NN in IN the DT work NN itself PP . SENT Its PP$ due JJ performance NN is VBZ hardly RB an DT end NN to TO him PP , , but CC only RB a DT means NN to TO a DT livelihood NN consisting VVG in IN the DT consumable JJ commodities NNS got VVD in IN payment NN for IN his PP$ labour NN . SENT But CC the DT vital JJ distinction NN is VBZ in IN the DT nature NN and CC method NN of IN the DT work NN done VVN . SENT Whereas IN the DT artistic JJ or CC inventive JJ , , or CC even RB the DT professional JJ man NN , , is VBZ constantly RB doing VVG something NN new JJ , , the DT labourer NN continually RB repeats VVZ the DT same JJ act NN or CC set VVN of IN acts NNS , , in IN order NN to TO produce VV a DT number NN of IN similar JJ products NNS . SENT The DT success NN of IN most JJS labour NN consists VVZ in IN the DT exactitude NN and CC pace NN with IN which WDT this DT repetition NN can MD be VB carried VVN on RP . SENT The DT machine NN tender NN is VBZ the DT typical JJ instance NN . SENT To TO feed VV the DT same JJ machinery NN with IN the DT same JJ quantity NN of IN the DT same JJ material NN at IN the DT same JJ pace NN , , so RB as RB to TO turn VV out RP an DT endless JJ number NN of IN precisely RB similar JJ articles NNS , , is VBZ the DT absolute JJ antithesis NN of IN art NN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB said VVN that IN the DT man NN who WP feeds VVZ such PDT a DT machine NN tends VVZ to TO become VV as RB automatic JJ as IN the DT machine NN itself PP . SENT This DT , , however RB , , is VBZ but CC a DT half NN truth NN . SENT If IN the DT tender NN could MD become VV as RB automatic JJ as IN the DT machine NN he PP tended VVD , , if IN he PP could MD completely RB mechanise VV a DT little JJ section NN of IN his PP$ faculties NNS , , it PP might MD go VV easier JJR with IN him PP . SENT But CC the DT main JJ trend NN of IN life NN in IN the DT man NN fights VVZ against IN the DT mechanising VVG tendency NN of IN his PP$ work NN , , and CC this DT struggle NN entails VVZ a DT heavy JJ cost NN . SENT For IN his PP$ machine NN imposes VVZ a DT repetition NN of IN the DT same JJ muscular JJ and CC nervous JJ action NN upon IN a DT being NN whose WP$ muscles NNS and CC nervous JJ resources NNS are VBP continually RB changing VVG . SENT The DT machine NN , , fed VVN constantly RB with IN the DT same JJ supply NN of IN fuel NN , , geared VVN up RP to TO a DT single JJ constant JJ pace NN of IN movement NN , , forced VVN by IN unchanging JJ structure NN to TO the DT performance NN of IN the DT same JJ operation NN , , friction NN and CC error NN reduced VVN to TO an DT almost RB negligible JJ minimum NN , , works VVZ through IN the DT longest JJS day NN with IN a DT uniform JJ expenditure NN of IN power NN . SENT The DT machine NN tender NN is VBZ an DT organism NN , , fed VVN at IN somewhat RB irregular JJ intervals NNS with IN different JJ amounts NNS and CC sorts NNS of IN food NN , , the DT assimilation NN of IN which WDT is VBZ also RB discontinuous JJ , , and CC incapable JJ of IN maintaining VVG intact JJ and CC constant JJ in IN its PP$ quantity NN the DT muscular JJ and CC nervous JJ tissue NN and CC the DT accompanying JJ contractions NNS which WDT constitute VVP the DT physical JJ supply NN of IN work NN . SENT This DT organism NN has VHZ also RB many JJ other JJ structures NNS and CC functions NNS , , physical JJ and CC mental JJ , , whose WP$ activities NNS and CC needs NNS get VVP in IN the DT way NN of IN the DT automatic JJ activity NN of IN machine NN tending VVG . SENT Thus RB the DT worker NN cannot NN succeed VV in IN becoming VVG altogether RB a DT machine NN tending VVG automaton NN . SENT He PP will MD not RB always RB exactly RB repeat VV himself PP , , and CC his PP$ attempt NN to TO do VV so RB involves VVZ two CD sets NNS of IN organic JJ costs NNS or CC wastes NNS , , due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that WDT , , though IN his PP$ labour NN tries VVZ to TO make VV him PP a DT specialised VVN mechanism NN , , he PP remains VVZ a DT generalised VVN organism NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN labour NN consists VVZ in IN specialised VVN routine NN , , absorbing VVG the DT main JJ current NN of IN productive JJ energy NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT enemy NN of IN organic JJ health NN . SENT It PP is VBZ hostile JJ in IN two CD ways NNS , , first RB , , in IN denying VVG to TO man VV opportunity NN for IN the DT exercise NN of IN his PP$ other JJ productive JJ faculties NNS , , secondly RB , , in IN overtaxing VVG and CC degrading JJ by IN servile JJ repetition NN the DT single JJ faculty NN that WDT is VBZ employed VVN . SENT As IN the DT artist NN presents VVZ the DT supreme JJ example NN of IN creative JJ work NN , , with IN a DT minimum NN of IN human JJ costs NNS and CC a DT maximum NN of IN human JJ utility NN , , so RB the DT machine NN tender NN presents VVZ the DT supreme JJ example NN of IN imitative JJ work NN , , with IN a DT maximum NN of IN human JJ costs NNS and CC a DT minimum NN of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Some DT particular JJ consideration NN of IN these DT costs NNS of IN machine NN tending VVG will NN be VB the DT best JJS approach NN to TO a DT more RBR general JJ survey NN of IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN . SENT The DT indictment NN of IN the DT dominion NN of IN machinery NN by IN Ruskin NP , , Morris NP , , and CC other JJ humanist NN reformers NNS , , was VBD primarily RB based VVN upon IN the DT degradation NN of IN the DT worker's JJ manhood NN by IN denying VVG him PP the DT conditions NNS of IN good JJ work NN . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT sad JJ account NN , , said VVD Ruskin NP , , for IN a DT man NN to TO give VV of IN himself PP that WDT he PP has VHZ spent VVN his PP$ life NN in IN opening VVG a DT valve NN , , and CC never RB made VVN anything NN but CC the DT eighteenth JJ part NN of IN a DT pin NN . SENT But CC , , important JJ as IN is VBZ this DT charge NN of IN degraded VVN and CC joyless JJ work NN , , we PP must MD begin VV our PP$ analysis NN of IN the DT costs NNS of IN mechanical JJ or CC factory NN labour NN at IN a DT lower JJR level NN . SENT From IN the DT great JJ body NN of IN the DT factory NN labour NN which WDT goes VVZ to TO the DT provision NN of IN our PP$ national JJ income NN , , the DT first JJ great JJ human JJ cost NN that WDT emerges VVZ is VBZ the DT burden NN of IN injurious JJ fatigue NN which WDT results VVZ from IN muscular JJ or CC nervous JJ overstrain NN , , and CC from IN the DT other JJ physical JJ and CC moral JJ injuries NNS which WDT are VBP the DT natural JJ accompaniments NNS of IN this DT overstrain NN . SENT Modern JJ physiology NN and CC pathology NN have VHP done VVN much RB to TO give VV plain JJ meanings NNS to TO these DT costs NNS . SENT Physical JJ fatigue NN is VBZ not RB of IN necessity NN an DT injury NN to TO the DT body NN , , nor CC is VBZ all DT feeling NN of IN fatigue NN a DT pain NN . SENT The DT ideally RB correct JJ conduct NN of IN the DT organism NN may MD , , indeed RB , , appear VVP to TO preserve VV an DT exact JJ and CC a DT continuous JJ balance NN between IN the DT anabolic JJ and CC the DT catabolic JJ , , the DT nutrition NN of IN cell NN life NN and CC the DT expenditure NN in IN function NN . SENT Sir NP Michael NP Foster NP gives VVZ the DT following VVG classical JJ description NN of IN this DT process NN . SENT 1 LS Did VVD we PP possess VVP some DT optic JJ aid NN which WDT should MD overcome VV the DT grossness NN of IN our PP$ vision NN , , so RB that IN we PP might MD watch VV the DT dance NN of IN atoms NNS in IN this DT double JJ process NN of IN making VVG and CC unmaking VVG in IN the DT human JJ body NN , , we PP should MD see VV the DT commonplace JJ living NN things NNS which WDT are VBP brought VVN by IN the DT blood NN , , and CC which WDT we PP call VVP the DT food NN , , caught VVN up RP into IN and CC made VVN part NN of IN the DT molecular JJ whorls NNS of IN the DT living NN muscle NN , , linked VVN together RB for IN awhile RB in IN the DT intricate JJ figures NNS of IN the DT dance NN of IN life NN . SENT and CC then RB we PP should MD see VV how WRB , , loosing VVG hands NNS , , they PP slipped VVD back RB into IN the DT blood NN , , as RB dead JJ , , inert JJ , , used VVN up IN matter NN . SENT In IN every DT tiny JJ block NN of IN muscle NN there EX is VBZ a DT part NN which WDT is VBZ really RB alive JJ , , there EX are VBP parts NNS which WDT are VBP becoming VVG alive RB , , there EX are VBP parts NNS which WDT have VHP been VBN alive JJ but CC are VBP now RB dying VVG or CC dead JJ . SENT there EX is VBZ an DT upward JJ rush NN from IN the DT lifeless JJ to TO the DT living NN , , a DT downward JJ rush NN from IN the DT living NN to TO the DT dead NN . SENT This DT is VBZ always RB going VVG on IN , , whether IN the DT muscle NN be VB quiet JJ and CC at IN rest NN , , or CC whether IN it PP be VB active JJ and CC moving VVG . SENT Some DT of IN the DT capital NN of IN living VVG material NN is VBZ always RB being VBG spent VVN , , changed VVN into IN dead JJ waste NN , , some DT of IN the DT new JJ food NN is VBZ always RB being VBG raised VVN into IN living VVG capital NN . SENT Thus RB nutritive JJ materials NNS are VBP carried VVN by IN the DT blood NN to TO the DT tissues NNS , , and CC the DT dead JJ materials NNS of IN used VVN up RP and CC broken VVN up RP tissues NNS are VBP carried VVN away RB for IN destruction NN or CC ejection NN . SENT Under IN normal JJ conditions NNS of IN healthy JJ activity NN this DT metabolic JJ balance NN is VBZ preserved VVN by IN the DT alternation NN of IN work NN and CC repose NN , , the DT tissue NN and CC energy NN built VVN up RP out IN of IN food NN during IN periods NNS of IN rest NN forming VVG a DT fund NN for IN expenditure NN during IN periods NNS of IN work NN , , while IN the DT same JJ periods NNS of IN rest NN enable VV the DT destructive JJ and CC evacuative JJ processes NNS to TO get VV rid JJ of IN any DT accumulation NN of IN dead JJ tissue NN due JJ to TO the DT previous JJ period NN of IN work NN . SENT Abnormally RB intense JJ or CC unduly RB prolonged JJ activity NN of IN any DT portion NN of IN the DT body NN uses VVZ up RP tissue NN so RB fast RB that IN its PP$ dead JJ material NN cannot NN be VB got VVN rid JJ of IN at IN the DT proper JJ pace NN . SENT It PP accumulates VVZ in IN the DT blood NN or CC in IN the DT kidneys NNS , , liver NN or CC lungs NNS , , and CC operates VVZ as IN a DT poison NN throughout IN the DT whole JJ system NN . SENT Over IN fatigue NN thus RB means VVZ poisoning NN the DT organism NN . SENT The DT poisons NNS are VBP more JJR and CC more RBR heaped VVD up RP , , poisoning NN the DT muscles NNS , , poisoning NN the DT brain NN , , poisoning NN the DT heart NN , , poisoning NN at IN last JJ the DT blood NN itself PP , , starting VVG in IN the DT intricate JJ machinery NN of IN the DT body NN new JJ poisons NNS in IN addition NN to TO themselves PP . SENT The DT hunted VVN hare NN , , run VVN to TO death NN , , dies VVZ not RB because IN he PP is VBZ choked VVN for IN want NN of IN breath NN , , nor CC because IN his PP$ heart NN stands VVZ still RB , , its PP$ store NN of IN energy NN having VHG given VVN out RP , , but CC because IN a DT poisoned VVN blood NN poisons NNS his PP$ brain NN , , poisons VVZ his PP$ whole JJ body NN . SENT 2 LS The DT Italian JJ biologist NN Mosso RB has VHZ demonstrated VVN that IN the DT depressing JJ effect NN of IN fatigue NN is VBZ not RB confined VVN to TO the DT local JJ centre NN where WRB it PP is VBZ produced VVN , , but CC is VBZ carried VVN to TO all DT parts NNS of IN the DT body NN . SENT When WRB the DT blood NN of IN a DT dog NN fatigued VVN by IN continued JJ running NN is VBZ injected VVN into IN the DT vessels NNS of IN a DT sound JJ dog NN , , the DT latter NN exhibits VVZ all PDT the DT signs NNS of IN fatigue NN . SENT The DT inability NN of IN the DT system NN to TO dispose VV of IN the DT used VVN up RP tissue NN , , which WDT thus RB accumulates VVZ and CC poisons NNS the DT system NN , , is VBZ one CD injurious JJ factor NN in IN fatigue NN . SENT Another DT is VBZ the DT undue JJ depletion NN of IN the DT stores NNS of IN glycogen NN and CC oxygen NN , , which WDT the DT organism NN provides VVZ for IN the DT output NN of IN muscular JJ activity NN . SENT Glycogen NN is VBZ a DT compound NN of IN carbon NN , , hydrogen NN , , and CC oxygen NN made VVN by IN muscle NN tissue NN out IN of IN the DT sugar NN or CC dextrine NN supplied VVN to TO it PP by IN the DT blood NN . SENT The DT stored VVN glycogen NN of IN the DT muscles NNS keeps VVZ uniting VVG chemically RB with IN the DT oxygen NN of IN the DT blood NN . SENT The DT glycogen NN is VBZ broken VVN down RP into IN a DT simpler JJR chemical NN form NN , , giving VVG off RP the DT gas NN carbon NN dioxide NN and CC other JJ acid JJ wastes NNS , , and CC releasing VVG heat NN and CC mechanical JJ energy NN in IN the DT process NN . SENT With IN the DT released VVN energy NN contraction NN of IN the DT muscles NNS takes VVZ place NN and CC hence RB ultimately RB the DT industrial JJ labour NN which WDT is VBZ our PP$ special JJ theme NN . SENT 3 CD Glycogen NN is VBZ , , as IN it PP were VBD , , stored VVN for IN use NN . SENT It PP is VBZ always RB being VBG replenished VVN , , always RB being VBG depleted VVN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT But CC when WRB the DT muscle NN is VBZ active JJ and CC contracts NNS energetically RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT run NN upon IN our PP$ glycogen NN . SENT It PP is VBZ used VVN up RP faster RBR than IN it PP is VBZ built VVN in IN muscle NN . SENT The DT glycogen NN is VBZ spent VVN so RB rapidly RB that IN there EX is VBZ not RB time NN for IN the DT blood NN stream NN to TO bring VV back RB to TO the DT tissue NN the DT potential JJ material NN for IN its PP$ repair NN . SENT 4 CD Though IN the DT liver NN furnishes VVZ an DT extra JJ store NN of IN glycogen NN , , this DT too RB may MD be VB depleted VVN by IN undue JJ muscular JJ activity NN . SENT Thus RB we PP have VHP reached VVN the DT other JJ fundamental JJ factor NN in IN fatigue NN the DT consumption NN of IN the DT energy NN yielding VVG substance NN itself PP . SENT Not RB only RB does VVZ tissue NN manufacture NN poison NN for IN itself PP in IN the DT very JJ act NN of IN living NN , , casting VVG off RP chemical JJ wastes NNS into IN the DT circling VVG bloodstream NN . SENT not RB only RB are VBP these DT wastes NNS poured VVN into IN the DT blood NN faster RBR with IN increased VVN exertion NN , , clogging VVG the DT muscle NN more RBR and CC more RBR with IN its PP$ own JJ noxious JJ products NNS . SENT but CC , , finally RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT depletion NN of IN the DT very JJ material NN from IN which WDT energy NN is VBZ obtained VVN . SENT The DT catabolic JJ process NN is VBZ in IN excess NN of IN the DT anabolic JJ . SENT In IN exhaustion NN , , the DT organism NN is VBZ forced VVN literally RB to TO use VV itself PP up RP . SENT 5 CD 3 CD . SENT So RB much RB for IN the DT physiological JJ meaning NN of IN muscular JJ fatigue NN . SENT Closely RB associated VVN with IN muscular JJ fatigue NN is VBZ nervous JJ fatigue NN . SENT For IN every DT voluntary JJ muscular JJ action NN receives VVZ its PP$ stimulus NN from IN a DT nervous JJ centre NN . SENT Though IN the DT nature NN of IN this DT nervous JJ energy NN , , accumulated VVN in IN the DT central JJ nervous JJ system NN and CC distributed VVN in IN stimuli NNS , , is VBZ not RB well RB understood VVN , , its PP$ economy NN is VBZ gravely RB disturbed VVN by IN conduct NN involving VVG heavy JJ muscular JJ fatigue NN , , as RB well RB as IN by IN work NN of IN a DT mental JJ kind NN involving VVG heavy NN drains VVZ on IN its PP$ resources NNS . SENT A DT process NN of IN building VVG up RP , , storage NN , , and CC dissipation NN of IN nerve NN tissue NN and CC energy NN yielding VVG material NN , , corresponding JJ to TO that DT which WDT we PP have VHP traced VVN for IN muscle NN tissue NN , , must MD be VB accepted VVN as IN taking VVG place NN . SENT Fatigue NN of IN the DT nervous JJ system NN will MD thus RB be VB attended VVN by IN a DT similar JJ accumulation NN of IN poisonous JJ waste NN products NNS , , and CC an DT excessive JJ consumption NN of IN substances NNS needed VVN for IN the DT maintenance NN of IN nervous JJ activity NN . SENT Though IN physiologists NNS are VBP not RB agreed VVN as IN to TO how WRB and CC when WRB fatigue NN acts VVZ on IN the DT nervous JJ cells NNS , , there EX is VBZ no DT question NN of IN the DT reality NN and CC of IN the DT importance NN of IN this DT injury NN of IN excessive JJ work NN to TO the DT administrative JJ instrument NN of IN the DT individual NN which WDT directs VVZ controls NNS and CC harmonises VVZ the DT work NN of IN the DT parts NNS of IN the DT organic JJ machine NN and CC gives VVZ unity NN to TO the DT whole NN . SENT Still RB confining VVG our PP$ attention NN to TO purely RB physical JJ conditions NNS , , we PP learn VVP that DT work NN done VVN in IN a DT state NN of IN muscular JJ fatigue NN involves VVZ an DT increase NN of IN nervous JJ effort NN . SENT Mosso RB showed VVD that IN a DT much RB stronger JJR electric JJ stimulus NN is VBZ required VVN to TO make VV a DT wearied VVN muscle NN contract NN than IN one CD which WDT is VBZ rested VVD . SENT He PP devised VVD an DT apparatus NN , , the DT ponometer NN , , which WDT records VVZ the DT curve NN of IN nervous JJ effort NN required VVN to TO accomplish VV muscular JJ action NN as IN fatigue NN increases NNS . SENT He PP showed VVD that IN the DT nerve NN centres NNS are VBP compelled VVN to TO supply VV an DT ever RB stronger JJR stimulus NN to TO fatigued VVN muscles NNS . SENT 6 CD Professor NP Treves NP at IN Turin NP throws VVZ further RBR light JJ upon IN the DT relations NNS between IN the DT muscular JJ and CC the DT nervous JJ economy NN . SENT It PP is VBZ well RB known VVN that IN in IN muscular JJ activity NN there EX is VBZ an DT opening VVG period NN during IN which WDT efficiency NN , , or CC practical JJ response NN to TO nervous JJ stimulus NN , , increases NNS . SENT Before IN fatigue NN begins VVZ to TO set VV in IN , , the DT muscle NN appears VVZ to TO gain VV strength NN , , its PP$ working JJ power NN being VBG actually RB augmented VVN . SENT This DT period NN of IN maximum JJ efficiency NN continues VVZ for IN an DT appreciable JJ time NN , , then RB fatigue VV advances NNS more JJR and CC more JJR until IN muscular JJ contraction NN refuses VVZ any DT longer RBR to TO respond VV to TO even VV a DT heightened JJ nervous JJ stimulus NN . SENT This DT , , of IN course NN , , is VBZ also RB an DT epitome NN of IN the DT course NN of IN organic JJ life NN itself PP , , its PP$ rise NN towards IN maturity NN , , its PP$ level NN of IN maximum JJ power NN and CC its PP$ decline NN . SENT Now RB training NN or CC practice NN can MD notoriously RB affect VV this DT natural JJ economy NN . SENT The DT muscular JJ system NN , , or CC some DT part NN of IN it PP , , can MD by RB practice VV accommodate VV itself PP to TO increasing VVG quantities NNS of IN fatigue NN poisons NNS , , and CC can MD draw VV from IN the DT general JJ organic JJ fund NN a DT larger JJR quantity NN of IN material NN for IN repair NN of IN local JJ muscular JJ tissue NN and CC energy NN . SENT But CC it PP has VHZ long RB been VBN recognised VVN that IN some DT real JJ dangers NNS attach VVP to TO this DT excessive JJ specialisation NN of IN muscular JJ activities NNS . SENT The DT pathological JJ nature NN of IN over IN training NN in IN athletics NNS has VHZ its PP$ plain JJ counterpart NN in IN industry NN . SENT This DT , , according VVG to TO Professor NP Treves NP , , lies VVZ in IN the DT failure NN of IN the DT supply NN of IN nervous JJ energy NN to TO rise VV in IN proportion NN to TO the DT requirements NNS for IN this DT higher JJR pressure NN upon IN the DT muscular JJ tissues NNS . SENT According VVG to TO my PP$ experience NN , , it PP has VHZ not RB been VBN found VVN that IN training NN has VHZ as RB favourable JJ an DT effect NN upon IN nervous JJ energy NN as IN upon IN muscular JJ strength NN . SENT . SENT . SENT . SENT This DT fact NN explains VVZ why WRB muscular JJ training NN cannot NN go VVP beyond IN certain JJ limits NNS and CC why WRB athletes NNS are VBP often RB broken VVN down RP by IN the DT consequences NNS of IN over IN exertion NN . SENT And CC this DT fact NN teaches VVZ also RB the DT practical JJ necessity NN of IN preventing VVG women NNS , , children NNS , , and CC even RB adult NN men NNS from IN becoming VVG subjected VVN to TO labour VV , , which WDT , , indeed RB , , a DT gradual JJ muscular JJ training NN may MD make VV possible JJ , , but CC at IN the DT price NN of IN an DT excessive JJ loss NN of IN nervous JJ energy NN which WDT is VBZ not RB betrayed VVN by IN any DT obvious JJ or CC immediate JJ symptoms NNS , , either CC objective JJ or CC subjective JJ . SENT 7 CD A DT series NN of IN experiments NNS has VHZ been VBN directed VVN to TO the DT more RBR detailed JJ study NN of IN the DT relations NNS between IN activity NN and CC repose NN . SENT Their PP$ general JJ result NN is VBZ to TO prove VV that DT muscular JJ work NN , , done VVN after IN fatigue NN has VHZ set VVN in RP , , not RB only RB costs VVZ more RBR nervous JJ effort NN but CC accomplishes VVZ less JJR work NN . SENT The DT ergograph NN , , an DT instrument NN for IN measuring VVG work NN , , yields VVZ ample JJ testimony NN to TO the DT recuperative JJ effect NN of IN rest NN taken VVN before IN exhaustion NN is VBZ reached VVN , , on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , and CC the DT rapid JJ rate NN of IN decline NN in IN achievement NN when WRB activity NN is VBZ continued VVN after IN the DT fatigue NN point NN has VHZ been VBN reached VVN . SENT 4 LS . SENT To TO this DT account NN of IN the DT physical JJ costs NNS of IN excessive JJ work NN in IN muscular JJ and CC nervous JJ waste NN must MD be VB added VVN the DT greater JJR liability NN to TO accidents NNS and CC the DT greater JJR susceptibility NN to TO industrial JJ and CC non JJ industrial JJ diseases NNS which WDT fatigue NN entails VVZ . SENT The DT statistics NNS of IN industry NN in IN various JJ countries NNS prove VVP that DT fatigue NN is VBZ a DT very RB important JJ factor NN in IN industrial JJ accidents NNS . SENT Though IN fatigue NN is VBZ not RB always RB proportionate JJ to TO duration NN of IN work NN , , the DT number NN of IN hours NNS worked VVN without IN intermission NN is VBZ usually RB a DT valid JJ index NN of IN fatigue NN . SENT After IN a DT long JJ stunt NN of IN work NN the DT attention NN of IN the DT worker NN and CC his PP$ muscular JJ control NN are VBP both CC weakened VVN . SENT We PP find VVP , , therefore RB , , a DT marked JJ similarity NN in IN the DT curves NNS relating VVG accidents NNS to TO hours NNS of IN labour NN , , accidents NNS increasing VVG progressively RB up RB to TO the DT end NN of IN the DT morning's JJ work NN , , and CC again RB in IN the DT late JJ afternoon NN as IN the DT day's NNS work NN draws VVZ to TO its PP$ close NN . SENT Recent JJ German JJ statistics NNS show VVP that IN the DT highest JJS rate NN of IN accidents NNS is VBZ during IN the DT fourth JJ and CC fifth JJ hours NNS of IN morning NN work NN . SENT fig NN 1 CD fig NN 2 CD That IN over IN fatigue NN connected VVN with IN industry NN is VBZ responsible JJ for IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN nervous JJ disorders NNS is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , generally RB admitted VVN . SENT The DT growing VVG prevalence NN of IN cardiac JJ neurosis NN and CC of IN neurasthenia NN in IN general JJ among IN working VVG people NNS is VBZ attested VVN by IN many JJ medical JJ authorities NNS , , especially RB in IN occupations NNS where WRB long JJ strains NNS of IN attention NN are VBP involved VVN . SENT But CC the DT general JJ enfeeblement NN and CC loss NN of IN resistance NN power NN to TO disease NN germs NNS of IN all DT kinds NNS are VBP even RB more RBR injurious JJ consequences NNS of IN over IN exertion NN . SENT Many JJ experiments NNS attest VV the DT fact NN that IN fatigue NN reduces VVZ the DT power NN of IN the DT blood NN to TO resist VV bacteria NNS and CC their PP$ toxic JJ products NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT So RB far RB I PP have VHP dwelt VVN exclusively RB upon IN the DT physiological JJ nature NN and CC effects NNS of IN fatigue NN as IN costs NNS of IN labour NN . SENT But CC due JJ account NN must MD also RB be VB taken VVN of IN the DT psychical JJ or CC conscious JJ costs NNS . SENT Much JJ work NN in IN its PP$ initial JJ stage NN contains VVZ elements NNS of IN pleasurable JJ exercise NN of IN some DT human JJ organ NN or CC faculty NN , , and CC even RB when WRB this DT pleasure NN has VHZ worn VVN off RP a DT considerable JJ period NN of IN indifference NN may MD ensue VV . SENT Though IN boredom NN may MD set VV in IN before IN any DT strain NN of IN fatigue NN , , the DT earlier JJR period NN of IN ennui NN may MD not RB entail VV a DT heavy JJ cost NN . SENT But CC , , when WRB fatigue NN advances NNS , , the DT irksomeness NN brings VVZ a DT growing VVG feeling NN of IN painful JJ effort NN , , and CC a DT long JJ bout NN of IN fatigue NN produces VVZ as IN its PP$ concomitant NN a DT period NN of IN grave JJ conscious JJ irritation NN of IN nerves NNS with IN a DT subsequent JJ period NN of IN painful JJ collapse NN . SENT Where WRB the DT conditions NNS of IN work NN are VBP such JJ as RB to TO involve VV a DT daily JJ repetition NN of IN this DT pain NN , , its PP$ accumulative JJ effect NN constitutes VVZ one CD of IN the DT heaviest JJS of IN human JJ costs NNS , , a DT lowering VVG of IN mentality NN and CC of IN moral JJ resistance NN closely RB corresponding JJ to TO the DT decline NN of IN physical JJ resistance NN . SENT Drink NN and CC other JJ sensational JJ excesses NNS are VBP the DT normal JJ reactions NNS of IN this DT lowered VVN morale NN . SENT Thus RB fatigue VV ranks NNS as IN a DT main JJ determinant NN of IN the DT character NN of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS and CC has VHZ a DT social JJ significance NN in IN its PP$ bearing NN upon IN order NN and CC progress NN not RB less RBR important JJ than IN its PP$ influence NN upon IN the DT individual JJ organism NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT I PP have VHP dwelt VVN in IN some DT detail NN upon IN these DT phenomena NNS of IN fatigue NN , , because IN they PP exhibit VV most RBS clearly RB the DT defects NNS of IN the DT working VVG life NN which WDT carry VVP heaviest JJS human JJ costs NNS . SENT These DT defects NNS are VBP excessive JJ duration NN of IN labour NN , , excessive JJ specialisation NN , , excessive JJ repetition NN , , excessive JJ strain NN and CC excessive JJ speed NN . SENT Though RB separate JJ for IN purposes NNS of IN analysis NN , , these DT factors NNS closely RB interact VV . SENT Mere JJ duration NN of IN labour NN does VVZ not RB necessarily RB involve VV fatigue NN , , provided VVD it PP carries VVZ the DT elements NNS of IN interest NN , , variety NN , , and CC achievement NN . SENT The DT degree NN of IN specialisation NN or CC subdivision NN of IN labour NN counts NNS on IN the DT whole NN more RBR heavily RB . SENT But CC even RB a DT high JJ degree NN of IN specialisation NN is VBZ alleviated VVN , , where WRB it PP contains VVZ many JJ little JJ changes NNS of IN action NN or CC position NN , , and CC affords VVZ scope NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN attending VVG expert NN skill NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT constant JJ repetition NN of IN an DT identical JJ action NN at IN a DT prescribed JJ pace NN that WDT brings VVZ the DT heaviest JJS burden NN of IN monotony NN . SENT It PP is VBZ upon IN this DT combination NN of IN conditions NNS that IN the DT first JJ count NN against IN the DT dominion NN of IN machinery NN is VBZ based VVN . SENT The DT brief JJ physiological JJ consideration NN we PP have VHP brought VVN to TO bear VV upon IN the DT problem NN of IN fatigue NN gives VVZ clearer JJR significance NN to TO monotony NN as IN a DT cost NN . SENT It PP implies VVZ , , not RB merely RB a DT dull JJ and CC distasteful JJ occupation NN , , but CC one CD which WDT , , taxing VVG continually RB the DT same JJ muscles NNS and CC the DT same JJ nerve NN centres NNS , , increases VVZ the DT poison NN of IN fatigue NN . SENT Hand NN labour NN of IN a DT narrow JJ order NN , , or CC machine NN tending VVG however RB light JJ , , entails VVZ this DT heavy JJ cost NN , , if IN maintained VVN over IN a DT long JJ period NN of IN time NN . SENT But CC where WRB monotonous JJ repetition NN is VBZ closely RB directed VVN by IN the DT action NN of IN a DT machine NN , , as RB regards VVZ its PP$ manner NN and CC its PP$ pace NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT special JJ nervous JJ cost NN . SENT For IN a DT hand NN worker NN , , however RB dull JJ or CC heavy JJ is VBZ the DT work NN , , retains VVZ some DT slight JJ power NN of IN varying VVG the DT pace NN and CC perhaps RB of IN changing VVG his PP$ position NN or CC mode NN of IN work NN . SENT A DT worker NN who WP either RB feeds VVZ a DT machine NN or CC adjusts VVZ his PP$ movements NNS in IN obedience NN to TO those DT of IN a DT machine NN , , as RB for IN instance NN a DT cutter NN in IN the DT clothing NN trade NN or CC in IN shoemaking NN , , has VHZ no DT such JJ liberty NN . SENT The DT special JJ cost NN here RB entailed VVN is VBZ that IN of IN trying VVG to TO make VV an DT organism NN conform VV in IN its PP$ movements NNS to TO a DT mechanism NN . SENT Now RB a DT human JJ being NN , , or CC any DT other JJ organism NN , , has VHZ certain JJ natural JJ rhythms NNS of IN movement NN for IN work NN , , related VVN to TO the DT rhythms NNS of IN heart NN and CC lungs NNS and CC other JJ organic JJ processes NNS , , and CC there EX are VBP natural JJ limits NNS also RB to TO the DT pace NN at IN which WDT he PP Can MD efficiently RB , , or CC even RB possibly RB , , continue VVP working VVG . SENT A DT machine NN also RB has VHZ rhythms NNS and CC a DT maximum JJ efficiency NN pace NN . SENT But CC the DT rhythms NNS of IN a DT machine NN are VBP determined VVN by IN its PP$ mechanical JJ construction NN and CC the DT apparatus NN which WDT furnishes VVZ its PP$ power NN . SENT they PP are VBP continuously RB uniform JJ , , and CC are VBP capable JJ of IN being VBG speeded VVD up RP beyond IN the DT capacity NN of IN the DT human JJ tender NN . SENT A DT human JJ rhythm NN is VBZ really RB labour NN saving NN , , in IN as RB much JJ as IN it PP eases VVZ the DT strain NN to TO work VV in IN accordance NN with IN a DT natural JJ swing NN . SENT To TO set VV a DT man NN to TO follow VV the DT rhythm NN of IN a DT machine NN not RB only RB loses VVZ this DT economy NN , , but CC entails VVZ an DT extra JJ effort NN of IN conformity NN . SENT The DT tendency NN to TO speed VV up RP a DT machine NN , , so RB as RB to TO get VV the DT most RBS out RB of IN it PP , , is VBZ liable JJ to TO take VV out RP of IN the DT machine NN tender NN even RB more RBR than IN he PP is VBZ capable JJ of IN recognising VVG in IN the DT way NN of IN nervous JJ strain NN . SENT Where WRB considerable JJ muscular JJ activity NN is VBZ also RB required VVN in IN following VVG a DT high JJ pace NN set VVN by IN a DT machine NN , , an DT appalling JJ burden NN of IN human JJ costs NNS may MD be VB accumulated VVN in IN a DT factory NN day NN . SENT When WRB to TO such JJ direct JJ human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN are VBP added VVN the DT risks NNS of IN industrial JJ accident NN or CC of IN industrial JJ diseases NNS , , the DT physical JJ injuries NNS involved VVN in IN bad JJ atmosphere NN , , heat NN , , noise NN and CC other JJ incidental JJ pains NNS and CC inconveniences NNS which WDT beset VVN many JJ branches NNS of IN industry NN , , we PP begin VVP to TO realise VV with IN more JJR distinctness NN the DT meaning NN of IN costs NNS of IN labour NN in IN the DT human NN as RB distinguished VVD from IN the DT economic JJ sense NN . SENT Later RBR on IN we PP shall MD turn VV to TO consider VV how WRB far RB the DT economic JJ or CC monetary JJ costs NNS correspond VV with IN these DT human JJ costs NNS . SENT Our PP$ present JJ task NN , , however RB , , is VBZ to TO conduct VV a DT brief JJ survey NN of IN general JJ industry NN in IN order NN to TO form VV some DT idea NN of IN the DT magnitude NN of IN these DT human JJ costs NNS in IN the DT leading JJ branches NNS of IN production NN , , and CC to TO consider VV how WRB far RB they PP are VBP offset VVN or CC qualified VVN by IN factors NNS of IN human JJ interest NN or CC utility NN , , such JJ as IN we PP found VVD widely RB prevalent JJ in IN the DT work NN of IN the DT artistic JJ , , official JJ , , and CC administrative JJ classes NNS . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Weariness NN , , the DT Rede NP Lecture NN , , Cambridge NP , , 1893 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT Foster NP . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT Goldmarck NP , , Fatigue NN and CC Efficiency NN , , p NN . SENT 22 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT Goldmarck NP , , p NN . SENT 22 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Ibid NP , , p NN . SENT 23 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT Goldmarck NP , , p NN . SENT 33 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT Goldmarck NP , , p NN . SENT 37 CD . SENT CHAPTER NN VI NP . SENT THE DT REIGN NN OF IN THE DT MACHINE NN 1 CD . SENT If IN it PP were VBD true JJ that IN all PDT the DT labour NN of IN the DT wage NN earning VVG classes NNS which WDT went VVD to TO produce VV the DT real JJ national JJ income NN were VBD , , or CC tended VVD to TO become VV , , monotonous JJ and CC highly RB specialised VVN machine NN tending VVG , , the DT workers NNS constantly RB engaged VVN in IN close JJ repetition NN of IN some DT single JJ narrow JJ automatic JJ process NN , , contributing VVG to TO some DT final JJ composite JJ product NN whose WP$ form NN and CC utility NN had VHD no DT real JJ meaning NN for IN them PP , , the DT tale NN of IN human JJ costs NNS would MD be VB appalling JJ . SENT Fortunately RB this DT is VBZ not RB the DT whole JJ truth NN about IN labour NN . SENT Even RB the DT charge NN against IN machinery NN of IN mechanising VVG the DT worker NN is VBZ frequently RB overstated VVN . SENT The DT only JJ productive JJ work NN that WDT is VBZ entirely RB automatic JJ is VBZ done VVN by IN machines NNS . SENT For IN the DT main JJ trend NN of IN the DT development NN of IN industrial JJ machinery NN has VHZ been VBN to TO set VV non JJ human JJ tools NNS and CC power NN to TO undertake VV work VV which WDT man NN could MD not RB execute VV with IN the DT required JJ regularity NN , , exactitude NN , , or CC pace NN , , by IN reason NN of IN certain JJ organic JJ deficiencies NNS . SENT While IN , , then RB , , the DT sub NN divided VVN labour NN in IN most JJS staple JJ industries NNS is VBZ mostly RB of IN a DT narrowly RB prescribed JJ and CC routine JJ character NN , , it PP is VBZ hardly RB ever RB so RB completely RB uniform JJ and CC repetitive JJ as IN that DT done VVN by IN a DT machine NN . SENT Purely RB routine JJ work NN , , demanding VVG no DT human JJ skill NN or CC judgment NN is VBZ nearly RB always RB undertaken VVN by IN machinery NN , , except IN where WRB human JJ labour NN can MD be VB bought VVN so RB cheap JJ that IN it PP does VVZ not RB pay VV to TO invent VV and CC apply VV machinery NN so RB as RB to TO secure VV some DT slightly RB increased VVN regularity NN or CC pace NN of IN output NN . SENT Where WRB , , then RB , , as IN in IN most JJS modern JJ factories NNS , , human JJ labour NN cooperates VVZ with IN , , tends VVZ and CC feeds VVZ machinery NN , , this DT human JJ labour NN is VBZ of IN a DT less RBR purely RB repetitive JJ character NN than IN the DT work NN done VVN by IN the DT machines NNS . SENT Some DT portions NNS of IN the DT labour NN , , at IN any DT rate NN , , contain VVP elements NNS of IN skill NN or CC judgment NN , , and CC are VBP not RB entirely RB uniform JJ . SENT We PP can MD in IN fact NN distinguish VV many JJ kinds NNS and CC grades NNS of IN human JJ cooperation NN with IN machinery NN . SENT In IN some DT of IN them PP man NN is VBZ the DT habitual JJ servant NN , , in IN others NNS the DT habitual JJ master NN of IN the DT machine NN . SENT in IN others NNS , , again RB , , the DT relation NN is VBZ more RBR indirect JJ or CC incidental JJ . SENT Though IN an DT increasing VVG number NN of IN the DT processes NNS in IN the DT making VVG and CC moving VVG of IN most JJS forms NNS of IN material NN goods NNS involves VVZ the DT use NN of IN machinery NN and CC power NN , , they PP do VVP not RB involve VV , , as IN is VBZ sometimes RB supposed VVN , , the DT employment NN of IN a DT growing VVG proportion NN of IN the DT workers NNS in IN the DT merely RB routine JJ labour NN of IN tending VVG the DT machines NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT supposition NN , , indeed RB , , is VBZ inconsistent JJ with IN the DT primary JJ economy NN of IN machinery NN , , the DT so RB called VVN labour NN saving VVG property NN . SENT It PP might MD , , indeed RB , , be VB the DT case NN that IN the DT machine NN economy NN was VBD accompanied VVN by IN so RB vast JJ an DT increase NN of IN demand NN for IN machine NN made VVN goods NNS , , that IN the DT quantity NN of IN labour NN required VVN for IN tending VVG the DT machines NNS was VBD greater JJR than IN that DT formerly RB required VVN for IN making VVG by IN hand NN the DT smaller JJR quantity NN . SENT In IN some DT trades VVZ this DT is VBZ no DT doubt NN so RB , , as RB for IN instance NN in IN the DT printing NN trade NN , , and CC in IN some DT branches NNS of IN textile JJ industry NN where WRB the DT home NN market NN is VBZ largely RB supplemented VVN by IN export NN trade NN . SENT But CC the DT displacement NN of IN machine NN tenders NNS by IN automatic JJ machines NNS is VBZ advancing VVG in IN many JJ of IN the DT highly RB developed VVN machine NN industries NNS . SENT The DT modern JJ flour NN or CC paper NN mill NN , , for IN instance NN , , performs VVZ nearly RB all PDT its PP$ feeding NN processes VVZ by IN mechanical JJ means NNS while IN in IN the DT textile JJ trade NN automatic JJ spindles NNS and CC looms NNS have VHP reduced VVN the DT number NN and CC changed VVD the DT character NN of IN the DT work NN of IN minders NNS . SENT More JJR and CC more JJR of IN this DT work NN means VVZ bringing VVG human JJ elements NNS of IN skill NN and CC judgment NN and CC responsibility NN to TO bear VV in IN adjusting VVG or CC correcting VVG the DT irregularities NNS or CC errors NNS in IN the DT operations NNS of IN machinery NN . SENT Machines NNS are VBP liable JJ to TO run VV down RP , , become VV clogged VVN , , break VV , , or CC otherwise RB go VV wrong JJ . SENT These DT errors NNS they PP can MD often RB be VB made VVN to TO announce VV by IN automatic JJ signals NNS , , but CC human JJ care NN is VBZ needed VVN for IN their PP$ correction NN . SENT This DT work NN , , however RB monotonous JJ and CC fatiguing VVG to TO muscles NNS or CC nerves NNS , , is VBZ not RB and CC cannot NN be VB entirely RB repetitive JJ . SENT In IN many JJ other JJ processes NNS where WRB the DT machine NN is VBZ said VVN to TO do VV the DT work NN , , human JJ skill NN and CC practice NN are VBP required VVN to TO set VV and CC to TO regulate VV the DT operations NNS of IN the DT machine NN . SENT The DT use NN of IN automatic JJ lathes NNS is VBZ an DT instance NN of IN cooperation NN in IN which WDT some DT scope NN for IN human JJ judgment NN remains VVZ . SENT The DT metal NN and CC engineering NN trades NNS are VBP full JJ of IN such JJ instances NNS . SENT Though IN machinery NN is VBZ an DT exceedingly RB important JJ and CC in IN many JJ processes NNS a DT governing VVG factor NN , , it PP cannot NN be VB said VVN to TO reduce VV the DT labour NN that WDT works VVZ with IN it PP to TO its PP$ own JJ automatic JJ level NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , it PP may MD be VB taken VVN as IN generally RB true JJ that IN , , in IN the DT processes NNS where WRB machinery NN has VHZ reached VVN its PP$ most RBS complex JJ development NN , , an DT increased JJ share NN of IN the DT labour NN employed VVN in IN close JJ connection NN with IN the DT machinery NN is VBZ that IN of IN the DT skilled JJ engineer NN or CC fitter JJR rather RB than IN of IN the DT mere JJ tender NN . SENT The DT heaviest JJS and CC the DT most RBS costly JJ labour NN in IN these DT trades NNS is VBZ usually RB found VVN in IN the DT processes NNS where WRB it PP has VHZ not RB been VBN found VVN practicable JJ or CC economical JJ to TO apply VV machinery NN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT general JJ tendency NN , , especially RB noticed VVN in IN America NP , , in IN the DT metal NN trades NNS , , has VHZ been VBN to TO substitute VV for IN a DT large JJ employment NN of IN skilled JJ hand NN labour NN of IN a DT narrowly RB specialised VVN order NN , , a DT small JJ employment NN of IN more JJR skilled JJ and CC responsible JJ supervisors NNS of IN machinery NN and CC a DT large JJ employment NN of IN low JJ skilled JJ manual JJ labour NN in IN the DT less JJR mechanical JJ departments NNS , , such JJ as IN furnace NN work NN and CC other JJ operations NNS preparatory JJ to TO the DT machine NN processes VVZ . SENT 2 LS . SENT Though IN accurate JJ statistics NNS are VBP not RB available JJ , , it PP appears VVZ that IN in IN this DT country NN the DT proportion NN of IN the DT working VVG population NN employed VVN in IN manufactures NNS is VBZ not RB increasing VVG , , and CC it PP is VBZ more JJR than IN probable JJ that IN an DT exact JJ analysis NN of IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT work NN of IN our PP$ factories NNS and CC workshops NNS would MD show VV that IN the DT proportion NN engaged VVN in IN direct JJ attendance NN on IN machinery NN was VBD steadily RB falling VVG . SENT For IN even RB in IN manufacture NN , , the DT department NN of IN industry NN where WRB machine NN processes NNS have VHP made VVN most JJS advance NN , , there EX are VBP many JJ processes NNS where WRB hand NN labour NN is VBZ still RB required VVN , , in IN sorting VVG and CC preparing VVG materials NNS for IN machinery NN , , in IN performing VVG minor JJ processes NNS of IN trimming VVG or CC decoration NN , , in IN putting VVG together RB parts NNS or CC in IN packing NN , , etc FW . SENT Where WRB female JJ labour NN is VBZ employed VVN , , a DT very RB large JJ proportion NN of IN it PP will MD be VB found VVN to TO be VB engaged VVN in IN such JJ processes NNS outside IN the DT direct JJ dominion NN of IN machinery NN . SENT Though IN most JJS of IN the DT distinctively RB human JJ costs NNS of IN machine NN processes NNS , , the DT long JJ hours NNS , , high JJ pace NN , , monotony NN of IN muscles NNS and CC nerve NN strain NN , , are VBP usually RB present JJ in IN such JJ work NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB absolutely RB mechanical JJ , , some DT slight JJ elements NNS of IN skill NN and CC volitional JJ direction NN being VBG present JJ . SENT There EX are VBP other JJ restrictions NNS upon IN the DT purely RB repetitive JJ or CC routine JJ character NN of IN manufacture NN . SENT There EX is VBZ much JJ work NN which WDT no DT machine NN can MD be VB invented VVN to TO do VV because IN of IN certain JJ inherent JJ elements NNS of IN irregularity NN . SENT Most JJS of IN these DT are VBP related VVN to TO the DT organic JJ nature NN of IN some DT of IN the DT materials NNS used VVD . SENT Where WRB expensive JJ animal NN or CC vegetable NN products NNS require VVP treatment NN , , their PP$ natural JJ inequalities NNS often RB render VV a DT purely RB mechanical JJ operation NN impossible JJ or CC wasteful JJ . SENT The DT killing NN , , cutting VVG , , and CC canning NN processes NNS in IN the DT meat NN trade NN , , the DT picking NN , , preparation NN and CC packing NN of IN fruit NN , , many JJ processes NNS in IN the DT tanning VVG and CC leather NN trade NN . SENT the DT finer JJR sorts NNS of IN cabinetmaking NN , , are VBP examples NNS of IN this DT unadaptability NN of IN organic JJ materials NNS to TO purely RB mechanical JJ treatment NN . SENT Where WRB very RB valuable JJ inorganic JJ materials NNS are VBP used VVN in IN making VVG high JJ grade NN products NNS , , similar JJ limitations NNS in IN the DT machine NN economy NN exist VVP . SENT The DT finest JJS jewellery NN and CC watch VV making VVG still RB require VV the DT skill NN and CC judgment NN of IN the DT practised VVN human JJ hand NN and CC eye NN . SENT Some DT of IN the DT irregularities NNS in IN such JJ processes NNS are VBP , , indeed RB , , so RB small JJ and CC so RB uninteresting VVG as RB to TO afford VV little RB , , if IN any DT , , abatement NN of IN human JJ costs NNS . SENT but CC they PP remove VV the DT labour NN from IN the DT direct JJ control NN of IN a DT machine NN . SENT A DT more RBR important JJ irregularity NN which WDT restricts VVZ machinery NN in IN manufacture NN exists VVZ where WRB the DT personal JJ needs NNS or CC taste NN of IN the DT consumer NN help NN to TO determine VV the DT nature NN of IN the DT process NN and CC the DT product NN . SENT Here RB again RB we PP are VBP confronted VVN by IN the DT antagonism NN of IN mechanism NN and CC organism NN . SENT For IN the DT true JJ demand NN of IN consumers NNS is VBZ the DT highest JJS expression NN of IN the DT uniqueness NN which WDT distinguishes VVZ the DT organic JJ . SENT As IN no DT two CD consumers NNS are VBP exactly RB identical JJ in IN size NN , , shape NN , , physical JJ or CC mental JJ capacities NNS , , tastes NNS and CC needs NNS , , the DT goods NNS required VVN for IN their PP$ consumption NN should MD exhibit VV similar JJ differences NNS . SENT Machine NN economy NN cannot NN properly RB meet VV this DT requirement NN . SENT It PP can MD only RB deal VV with IN consumers NNS so RB far RB as IN their PP$ human JJ nature NN is VBZ common JJ . SENT it PP cannot NN supply VV the DT needs NNS of IN their PP$ individuality NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN they PP are VBP willing JJ to TO sink VV their PP$ differences NNS , , consenting VVG to TO consume VV large JJ quantities NNS of IN goods NNS of IN identical JJ shapes NNS , , sizes NNS and CC qualities NNS , , the DT machine NN can MD supply VV them PP . SENT But CC since IN no DT two CD consumers NNS are VBP really RB identical JJ in IN needs NNS and CC tastes NNS , , or CC remain VVP quite RB constant JJ in IN their PP$ needs NNS and CC tastes NNS , , the DT fundamental JJ assumption NN of IN routine JJ economy NN is VBZ opposed VVN to TO the DT human JJ facts NNS . SENT Consumers NNS who WP refuse VVP to TO sink VV their PP$ individuality NN and CC are VBP particular JJ in IN the DT sort NN of IN clothes NNS they PP wear VVP , , the DT sort NN of IN houses NNS and CC furniture NN and CC other JJ goods NNS they PP will MD consent VV to TO buy VV , , exercise VV a DT power NN antagonistic JJ to TO routine JJ labour NN . SENT They PP demand VVP that DT producers NNS shall MD put VV out RP the DT technical JJ skill NN , , the DT care NN , , taste NN and CC judgment NN required VVN to TO satisfy VV their PP$ feelings NNS as IN consumers NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV , , they PP demand VVP the DT labour NN not RB of IN the DT routine JJ worker NN but CC of IN the DT craftsman NN , , work NN which WDT , , though IN not RB creative JJ in IN the DT full JJ free JJ artistic JJ sense NN , , contains VVZ distinct JJ elements NNS of IN human JJ interest NN and CC initiative NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT presence NN and CC the DT possibilities NNS of IN this DT individuality NN of IN labour NN , , flowing VVG from IN the DT educated VVN individuality NN of IN consumers NNS , , are VBP a DT most RBS important JJ influence NN in IN the DT lightening VVG of IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN . SENT At IN present JJ no DT doubt NN a DT very RB small JJ proportion NN of IN the DT material NN goods NNS turned VVD out RP by IN the DT industrial JJ system NN contains VVZ any DT appreciable JJ element NN of IN this DT individuality NN of IN workmanship NN . SENT It PP may MD , , indeed RB , , well RB appear VVP that IN our PP$ recent JJ course NN during IN the DT development NN of IN the DT machine NN economy NN has VHZ been VBN a DT retrograde JJ one CD . SENT In IN the DT beginnings NNS of IN industry NN it PP appeared VVD as RB if IN there EX were VBD more JJR scope NN for IN the DT producer's JJ self NN expression NN , , more JJR joy NN of IN work NN , , more JJR interest NN in IN the DT product NN , , even RB though RB destined VVN for IN the DT commonest JJS uses NNS . SENT The DT guilds NNS in IN the DT Middle NP Ages NPS preserved VVD not RB a DT little JJ of IN this DT happier JJR spirit NN of IN craftsmanship NN . SENT To TO those DT who WP brood NN upon IN these DT visions NNS of IN the DT past NN , , our PP$ modern JJ industrial JJ development NN has VHZ often RB seemed VVD a DT crude JJ substitution NN of IN quantity NN of IN goods NNS for IN quality NN , , the DT character NN of IN labour NN deteriorating VVG in IN the DT process NN . SENT With IN the DT element NN of IN truth NN in IN such PDT a DT judgment NN is VBZ mingled VVN much JJ falsehood NN . SENT There EX has VHZ never RB been VBN an DT age NN or CC a DT country NN where WRB the DT great JJ bulk NN of IN labour NN was VBD not RB toilsome JJ , , painful JJ , , monotonous JJ , , and CC uninteresting NN , , often RB degrading JJ in IN its PP$ conditions NNS . SENT Bad JJ as IN things NNS are VBP , , when WRB regarded VVN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN a DT human JJ ideal NN , , they PP are VBP better RBR for IN the DT majority NN of IN the DT workers NNS in IN this DT and CC in IN other JJ advanced JJ industrial JJ countries NNS than IN ever RB in IN the DT past NN , , so RB far RB as IN we PP can MD reconstruct VV and CC understand VV that DT past NN . SENT Machinery NP has VHZ rendered VVN a DT great JJ human JJ service NN by IN taking VVG over RP large JJ masses NNS of IN heavy JJ , , dull JJ , , and CC degrading JJ work NN . SENT When WRB fully RB developed VVN and CC harnessed VVN to TO the DT social JJ service NN of IN man NN , , it PP should MD prove VV to TO be VB the DT great JJ liberator NN of IN his PP$ free JJ productive JJ tastes NNS and CC faculties NNS , , performing VVG for IN him PP the DT routine JJ processes NNS of IN industry NN so IN that WDT he PP may MD have VH time NN and CC energy NN to TO devote VV himself PP to TO activities NNS more RBR interesting JJ and CC varied JJ . SENT The DT uniqueness NN of IN the DT individual JJ consumer NN has VHZ only RB begun VVN to TO make VV its PP$ impression NN upon IN industry NN . SENT For IN it PP needs VVZ liberty NN and CC education NN for IN a DT man NN to TO recognise VV this DT property NN of IN organic JJ uniqueness NN and CC to TO insist VV on IN realising VVG it PP . SENT The DT first JJ movements NNS of IN conscious JJ tastes NNS in IN a DT nation NN or CC a DT class NN are VBP largely RB imitative JJ , , taking VVG shape NN in IN fashions NNS sufficiently RB wide JJ spread NN and CC uniform NN to TO lend VV themselves PP to TO routine JJ mechanical JJ production NN . SENT The DT self NN assertion NN of IN the DT individual NN is VBZ a DT slower JJR fruit NN of IN culture NN . SENT But CC , , as IN it PP grows VVZ , , it PP will MD offer VV a DT continually RB stronger JJR opposition NN to TO the DT dominion NN of IN mechanical JJ production NN . SENT It PP will MD do VV this DT in IN two CD ways NNS . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , it PP will MD cause VV a DT larger JJR proportion NN of IN demand NN to TO be VB directed VVN to TO the DT classes NNS of IN products NNS , , such JJ as IN intellectual JJ , , aesthetic JJ , , and CC personal JJ services NNS , , which WDT are VBP by IN their PP$ nature NN less RBR susceptible JJ of IN mechanical JJ production NN . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , weakening VVG the DT traditional JJ and CC the DT imitative JJ factors NNS in IN taste NN and CC demand NN , , it PP will MD cause VV consumption NN , , even RB of IN the DT higher JJR forms NNS of IN material NN commodities NNS , , to TO be VB a DT more RBR accurate JJ expression NN of IN the DT changing VVG needs NNS and CC tastes NNS of IN the DT individual NN , , stamping VVG upon IN the DT processes NNS of IN production NN the DT same JJ impress VV of IN individuality NN . SENT But CC though IN the DT direct JJ control NN of IN machinery NN over IN human JJ labour NN is VBZ obstructed VVN in IN the DT earlier RBR extractive JJ processes NNS by IN the DT refractory JJ uneven JJ nature NN of IN materials NNS , , and CC in IN the DT final JJ processes NNS by IN the DT nature NN and CC particular JJ requirements NNS of IN consumers NNS , , its PP$ influence NN extends VVZ far RB beyond IN the DT middle NN processes VVZ of IN manufacture NN where WRB its PP$ prominence NN is VBZ greatest JJS . SENT Power NN driven VVN machinery NN plays VVZ a DT larger JJR part NN in IN agriculture NN every DT year NN . SENT mining NN is VBZ the DT first JJ of IN machine NN industries NNS in IN the DT sense NN that IN it PP employs VVZ the DT largest JJS amount NN of IN horsepower NN per IN man NN . SENT the DT transport NN trade NN by IN sea NN and CC land NN is VBZ mechanised VVN even RB in IN its PP$ minor JJ local JJ branches NNS . SENT the DT great JJ public JJ services NNS , , supplying VVG light NN , , water NN , , and CC other JJ common NN wants VVZ , , are VBP among IN the DT largest JJS users NNS of IN power NN driven VVN machinery NN . SENT the DT greatest JJS of IN our PP$ material NN industries NNS which WDT still RB depends VVZ mainly RB upon IN hand NN labour NN , , the DT building NN and CC road NN making VVG group NN , , is VBZ constantly RB increasing VVG its PP$ dependence NN on IN machinery NN for IN its PP$ heavier JJR carrying NN work NN and CC for IN the DT preparation NN of IN the DT metal NN , , stone NN and CC woodwork NN it PP employs VVZ . SENT When WRB we PP add VVP the DT growth NN of IN new JJ large JJ manufactures VVZ , , such JJ as IN chemicals NNS and CC electrical JJ apparatus NN , , the DT enormous JJ expansion NN of IN the DT paper NN and CC printing NN trades NNS under IN the DT new JJ mechanical JJ conditions NNS , , the DT recent JJ transference NN of IN the DT processes NNS of IN the DT preparation NN of IN foods NNS and CC drinks NNS and CC laundry NN work NN from IN the DT private JJ house NN to TO the DT factory NN , , we PP shall MD recognise VV that IN the DT net JJ influence NN of IN machinery NN , , as IN determining VVG the DT character NN of IN human JJ labour NN , , is VBZ still RB advancing VVG with IN considerable JJ rapidity NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB easy JJ to TO answer VV the DT two CD related JJ questions NNS , , How WRB far RB is VBZ machinery NN the DT master NN , , how WRB far RB the DT servant NN , , of IN the DT workers NNS who WP cooperate VVP with IN it PP . SENT How WRB far RB does VVZ machinery NN aggravate VV , , how WRB far RB lighten VV the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN . SENT Even RB when WRB we PP compare VVP the DT work NN of IN the DT classes NNS most RBS subservient JJ to TO machinery NN , , the DT feeders NNS and CC tenders NNS in IN our PP$ factories NNS , , with IN the DT domestic JJ or CC earlier JJR factory NN processes NNS under IN hand NN labour NN , , it PP is VBZ by IN no DT means NN self NN evident JJ that IN the DT net JJ burden NN of IN the DT human JJ costs NNS has VHZ been VBN enhanced VVN . SENT For IN , , though IN the DT spinning VVG and CC weaving VVG work NN before IN the DT industrial JJ revolution NN had VHD certain JJ slight JJ elements NNS of IN freedom NN and CC variety NN now RB absent JJ , , many JJ of IN the DT hygienic JJ conditions NNS were VBD far RB worse JJR , , the DT hours NNS of IN labour NN were VBD usually RB longer JJR , , and CC the DT large JJ employment NN of IN old JJ folk NN and CC tender NN children NNS , , in IN work NN nearly RB as RB unvaried JJ as IN that DT enjoined VVN by IN modern JJ machinery NN , , enslaved VVD the DT entire JJ life NN of IN the DT home NN and CC family NN to TO the DT narrow JJ and CC precarious JJ conditions NNS of IN a DT small JJ local JJ trade NN . SENT The DT real JJ liberty NN of IN the DT worker NN , , as RB regards VVZ his PP$ work NN , , or CC its PP$ disposal NN in IN the DT market NN , , was VBD hardly RB greater JJR than IN in IN the DT modern JJ factory NN . SENT In IN most JJS of IN the DT great JJ branches NNS of IN production NN , , machinery NN is VBZ rather RB an DT adjunct NN to TO labour VV than IN a DT director NN . SENT The DT labourer NN in IN charge NN of IN the DT machine NN tends VVZ more RBR to TO the DT type NN of IN the DT engineer NN than IN to TO that DT of IN the DT feeder NN or CC mere JJ minder NN . SENT Though IN the DT mining NN , , metal NN , , chemical NN , , paper NN , , food NN and CC drink NN manufactures VVZ contain VV large JJ quantities NNS of IN machinery NN , , a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN those DT who WP have VHP to TO deal VV with IN the DT machines NNS are VBP skilled JJ manual JJ labourers NNS . SENT So RB in IN the DT transport NN trade NN , , though IN the DT displacement NN of IN the DT old JJ time NN sailor NN by IN the DT engineer NN and CC stoker NN , , of IN the DT horse NN driver NN by IN the DT engine NN driver NN and CC the DT motor NN man NN , , sometimes RB appears VVZ to TO involve VV a DT degradation NN of IN labour NN , , the DT issue NN is VBZ a DT doubtful JJ one NN , , if IN all PDT the DT pros NNS and CC cons NNS are VBP taken VVN into IN due JJ account NN . SENT As RB regards VVZ the DT employment NN of IN machinery NN in IN the DT building NN and CC contracting NN trades NNS , , as RB in IN the DT mining NN , , its PP$ first JJ and CC obvious JJ effect NN has VHZ been VBN to TO relieve VV human JJ labour NN from IN much JJ of IN the DT heaviest JJS muscular JJ toil VVP . SENT Though IN most JJS of IN such JJ labour NN involves VVZ too RB slight JJ elements NNS of IN interest NN or CC skill NN greatly RB to TO alleviate VV the DT physical JJ fatigue NN , , it PP cannot NN be VB said VVN that IN machinery NN has VHZ increased VVN the DT burden NN . SENT CHAPTER NN VII NP . SENT THE DT DISTRIBUTION NN OF IN HUMAN JJ COSTS NNS 1 CD . SENT In IN endeavouring VVG to TO estimate VV the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN in IN terms NNS of IN physical JJ wear NN and CC tear VV and CC the DT conscious JJ pains NNS and CC penalties NNS entailed VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS under IN which WDT many JJ industrial JJ processes NNS are VBP carried VVN on IN , , we PP have VHP hitherto RB considered VVN these DT costs NNS as RB borne VVN by IN workers NNS , , irrespective RB of IN age NN , , sex NN , , or CC other JJ discriminations NNS . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ self NN evident JJ that IN a DT given VVN strain NN upon IN muscles NNS or CC nerves NNS over IN a DT period NN of IN time NN will MD vary VV greatly RB , , both CC in IN the DT organic JJ cost NN and CC in IN the DT conscious JJ pain NN which WDT it PP entails VVZ , , according VVG to TO the DT strength NN and CC endurance NN , , nervous JJ structure NN , , physical JJ and CC moral JJ sensitiveness NN , , of IN the DT different JJ sorts NNS of IN workers NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , a DT given VVN output NN of IN productive JJ energy NN will MD evidently RB entail VV a DT different JJ human JJ cost NN in IN every DT person NN called VVD upon RP to TO give VV it PP out RP . SENT for IN every DT difference NN of IN strength NN , , skill NN , , capacity NN and CC character NN must MD to TO some DT extent NN affect VV the DT organic JJ burden NN of IN the DT task NN . SENT In IN endeavouring VVG , , therefore RB , , to TO relate VV the DT human NN to TO the DT economic JJ costs NNS of IN production NN of IN any DT quantity NN of IN material NN wealth NN or CC services NNS , , it PP would MD be VB necessary JJ to TO consider VV how WRB far RB the DT conditions NNS of IN employment NN tend VVP to TO economise VV human JJ costs NNS by IN distributing VVG the DT burden NN proportionately RB to TO the DT power NN to TO bear VV it PP . SENT The DT human JJ wastes NNS or CC excessive JJ costs NNS , , entailed VVN by IN conditions NNS of IN employment NN which WDT impose VV unequal JJ burdens NNS upon IN workers NNS with IN equal JJ capacity NN to TO bear VV them PP , , or CC which WDT distribute VVP the DT burden NN unequally RB in IN time NN over IN the DT same JJ set NN of IN workers NNS , , alternating VVG slack JJ periods NNS with IN periods NNS of IN excessive JJ over IN time NN , , are VBP obvious JJ . SENT Unfortunately RB the DT operation NN of IN our PP$ industrial JJ system NN has VHZ not RB hitherto RB taken VVN these DT into IN sufficient JJ account NN . SENT Though IN the DT physical JJ , , moral JJ and CC social JJ injuries NNS , , due JJ to TO alternating VVG periods NNS of IN over IN and CC under IN work NN , , are VBP generally RB admitted VVN , , the DT full JJ costs NNS of IN such JJ irregularity NN , , human JJ and CC even RB economic JJ , , are VBP far RB from IN being VBG adequately RB realised VVN . SENT While IN some DT attempts NNS at IN decasualisation NN are VBP being VBG made VVN , , the DT larger JJR and CC more JJR wasteful JJ irregularities NNS of IN seasonal JJ and CC cyclical JJ fluctuations NNS are VBP still RB regarded VVN as IN irremediable JJ . SENT By IN the DT workers NNS themselves PP and CC even RB by IN social JJ reformers NNS , , the DT injury NN inflicted VVN upon IN wages NNS and CC the DT standard NN of IN living VVG by IN irregularity NN of IN employment NN is VBZ appreciated VVN far RB more RBR adequately RB than IN the DT related JJ injury NN inflicted VVN on IN the DT physique NN and CC morale NN of IN the DT worker NN by IN sandwiching VVG periods NNS of IN over IN exertion NN between IN intervals NNS of IN idleness NN . SENT This DT brief JJ survey NN , , however RB , , is VBZ no DT place NN for IN a DT discussion NN of IN the DT causes NNS and CC remedies NNS of IN irregular JJ employment NN . SENT It PP must MD suffice VV to TO note VV that IN over IN a DT large JJ number NN of IN the DT fields NNS of IN industry NN the DT excesses NNS and CC defects NNS of IN such JJ irregularity NN prevail VV to TO an DT extent NN which WDT adds VVZ greatly RB to TO the DT total JJ human JJ cost NN of IN the DT products NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN our PP$ nation NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO hold VV that IN this DT waste NN is VBZ increasing VVG . SENT Evidence NN of IN hours NNS of IN labour NN and CC of IN unemployment NN , , indeed RB , , appear VVP to TO indicate VV that IN it PP is VBZ somewhat RB diminishing VVG . SENT But CC the DT unequal JJ time NN distribution NN of IN human JJ costs NNS must MD continue VV to TO rank VV as IN a DT great JJ enhancement NN of IN the DT aggregate NN of IN such JJ costs NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT But CC not RB less RBR injurious JJ than IN the DT unequal JJ treatment NN of IN equals VVZ , , is VBZ the DT equal JJ treatment NN of IN unequals NNS . SENT The DT bad JJ human JJ economy NN of IN working VVG immature JJ children NNS is VBZ a DT lesson NN which WDT even RB the DT most RBS civilised JJ nations NNS have VHP been VBN exceedingly RB slow JJ to TO learn VV . SENT The DT bad JJ human JJ economy NN of IN working VVG old JJ persons NNS of IN declining VVG vigour NN , , when WRB able JJ bodied VVN adult NN labour NN is VBZ available JJ , , is VBZ so RB far RB from IN being VBG generally RB recognised VVN that IN employers NNS are VBP actually RB commended VVN on IN the DT ground NN of IN humanity NN for IN keeping VVG at IN labour VV their PP$ aged VVN employees NNS , , when WRB younger JJR and CC stronger JJR workers NNS are VBP available JJ . SENT Fortunately RB , , the DT larger JJR provision NN for IN retiring VVG pensions NNS attests VVZ the DT growing VVG recognition NN of IN this DT aggravation NN of IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN industry NN . SENT In IN both DT cases NNS alike RB , , the DT employment NN of IN the DT young JJ and CC of IN the DT old JJ , , the DT error NN arises VVZ from IN a DT short JJ sighted JJ view NN of IN the DT interests NNS of IN the DT single JJ person NN or CC his PP$ single JJ family NN , , instead RB of IN a DT far RB sighted VVN view NN of IN the DT welfare NN of IN the DT community NN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB a DT source NN of IN immediate JJ gain NN to TO a DT working VVG class NN family NN to TO put VV the DT children NNS out RP to TO wage VV earning VVG as RB early JJ as IN possible JJ , , and CC to TO keep VV old JJ people NNS working VVG as RB long RB as IN they PP can MD get VV work NN to TO do VV . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB pay VV the DT nation NN , , even RB in IN the DT economic JJ sense NN , , that WDT either RB of IN these DT things NNS should MD be VB done VVN . SENT The DT case NN of IN child NN labour NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , the DT more RBR serious JJ , , in IN that WDT it PP evidently RB entails VVZ not RB merely RB a DT wasteful JJ strain NN upon IN feeble JJ organisms NNS , , but CC an DT even RB heavier JJR future JJ cost NN in IN stunted VVN growth NN and CC impaired JJ efficiency NN throughout IN an DT entire JJ life NN . SENT When WRB the DT play NN of IN current JJ economic JJ forces NNS places NNS upon IN women NNS work NN which WDT men NNS could MD perform VV more RBR easily RB , , or CC creates VVZ women's NN industries NNS with IN conditions NNS of IN labour NN involving VVG excessive JJ strains NNS upon IN the DT organism NN , , the DT double JJ human JJ costs NNS are VBP even RB heavier JJR . SENT For IN if IN excessive JJ fatigue NN or CC nervous JJ strain NN affects VVZ a DT woman NN as IN worker NN , , the DT injurious JJ costs NNS are VBP likely JJ to TO be VB continued VVN and CC enhanced VVN through IN her PP$ capacity NN for IN motherhood NN . SENT To TO use VV up RP or CC damage VV its PP$ women NNS by IN setting VVG them PP to TO hard JJ wage NN labour NN in IN mill NN and CC workshop NN is VBZ probably RB the DT greatest JJS human JJ waste NN a DT nation NN could MD practise VV or CC permit VV . SENT For IN some DT of IN the DT prevailing VVG tendencies NNS of IN modern JJ industrialism NN appear VVP to TO be VB more RBR costly JJ in IN their PP$ bearing NN upon IN women NNS than IN on IN men NNS . SENT In IN regard NN to TO factory NN work NN , , and CC all DT other JJ industrial JJ work NN involving VVG a DT long JJ continuous JJ muscular JJ or CC nervous JJ strain NN , , or CC , , as RB in IN shop NN labour NN with IN its PP$ long JJ hours NNS of IN standing NN , , medical JJ authorities NNS are VBP unanimous JJ in IN holding VVG that DT women NNS suffer VVP more JJR than IN men NNS . SENT 1 CD If IN a DT like JJ amount NN of IN physical JJ toil VVP and CC effort NN be VB imposed VVN on IN women NNS , , they PP suffer VVP to TO a DT larger JJR degree NN , , states VVZ Sir NP W NP . SENT MacCormac NP . SENT 2 CD Statistics NNS of IN employment NN from IN various JJ countries NNS agree VVP in IN showing VVG that IN the DT amount NN of IN morbidity NN , , as RB measured VVN by IN the DT number NN of IN days NNS lost VVN by IN illness NN , , is VBZ greater JJR among IN working VVG women NNS than IN among IN working VVG men NNS , , and CC that IN the DT mortality NN of IN working VVG women NNS is VBZ greater JJR than IN that IN of IN workingmen NNS , , notwithstanding IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT average JJ life NN of IN a DT female NN is VBZ longer JJR than IN that DT of IN a DT male NN . SENT Long JJ hours NNS and CC speeding VVG up RP of IN machinery NN thus RB evidently RB inflict VV graver JJR organic JJ costs NNS on IN women NNS than IN on IN men NNS . SENT Where WRB piecework NN is VBZ in IN vogue NN , , it PP furnishes VVZ a DT stronger JJR stimulus NN to TO over RB strain VV in IN women NNS , , because IN the DT general JJ lowness NN of IN their PP$ wage NN gives VVZ a DT larger JJR importance NN to TO each DT addition NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Thus RB in IN comparing VVG the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN producing VVG a DT given VVN quantity NN of IN goods NNS , , due JJ account NN must MD be VB taken VVN of IN the DT distribution NN of IN the DT output NN of IN productive JJ energy NN among IN workers NNS of IN different JJ sexes NNS , , and CC ages NNS . SENT The DT earlier JJR tendency NN of IN the DT factory NN system NN in IN this DT country NN , , the DT existing JJ tendency NN in IN some DT countries NNS , , has VHZ been VBN to TO impose VV a DT growing NN of IN monotonous JJ and CC fatiguing VVG labour NN upon IN women NNS and CC children NNS . SENT At IN certain JJ stages NNS in IN the DT development NN of IN industrial JJ machinery NN , , this DT has VHZ been VBN held VVN to TO be VB a DT profitable JJ economy NN , , and CC in IN many JJ processes NNS of IN hand NN labour NN subsidiary NN to TO the DT factory NN system NN it PP still RB survives VVZ . SENT Though IN legislation NN and CC other JJ influences NNS have VHP done VVN much RB to TO check VV the DT worst JJS injuries NNS of IN child NN employment NN in IN factories NNS and CC workshops NNS in IN more JJR civilised JJ communities NNS , , a DT great JJ amount NN of IN human JJ cost NN is VBZ still RB incurred VVN under IN this DT head NN . SENT Child NN half NN timers NNS are VBP still RB used VVN in IN considerable JJ numbers NNS in IN textile JJ factories NNS , , while IN the DT vast JJ expansion NN of IN distributive JJ work NN has VHZ sucked VVN into IN premature JJ wage NN earning VVG immense JJ numbers NNS of IN boys NNS who WP ought MD to TO be VB at IN school NN . SENT It PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN the DT net JJ tendency NN of IN British JJ industry NN in IN recent JJ years NNS has VHZ been VBN towards IN a DT slow JJ reduction NN of IN the DT more RBR injurious JJ and CC costly JJ forms NNS of IN female JJ employment NN . SENT Though IN an DT enormous JJ number NN of IN females NNS are VBP engaged VVN in IN work NN the DT hours NNS and CC hygienic JJ conditions NNS of IN which WDT escape NN legal JJ regulation NN , , probably RB a DT growing VVG proportion NN of IN employed VVN women NNS come VVN under IN an DT economy NN of IN shorter JJR hours NNS . SENT The DT drudgery NN of IN domestic JJ service NN engages VVZ a DT less JJR number NN of IN women NNS , , while IN the DT opening NN of IN a DT larger JJR variety NN of IN employments NNS both CC in IN manufacture NN and CC in IN commerce NN has VHZ somewhat RB improved VVN their PP$ power NN to TO resist VV the DT excessive JJ pressure NN of IN machine NN conditions NNS . SENT The DT recent JJ organised VVN attack NN upon IN the DT sweated VVN industries NNS , , however RB , , reveals VVZ the DT fact NN that IN at IN the DT lower JJR level NN of IN many JJ trades NNS a DT great JJ mass NN of IN oppressive JJ and CC injurious JJ labour NN is VBZ extorted VVD from IN working VVG women NNS . SENT Certain JJ forms NNS of IN new JJ mechanical JJ labour NN , , not RB involving VVG heavy JJ muscular JJ fatigue NN , , but CC taxing VVG severely RB the DT nervous JJ system NN , , are VBP occupying VVG a DT large JJ number NN of IN women NNS . SENT The DT type NN writer NN and CC the DT telephone NN have VHP not RB yet RB been VBN brought VVN into IN conformity NN with IN the DT demands NNS of IN health NN . SENT Though IN machinery NN is VBZ generally RB bringing VVG in IN its PP$ wake NN restrictions NNS on IN hours NNS of IN labour NN , , the DT normal JJ work NN day NN of IN factory NN , , office NN and CC shop NN still RB imposes VVZ a DT gravely RB excessive JJ strain NN upon IN women NNS employees NNS . SENT No DT small JJ proportion NN of IN this DT excessive JJ cost NN of IN women's NP work NN , , however RB , , is VBZ attributable JJ to TO legal JJ , , professional JJ , , or CC conventional JJ restrictions NNS , , which WDT , , precluding VVG women NNS from IN entering VVG many JJ skilled JJ and CC lucrative JJ employments NNS , , compel VV them PP to TO compete VV in IN low JJ skilled JJ and CC overstocked VVN labour NN markets NNS . SENT The DT social JJ waste NN of IN such JJ sex NN discrimination NN is VBZ two CD fold NN . SENT Even RB in IN trades NNS and CC professions NNS for IN which WDT men NNS have VHP usually RB a DT greater JJR aptitude NN than IN women NNS , , some DT women NNS can MD perform VV the DT work NN better RBR and CC more RBR easily RB than IN some DT men NNS , , and CC , , if IN they PP are VBP denied VVN equal JJ opportunity NN of IN access NN , , the DT work NN is VBZ done VVN worse JJR or CC at IN a DT greater JJR human JJ cost NN . SENT The DT refusal NN to TO admit VV women NNS into IN the DT learned VVN professions NNS upon IN equal JJ terms NNS with IN men NNS undoubtedly RB involves VVZ a DT loss NN to TO society NN of IN some DT of IN the DT finest JJS service NN of IN the DT human JJ intellect NN , , while IN it PP entrusts VVZ some DT of IN the DT skilled JJ and CC responsible JJ work NN , , thus RB denied VVN to TO women NNS , , to TO relatively RB ignorant JJ and CC incompetent JJ men NNS . SENT The DT other JJ human JJ cost NN is VBZ perhaps RB even RB heavier JJR . SENT For IN the DT excessive JJ competition NN , , to TO which WDT women NNS are VBP thus RB exposed VVN in IN the DT occupations NNS left VVD to TO them PP , , depresses VVZ the DT remuneration NN in IN most JJS instances NNS below IN the DT true JJ level NN of IN physical JJ efficiency NN , , induces VVZ or CC compels VVZ excessive JJ hours NNS of IN labour NN , , breaks VVZ down RP the DT health NN of IN women NNS workers NNS and CC injures VVZ their PP$ life NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT This DT general JJ survey NN shows NNS that IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN are VBP closely RB associated VVN in IN most JJS cases NNS with IN that DT subdivision NN and CC specialisation NN of IN activities NNS which WDT takes VVZ its PP$ extreme JJ form NN in IN machine NN tending VVG and CC which WDT conforms VVZ most RBS closely RB to TO mere JJ repetition NN as RB distinguished VVD from IN the DT creative JJ branches NNS of IN production NN . SENT But CC this DT identification NN of IN repetition NN and CC human JJ costs NNS cannot NN be VB pressed VVN into IN a DT general JJ law NN . SENT For IN reflection NN shows NNS that IN repetition NN or CC routine NN does VVZ not RB always RB carry VV cost NN , , and CC that IN on IN the DT other JJ hand NN some DT labour NN which WDT has VHZ considerable JJ variety NN is VBZ very RB costly JJ . SENT Healthy JJ organic JJ life NN permits NNS , , indeed RB requires VVZ , , a DT certain JJ admixture NN of IN routine NN or CC repetition NN with IN its PP$ more JJR creative JJ functions NNS . SENT A DT certain JJ amount NN of IN regular JJ rhythmic JJ exercise NN of IN the DT same JJ muscles NNS and CC nerve NN centres NNS yields VVZ vital JJ utility NN and CC satisfaction NN . SENT In IN some DT sports NNS this DT exercise NN may MD be VB carried VVN so RB far RB as IN to TO involve VV considerable JJ elements NNS of IN fatigue NN and CC endurance NN which WDT are VBP offset VVN during IN their PP$ occurrence NN by IN the DT sense NN of IN personal JJ prowess NN and CC the DT interest NN of IN achievement NN , , This DT sentimental JJ zest NN of IN endurance NN may MD notoriously RB be VB carried VVN to TO extremes NNS , , injurious JJ to TO the DT physical JJ organism NN . SENT Moreover RB , , a DT certain JJ amount NN of IN narrow JJ physical JJ routine NN often RB furnishes VVZ a DT relief NN element NN for IN the DT tired JJ nerves NNS or CC brain NN . SENT Digging VVG or CC knitting VVG , , though RB intolerable JJ as IN a DT constant JJ employment NN , , may MD furnish VV by IN their PP$ very RB physical JJ routine NN an DT organic JJ benefit NN when WRB applied VVN as IN a DT recreation NN . SENT The DT same JJ , , indeed RB , , is VBZ true JJ of IN most RBS other JJ not RB too RB taxing VVG forms NNS of IN manual JJ or CC mental JJ routine JJ labour NN , , especially RB if IN they PP contain VVP some DT obvious JJ utility NN . SENT Some DT slight JJ element NN of IN skill NN seems VVZ needed VVN for IN certain JJ natures NNS , , but CC a DT bare JJ uninteresting NN repetition NN commonly RB suffices VVZ . SENT Such JJ considerations NNS dispose VV of IN the DT assumption NN that IN all DT repetition NN or CC routine JJ in IN productive JJ work NN is VBZ necessarily RB indicative JJ of IN human JJ cost NN and CC carries VVZ no DT organic JJ utility NN or CC satisfaction NN . SENT It PP is VBZ only RB when WRB repetition NN is VBZ extended VVN so RB as IN to TO engage VV too RB large JJ a DT share NN of IN the DT time NN and CC energy NN of IN a DT human JJ being NN that IN it PP involves VVZ a DT cost NN . SENT So RB , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB the DT case NN that IN all DT labour NN containing VVG variety NN and CC opportunity NN for IN skill NN is VBZ costless JJ and CC organically RB good JJ . SENT Take VV for IN a DT notable JJ example NN agricultural JJ labour NN . SENT Irregularity NN of IN soil NN and CC weather NN , , the DT changes NNS and CC chances NNS of IN animal NN and CC vegetable NN life NN , , the DT performance NN of IN many JJ different JJ processes NNS , , remove VV such JJ work NN from IN the DT category NN of IN exact JJ routine NN . SENT Yet CC most JJS of IN the DT labour NN connected VVN with IN agriculture NN is VBZ , , under IN the DT actual JJ conditions NNS of IN its PP$ performance NN , , heavy JJ , , dull JJ and CC joyless JJ . SENT In IN each DT process NN there EX is VBZ usually RB enough JJ repetition NN and CC monotony NN to TO inflict VV fatigue NN , , and CC the DT accumulation NN of IN separate JJ fatigues NNS in IN a DT long JJ day's NN work NN , , unalleviated JJ by IN adequate JJ personal JJ interest NN in IN the DT process NN or CC its PP$ product NN , , makes VVZ a DT heavy JJ burden NN of IN cost NN . SENT The DT same JJ holds VVZ of IN other JJ departments NNS of IN industry NN where WRB some DT inherent JJ elements NNS of IN skill NN and CC interest NN are VBP found VVN . SENT The DT total JJ burden NN of IN effort NN given VVN out RP in IN a DT long JJ day's NN work NN , , continued VVD week NN after IN week NN , , year NN after IN year NN , , under IN the DT conditions NNS of IN wagedom NN , , greatly RB outweighs VVZ these DT technical JJ advantages NNS . SENT Duration NN and CC compulsion NN cancel NN most JJS , , though RB not RB all RB , , of IN the DT superiority NN of IN such JJ work NN over IN machine NN tending VVG , , or CC clerking VVG . SENT A DT little JJ labour NN in IN any DT of IN the DT handicrafts NNS , , in IN machine NN running VVG , , the DT management NN of IN motor NN cars NNS or CC boats NNS , , in IN gardening NN and CC other JJ modes NNS of IN agriculture NN , , serves VVZ as IN a DT pleasant JJ pastime NN when WRB undertaken VVN as IN a DT voluntary JJ and CC occasional JJ employment NN . SENT Make VV it PP regular JJ , , continuous JJ , , compulsory JJ , , and CC the DT enjoyment NN soon RB vanishes VVZ . SENT The DT very JJ elements NNS of IN interest NN for IN the DT casual JJ amateur JJ often RB constitute VVP the DT heaviest JJS cost NN for IN the DT worker NN who WP lives VVZ by IN doing VVG this DT and CC nothing NN else RB . SENT Take VV motor NN driving VVG for IN an DT example NN . SENT The DT quick JJ exercise NN of IN nerve NN and CC muscle NN , , the DT keenness NN of IN eye NN , , wrist NN and CC attention NN , , required VVN to TO drive VV easily RB , , quickly RB and CC safely RB , , amid IN traffic NN or CC in IN a DT tangle NN of IN roads NNS , , gives VVZ nerve NN and CC interest NN to TO driving VVG as IN a DT recreation NN . SENT But CC this DT multiplication NN of IN little JJ strains NNS and CC risks NNS , , accumulating VVG in IN a DT long JJ day's NN work NN , , and CC undertaken VVN day NN after IN day NN , , in IN all DT conditions NNS of IN health NN , , disposition NN and CC weather NN , , soon RB passes VVZ from IN an DT agreeable JJ and CC stimulating JJ exercise NN into IN a DT toilsome JJ drudgery NN . SENT Consideration NN of IN the DT work NN in IN the DT distributive JJ trades NNS , , wholesale JJ and CC retail JJ , , which WDT absorb VVP an DT ever RB growing VVG proportion NN of IN our PP$ wage NN earners NNS , , is VBZ most RBS instructive JJ for IN understanding VVG the DT respective JJ parts NNS played VVN by IN specialisation NN , , duration NN , , and CC compulsion NN in IN the DT human JJ costs NNS . SENT Machinery NP has VHZ little JJ direct JJ control NN over IN the DT work NN of IN these DT clerks NNS , , warehousemen NNS , , shop NN assistants NNS , , typists NNS , , etc FW . SENT . SENT their PP$ work NN contains VVZ constant JJ little JJ elements NNS of IN variety NN in IN detail NN , , and CC a DT moderate JJ amount NN of IN it PP imposes VVZ no DT fatigue NN . SENT But CC the DT scope NN afforded VVN for IN personal JJ skill NN or CC achievement NN is VBZ insufficient JJ . SENT most JJS of IN it PP is VBZ unmeaning JJ and CC uninteresting VVG so RB far RB as IN useful JJ results NNS are VBP concerned VVN . SENT it PP involves VVZ constant JJ obedience NN to TO the DT orders NNS of IN another DT . SENT and CC it PP is VBZ unduly RB prolonged JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT We PP are VBP now RB in IN a DT position NN to TO sum VV up RP the DT results NNS of IN our PP$ general JJ analysis NN of IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN , , in IN which WDT Tarde's NP distinction NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN or CC repetition NN was VBD our PP$ starting VVG point NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT merely RB or CC mainly RB physical JJ costs NNS are VBP concerned VVN , , the DT muscular JJ and CC nervous JJ strain NN and CC fatigue NN , , excessive JJ repetition NN is VBZ a DT true JJ description NN of IN the DT chief JJ cause NN . SENT Machine NN tending VVG at IN a DT high JJ pace NN for IN a DT long JJ working NN day NN is VBZ in IN itself PP the DT most RBS costly JJ type NN of IN labour NN , , and CC , , in IN so RB far RB as IN a DT machine NN controls VVZ the DT sort NN and CC pace NN of IN work NN done VVN by IN a DT human JJ being NN , , these DT costs NNS accumulate VVP . SENT But CC most JJS work NN is VBZ not RB so RB directly RB controlled VVN by IN machinery NN , , and CC yet RB is VBZ so RB highly RB specialised VVN that IN the DT routine NN constantly RB over IN taxes NNS with IN fatigue NN the DT muscles NNS , , nerves NNS and CC attention NN . SENT The DT duration NN and CC pace NN of IN such JJ labour NN are VBP usually RB such JJ as RB to TO heap NN up IN heavy JJ costs NNS of IN physical JJ wear NN and CC tear VV and CC of IN physical JJ discomforts NNS . SENT But CC the DT antithesis NN of IN creation NN and CC imitation NN or CC repetition NN has VHZ a DT different JJ significance NN for IN the DT interpretation NN of IN physical JJ costs NNS . SENT There RB it PP is VBZ not RB so RB much RB the DT absence NN of IN novelty NN involved VVN in IN repetition NN , , as IN the DT absence NN of IN personal JJ liberty NN and CC spontaneity NN that WDT counts VVZ most RBS heavily RB . SENT There EX are VBP , , in IN fact NN , , few JJ sorts NNS of IN necessary JJ productive JJ labour NN which WDT a DT man NN is VBZ not RB prepared VVN to TO do VV for IN himself PP , , with IN some DT measure NN of IN personal JJ satisfaction NN , , if IN he PP has VHZ within IN his PP$ own JJ control NN the DT performance NN of IN this DT task NN and CC the DT result NN . SENT But CC when WRB another's NNS will MD and CC purpose NN supersede VV his PP$ own JJ , , prescribing VVG actions NNS to TO be VB done VVN under IN conditions NNS of IN time NN , , place NN and CC manner NN , , determined VVN by IN that DT other JJ , , this DT servitude NN to TO another's NNS will MD is VBZ always RB irksome JJ and CC may MD be VB degrading JJ . SENT The DT human JJ cost NN of IN most RBS domestic JJ service NN lies VVZ largely RB here RB . SENT The DT work NN itself PP has VHZ more JJR detailed JJ variety NN and CC interest NN than IN most JJS , , and CC where WRB the DT housewife NN herself PP does VVZ it PP , , it PP often RB furnishes VVZ a DT net JJ fund NN of IN human JJ satisfaction NN . SENT But CC the DT moral JJ and CC intellectual JJ costs NNS of IN a DT hired VVN servant NN , , compelled VVN to TO obey VV the DT arbitrary JJ and CC capricious JJ orders NNS of IN a DT mistress NN , , and CC to TO suppress VV her PP$ own JJ will NN , , tastes NNS and CC inclinations NNS in IN the DT execution NN of IN her PP$ task NN , , are VBP often RB very RB heavy JJ . SENT In IN a DT smaller JJR degree NN this DT applies VVZ to TO all DT wage NN earners NNS engaged VVN in IN any DT work NN where WRB scope NN for IN their PP$ free JJ volition NN is VBZ technically RB feasible JJ . SENT To TO substitute VV another's NNS will MD for IN one's NNS own JJ , , in IN matters NNS where WRB one PP has VHZ a DT will NN , , is VBZ always RB a DT human JJ cost NN . SENT That DT cost NN , , however RB , , need MD not RB be VB great JJ . SENT When WRB a DT worker NN is VBZ a DT unit NN of IN labour NN in IN some DT great JJ business NN , , his PP$ actions NNS conforming VVG to TO rules NNS which WDT , , however RB troublesome JJ , , belong VVP to TO the DT system NN , , the DT consciousness NN of IN loss NN of IN liberty NN is VBZ far RB less JJR than IN when WRB the DT changing VVG will NN of IN a DT personal JJ employer NN operating NN amid IN the DT details NNS of IN his PP$ work NN is VBZ the DT instrument NN of IN discipline NN . SENT A DT shop NN girl NN in IN a DT large JJ business NN has VHZ a DT feeling NN of IN greater JJR independence NN than IN a DT domestic JJ servant NN , , a DT factory NN hand NN than IN a DT shop NN girl NN , , while IN the DT low JJ wage NN of IN homeworkers NNS is VBZ in IN part NN attributable JJ to TO the DT removal NN of IN the DT worker NN from IN the DT mediate VV domination NN of IN the DT employer's NNS will MD . SENT 6 CD . SENT In IN assessing VVG the DT psychical JJ elements NNS of IN cost NN , , it PP is VBZ well RB to TO distinguish VV those DT related VVN to TO a DT loss NN of IN liberty NN , , or CC an DT encroachment NN upon IN personality NN , , from IN those DT which WDT are VBP the DT conscious JJ results NNS or CC counterparts NNS of IN the DT physical JJ strains NNS . SENT For IN the DT enlargement NN of IN certain JJ of IN these DT psychical JJ costs NNS is VBZ an DT exceedingly RB important JJ factor NN in IN what WP is VBZ called VVN industrial JJ unrest NN . SENT This DT irksomeness NN of IN narrowly RB specialised VVN labour NN and CC of IN the DT enslaving VVG conditions NNS of IN the DT ordinary JJ working NN life NN grows VVZ with IN the DT growth NN of IN intelligence NN and CC sensibility NN among IN the DT working VVG classes NNS . SENT Under IN the DT older JJR order NN , , of IN accepted VVN class NN distinctions NNS and CC economic JJ status NN , , implicit JJ obedience NN to TO the DT employer's NNS will MD carried VVD no DT conscious JJ moral JJ cost NN . SENT A DT new JJ sense NN of IN personal JJ dignity NN and CC value NN has VHZ now RB arisen VVN in IN the DT better JJR educated VVN grades NNS of IN workers NNS which WDT interferes VVZ with IN arbitrary JJ modes NNS of IN discipline NN . SENT When WRB they PP are VBP called VVN upon RP to TO do VV work NN in IN a DT way NN which WDT appears VVZ to TO them PP foolish JJ , , injurious JJ , , or CC inequitable JJ , , a DT sense NN of IN resentment NN is VBZ aroused VVN which WDT smoulders NNS through IN the DT working VVG week NN as IN a DT moral JJ cost NN . SENT With IN every DT widening NN of IN education NN there RB comes VVZ , , moreover RB , , a DT discontent NN not RB merely RB with IN the DT particular JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT labour NN , , but CC with IN the DT whole JJ system NN , , or CC set VVN of IN conditions NNS , , which WDT addicts NNS so RB large JJ a DT proportion NN of IN their PP$ working VVG hours NNS and CC energies NNS to TO the DT dull JJ heavy JJ task NN by IN which WDT they PP earn VVP their PP$ living NN . SENT So RB too RB the DT narrow JJ limitation NN in IN the DT choice NN of IN work NN which WDT the DT local JJ specialisation NN of IN industry NN involves VVZ , , becomes VVZ a DT growing VVG grievance NN . SENT The DT conditions NNS of IN labour NN for IN themselves PP and CC others NNS , , taken VVN as IN a DT whole NN , , are VBP realised VVN as IN an DT invasion NN and CC a DT degradation NN of IN their PP$ humanity NN , , offering VVG neither DT stimulus NN nor CC opportunity NN for IN a DT man NN to TO throw VV himself PP into IN his PP$ work NN . SENT For IN the DT work NN only RB calls VVZ for IN a DT fragment NN of IN that DT self NN and CC always RB the DT same JJ fragment NN . SENT So RB it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN not RB only RB is VBZ labour NN divided VVN but CC the DT labourer NN . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ manifest JJ that WDT , , so RB far RB as IN his PP$ organic JJ human JJ nature NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , its PP$ unused JJ portions NNS are VBP destined VVN to TO idleness NN , , atrophy NN , , and CC decay NN . SENT This DT analysis NN of IN the DT conditions NNS may MD seldom RB be VB fully RB realised VVN in IN the DT consciousness NN of IN the DT worker NN . SENT But CC education NN has VHZ gone VVN far RB enough RB to TO make VV them PP real JJ factors NNS of IN working VVG class NN discontent NN . SENT They PP constitute VVP a DT large JJ motive NN in IN the DT working VVG class NN movement NN which WDT we PP may MD call VV the DT revolt NN of IN the DT producer NN against IN the DT excessive JJ human JJ costs NNS of IN his PP$ production NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT great JJ and CC serious JJ indictment NN against IN the DT economy NN of IN division NN of IN labour NN . SENT Associated VVN with IN it PP is VBZ the DT charge NN that IN the DT worker NN in IN one CD of IN these DT routine JJ subdivided VVN processes NNS has VHZ no DT appreciation NN of IN the DT utility NN or CC social JJ meaning NN of IN his PP$ labour NN . SENT He PP does VVZ not RB himself PP make VVP anything NN that WDT is VBZ an DT object NN of IN interest NN to TO him PP . SENT His PP$ contribution NN to TO the DT long JJ series NN of IN productive JJ processes NNS that WDT go VVP to TO turn VV out RP a DT commodity NN may MD be VB very RB valuable JJ . SENT But CC , , as IN he PP cannot NN from IN his PP$ little JJ angle NN perceive VVP the DT cooperative JJ unity NN of IN the DT productive JJ series NN , , it PP means VVZ nothing NN to TO his PP$ intelligence NN or CC heart NN . SENT So RB not RB only RB does VVZ the DT performance NN of IN his PP$ task NN afford VV him PP no DT satisfaction NN , , but CC its PP$ end NN or CC object NN is VBZ a DT matter NN of IN indifference NN to TO him PP . SENT There EX is VBZ this DT vital JJ difference NN between IN the DT carpenter NN who WP makes VVZ a DT cupboard NN or CC a DT door NN , , fits VVZ it PP into IN its PP$ place NN and CC sees VVZ that IN it PP is VBZ good JJ , , and CC the DT bricklayer's JJ labourer NN who WP merely RB mixes VVZ mortar NN and CC carries VVZ bricks NNS upon IN a DT hod NN . SENT A DT man NN who WP is VBZ not RB interested JJ in IN his PP$ work NN , , and CC does VVZ not RB recognise VV in IN it PP either CC beauty NN or CC utility NN , , is VBZ degraded VVN by IN that DT work NN , , whether IN he PP knows VVZ it PP or CC not RB . SENT When WRB he PP comes VVZ to TO a DT clear JJ consciousness NN of IN that DT degradation NN , , the DT spiritual JJ cost NN is VBZ greatly RB enhanced VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that IN specialisation NN in IN labour NN is VBZ socially RB useful JJ , , and CC that WDT , , if IN that DT specialisation NN does VVZ not RB encroach VV too RB largely RB upon IN the DT energy NN and CC personality NN of IN the DT individual JJ worker NN , , he PP is VBZ not RB injured VVN but CC helped VVN by IN the DT contribution NN to TO social JJ wealth NN which WDT his PP$ special JJ work NN enables VVZ him PP to TO make VV . SENT Larger JJR enlightenment NN as RB to TO the DT real JJ meaning NN and CC value NN of IN his PP$ work NN , , and CC the DT sense NN of IN social JJ service NN which WDT should MD follow VV , , may MD indeed RB be VB expected VVN to TO reduce VV considerably RB the DT irksomeness NN of IN its PP$ present JJ incidence NN . SENT But CC it PP can MD do VV so RB only RB upon IN two CD conditions NNS . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , the DT duration NN and CC strain NN upon IN his PP$ physical JJ and CC moral JJ nature NN must MD be VB diminished VVN . SENT Secondly RB , , the DT general JJ conditions NNS both CC of IN labour NN and CC of IN its PP$ remuneration NN must MD be VB such JJ as RB to TO lead VV him PP to TO recognise VV that IN the DT discipline NN which WDT it PP enjoins VVZ is VBZ conducive JJ to TO a DT larger JJR liberty NN , , viz NN . SENT , , that IN of IN willing JJ cooperation NN with IN his PP$ fellows NNS in IN the DT production NN of IN social JJ welfare NN . SENT As IN yet RB the DT attainment NN of IN these DT conditions NNS has VHZ not RB kept VVN pace NN with IN the DT new JJ desires NNS and CC aspirations NNS which WDT have VHP grown VVN so RB rapidly RB among IN the DT rank NN and CC file VV of IN workers NNS in IN the DT advanced JJ industrial JJ countries NNS . SENT Hence RB a DT new JJ burden NN of IN spiritual JJ costs NNS , , expressing VVG an DT increased JJ divergence NN between IN conscious JJ aspirations NNS and CC the DT normal JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT worker's NN lot NN . SENT The DT education NN of IN the DT town NN worker NN , , the DT association NN with IN his PP$ fellows NNS in IN large JJ workshops NNS , , the DT life NN of IN the DT streets NNS , , the DT education NN of IN the DT school NN , , the DT newspaper NN , , the DT library NN , , the DT club NN , , have VHP made VVN him PP increasingly RB sensitive JJ to TO the DT narrowness NN and CC degradation NN of IN excessive JJ routine NN in IN joyless JJ labour NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Cf NP . SENT Goldmarck NP , , Part NP II NP , , pp NP . SENT 126 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT Report NN of IN the DT Select NP Committee NP of IN the DT House NP of IN Lords NPS on IN Early RB Closing VVG in IN Shops NPS , , 1901 CD . SENT CHAPTER NN VIII NP . SENT HUMAN JJ COSTS NNS IN IN THE DT SUPPLY NN OF IN CAPITAL NP 1 CD . SENT So RB far RB , , in IN discussing VVG the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN , , we PP have VHP confined VVN our PP$ attention NN to TO the DT activities NNS of IN body NN and CC mind VV directly RB operative JJ in IN producing VVG marketable JJ goods NNS or CC services NNS , , grading VVG them PP from IN the DT creative JJ and CC generally RB costless JJ work NN of IN the DT artist NN and CC inventor NN to TO the DT repetitive JJ and CC costly JJ work NN of IN the DT routine JJ manual JJ labourer NN . SENT We PP now RB proceed VVP to TO examine VV the DT human JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN the DT processes NNS of IN providing VVG the DT capital NN which WDT cooperates VVZ with IN labour NN in IN the DT various JJ productive JJ operations NNS . SENT The DT economic JJ costs NNS , , for IN which WDT payment NN is VBZ made VVN out RP of IN the DT product NN to TO capital NN , , are VBP two CD , , risk NN taking VVG and CC saving VVG . SENT What WP are VBP the DT human JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN these DT economic JJ costs NNS . SENT To TO clear VV the DT ground NN for IN this DT enquiry NN it PP will MD be VB well RB to TO begin VV by IN making VVG plain JJ the DT sense NN in IN which WDT risk NN taking VVG and CC saving NN are VBP productive JJ activities NNS . SENT Neither CC of IN them PP is VBZ work NN in IN the DT ordinary JJ organic JJ sense NN of IN the DT application NN of IN muscle NN or CC nervous JJ energy NN to TO the DT production NN of IN wealth NN . SENT Both DT would MD rather RB be VB considered VVN as IN activities NNS of IN the DT human JJ will NN and CC judgment NN which WDT increase VVP the DT efficiency NN of IN the DT directly RB productive JJ operations NNS . SENT Their PP$ productivity NN may MD thus RB be VB regarded VVN as RB indirect JJ . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ none NN the DT less RBR real JJ and CC important JJ on IN that DT account NN . SENT For IN unless IN there EX was VBD postponement NN of IN some DT consumption NN which WDT might MD have VH taken VVN place NN , , and CC the DT application NN of IN the DT non JJ consumptive JJ goods NNS , , which WDT this DT postponement NN enabled VVD to TO come VV into IN existence NN , , to TO uses NNS involving VVG risks NNS of IN loss NN , , work NN would MD be VB very RB unproductive JJ in IN comparison NN with IN what WP it PP is VBZ . SENT Risk NN taking NN , , the DT giving VVG up RP of IN a DT present JJ certain JJ utility NN or CC satisfaction NN for IN the DT chance NN of IN a DT larger JJR but CC less RBR certain JJ satisfaction NN in IN the DT future NN , , is VBZ , , we PP know VVP , , the DT essence NN of IN business NN enterprise NN . SENT Such JJ enterprise NN by IN no DT means NN always RB entails VVZ a DT human JJ cost NN . SENT In IN industry NN , , as RB in IN all DT human JJ functions NNS , , experiments NNS , , involving VVG risk NN , , are VBP frequently RB a DT source NN of IN vital JJ interest NN and CC of IN conscious JJ satisfaction NN . SENT There EX are VBP two CD roots NNS of IN this DT satisfaction NN , , the DT staking VVG of IN one's JJ judgment NN and CC skill NN in IN forecasting VVG and CC determining VVG future JJ events NNS , , and CC the DT actual JJ joy NN of IN hazard NN . SENT The DT former JJ is VBZ a DT common JJ trait NN of IN intelligent JJ personality NN , , the DT latter NN a DT powerful JJ , , though RB less RBR general JJ motive NN , , involving VVG a DT sporting VVG interest NN in IN life NN . SENT The DT spirit NN of IN adventure NN applied VVN to TO business NN , , enhances VVZ the DT conscious JJ values NNS . SENT Whether IN it PP be VB motived VVN by IN some DT physical JJ restlessness NN or CC by IN some DT element NN of IN faith NN , , it PP must MD be VB accounted VVN an DT organic JJ good NN , , alike RB as IN means NNS and CC end NN . SENT If IN all PDT the DT risk NN taking VVG involved VVN in IN current JJ industry NN were VBD of IN this DT nature NN , , it PP would MD not RB then RB figure VV in IN our PP$ bill NN of IN human JJ costs NNS , , but CC on IN the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT account NN . SENT But CC where WRB the DT conditions NNS of IN actual JJ business NN impose VV elements NNS of IN risk NN that WDT are VBP either RB in IN kind NN or CC magnitude NN compulsory JJ , , not RB voluntary JJ , , not RB only RB does VVZ no DT satisfaction NN attend VV the DT taking VVG of IN these DT risks NNS , , but CC considerable JJ loss NN and CC suffering NN may MD accrue VV . SENT Risks NNS that WDT are VBP either RB great JJ in IN themselves PP or CC great JJ in IN relation NN to TO the DT capacity NN to TO bear VV them PP are VBP frequently RB required VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN modern JJ business NN enterprise NN . SENT The DT men NNS who WP undergo VVP these DT risks NNS do VVP not RB deliberately RB or CC with IN express JJ intention NN stake NN their PP$ faith NN and CC foresight NN on IN a DT game NN of IN gain NN or CC loss NN , , or CC even RB enter VV into IN the DT risks NNS with IN the DT gambler's JJ zest NN . SENT They PP undergo VVP these DT risks NNS because IN they PP cannot NN help VV themselves PP , , and CC the DT anxiety NN attendant NN on IN these DT risks NNS is VBZ often RB one CD of IN the DT heaviest JJS psychical JJ and CC physical JJ costs NNS of IN the DT business NN man NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT In IN analysing VVG risk NN taking VVG as IN a DT special JJ cost NN of IN capital NN , , I PP must MD guard VV against IN one CD misunderstanding NN . SENT Risk NN taking NN , , of IN both DT sorts NNS , , humanly RB good JJ and CC humanly RB bad JJ , , is VBZ not RB of IN course NN by IN any DT means NNS confined VVN to TO administration NN of IN capital NN . SENT Everyone NN who WP , , either CC by IN choice NN or CC by IN the DT necessity NN of IN his PP$ situation NN , , devotes VVZ his PP$ personal JJ energies NNS to TO making VVG any DT product NN for IN the DT market NN , , or CC to TO improving VVG some DT personal JJ capacity NN with IN a DT view NN to TO its PP$ productive JJ use NN , , incurs VVZ risks NNS . SENT In IN some DT cases NNS the DT risks NNS may MD not RB indeed RB entail VV real JJ human JJ waste NN , , as RB where WRB the DT artist NN or CC inventor NN speculates VVZ with IN his PP$ creative JJ faculty NN . SENT Or CC the DT professional JJ man NN , , preparing VVG for IN his PP$ career NN , , may MD willingly RB and CC with IN zest NN enter VVP a DT competition NN in IN which WDT prizes NNS are VBP few JJ . SENT Men NNS equipped VVN with IN vigorous JJ intellect NN and CC determination NN will MD get VV out RP of IN the DT struggle NN for IN professional JJ or CC commercial JJ success NN a DT satisfaction NN of IN which WDT the DT risk NN of IN failure NN is VBZ a DT necessary JJ condition NN . SENT But CC for IN most JJS men NNS a DT small JJ quantum NN of IN hazard NN suffices VVZ . SENT A DT little JJ risk NN may MD stimulate VV but CC a DT larger JJR risk NN will MD depress VV efficiency NN . SENT A DT doctor NN , , a DT lawyer NN , , an DT engineer NN is VBZ willing JJ to TO put VV his PP$ natural JJ and CC acquired VVN ability NN against IN those DT of IN his PP$ fellows NNS in IN a DT fair JJ field NN where WRB the DT chances NNS of IN success NN are VBP reasonably RB large JJ . SENT But CC when WRB the DT risks NNS are VBP so RB numerous JJ and CC so RB incalculable JJ as IN they PP are VBP to TO day NN in IN most JJS professional JJ careers NNS , , the DT anxiety NN they PP cause VVP must MD be VB accounted VVN a DT heavy JJ human JJ cost NN . SENT The DT same JJ applies VVZ to TO the DT career NN of IN most RBS modern JJ business NN men NNS . SENT It PP also RB constitutes VVZ a DT new JJ and CC growing VVG cost NN of IN labour NN . SENT For IN though IN it PP may MD be VB true JJ that IN the DT actual JJ risks NNS of IN a DT working VVG life NN , , personal JJ or CC economic JJ , , are VBP no RB greater JJR than IN in IN former JJ times NNS , , the DT emotional JJ and CC intellectual JJ realisation NN of IN these DT risks NNS is VBZ growing VVG . SENT Education NP enables VVZ and CC compels VVZ the DT intelligent JJ workman NN to TO understand VV the DT precarious JJ nature NN of IN his PP$ livelihood NN , , and CC his PP$ growing VVG sensibility NN accumulates VVZ in IN worry NN . SENT This DT is VBZ certainly RB one CD of IN the DT main JJ sources NNS of IN industrial JJ unrest NN . SENT But CC though IN risk NN taking VVG thus RB enters VVZ as IN a DT human JJ cost NN into IN the DT life NN of IN other JJ owners NNS of IN productive JJ powers NNS , , we PP do VVP right RB to TO accord VV it PP special JJ attention NN in IN relation NN to TO the DT supply NN of IN capital NN . SENT For IN in IN the DT provision NN of IN all DT forms NNS of IN capital NN , , and CC in IN the DT payment NN for IN its PP$ use NN , , risk NN taking NN is VBZ an DT element NN of IN primary JJ importance NN , , and CC , , though RB in IN theory NN separable JJ from IN the DT act NN of IN abstinence NN , , postponement NN , , or CC waiting NN , , which WDT comes VVZ into IN prominence NN as IN the DT direct JJ psychical JJ cost NN of IN saving NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB separable JJ in IN industrial JJ practice NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Let VV us PP first RB examine VVP the DT economic JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN the DT provision NN of IN industrial JJ capital NN . SENT That DT process NN consists VVZ in IN making VVG , , or CC causing VVG to TO be VB made VVN , , non JJ consumable JJ goods NNS , , which WDT are VBP useful JJ for IN assisting VVG the DT future JJ production NN of IN consumable JJ goods NNS , , instead RB of IN making VVG , , or CC causing VVG to TO be VB made VVN , , directly RB consumable JJ goods NNS . SENT We PP need VVP not RB discuss VV at IN length NN the DT shallow JJ criticism NN pressed VVN by IN some DT socialists NNS to TO the DT effect NN that IN since IN labour NN makes VVZ all DT goods NNS whether IN non JJ consumable JJ or CC consumable JJ , , the DT only RB economic JJ and CC human JJ cost NN of IN providing VVG these DT forms NNS of IN capital NN is VBZ the DT productive JJ energy NN of IN labour NN . SENT For IN the DT decision NN and CC effort NN of IN mind NN or CC will NN , , which WDT determines VVZ that IN non JJ consumables NNS shall MD be VB made VVN instead RB of IN consumables NNS , , proceeds NNS not RB from IN the DT labour NN employed VVN in IN making VVG them PP , , but CC from IN the DT owners NNS of IN income NN who WP decide VVP to TO save VV instead RB of IN spending NN . SENT This DT decision NN to TO save VV instead RB of IN spending NN is VBZ the DT economic JJ force NN which WDT causes VVZ so RB much RB of IN the DT productive JJ power NN of IN labour NN to TO occupy VV itself PP in IN making VVG non JJ consumables NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN the DT first JJ importance NN that IN the DT ordinary JJ business NN man NN , , to TO whom WP saving NN is VBZ apt JJ to TO mean VV putting VVG money NN in IN a DT bank NN , , or CC buying VVG shares NNS , , shall MD realise VV the DT concrete JJ significance NN of IN his PP$ action NN . SENT What WP he PP is VBZ really RB doing VVG is VBZ causing VVG to TO be VB made VVN and CC to TO be VB maintained VVN some DT addition NN to TO the DT existing JJ fabric NN of IN material NN instruments NNS for IN furthering VVG the DT future JJ production NN of IN commodities NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB , , as IN it PP may MD at IN first JJ appear VVP , , a DT single JJ act NN of IN choice NN , , the DT determination NN to TO use VV a DT portion NN of IN one's JJ income NN , , say VVP 100 CD , , in IN paying VVG men NNS to TO make VV steel NN rails NNS or CC to TO put VV up RP a DT factory NN chimney NN , , instead RB of IN paying VVG them PP to TO make VV clothes NNS , , furniture NN , , or CC wine NN for IN one's JJ current JJ consumption NN . SENT The DT effort NN of IN postponement NN , , or CC the DT preference NN of IN uncertain JJ future NN for IN certain JJ present JJ consumables NNS , , necessary JJ for IN supplying VVG capital NN , , if IN it PP is VBZ an DT effort NN , , is VBZ a DT continuous JJ one NN lasting VVG all PDT the DT time NN the DT capital NN is VBZ in IN use NN . SENT The DT critic NN who WP asks VVZ , , why WRB a DT single JJ act NN of IN abstinence NN which WDT is VBZ past JJ and CC done VVN with IN should MD be VB rewarded VVN by IN a DT perpetual JJ payment NN of IN annual JJ interest NN , , fails VVZ to TO realise VV that IN , , so RB far RB as IN saving NN involves VVZ a DT serviceable JJ action NN of IN the DT saver NN , , it PP goes VVZ on IN all PDT the DT time NN that IN the DT saver NN lies VVZ out RP of IN the DT full JJ present JJ enjoyment NN of IN his PP$ property NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , as RB long RB as IN his PP$ savings NNS continue VVP to TO function VV as IN productive JJ instruments NNS . SENT This DT view NN , , of IN course NN , , by IN no DT means NN begs VVZ the DT question NN whether IN there EX is VBZ of IN necessity NN and CC always RB some DT human JJ cost NN or CC sacrifice NN involved VVN in IN such PDT a DT process NN of IN saving NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , indeed RB , , clear JJ that IN a DT good JJ deal NN of IN capital NN may MD be VB supplied VVN without IN any DT human JJ costs NNS either CC in IN postponement NN of IN current JJ satisfaction NN or CC in IN risk NN taking VVG . SENT The DT squirrel NN stores NNS nuts NNS by IN an DT organic JJ instinct NN of IN economy NN against IN the DT winter NN , , as IN the DT bear NN stores NNS fat JJ . SENT The DT thrifty JJ housewife NN lays VVZ up RP provisions NNS by IN a DT calculation NN hardly RB less RBR instinctive JJ against IN the DT probable JJ requirements NNS of IN the DT family NN in IN the DT near JJ future NN . SENT The DT balancing NN of IN future NN against IN present JJ satisfaction NN , , involved VVN in IN such JJ processes NNS , , cannot NN be VB considered VVN as IN involving VVG any DT human JJ cost NN , , but CC rather RB some DT slight JJ balance NN of IN utility NN . SENT I PP am VBP certainly RB in IN no DT sense NN the DT loser NN in IN that WDT I PP do VVP not RB lay VV out RP all PDT my PP$ income NN the DT same JJ day NN that IN i NP receive VV it PP in IN purchasing VVG immediate JJ satisfaction NN . SENT Why WRB I PP am VBP not RB the DT loser NN is VBZ evident JJ . SENT The DT first JJ 5 CD per IN cent NN of IN my PP$ income NN I PP can MD perhaps RB spend VV advantageously RB at IN once RB upon IN necessaries NN and CC comforts NNS which WDT contribute VVP immediately RB to TO my PP$ welfare NN . SENT But CC if IN I PP know VVP the DT sum NN has VHZ got VVN to TO last VV me PP for IN six CD months NNS , , it PP will MD evidently RB pay VV me PP in IN organic JJ welfare NN to TO spread VV nearly RB all PDT the DT rest NN in IN a DT series NN of IN expenditures NNS over IN the DT whole JJ period NN , , so RB that IN I PP may MD have VH these DT necessaries NN and CC comforts NNS all RB the DT time NN . SENT If IN my PP$ income NN is VBZ no RB more RBR than IN just RB sufficient JJ to TO keep VV me PP in IN full JJ health NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , in IN providing VVG vital JJ necessaries NN , , organic JJ welfare NN demands VVZ a DT quite RB even JJ expenditure NN , , entailing VVG the DT proper JJ quantity NN of IN postponement NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ anything NN over IN for IN expenditure NN on IN unnecessaries NNS , , this DT will MD not RB be VB quite RB evenly RB spread VVN over IN the DT six CD months NNS . SENT For IN any DT comforts NNS it PP affords VVZ appear VV to TO bring VV more JJR pleasure NN if IN enjoyed VVN now RB than IN in IN three CD or CC six CD months NNS time NN . SENT 1 CD And CC , , besides IN , , there EX is VBZ the DT question NN of IN uncertainty NN of IN life NN , , upon IN the DT one CD hand NN , , and CC the DT risk NN of IN being VBG unable JJ to TO get VV bold JJ of IN the DT future JJ comforts NNS when WRB I PP may MD want VV them PP . SENT This DT depreciation NN of IN future NN as IN compared VVN with IN present JJ satisfaction NN and CC these DT risks NNS will MD properly RB induce VV me PP to TO grade NN downwards RB the DT expenditure NN on IN comforts NNS during IN the DT period NN in IN question NN . SENT But CC in IN this DT laying VVG out RP of IN my PP$ income NN , , so RB as RB to TO secure VV for IN myself PP the DT maximum NN of IN satisfaction NN and CC utility NN , , 2 CD there RB is VBZ no DT human JJ cost NN or CC sacrifice NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , any DT failure NN to TO save VV or CC postpone VV might MD be VB attended VVN by IN a DT heavy JJ cost NN . SENT Many JJ a DT savage NN has VHZ died VVN of IN starvation NN because IN he PP has VHZ gorged VVN to TO repletion NN instead RB of IN storing VVG food NN to TO tide VV him PP over RP till IN he PP gets VVZ possession NN of IN a DT new JJ supply NN . SENT Thus RB this DT simplest JJS economy NN of IN saving NN , , the DT spreading VVG of IN consumption NN over IN a DT period NN of IN time NN , , is VBZ evidently RB costless JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT Now RB , , though IN the DT saving NN which WDT consists VVZ in IN keeping VVG stores NNS of IN consumables NNS for IN future JJ consumption NN does VVZ not RB furnish VV what WP would MD be VB called VVN capital NN , , and CC so RB does VVZ not RB come VV directly RB within IN the DT scope NN of IN our PP$ particular JJ enquiry NN into IN costs NNS of IN capital NN , , it PP gives VVZ a DT useful JJ test NN for IN the DT economy NN of IN saving VVG under IN modern JJ capitalism NN . SENT The DT modern JJ saver NN does VVZ not RB , , indeed RB , , usually RB keep VV in IN his PP$ possession NN for IN future JJ consumption NN a DT store NN of IN consumable JJ goods NNS . SENT It PP would MD be VB inconvenient JJ to TO store VV them PP , , many JJ of IN them PP are VBP by IN nature NN perishable NN and CC so RB incapable JJ of IN storage NN . SENT Besides RB , , modern JJ industry NN affords VVZ him PP a DT way NN of IN making VVG industrial JJ society NN store VV them PP for IN him PP , , or CC , , more RBR strictly RB , , makes VVZ it PP produce VV a DT constant JJ supply NN of IN fresh JJ consumables NNS to TO which WDT he PP can MD get VV access NN . SENT Nay RB , , it PP provides VVZ still RB better JJR for IN his PP$ needs NNS , , for IN it PP enables VVZ him PP , , by IN postponing VVG some DT present JJ consumption NN to TO which WDT he PP is VBZ entitled VVN , , not RB merely RB to TO take VV out RP of IN the DT constant JJ social JJ supply NN the DT full JJ equivalent NN of IN his PP$ postponed VVN consumption NN at IN any DT time NN he PP chooses VVZ , , but CC to TO receive VV an DT additional JJ small JJ regular JJ claim NN upon IN other JJ consumptive NN or CC productive JJ goods NNS , , called VVD interest NN . SENT This DT extra JJ payment NN was VBD regarded VVN by IN the DT classical JJ economists NNS as IN a DT cost NN or CC price NN paid VVN for IN an DT effort NN of IN abstinence NN . SENT More RBR recent JJ economists NNS have VHP usually RB chosen VVN to TO substitute VV for IN abstinence NN waiting VVG or CC some DT equally RB colourless JJ term NN . SENT But CC abstinence NN is VBZ better JJR , , for IN it PP does VVZ suggest VV a DT painful JJ effort NN involving VVG some DT human JJ cost NN , , some DT play NN of IN motives NNS naturally RB adverse JJ to TO saving NN which WDT requires VVZ to TO be VB overcome VVN by IN a DT positive JJ economic JJ payment NN . SENT Thus RB , , not RB merely RB the DT economic JJ , , but CC the DT moral JJ or CC human JJ necessity NN of IN interest NN is VBZ best RBS asserted VVN . SENT This DT abstinence NN or CC postponement NN of IN possible JJ present JJ consumption NN of IN commodities NNS is VBZ admittedly RB the DT condition NN or CC even RB the DT cause NN of IN the DT supply NN of IN the DT productive JJ instruments NNS which WDT increase VVP the DT production NN of IN future JJ wealth NN and CC incidentally RB furnish VV the DT fund NN out RP of IN which WDT the DT interest NN is VBZ paid VVN . SENT For IN our PP$ present JJ purpose NN , , then RB , , it PP makes VVZ no DT difference NN whether IN we PP look VVP at IN the DT primitive JJ saving NN which WDT stored VVD consumables NNS for IN future JJ use NN , , or CC the DT modern JJ saving NN which WDT causes VVZ productive JJ instruments NNS to TO be VB created VVN , , applied VVN and CC maintained VVN . SENT The DT question NN whether IN there EX are VBP human JJ costs NNS of IN saving NN , , and CC what WP they PP are VBP , , is VBZ in IN the DT last JJ resort NN the DT same JJ in IN both DT cases NNS . SENT Out RB of IN any DT individual NN , , or CC social JJ , , income NN a DT certain JJ amount NN or CC proportion NN of IN saving VVG evidently RB may MD be VB costless JJ in IN the DT human JJ sense NN . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV , , the DT person NN or CC society NN that WDT saves VVZ it PP sustains VVZ no DT organic JJ loss NN or CC injury NN by IN doing VVG so RB , , though IN he PP may MD sometimes RB think VV or CC feel VV he PP does VVZ . SENT If IN he PP does VVZ so RB think VV or CC feel VV , , society NN must MD set VV a DT counter JJ weight NN against IN this DT false JJ imaginary JJ loss NN , , in IN the DT shape NN of IN interest NN . SENT But CC , , as IN we PP have VHP already RB noted VVN , , there EX is VBZ a DT good JJ deal NN of IN saving NN which WDT represents VVZ the DT calculated JJ outlay NN over IN a DT period NN of IN time NN , , which WDT the DT owner NN of IN an DT income NN will MD make VV in IN his PP$ own JJ interest NN . SENT In IN such JJ cases NNS there EX is VBZ no DT human JJ cost NN , , and CC if IN an DT economic JJ cost NN interest NN is VBZ defrayed VVN , , it PP has VHZ no DT human JJ correlative NN . SENT From IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ distribution NN of IN wealth NN it PP involves VVZ a DT waste NN . SENT The DT organic JJ utility NN to TO individuals NNS of IN hoarding NN , , in IN order NN , , by IN distributing VVG consumption NN over IN a DT longer JJR period NN of IN time NN , , to TO get VV from IN it PP a DT larger JJR aggregate NN of IN goods NNS , , will MD thus RB furnish VV a DT considerable JJ quantity NN of IN instrumental JJ capital NN to TO modern JJ industry NN . SENT For IN , , only RB by IN putting VVG the DT postponed VVN consumption NN into IN the DT form NN of IN instrumental JJ capital NN , , can MD the DT savers NNS establish VV the DT lien NN they PP want VVP upon IN the DT future JJ output NN of IN consumables NNS . SENT If IN all PDT the DT required JJ capital NN could MD be VB got VVN by IN this DT simple JJ play NN of IN motives NNS , , the DT savers NNS balancing VVG more JJR useful JJ future JJ units NNS of IN consumption NN against IN less JJR useful JJ present JJ units NNS , , with IN due JJ allowance NN for IN risks NNS connected VVN with IN postponement NN , , the DT supply NN of IN capital NN would MD be VB humanly RB costless JJ . SENT Though IN some DT element NN of IN risk NN , , inherent JJ in IN the DT proceeding NN , , would MD , , taken VVN by IN itself PP , , carry VV a DT cost NN , , the DT superior JJ utility NN attaching VVG to TO the DT postponed VVN units NNS of IN consumption NN , , as RB compared VVN with IN that DT which WDT the DT same JJ number NN of IN units NNS would MD afford VV when WRB added VVD to TO the DT consumption NN already RB provided VVD , , would MD offset VV that DT cost NN , , so RB that IN the DT arrangement NN , , as IN a DT whole NN , , would MD be VB costless JJ . SENT 5 LS . SENT Though IN the DT method NN of IN our PP$ analysis NN has VHZ obliged VVN us PP to TO approach VV this DT problem NN of IN saving VVG as IN part NN of IN our PP$ enquiry NN into IN processes NNS of IN production NN , , because IN it PP is VBZ the DT means NN by IN which WDT a DT productive JJ factor NN , , viz NP . SENT capital NN , , is VBZ supplied VVN , , it PP appertains VVZ directly RB to TO the DT process NN of IN consumption NN , , or CC outlay NN of IN income NN on IN consumables NNS . SENT As IN the DT current JJ expenditure NN of IN any DT member NN of IN industrial JJ society NN will MD be VB distributed VVN among IN a DT number NN of IN different JJ purchases NNS , , contributing VVG by IN natural JJ , , conventional JJ , , or CC purely RB personal JJ connections NNS , , towards IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN endowed VVN with IN maximum JJ utility NN or CC what WP the DT consumer NN takes VVZ for IN such JJ , , so RB will MD it PP be VB with IN the DT distribution NN of IN expenditure NN over IN points NNS of IN time NN . SENT Let VV us PP elevate VV into IN a DT clear JJ conscious JJ policy NN of IN calculation NN what WP is VBZ in IN large JJ measure NN a DT blind JJ instinctive JJ conduct NN , , and CC the DT organic JJ relation NN between IN the DT two CD economies NNS is VBZ apparent JJ . SENT It PP involves VVZ an DT intricate JJ balancing NN of IN larger JJR future JJ utilities NNS , , weighted VVN by IN risks NNS , , against IN smaller JJR present JJ utilities NNS not RB so RB weighted VVN . SENT To TO take VV the DT simplest JJS instance NN . SENT If IN , , out RB of IN an DT income NN of IN 600 CD coming VVG in IN this DT year NN , , I PP decide VVP to TO consume VV 500 CD in IN the DT current JJ expenditure NN of IN the DT year NN and CC to TO put VV aside RP 100 CD for IN consumption NN in IN five CD years NNS time NN when WRB I PP purpose NN to TO work VV only RB half DT time NN and CC earn VV only RB half PDT my PP$ present JJ income NN , , I PP shall MD have VH estimated VVN that IN the DT luxuries NNS which WDT i NP could MD buy VV this DT year NN by IN the DT sixth JJ hundred CD pounds NNS expenditure NN are VBP slightly RB less RBR agreeable JJ or CC useful JJ to TO me PP than IN the DT comforts NNS purchasable JJ by IN the DT fourth JJ hundred CD pounds NNS as RB visualised VVD five CD years NNS off RB , , with IN an DT allowance NN for IN the DT chance NN that IN i NP may MD then RB be VB dead JJ , , or CC that IN I PP may MD have VH come VVN into IN a DT legacy NN which WDT renders VVZ this DT postponement NN of IN consumption NN unnecessary JJ . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , this DT economic JJ ego NN must MD be VB conceived VVN as IN operating VVG by IN a DT plan NN of IN outlay NN which WDT , , in IN regard NN to TO the DT disposal NN of IN the DT current JJ income NN , , has VHZ a DT longitude NN and CC latitude NN of IN survey NN and CC valuation NN . SENT Just RB as IN the DT different JJ ingredients NNS of IN present JJ consumption NN make VV a DT complex JJ organic JJ whole NN with IN delicately RB proportioned VVN parts NNS , , the DT size NN and CC form NN of IN each DT dictated VVN by IN the DT unified JJ conception NN of IN the DT current JJ standard NN of IN comfort NN , , so RB the DT disposition NN of IN the DT income NN over IN a DT series NN of IN points NNS of IN time NN in IN which WDT present JJ values NNS of IN each DT several JJ consumable JJ and CC of IN the DT whole JJ standard NN are VBP compared VVN with IN future JJ values NNS , , involves VVZ the DT similar JJ application NN of IN a DT plan NN for IN the DT realisation NN of IN my PP$ economic JJ ideal NN . SENT Though IN a DT fully RB rational JJ conception NN and CC calculus NN , , either CC for IN the DT composition NN of IN current JJ expenditure NN or CC for IN prospective JJ outlays NNS , , is VBZ very RB rare JJ , , some DT half NN conscious JJ , , half DT instinctive JJ calculus NN of IN the DT sort NN must MD be VB accredited VVN to TO everybody NN . SENT 3 LS So RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ rightly RB conducted VVN by IN their PP$ reasoning NN or CC just RB instinct NN , , it PP means VVZ that IN , , out RB of IN all RB or CC most RBS of IN the DT members NNS of IN an DT industrial JJ society NN , , some DT humanly RB costless JJ saving NN could MD be VB got VVN , , some DT contribution NN towards IN the DT socially RB desirable JJ fund NN of IN capital NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT As RB , , then RB , , we PP have VHP seen VVN that IN a DT certain JJ proportion NN of IN the DT various JJ current JJ activities NNS , , which WDT are VBP directly RB productive JJ in IN the DT shape NN of IN skilled JJ and CC unskilled JJ labour NN of IN brain NN and CC hand NN , , are VBP either RB humanly RB costless JJ or CC carry VV some DT positive JJ fund NN of IN human JJ utility NN , , so RB is VBZ it PP also RB with IN the DT processes NNS of IN saving NN and CC risk NN taking NN , , which WDT go VVP to TO the DT supply NN and CC maintenance NN of IN capital NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB difficult JJ to TO conceive VV a DT society NN in IN which WDT all DT the DT saving NN needed VVN for IN the DT normal JJ development NN of IN industry NN might MD be VB costless JJ . SENT In IN a DT primitive JJ society NN , , based VVN chiefly RB on IN agriculture NN and CC simple JJ handicrafts NNS , , one PP might MD find VV the DT bulk NN of IN the DT working VVG population NN earning VVG a DT secure JJ and CC sufficient JJ livelihood NN , , but CC with IN no DT margin NN of IN savings NNS for IN instrumental JJ capital NN . SENT The DT comparatively RB small JJ amount NN of IN such JJ capital NN as RB was VBD needed VVN might MD be VB furnished VVN mainly RB or CC entirely RB from IN the DT surplus NN incomes NNS of IN a DT landowning NN or CC a DT governing VVG class NN , , extracted VVN as IN rent NN or CC taxes NNS . SENT Of IN course NN , , if IN , , as RB would MD commonly RB occur VV , , such JJ rents NNS or CC taxes NNS were VBD extorted VVN from IN the DT peasantry NN by IN starving VVG them PP or CC by IN imposing VVG a DT burden NN of IN excessive JJ toil VVP , , the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN such JJ saving NN would MD be VB very RB heavy JJ . SENT But CC where WRB a DT class NN of IN feudal JJ lords NNS drew VVD moderate JJ rents NNS and CC fines NNS from IN their PP$ tenants NNS , , or CC where WRB a DT governing VVG caste NN , , such JJ as IN the DT Incas NP in IN ancient JJ Peru NP , , applied VVN to TO useful JJ public NN works VVZ a DT large JJ share NN of IN what WP would MD be VB called VVN the DT economic JJ rent NN of IN the DT country NN , , taken VVN in IN taxation NN , , such JJ saving NN need MD entail VV no DT human JJ cost NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ such JJ costless JJ provision NN of IN capital NN necessarily RB confined VVN to TO a DT society NN living NN under IN simple JJ industrial JJ conditions NNS in IN which WDT comparatively RB little JJ saving NN can MD be VB utilised VVN . SENT Even RB in IN an DT advanced JJ industrial JJ society NN the DT large JJ incessant JJ increments NNS of IN capital NN might MD be VB provided VVN costlessly RB . SENT For IN if IN the DT national JJ dividend NN were VBD not RB only RB very RB large JJ but CC so RB well RB or CC equably RB distributed VVN , , as IN income NN , , that IN all DT classes NNS had VHD more RBR than IN enough RB to TO satisfy VV their PP$ current JJ organic JJ needs NNS , , such PDT a DT society NN would MD , , by IN a DT virtually RB automatic JJ economy NN , , secrete VV stores NNS of IN capital NN to TO meet VV the DT future NN needs VVZ of IN a DT growing VVG population NN or CC a DT rising VVG standard NN of IN consumption NN , , as IN every DT animal JJ organism NN naturally RB lays VVZ up RP stores NNS of IN fat NN , , muscle NN and CC physical JJ energy NN , , for IN future JJ use NN . SENT A DT well RB ordered VVN socialistic JJ state NN , , were VBD such JJ possible JJ , , would MD certainly RB apply VV the DT industrial JJ forces NNS at IN its PP$ disposal NN , , so RB as RB to TO secure VV an DT adequate JJ supply NN of IN costless JJ capital NN . SENT After IN making VVG proper JJ provision NN out IN of IN current JJ industry NN for IN the DT physical JJ and CC moral JJ health NN of IN the DT whole JJ population NN , , and CC for IN normal JJ progress NN in IN personal JJ efficiency NN of IN work NN and CC life NN , , it PP would MD apply VV the DT surplus NN of IN industrial JJ energy NN to TO improving VVG the DT capital NN fabric NN of IN industry NN so RB as RB to TO provide VV for IN the DT production NN of IN increasing VVG wealth NN , , leisure NN , , and CC other JJ opportunities NNS in IN the DT future NN . SENT The DT calculation NN , , as IN to TO what WP proportion NN of IN current JJ industrial JJ energy NN should MD be VB thus RB applied VVN to TO preparing VVG future JJ economic JJ goods NNS to TO ripen VV for IN utility NN at IN various JJ distances NNS of IN time NN , , would MD of IN course NN be VB a DT delicate JJ operation NN . SENT But CC so RB far RB as IN it PP were VBD correctly RB carried VVN out RP , , it PP would MD be VB socially RB costless JJ . SENT For IN on IN the DT hypothesis NN that IN adequate JJ provision NN for IN current JJ needs NNS of IN individual JJ stability NN and CC progress NN had VHD been VBN a DT first JJ charge NN on IN the DT industrial JJ dividend NN , , the DT postponement NN of IN any DT additional JJ consumption NN involved VVN in IN social JJ saving NN could MD not RB rightly RB be VB regarded VVN as IN involving VVG any DT net JJ human JJ cost NN . SENT For IN , , if IN , , instead RB of IN the DT surplus NN being VBG saved VVN , , it PP had VHD been VBN paid VVN out RP to TO individual JJ members NNS of IN society NN for IN current JJ consumption NN , , it PP would MD ex JJ hypothesi NNS be VB unproductive JJ of IN organic JJ welfare NN , , being VBG applied VVN in IN an DT injurious JJ and CC wasteful JJ attempt NN to TO force VV the DT pace NN of IN advances NNS in IN the DT current JJ standard NN of IN living NN . SENT Applying VVG the DT organic JJ metaphor NN , , one PP would MD say VV that IN it PP was VBD a DT natural JJ function NN of IN an DT organised VVN society NN to TO secrete VV capital NN in IN due JJ quantity NN for IN its PP$ future JJ life NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT But CC how WRB far RB can MD it PP be VB held VVN that IN an DT industrial JJ society NN like IN ours PP is VBZ so RB organised VVN as RB naturally RB to TO secrete VV the DT right JJ quantity NN of IN capital NN , , to TO provide VV it PP in IN a DT costless JJ way NN , , and CC to TO distribute VV it PP economically RB among IN its PP$ various JJ uses NNS . SENT A DT full JJ answer NN to TO these DT questions NNS must MD be VB deferred VVN until IN our PP$ analysis NN of IN the DT consumption NN side NN of IN the DT national JJ dividend NN enables VVZ us PP to TO assess VV the DT human JJ utility NN of IN the DT productive JJ work NN to TO which WDT capital NN is VBZ applied VVN . SENT At IN present NN we PP must MD assume VV the DT utility NN of IN the DT 300 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD of IN savings NNS applied VVN out RP of IN the DT aggregate JJ national JJ income NN to TO the DT enlargement NN of IN industry NN , , and CC confine VV ourselves PP to TO enquiring VVG what WP proportion NN of IN this DT amount NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB costless JJ and CC how WRB to TO estimate VV the DT human JJ costs NNS attached VVN to TO the DT other JJ part NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , quite RB evident JJ that IN such JJ answer NN as RB can MD be VB given VVN is VBZ of IN a DT general JJ and CC speculative JJ nature NN , , with IN no DT pretence NN at IN quantitative JJ exactitude NN . SENT In IN considering VVG savings NNS with IN an DT eye NN to TO discovering VVG the DT human JJ costs NNS . SENT It PP will MD be VB well RB to TO classify VV these DT savings NNS under IN three CD heads NNS . SENT First NP will MD come VV what WP may MD be VB termed VVN the DT automatic JJ saving NN of IN the DT surplus NN income NN of IN the DT rich JJ , , that IN which WDT , , remaining VVG over RP , , after IN all DT wants VVZ , , inclusive JJ of IN luxuries NNS , , are VBP satiated VVN , , accumulates VVZ for IN investment NN . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN new JJ capital NN proceeding NN from IN this DT source NN will MD vary VV with IN the DT amount NN and CC regularity NN of IN such JJ income NN , , its PP$ distribution NN among IN the DT rich JJ , , and CC their PP$ attitude NN of IN mind NN towards IN the DT expenditure NN of IN their PP$ incomes NNS . SENT The DT automatic JJ or CC spontaneous JJ character NN of IN this DT saving NN is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN no DT close JJ relation NN exists VVZ between IN progress NN in IN industry NN and CC the DT evolution NN of IN a DT personal JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Sudden JJ rapid JJ advances NNS of IN income NN are VBP not RB usually RB accompanied VVN by IN a DT corresponding JJ pressure NN of IN new JJ personal NN wants VVZ tending VVG immediately RB to TO absorb VV in IN increasing VVG expenditure NN each DT increase NN of IN income NN . SENT Though IN no DT limit NN can MD be VB set VVN upon IN the DT expenses NNS of IN a DT luxurious JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN and CC the DT vagaries NNS of IN personal JJ extravagance NN , , expensive JJ habits NNS take VVP time NN for IN their PP$ establishment NN , , and CC in IN a DT progressive JJ industrial JJ society NN where WRB skilful JJ , , or CC lucky JJ , , business NN men NNS are VBP making VVG fortunes NNS rapidly RB , , their PP$ acquisitive JJ power NN will MD be VB apt JJ to TO run VV far RB ahead RB of IN their PP$ consumptive JJ practice NN . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT absorption NN in IN the DT practice NN of IN making VVG money NN evidently RB retards VVZ the DT full JJ acquisition NN of IN habits NNS of IN lavish JJ expenditure NN , , giving VVG full JJ scope NN to TO the DT development NN neither CC of IN tastes NNS nor CC of IN opportunities NNS . SENT This DT will MD be VB particularly RB true JJ of IN incomes NNS growing VVG not RB by IN regular JJ increments NNS but CC by IN sudden JJ rushes NNS . SENT Extreme JJ instances NNS abound VVP in IN the DT recent JJ history NN of IN America NP . SENT Where WRB the DT quick JJ skilful JJ seizure NN of IN new JJ sudden JJ opportunities NNS , , conjoined VVN with IN a DT general JJ development NN of IN national JJ resources NNS at IN an DT abnormally RB rapid JJ pace NN , , enables VVZ a DT Jay NP Gould NP or CC a DT John NP D NP . SENT Rockefeller NP to TO amass VV millions NNS within IN a DT few JJ years NNS , , a DT wide JJ natural JJ divergence NN is VBZ created VVN between IN income NN and CC expenditure NN . SENT Enormous JJ masses NNS of IN unspent JJ income NN thus RB roll VV up RP into IN capital NN which WDT again RB continually RB grows VVZ by IN the DT accumulation NN of IN the DT unspent JJ interest NN it PP earns VVZ . SENT Though IN the DT number NN of IN persons NNS in IN this DT position NN of IN financial JJ magnitude NN is VBZ very RB few JJ , , a DT considerable JJ class NN of IN successful JJ business NN men NNS in IN America NP and CC in IN every DT advanced JJ European JJ country NN comes VVZ into IN the DT same JJ category NN as RB regards VVZ capacity NN of IN saving NN . SENT While IN their PP$ personal JJ and CC family NN expenditure NN may MD be VB continually RB rising VVG , , it PP will MD tend VV to TO keep VV in IN safe JJ adjustment NN to TO what WP may MD be VB termed VVN a DT conservative JJ estimate NN of IN their PP$ income NN . SENT The DT occasional JJ great JJ trading NN coups NNS , , the DT enormous JJ profits NNS of IN a DT commercial JJ or CC financial JJ boom NN , , will MD not RB even RB tend VVP to TO be VB assimilated VVN in IN expenditure NN . SENT Wherever WRB the DT economic JJ circumstances NNS of IN a DT country NN are VBP such JJ as RB to TO throw VV a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN the DT growing VVG wealth NN into IN the DT hands NNS of IN a DT class NN of IN busy JJ rising VVG men NNS , , by IN a DT series NN of IN great JJ windfalls NNS or CC more JJR or CC less JJR incalculable JJ increments NNS , , the DT new JJ capital NN flowing VVG from IN these DT superfluous JJ incomes NNS will MD be VB large JJ . SENT Moreover RB , , so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ automatic JJ , , it PP will MD have VH little JJ if IN any DT regard NN to TO rate NN of IN interest NN , , and CC thus RB to TO social JJ demand NN , , so RB far RB as IN interest NN can MD be VB considered VVN a DT just JJ index NN of IN social JJ demand NN . SENT 4 CD Even RB when WRB the DT element NN of IN fluctuating VVG or CC fortuitous JJ increase NN of IN income NN is VBZ not RB present JJ , , a DT fairly RB rapid JJ advance NN of IN income NN , , particularly RB where WRB it PP is VBZ earned VVN and CC therefore RB carries VVZ no DT presumption NN of IN indefinite JJ continuance NN , , will MD ordinarily RB leave VV a DT considerable JJ margin NN of IN automatic JJ saving NN . SENT This DT will MD be VB larger JJR where WRB the DT standard NN of IN living NN is VBZ already RB established VVN on IN a DT high JJ level NN . SENT For IN though IN certain JJ curious JJ psychological JJ traits NNS seem VVP to TO show VV an DT extraordinary JJ concentration NN of IN personal JJ interest NN in IN the DT extravagances NNS which WDT give VVP personal JJ distinction NN in IN society NN , , the DT low JJ pressure NN of IN organic JJ utility NN , , or CC the DT emergence NN of IN positive JJ disutility NN inherent JJ in IN many JJ of IN these DT forms NNS of IN luxury NN , , must MD be VB considered VVN to TO exercise VV some DT check NN . SENT Putting VVG the DT matter NN simply RB , , one PP would MD say VV that DT real JJ primary JJ human JJ needs NNS are VBP more RBR readily RB assimilated VVN in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN than IN purely RB conventional JJ or CC positively RB injurious JJ modes NNS of IN expenditure NN . SENT So RB , , making VVG every DT allowance NN for IN the DT depravity NN of IN tastes NNS and CC the DT zest NN for IN competitive JJ extravagance NN , , it PP will MD remain VV true JJ that IN the DT classes NNS with IN large JJ incomes NNS will MD tend VV to TO contribute VV to TO capital NN a DT large JJ amount NN of IN surplus NN income NN by IN a DT process NN of IN automatic JJ accumulation NN . SENT For IN such JJ saving NN there EX is VBZ neither CC an DT economic JJ nor CC a DT human JJ cost NN involved VVN . SENT the DT interest NN it PP receives VVZ is VBZ in IN the DT economic JJ sense NN as IN much RB a DT surplus NN as IN the DT rent NN of IN land NN . SENT Not RB merely RB is VBZ there RB no DT human JJ cost NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT positive JJ human JJ utility NN in IN such JJ saving NN , , for IN it PP is VBZ an DT instinctive JJ rejection NN of IN the DT injurious JJ effort NN to TO incorporate VV this DT surplus NN in IN a DT current JJ expenditure NN already RB adequate JJ to TO satisfy VV all DT felt VVD wants VVZ , , good JJ or CC bad JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN a DT large JJ and CC a DT growing VVG proportion NN of IN the DT total JJ volume NN of IN saving VVG in IN England NP and CC in IN the DT Western JJ world NN is VBZ of IN this DT order NN . SENT For IN though IN it PP may MD not RB be VB generally RB true JJ that IN the DT rich JJ are VBP growing VVG richer JJR and CC the DT poor JJ poorer JJR , , it PP is VBZ probably RB true JJ that IN both CC a DT larger JJR quantity NN and CC a DT larger JJR proportion NN of IN the DT national JJ income NN are VBP in IN the DT hands NNS of IN rich JJ and CC well RB to TO do VV business NN men NNS whose WP$ means NNS have VHP been VBN advanCing VVG faster RBR than IN their PP$ expenditure NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT So RB much RB for IN the DT automatic JJ saving NN of IN the DT rich JJ . SENT We PP have VHP next JJ to TO take VV into IN account NN the DT admittedly RB large JJ contribution NN of IN the DT classes NNS who WP in IN respect NN of IN income NN are VBP middle JJ . SENT This DT comprises VVZ the DT great JJ majority NN of IN families NNS engaged VVN in IN the DT directive NN work NN of IN manufacture NN and CC commerce NN , , and CC almost RB the DT whole NN of IN the DT upper JJ grades NNS of IN the DT professional JJ and CC official JJ classes NNS in IN such PDT a DT country NN as IN ours PP , , as RB well RB as IN a DT considerable JJ number NN of IN persons NNS of IN moderate JJ independent JJ means NNS . SENT A DT certain JJ amount NN of IN conscious JJ thrift NN is VBZ traditional JJ in IN these DT classes NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ by IN no DT means NNS automatic JJ , , but CC involves VVZ for IN the DT most JJS part NN some DT conscious JJ sacrifice NN of IN current JJ satisfaction NN in IN favour NN of IN a DT greater JJR estimated JJ future JJ satisfaction NN to TO the DT saver NN or CC his PP$ family NN . SENT The DT motives NNS which WDT influence VVP such JJ saving NN , , alike RB in IN its PP$ amount NN and CC its PP$ application NN as IN capital NN , , are VBP complex JJ and CC various JJ . SENT But CC the DT sacrifice NN ascribed VVN to TO such JJ saving VVG cannot NN be VB assumed VVN to TO involve VV any DT economic JJ cost NN , , in IN the DT sense NN that IN it PP requires VVZ the DT payment NN of IN economic JJ interest NN to TO evoke VV it PP . SENT Still RB less RBR can MD it PP be VB assumed VVN to TO involve VV a DT human JJ cost NN . SENT A DT good JJ deal NN of IN this DT middle JJ class NN saving NN , , though RB less RBR automatic JJ than IN the DT savings NNS of IN the DT rich JJ , , is VBZ a DT calculated JJ postponement NN of IN some DT expenditure NN which WDT might MD purchase VV present JJ comforts NNS or CC luxuries NNS , , in IN order NN to TO make VV provision NN for IN the DT purchase NN of IN necessaries NN or CC conveniences NNS at IN some DT future JJ time NN . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , it PP is VBZ of IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT stocking NN saving NN , , which WDT the DT better RBR to TO do VV peasants NNS have VHP always RB practised VVN before IN the DT opportunities NNS of IN profitable JJ and CC fairly RB safe JJ investment NN were VBD open JJ to TO them PP . SENT Though RB utilised VVN to TO earn VV interest NN , , the DT saving NN would MD be VB made VVN just RB the DT same JJ if IN no DT objective JJ interest NN were VBD attainable JJ , , provided VVD it PP were VBD tolerably RB secure JJ against IN pillage NN or CC destruction NN . SENT Risk NN counts NNS for IN more JJR than IN interest NN in IN such JJ saving NN , , and CC the DT bulk NN of IN the DT so RB called VVN interest NN which WDT such JJ savings NNS demand NN , , as IN a DT condition NN of IN loan NN or CC investment NN , , is VBZ not RB true JJ interest NN but CC insurance NN . SENT But CC in IN practice NN inseparable JJ from IN such JJ saving NN is VBZ that IN undertaken VVN with IN the DT direct JJ object NN of IN earning VVG interest NN upon IN the DT capital NN . SENT A DT great JJ deal NN of IN middle JJ class NN saving NN , , and CC some DT saving NN of IN the DT rich JJ class NN would MD not RB take VV place NN without IN the DT hope NN of IN receiving VVG interest NN . SENT If IN no DT interest NN were VBD attainable JJ , , though IN some DT saving NN might MD take VV place NN , , in IN order NN to TO provide VV against IN the DT possibility NN of IN a DT total JJ collapse NN of IN current JJ earning NN power NN and CC a DT consequent JJ deprivation NN of IN the DT necessaries NN of IN life NN , , there EX would MD be VB little JJ disposition NN to TO give VV up RP any DT present JJ free JJ expenditure NN on IN comforts NNS in IN order NN to TO provide VV for IN future JJ comforts NNS which WDT might MD not RB be VB wanted VVN , , or CC which WDT , , in IN consequence NN of IN loss NN of IN savings NNS , , might MD not RB be VB procurable JJ . SENT A DT positive JJ bonus NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN interest NN seems VVZ necessary JJ to TO evoke VV this DT latter JJ saving NN . SENT The DT operation NN of IN this DT bonus NN as IN an DT inducement NN is VBZ , , however RB , , very RB complex JJ . SENT It PP might MD appear VV at IN first JJ sight NN obvious JJ that IN , , the DT larger JJR the DT bonus NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN rate NN of IN interest NN , , the DT greater JJR the DT aggregate NN of IN saving VVG it PP would MD evoke VVP . SENT So RB far RB as IN non JJ automatic JJ saving NN is VBZ motived VVN by IN a DT general JJ desire NN to TO be VB better JJR off RP in IN the DT future NN , , in IN order NN to TO attain VV a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN and CC of IN social JJ consideration NN which WDT denote VV success NN and CC satisfy VV personal JJ ambition NN , , or CC in IN order NN to TO bequeath VV a DT large JJ estate NN to TO one's JJ family NN , , higher JJR interest NN will MD tend VV to TO evoke VV a DT corresponding JJ increase NN of IN saving VVG in IN those DT whose WP$ current JJ incomes NNS enable VVP them PP to TO save VV considerable JJ sums NNS without IN encroaching VVG upon IN their PP$ established JJ standard NN of IN comfort NN . SENT Young JJ or CC middle JJ aged VVN men NNS , , of IN an DT aspiring JJ nature NN and CC with IN rising VVG incomes NNS , , will MD undoubtedly RB save VV more RBR if IN they PP see VVP a DT handsome JJ return NN on IN their PP$ investments NNS . SENT But CC , , as IN most JJS men NNS will MD realise VV more RBR clearly RB and CC feel VVP more RBR keenly RB these DT future JJ economic JJ and CC social JJ gains NNS if IN the DT full JJ fruits NNS of IN such JJ savings NNS will MD be VB reaped VVN by IN themselves PP , , not RB by IN their PP$ heirs NNS , , ageing VVG men NNS will MD be VB likely JJ to TO respond VV less RBR freely RB to TO this DT motive NN . SENT Present JJ comfort NN , , security NN , , and CC power NN , , will MD mean VV more RBR to TO them PP than IN a DT future JJ liberality NN of IN living VVG which WDT they PP can MD only RB hope VV to TO enjoy VV for IN a DT few JJ years NNS , , if IN at IN all DT . SENT The DT amount NN , , therefore RB , , of IN the DT acceleration NN of IN saving VVG achieved VVN by IN a DT rise NN of IN interest NN will MD depend VV a DT good JJ deal NN upon IN the DT relative JJ importance NN this DT general JJ desire NN to TO be VB better RBR off IN possesses VVZ as IN an DT inducement NN to TO save VV . SENT That DT relative JJ importance NN again RB will MD depend VV a DT good JJ deal NN upon IN whether IN the DT economic JJ and CC social JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT community NN place NN considerable JJ numbers NNS of IN younger JJR business NN or CC professional JJ men NNS in IN a DT position NN of IN rising VVG incomes NNS and CC of IN considerable JJ saving NN power NN , , or CC , , on IN the DT contrary NN , , confine VV such JJ surpluses NNS chiefly RB to TO older JJR men NNS . SENT If IN , , instead RB of IN taking VVG as IN our PP$ motive NN a DT general JJ desire NN to TO be VB better JJR off RP , , we PP take VVP a DT desire NN to TO save VV in IN order NN to TO make VV some DT limited JJ specific JJ provision NN , , as RB for IN example NN to TO buy VV an DT annuity NN of IN 100 CD , , the DT effect NN of IN a DT higher JJR rate NN of IN interest NN upon IN volume NN of IN saving NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB different JJ . SENT Though IN it PP may MD serve VV to TO quicken VV in IN some DT degree NN the DT pace NN at IN which WDT the DT sum NN required VVN will MD be VB amassed VVN , , it PP will MD reduce VV the DT absolute JJ amount NN of IN saving NN . SENT For IN when WRB interest NN is VBZ higher JJR , , the DT capital NN sum NN required VVN to TO yield VV an DT annuity NN of IN 100 CD a DT year NN will MD be VB less JJR than IN before RB . SENT Against IN this DT , , however RB , , must MD be VB set VVN the DT fact NN that IN , , when WRB a DT definite JJ sum NN is VBZ needed VVN in IN order NN to TO pay VV off RP some DT debt NN , , or CC to TO furnish VV a DT sufficiency NN for IN retirement NN , , a DT high JJ rate NN of IN interest NN may MD be VB required VVN in IN order NN to TO make VV this DT saving VVG possible JJ or CC certain JJ . SENT If IN a DT man NN cannot NN save VV enough RB to TO attain VV such JJ definite JJ object NN , , he PP will MD not RB save VV at IN all DT , , for IN an DT insufficient JJ amount NN will MD be VB held VVN futile JJ . SENT whereas IN , , if IN a DT rise NN of IN interest NN gives VVZ him PP a DT good JJ prospect NN of IN saving VVG the DT required JJ amount NN , , he PP will MD put VV forth RB the DT effort NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT But CC making VVG due JJ allowance NN for IN counteracting VVG motives NNS , , it PP is VBZ tolerably RB certain JJ that IN a DT rise NN of IN interest NN , , showing VVG any DT signs NNS of IN continuance NN , , will MD stimulate VV an DT increase NN of IN motived VVN saving NN , , though RB by IN no DT means VVZ a DT proportionate JJ increase NN . SENT Thus RB it PP will MD appear VV that IN , , so RB far RB as IN this DT large JJ section NN of IN middle JJ class NN saving NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , some DT definite JJ measurable JJ economic JJ costs NNS , , in IN the DT sense NN of IN deprivation NN of IN current JJ consumption NN , , are VBP involved VVN , , requiring VVG compensation NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN interest NN . SENT But CC the DT question NN which WDT concerns VVZ us PP is VBZ whether IN there EX are VBP human JJ costs NNS corresponding JJ to TO and CC involved VVN in IN these DT economic JJ costs NNS . SENT In IN answering VVG this DT question NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB enough JJ to TO point VV to TO the DT admitted VVN fact NN that IN this DT saving NN involves VVZ the DT failure NN to TO satisfy VV some DT current JJ desire NN for IN increased JJ consumption NN . SENT It PP has VHZ to TO be VB considered VVN whether IN the DT sacrifice NN of IN current JJ satisfaction NN is VBZ really RB a DT sacrifice NN of IN welfare NN , , either CC from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT saver NN , , or CC of IN the DT society NN of IN which WDT he PP is VBZ a DT member NN . SENT For IN we PP have VHP not RB taken VVN the DT view NN that IN the DT personal JJ transient JJ desires NNS and CC valuations NNS of IN consumers NNS are VBP a DT final JJ criterion NN , , either CC of IN personal JJ or CC social JJ welfare NN . SENT If IN then RB the DT saving NN evoked VVN by IN paying VVG interest NN merely RB means VVZ that IN certain JJ fairly RB well RB to TO do VV folks NNS abstain VV from IN comforts NNS or CC luxuries NNS , , which WDT , , though IN agreeable JJ and CC innocent JJ , , carry VV no DT organic JJ benefit NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT human JJ cost NN , , or CC even RB if IN there EX is VBZ some DT slight JJ cost NN , , it PP may MD be VB offset VVN by IN the DT individual JJ or CC social JJ benefit NN resulting VVG from IN the DT postponement NN of IN consumption NN . SENT A DT large JJ proportion NN of IN motived VVN middle JJ class NN saving NN undoubtedly RB falls VVZ within IN this DT category NN . SENT But CC by IN no DT means NNS all RB . SENT A DT good JJ deal NN of IN lower JJR middle JJ class NN saving NN eats VVZ into IN certain JJ factors NNS of IN humanly RB serviceable JJ expenditure NN , , particularly RB expenditure NN in IN education NN of IN the DT young JJ . SENT Frequently RB it PP injures VVZ the DT free JJ life NN of IN the DT home NN by IN the DT constant JJ pressure NN of IN niggling JJ economies NNS , , which WDT , , though IN not RB perhaps RB injurious JJ in IN the DT particular JJ privations NNS they PP impose VV , , leave VV no DT margin NN for IN the DT small JJ pleasures NNS and CC amenities NNS which WDT have VHP a DT vital JJ value NN . SENT Even RB though IN we PP assume VVP that DT such JJ saving NN brings VVZ , , in IN the DT ownership NN of IN property NN and CC the DT interest NN it PP yields VVZ , , a DT full JJ vital JJ compensation NN to TO the DT individual NN who WP saves VVZ , , it PP by IN no DT means NN follows VVZ that IN it PP is VBZ socially RB justified JJ , , when WRB a DT true JJ criterion NN of IN social JJ welfare NN is VBZ applied VVN . SENT Take VV for IN instance NN the DT saving NN which WDT is VBZ diverted VVN from IN expenditure NN on IN education NN , , precluding VVG the DT children NNS from IN getting VVG a DT university NN or CC professional JJ training NN and CC turning VVG them PP on IN the DT world NN to TO earn VV a DT living NN , , less RBR effectively RB equipped VVN than IN they PP might MD have VH been VBN . SENT Society NP may MD be VB a DT heavy JJ loser NN by IN its PP$ policy NN of IN evoking VVG such JJ thrift NN by IN means NNS of IN interest NN , , for IN it PP obtains VVZ a DT certain JJ amount NN of IN material NN capital NN in IN place NN of IN the DT more RBR valuable JJ intellectual JJ or CC moral JJ capital NN which WDT the DT money NN , , expended VVN upon IN education NN , , might MD have VH yielded VVN . SENT Even RB regarded VVN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN future JJ economic JJ productivity NN , , the DT stimulation NN of IN this DT sort NN of IN saving NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO be VB injurious JJ . SENT 10 CD . SENT Far RB graver JJR importance NN attaches VVZ to TO this DT consideration NN when WRB we PP approach VVP the DT savings NNS of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS . SENT The DT contribution NN made VVN from IN this DT source NN to TO the DT flow NN of IN fresh JJ capital NN , , the DT 300 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD per IN annum NN , , is VBZ evidently RB attended VVN by IN heavy JJ human JJ costs NNS . SENT Very RB little RB of IN it PP can MD be VB regarded VVN as IN the DT considered VVN reasonable JJ outlay NN over IN a DT long JJ period NN of IN time NN of IN income NN not RB needed VVN for IN current JJ organically RB useful JJ consumption NN . SENT Most JJS of IN it PP involves VVZ a DT stinting VVG of IN the DT prime JJ necessaries NN or CC conveniences NNS of IN life NN , , or CC of IN some DT rise NN in IN present JJ expenditure NN which WDT would MD promote VV the DT health NN or CC efficiency NN of IN the DT family NN . SENT Almost RB the DT only JJ saving NN made VVN by IN ordinary JJ wage NN earners NNS not RB attended VVD by IN this DT human JJ sacrifice NN is VBZ that IN applied VVN by IN young JJ workers NNS , , who WP having VHG only RB themselves PP to TO keep VV , , can MD afford VV to TO set VV aside RP some DT portion NN of IN their PP$ pay NN in IN full JJ employment NN so RB as RB to TO furnish VV a DT future JJ home NN , , and CC to TO insure VV against IN a DT few JJ special JJ emergencies NNS involving VVG loss NN of IN earning VVG power NN or CC expenses NNS connected VVN with IN death NN or CC sickness NN . SENT Even RB such JJ personally RB serviceable JJ insurances NNS the DT married JJ worker NN can MD seldom RB properly RB afford VV . SENT Though IN the DT narrower JJR view NN of IN the DT economy NN of IN a DT self NN sufficing VVG family NN may MD appear VV to TO justify VV savings NNS made VVN out RP of IN a DT wage NN the DT entire JJ present JJ expenditure NN of IN which WDT can MD be VB applied VVN to TO purposes NNS of IN organically RB useful JJ consumption NN , , the DT wider JJR social JJ standpoint NN does VVZ not RB endorse VV this DT policy NN . SENT For IN a DT workman NN to TO pinch VV on IN housing NN , , clothing NN , , the DT education NN of IN his PP$ children NNS , , or CC upon IN wholesome JJ recreation NN , , in IN order NN to TO avoid VV worse JJR pinching VVG in IN some DT unforeseen JJ but CC probable JJ emergency NN , , may MD be VB sound JJ individual JJ economy NN . SENT But CC , , unless IN society NN is VBZ unable JJ from IN other JJ resources NNS at IN its PP$ disposal NN to TO provide VV against IN these DT emergencies NNS of IN working VVG class NN life NN , , it PP is VBZ an DT unsound JJ social JJ economy NN , , involving VVG a DT heavy JJ net JJ cost NN of IN social JJ welfare NN . SENT The DT issue NN is VBZ a DT very RB vital JJ one NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB stated VVN in IN this DT concrete JJ form NN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT savings NNS effected VVN in IN this DT country NN out RP of IN a DT family NN income NN of IN 30 CD or CC less JJR per IN week NN , , and CC much RB of IN the DT savings NNS made VVD out RP of IN a DT larger JJR income NN when WRB the DT worker's NN family NN is VBZ young JJ , , involve VV a DT sort NN of IN abstinence NN which WDT is VBZ fraught JJ with IN heavy JJ net JJ costs NNS in IN the DT social JJ economy NN . SENT No DT part NN of IN the DT economically RB necessary JJ fund NN of IN annual JJ capital NN ought MD to TO be VB drawn VVN from IN this DT sort NN of IN saving NN . SENT It PP is VBZ literally RB a DT coining VVG of IN human JJ life NN into IN instrumental JJ capital NN , , and CC the DT degradation NN of IN the DT term NN thrift NN in IN its PP$ application NN to TO such JJ saving NN is VBZ a DT damning VVG commentary NN upon IN the DT false JJ standard NN of IN social JJ valuation NN which WDT endorses VVZ and CC approves VVZ the DT sacrifice NN . SENT The DT great JJ risks NNS of IN loss NN which WDT actually RB attend VVP such JJ saving NN , , and CC the DT heavy JJ expenses NNS of IN the DT machinery NN of IN its PP$ collection NN and CC administration NN , , aggravate VVP the DT waste NN . SENT If IN we PP ascribe VV 50 CD , , 000 CD , , 0005 CD out IN of IN the DT 300 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD to TO this DT class NN of IN savings NNS , , a DT proper JJ social JJ book NN keeping NN would MD put VV the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN this DT working VVG class NN abstinence NN as IN a DT large JJ offset VVN to TO the DT net JJ utility NN of IN the DT other JJ 250 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD . SENT The DT forethought NN , , endurance NN , , and CC other JJ real JJ or CC supposed JJ benefits NNS to TO the DT character NN of IN the DT workers NNS imputed VVD to TO this DT thrift NN can MD no RB more RBR be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT compensation NN for IN such JJ social JJ injury NN , , than IN can MD the DT discipline NN and CC fortitude NN of IN soldiers NNS be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT testimony NN to TO the DT net JJ human JJ economy NN of IN war NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Observe VV that IN this DT appearance NN is VBZ illusory JJ . SENT The DT maximum NN of IN organic JJ utility NN would MD probably RB involve VV an DT even JJ expenditure NN of IN all PDT the DT elements NNS of IN income NN without IN allowance NN for IN my PP$ preference NN of IN present NN over IN future NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT It PP may MD be VB urged VVN that IN , , even RB in IN respect NN of IN necessaries NN , , there EX will MD be VB some DT discount NN for IN future NN as IN compared VVN with IN present JJ consumption NN . SENT But CC in IN any DT class NN of IN civilised JJ men NNS , , whose WP$ income NN is VBZ paid VVN at IN long JJ intervals NNS , , this DT discount NN will MD be VB very RB small JJ and CC may MD be VB ignored VVN . SENT 3 LS . SENT For IN a DT discussion NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC limitations NNS of IN this DT calculus NN see VVP Chapter NP XXI NP . SENT 4 LS . SENT So RB ingrained JJ is VBZ the DT habit NN of IN accumulation NN among IN the DT prosperous JJ classes NNS of IN modern JJ society NN , , that WDT it PP seems VVZ to TO proceed VV irrespective RB of IN the DT rate NN of IN interest NN . SENT Taussig NP , , Principles NNS of IN Economics NP , , Vol NP . SENT II NP , , p NN . SENT 27 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT This DT is VBZ most RBS likely RB a DT gravely RB excessive JJ estimate NN . SENT Probably RB 30 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD or CC 1 CD 10 CD of IN the DT national JJ saving NN would MD be VB nearer JJR the DT mark NN . SENT Moreover RB , , a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN working VVG class NN savings NNS is VBZ not RB destined VVN to TO purposes NNS of IN permanent JJ investment NN but CC to TO provision NN for IN some DT early JJ probable JJ emergency NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , burial NN or CC unemployment NN which WDT will MD cancel VV the DT saving NN . SENT There RB exist VV no DT approximately RB reliable JJ estimates NNS of IN the DT amount NN of IN capital NN belonging VVG to TO the DT working VVG classes NNS . SENT The DT usually RB accepted VVN figure NN includes VVZ under IN the DT head NN of IN Post NP Office NP Savings NPS Bank NP and CC Building NP Societies NNS a DT large JJ but CC unknown JJ quantity NN of IN middle JJ class NN savings NNS . SENT CHAPTER NN IX NP . SENT HUMAN JJ UTILITY NN OF IN CONSUMPTION NN 1 CD . SENT When WRB we PP turn VVP to TO the DT other JJ side NN of IN the DT account NN , , the DT human JJ utility NN which WDT this DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS represents VVZ , , we PP enter VVP a DT country NN which WDT , , as IN we PP have VHP already RB recognised VVN , , Political NP Economy NP has VHZ hardly RB begun VVN to TO explore VV . SENT For IN though IN the DT trend NN of IN a DT large JJ modern JJ school NN of IN economists NNS has VHZ been VBN to TO find VV in IN consumption NN the DT vis FW motrix NN of IN all DT economic JJ processes NNS , , and CC to TO bring VV close JJ study NN to TO bear VV upon IN the DT pressure NN of IN consumers NNS wants VVZ as IN they PP operate VVP through IN demand NN in IN the DT markets NNS of IN commodities NNS , , this DT volte NNS face VVP in IN the DT theory NN of IN values NNS does VVZ not RB render VV much JJ assistance NN to TO our PP$ human JJ valuation NN . SENT For IN their PP$ analysis NN of IN demands NNS does VVZ not RB help VV us PP to TO interpret VV expenditure NN in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT As IN an DT instrument NN for IN such PDT a DT purpose NN it PP is VBZ doubly RB defective JJ . SENT For IN , , in IN the DT first JJ place NN , , it PP is VBZ concerned VVN entirely RB with IN the DT actual JJ felt VVD wants VVZ and CC preferences NNS which WDT in IN fact NN determine VV purchases NNS . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , it PP takes VVZ for IN granted VVN the DT existing JJ distribution NN of IN incomes NNS or CC consuming NN power NN , , tracing VVG the DT operation NN of IN this DT power NN of IN demand NN upon IN the DT actual JJ economy NN of IN economic JJ processes NNS . SENT Now RB these DT limitations NNS , , quite RB necessary JJ for IN the DT purely RB economic JJ interpretation NN , , are VBP not RB suited VVN to TO our PP$ requirements NNS . SENT The DT current JJ standard NN of IN valuations NNS and CC of IN choice NN cannot NN be VB taken VVN as IN an DT adequate JJ standard NN of IN individual JJ or CC social JJ welfare NN . SENT Felt NP wants VVZ , , and CC demands NNS based VVN on IN them PP , , form VVP no RB doubt VV some DT index NN of IN welfare NN , , but CC an DT insufficient JJ one CD . SENT A DT considerable JJ proportion NN of IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS included VVD in IN the DT real JJ income NN which WDT we PP are VBP analysing VVG must NN from IN our PP$ standpoint NN be VB classed VVN not RB as IN wealth NN , , but CC as IN illth NN , , to TO adopt VV Ruskin's NP term NN . SENT What WP proportion NN we PP should MD place VV in IN the DT category NN will NN of IN course NN depend VVP upon IN the DT degree NN to TO which WDT we PP hold VVP that IN the DT actual JJ evolution NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN consumption NN has VHZ been VBN distorted VVN from IN its PP$ natural JJ course NN . SENT But CC everyone NN will MD admit VV that IN many JJ sorts NNS of IN marketable JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS are VBP injurious JJ alike RB to TO the DT individuals NNS who WP consume VVP them PP and CC to TO society NN . SENT A DT large JJ proportion NN of IN the DT stimulants NNS and CC drugs NNS which WDT absorb VVP a DT growing VVG share NN of IN income NN in IN many JJ civilised JJ communities NNS , , bad JJ literature NN , , art NN and CC recreations NNS , , the DT services NNS of IN prostitutes NNS and CC flunkeys NNS , , are VBP conspicuous JJ instances NNS . SENT Not RB merely RB does VVZ no DT human JJ utility NN correspond VV to TO the DT economic JJ utility NN ascribed VVN to TO such JJ goods NNS , , but CC there EX is VBZ a DT large JJ positive JJ disutility NN . SENT The DT aggregate JJ human JJ value NN of IN a DT growing VVG national JJ income NN may MD easily RB be VB reduced VVN by IN any DT increase NN in IN the DT proportion NN of IN expenditure NN upon IN such JJ classes NNS of IN goods NNS , , and CC tendencies NNS of IN distribution NN which WDT lead VVP to TO such JJ proportionate JJ increase NN may MD even RB invalidate VV the DT assumption NN that IN social JJ welfare NN upon IN the DT whole NN grows VVZ with IN the DT growth NN of IN the DT national JJ dividend NN . SENT We PP shall MD presently RB consider VV some DT of IN the DT factors NNS in IN our PP$ social JJ structure NN which WDT bring VVP about IN the DT development NN of IN definitely RB bad JJ demands NNS and CC bad JJ products NNS to TO satisfy VV them PP . SENT But CC just RB as IN we PP must MD write VV to TO the DT debit NN side NN of IN our PP$ human JJ account NN a DT great JJ many JJ articles NNS which WDT figure VVP on IN the DT credit NN side NN in IN ordinary JJ economic JJ book NN keeping VVG , , so RB we PP shall MD be VB compelled VVN to TO revise VV the DT comparative JJ values NNS attached VVN to TO those DT articles NNS which WDT contain VVP actual JJ powers NNS of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT A DT valuation NN which WDT sets VVZ an DT equal JJ value NN upon IN each DT part NN of IN a DT supply NN because IN it PP sells VVZ for IN the DT same JJ sum NN cannot NN serve VVP the DT purposes NNS of IN a DT human JJ valuation NN . SENT For IN the DT amount NN of IN human JJ utility NN , , individual JJ or CC social JJ , , attaching VVG to TO the DT consumption NN of IN any DT stock NN of IN goods NNS or CC services NNS , , must MD evidently RB depend VV in IN large JJ degree NN upon IN who WP gets VVZ them PP and CC how WRB much JJ each DT consumer NN gets VVZ , , that WDT is VBZ to TO say VV upon RP their PP$ distribution NN . SENT The DT same JJ goods NNS figure VVP as IN necessaries NN of IN life NN or CC as IN waste NN according VVG to TO who WP gets VVZ them PP . SENT Some DT quarters NNS of IN the DT same JJ wheat NN supply NN furnish VV life NN and CC working VVG energy NN to TO labourers NNS , , other JJ quarters NNS pass VVP unconsumed JJ into IN the DT dustbins NNS of IN the DT rich JJ . SENT There EX is VBZ , , moreover RB , , a DT third JJ consideration NN which WDT counts VVZ in IN the DT process NN of IN converting VVG economic JJ into IN human JJ values NNS . SENT As RB in IN the DT distribution NN of IN productive JJ energy NN human JJ economy NN requires VVZ an DT adjustment NN to TO the DT individual JJ capacity NN of IN production NN , , so RB in IN the DT distribution NN of IN consumptive JJ utilities NNS a DT corresponding JJ regard NN must MD be VB paid VVN to TO the DT natural JJ or CC acquired VVN capacity NN of IN the DT individual JJ consumer NN . SENT Some DT persons NNS have VHP greater JJR natural JJ capacity NN than IN others NNS for IN the DT use NN or CC enjoyment NN of IN certain JJ classes NNS of IN goods NNS , , material NN or CC immaterial JJ . SENT An DT absolutely RB equal JJ distribution NN of IN bread NN , , or CC any DT other JJ necessity NN of IN life NN , , on IN a DT per FW caput NN basis NN , , would MD evidently RB be VB a DT wasteful JJ economy NN . SENT What WP applies VVZ to TO the DT prime JJ physical NN wants VVZ will MD apply VV more RBR largely RB to TO the DT goods NNS which WDT supply VVP higher RBR wants VVZ . SENT For IN , , as IN one PP ascends VVZ from IN the DT purely RB animal JJ to TO the DT spiritual JJ wants VVZ , , the DT divergences NNS in IN capacity NN of IN utilisation NN will MD grow VV . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB necessarily RB imply VV very RB wide JJ differences NNS in IN the DT aggregate JJ quantity NN of IN wealth NN which WDT can MD be VB usefully RB consumed VVN by IN different JJ persons NNS , , because IN deficiencies NNS in IN some DT tastes NNS or CC capacities NNS may MD be VB compensated VVN by IN development NN of IN others NNS . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT widest JJS personal JJ differences NNS will MD usually RB lie VV outside IN the DT range NN of IN economic JJ satisfaction NN . SENT Yet RB even RB among IN economic JJ consumers NNS there EX will MD be VB considerable JJ differences NNS in IN the DT amount NN of IN organic JJ service NN or CC satisfaction NN that IN different JJ persons NNS can MD get VV out RP of IN the DT same JJ amount NN of IN goods NNS . SENT A DT noble JJ work NN of IN art NN , , as IN Ruskin NP insisted VVD , , has VHZ no DT value NN for IN primitive JJ peasants NNS without IN cultivated VVN tastes NNS . SENT The DT finest JJS library NN of IN serious JJ literature NN has VHZ little JJ value NN to TO day NN in IN an DT ordinary JJ English JJ industrial JJ town NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ needless JJ to TO multiply VV examples NNS to TO illustrate VV the DT truth NN that IN the DT vital JJ value NN got VVD from IN any DT stock NN of IN consumable JJ wealth NN must MD depend VV upon IN the DT capacity NN of IN those DT into IN whose WP$ hands NNS it PP passes VVZ to TO make VV a DT good JJ use NN of IN it PP . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , it PP depends VVZ upon IN how WRB far RB the DT consumer NN has VHZ acquired VVN the DT art NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT merely RB a DT question NN of IN developing VVG and CC cultivating VVG sound JJ tastes NNS in IN a DT class NN or CC a DT people NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB a DT matter NN of IN knowledge NN how WRB to TO extract VV and CC utilise VV the DT utility NN which WDT goods NNS contain VVP . SENT It PP is VBZ sometimes RB pointed VVN out RP that IN over IN 90 CD per IN cent NN of IN the DT heating NN power NN of IN coal NN burned VVN in IN domestic JJ fires NNS is VBZ wasted VVN . SENT Improved JJ grates NNS , , or CC the DT substitution NN of IN some DT central JJ heating NN system NN , , might MD stop VV a DT considerable JJ portion NN of IN this DT waste NN , , securing VVG an DT increase NN of IN heating VVG power NN and CC of IN its PP$ vital JJ value NN out IN of IN each DT ton NN burned VVN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Until IN we PP know VVP then RB What WP are VBP the DT concrete JJ goods NNS represented VVN by IN the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD income NN . SENT How WRB are VBP they PP apportioned VVD among IN different JJ classes NNS of IN the DT consuming NN public NN . SENT How WRB far RB are VBP those DT who WP get VVP these DT goods NNS qualified VVN to TO get VV the DT vital JJ value NN out IN of IN them PP . SENT we PP cannot NN compute VV , , even RB in IN general JJ terms NNS , , the DT aggregate JJ human JJ utility NN they PP carry VVP . SENT Our PP$ calculus NN of IN the DT human JJ utility NN of IN consumption NN will MD thus RB in IN form NN and CC method NN closely RB correspond VV with IN our PP$ calculus NN of IN the DT human JJ cost NN of IN production NN . SENT Taking VVG as IN the DT subject JJ matter NN of IN our PP$ analysis NN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS constituting VVG the DT real JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN , , our PP$ analysis NN of IN production NN endeavoured VVN to TO apply VV two CD criteria NNS , , one CD relating VVG to TO the DT Arts NNS of IN Production NN actually RB employed VVN , , the DT other JJ to TO the DT Distribution NN of IN the DT productive JJ efforts NNS involved VVN in IN the DT employment NN of IN these DT arts NNS . SENT Similarly RB , , our PP$ analysis NN of IN consumption NN rests VVZ upon IN the DT application NN of IN like JJ criteria NNS to TO the DT Arts NNS of IN Consumption NN and CC the DT Distribution NN of IN consuming NN power NN . SENT In IN the DT productive JJ analysis NN , , considerations NNS of IN the DT methods NNS of IN industry NN , , in IN relation NN to TO the DT quantity NN of IN creative JJ and CC imitative JJ , , interesting JJ and CC repellent JJ work NN , , the DT use NN of IN machinery NN and CC subdivided VVN labour NN , , the DT elements NNS of IN forethought NN , , risk NN taking NN , , and CC organisation NN , , length NN of IN the DT work NN day NN , , regularity NN of IN employment NN , , apportionment NN of IN routine JJ industry NN among IN the DT grades NNS and CC classes NNS of IN producers NNS , , are VBP found VVN to TO be VB the DT main JJ determinants NNS of IN the DT sum NN of IN human JJ costs NNS . SENT A DT similar JJ analysis NN , , applied VVN to TO the DT consideration NN of IN the DT standards NNS and CC methods NNS of IN consumption NN prevailing VVG among IN the DT different JJ grades NNS and CC classes NNS of IN consumers NNS , , and CC to TO the DT distribution NN of IN consuming NN power NN among IN these DT classes NNS as RB to TO amount NN and CC regularity NN , , will MD yield VV a DT sum NN of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT But CC in IN approaching VVG the DT arts NNS of IN consumption NN , , we PP find VVP they PP have VHP not RB developed VVN in IN the DT same JJ way NN as IN the DT arts NNS of IN production NN . SENT Starting VVG from IN primitive JJ society NN with IN the DT practically RB self NN sufficing VVG family NN group NN , , where WRB everybody NN took VVD a DT hand NN in IN the DT different JJ sorts NNS of IN work NN and CC a DT share NN in IN the DT consumption NN of IN the DT different JJ products NNS , , we PP find VVP ourselves PP carried VVD along IN a DT career NN of IN continual JJ differentiation NN of IN labour NN not RB attended VVD by IN any DT corresponding JJ differentiation NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Industry NN passes VVZ into IN large JJ cooperative JJ forms NNS outside IN the DT single JJ family NN , , with IN constantly RB finer JJR division NN of IN labour NN . SENT But CC consumption NN is VBZ still RB chiefly RB carried VVN on IN within IN the DT limit NN of IN the DT single JJ family NN , , 1 CD and CC , , so RB far RB from IN being VBG specialised VVN , , it PP becomes VVZ more RBR generalised VVN . SENT This DT contrast NN of IN man NN as IN producer NN and CC consumer NN is VBZ of IN the DT first JJ importance NN . SENT Modern JJ industrial JJ evolution NN shows VVZ a DT man NN becoming VVG narrower JJR and CC more RBR specialised VVN on IN his PP$ producing VVG side NN , , wider JJR and CC more RBR various JJ on IN his PP$ consuming NN side NN . SENT As IN worker NN , , he PP is VBZ confined VVN to TO the DT constant JJ repetition NN of IN some DT section NN of IN a DT process NN in IN the DT production NN of IN a DT single JJ class NN of IN article NN . SENT As IN consumer NN , , he PP is VBZ in IN direct JJ contact NN with IN thousands NNS of IN different JJ sorts NNS of IN workers NNS in IN all DT parts NNS of IN the DT world NN , , and CC by IN his PP$ various JJ consumption NN applies VVZ a DT direct JJ stimulus NN which WDT vibrates VVZ through IN the DT whole JJ industrial JJ system NN . SENT As IN producer NN he PP is VBZ the DT one NN , , as IN consumer NN the DT many JJ . SENT This DT diverging VVG tendency NN in IN the DT economic JJ evolution NN of IN man NN has VHZ important JJ human JJ implications NNS which WDT will MD concern VV us PP later RBR . SENT At IN present NN it PP concerns VVZ us PP in IN its PP$ bearing NN upon IN the DT arts NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT great JJ complex JJ unit NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS which WDT engaged VVD our PP$ attention NN was VBD the DT Business NN . SENT Productive JJ economy NN , , the DT amount NN of IN human JJ cost NN involved VVN in IN the DT production NN of IN a DT given VVN quantity NN of IN goods NNS , , depended VVD , , as IN we PP saw VVD , , upon IN the DT structure NN and CC working VVG of IN this DT Business NN . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT consumptive JJ unit NN that WDT corresponds VVZ to TO the DT Business NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT Family NN , , or CC Home NP , , regarded VVN on IN its PP$ economic JJ side NN . SENT There EX is VBZ an DT economy NN of IN consumption NN in IN the DT family NN standard NN of IN life NN as IN important JJ for IN social JJ welfare NN as IN the DT economy NN of IN production NN in IN the DT Business NN . SENT As IN the DT former JJ stands NNS towards IN costs NNS of IN Production NN , , so RB the DT other JJ stands NNS towards IN utility NN of IN Consumption NN . SENT As IN the DT economy NN of IN Production NN chiefly RB consists VVZ in IN minimising VVG cost NN , , so RB the DT economy NN of IN Consumption NN should MD consist VV in IN maximising VVG utility NN . SENT But CC the DT standard NN of IN consumption NN has VHZ in IN modern JJ times NNS not RB been VBN subjected VVN to TO the DT same JJ forces NNS as RB have VHP operated VVN upon IN production NN . SENT Though RB in IN the DT beginning NN , , as IN we PP saw VVD , , both CC were VBD natural JJ , , organic JJ and CC related JJ processes NNS , , the DT modern JJ rationalisation NN of IN industry NN has VHZ not RB been VBN accompanied VVN by IN a DT corresponding JJ rationalisation NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Inventors NNS and CC transformers NNS of IN industry NN have VHP not RB had VHN their PP$ counterpart NN in IN consumption NN . SENT A DT hundred CD times NNS the DT quantity NN of IN thought NN and CC effort NN has VHZ gone VVN into IN the DT recent JJ evolution NN of IN a DT single JJ industry NN , , such JJ as IN cotton NN or CC chemicals NNS , , that WDT has VHZ gone VVN into IN the DT improvement NN of IN consumption NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB difficult JJ to TO understand VV the DT reasons NNS of IN the DT great JJ conservatism NN of IN the DT consumptive JJ arts NNS . SENT In IN primitive JJ societies NNS , , where WRB each DT family NN is VBZ a DT self NN sufficing VVG economic JJ unit NN , , or CC where WRB division NN of IN labour NN is VBZ on IN the DT simplest JJS lines NNS , , the DT industrial JJ arts NNS are VBP almost RB as RB conservative JJ as IN the DT methods NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT The DT adoption NN of IN a DT new JJ way NN of IN working NN is VBZ nearly RB as RB difficult JJ as IN the DT adoption NN of IN a DT new JJ want NN . SENT Custom NN rules NNS both CC with IN an DT almost RB equal JJ sway NN , , though RB even RB at IN this DT stage NN its PP$ hold NN upon IN the DT organic JJ feelings NNS will MD be VB somewhat RB stronger JJR on IN the DT consuming NN side NN , , especially RB in IN matters NNS of IN food NN and CC of IN family NN or CC tribal JJ ritual NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB a DT little RB easier JJR to TO use VV a DT new JJ sort NN of IN snare VV , , or CC to TO change VV the DT shape NN of IN a DT pot NN or CC basket NN , , than IN to TO take VV to TO a DT new JJ headgear NN or CC a DT new JJ way NN of IN cooking NN meat NN . SENT But CC when WRB the DT industrial JJ arts NNS have VHP advanced VVN a DT certain JJ way NN , , two CD forces NNS combine VVP to TO break VV the DT bond NN of IN custom NN and CC to TO encourage VV experiments NNS and CC improved JJ methods NNS . SENT While IN consumption NN continues VVZ to TO be VB carried VVN on IN in IN a DT number NN of IN simple JJ actions NNS involving VVG no DT considerable JJ effort NN or CC conscious JJ attention NN , , industry NN has VHZ passed VVN into IN a DT related JJ series NN of IN processes NNS of IN considerable JJ duration NN and CC involving VVG many JJ separate JJ acts NNS of IN conscious JJ effort NN and CC attention NN . SENT The DT production NN of IN an DT article NN will MD thus RB present VV a DT far RB larger JJR number NN of IN opportunities NNS for IN change NN than IN its PP$ consumption NN , , and CC there EX will MD be VB a DT greater JJR likelihood NN that IN advantageous JJ changes NNS will MD be VB tried VVN and CC adopted VVN . SENT A DT new JJ idea NN of IN saving VVG labour NN , , the DT chance NN discovery NN of IN some DT new JJ material NN , , will MD be VB approved VVN more RBR readily RB than IN any DT suggestion NN for IN some DT new JJ food NN or CC an DT unaccustomed JJ article NN of IN clothing NN . SENT For IN , , in IN the DT former JJ case NN , , the DT reasoning NN faculty NN is VBZ of IN necessity NN alive JJ and CC operative JJ to TO some DT degree NN , , and CC the DT gain NN of IN the DT change NN can MD be VB realised VVN experimentally RB , , while IN in IN the DT latter JJ case NN , , the DT reasoning NN faculty NN is VBZ hardly RB awake JJ , , and CC any DT novelty NN of IN consumption NN is VBZ apt JJ to TO have VH an DT initial JJ barrier NN of IN natural JJ aversion NN to TO overcome VV . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ another DT reason NN for IN the DT easier JJR progress NN of IN the DT productive JJ costs NNS . SENT In IN proportion NN as IN work NN passes VVZ into IN the DT shape NN of IN an DT organised VVN business NN , , administered VVN by IN an DT employer NN for IN profit NN , , the DT control NN of IN any DT of IN its PP$ processes NNS by IN primitive JJ custom NN or CC taboo NN tends VVZ to TO disappear VV . SENT For IN the DT rationalism NN involved VVN in IN the DT profitable JJ conduct NN of IN the DT business NN compels VVZ the DT employer NN to TO break VV any DT traditional JJ barriers NNS obstructing VVG the DT adoption NN of IN profitable JJ reforms NNS . SENT Though IN there EX are VBP doubtless RB many JJ reforms NNS of IN the DT consumptive JJ arts NNS as IN humanly RB economical JJ and CC profitable JJ as IN any DT of IN the DT great JJ industrial JJ reforms NNS , , there EX is VBZ not RB the DT same JJ concentrated JJ motive NN of IN large JJ immediately RB realised VVN gains NNS to TO urge VV their PP$ claims NNS on IN any DT body NN of IN consumers NNS . SENT Not RB only RB are VBP the DT gains NNS from IN an DT improvement NN in IN production NN more RBR immediate JJ , , more RBR concrete JJ and CC more RBR impressive JJ , , but CC the DT risks NNS and CC inconveniences NNS of IN the DT change NN are VBP largely RB borne VVN by IN others NNS than IN the DT reformer NN , , viz NN . SENT , , his PP$ employees NNS , , or CC his PP$ shareholders NNS . SENT The DT consumer NN , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , has VHZ himself PP to IN bear VV all DT risks NNS and CC inconveniences NNS involved VVN in IN the DT abandonment NN of IN an DT old JJ article NN or CC method NN of IN consumption NN , , or CC the DT adoption NN of IN a DT new JJ one NN . SENT Finally RB , , it PP must MD be VB remembered VVN that IN the DT actual JJ risks NNS attending VVG an DT innovation NN are VBP greater JJR for IN the DT consumer NN . SENT For IN the DT modern JJ producer NN is VBZ a DT skilled JJ specialist NN in IN the DT particular JJ art NN of IN production NN in IN which WDT he PP is VBZ engaged VVN , , the DT consumer NN is VBZ an DT unskilled JJ amateur JJ in IN a DT more RBR general JJ art NN , , possessing VVG little JJ knowledge NN and CC no DT effective JJ power NN of IN organising VVG for IN his PP$ self NN defence NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT The DT fact NN that IN the DT monetary JJ profit NN of IN producers NNS is VBZ the DT principal JJ determinant NN of IN most JJS changes NNS in IN the DT nature NN of IN consumables NNS and CC the DT standards NNS of IN consumption NN is VBZ one CD of IN the DT most RBS serious JJ sources NNS of IN danger NN in IN the DT evolution NN of IN a DT healthy JJ social JJ economy NN . SENT The DT present JJ excessive JJ control NN by IN the DT producer NN injures VVZ and CC distorts VVZ the DT art NN of IN consumption NN in IN three CD ways NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT It PP imposes VVZ , , maintains VVZ and CC fosters VVZ definitely RB injurious JJ forms NNS of IN consumption NN , , the DT articles NNS of IN illth NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT It PP degrades VVZ or CC diminishes VVZ by IN adulteration NN , , or CC by IN the DT substitute NN of IN inferior JJ materials NNS or CC workmanship NN , , the DT utility NN of IN many JJ articles NNS of IN consumption NN used VVN to TO satisfy VV a DT genuine JJ need NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT It PP stimulates VVZ the DT satisfaction NN of IN some DT human NN wants VVZ and CC depresses VVZ the DT satisfaction NN of IN others NNS , , nOt RB according VVG to TO their PP$ true JJ utility NN , , but CC according VVG to TO the DT more JJR or CC less RBR profitable JJ character NN of IN the DT several JJ trades NNS which WDT supply VVP these DT wants VVZ . SENT The DT prevalence NN of IN many JJ of IN the DT most RBS costly JJ social JJ evils NNS of IN our PP$ time NN , , war NN , , drink NN , , gambling NN , , prostitution NN , , overcrowding NN , , is VBZ largely RB attributable JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN their PP$ material NN or CC trade NN appliances NNS are VBP sources NNS of IN great JJ private JJ profit NN . SENT Such JJ trades NNS are VBP the DT great JJ enemies NNS of IN progress NN in IN the DT art NN of IN life NN , , and CC the DT rescue NN of IN the DT consuming NN public NN from IN their PP$ grip NN is VBZ one CD of IN the DT weightiest JJS problems NNS of IN our PP$ time NN . SENT Two CD methods NNS of IN defence NN are VBP suggested VVN . SENT One PP is VBZ the DT education NN and CC cooperation NN of IN consumers NNS . SENT But CC while IN education NN may MD do VV much RB to TO check VV the DT consumption NN of IN certain JJ classes NNS of IN illth NN , , it PP can MD hardly RB enable VV the DT consumer NN to TO cope VV with IN the DT superior JJ skill NN of IN the DT specialist NN producer NN by IN defeating VVG the DT arts NNS of IN adulteration NN and CC deterioration NN which WDT are VBP so RB profitable JJ . SENT Consumers NNS Leagues NNS can MD perhaps RB do VV something NN to TO check VV adulteration NN and CC sweating VVG , , by IN the DT employment NN of IN skilled JJ agents NNS . SENT But CC it PP will MD remain VV very RB difficult JJ for IN any DT such JJ private JJ action NN to TO defeat VV the DT ever RB changing VVG devices NNS of IN the DT less JJR scrupulous JJ firms NNS in IN profitable JJ trades NNS . SENT The DT recognition NN of IN these DT defects NNS of IN private JJ action NN causes VVZ an DT increased JJ demand NN for IN public JJ protection NN , , by IN means NNS of IN legislative JJ and CC administrative JJ acts NNS of IN prohibition NN and CC inspection NN . SENT The DT struggle NN of IN the DT State NP to TO stamp VV out RP or CC to TO regulate VV the DT trades NNS which WDT supply VVP injurious JJ or CC adulterated VVN foods NNS , , drinks NNS , , and CC drugs NNS , , to TO stop VV gambling NN , , prostitution NN , , insanitary JJ housing NN , , and CC other JJ definitely RB vicious JJ businesses NNS , , is VBZ one CD of IN the DT greatest JJS of IN modern JJ social JJ experiments NNS . SENT Though IN the DT protection NN of IN the DT consumer NN is VBZ in IN many JJ cases NNS joined VVN with IN other JJ considerations NNS of IN public JJ order NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT inherent JJ weakness NN of IN the DT consumer NN , , when WRB confronted VVN by IN the DT resources NNS of IN an DT organised VVN group NN of IN producers NNS , , that WDT is VBZ the DT primary JJ motive NN of IN this DT State NP policy NN . SENT How WRB far RB the DT State NP protection NN is VBZ , , or CC can MD be VB made VVN effective JJ , , is VBZ a DT question NN too RB large JJ for IN discussion NN here RB . SENT It PP must MD suffice VV to TO observe VV that IN the DT conviction NN that IN the DT private JJ interests NNS of IN producers NNS will MD continue VV to TO defeat VV all DT attempts NNS at IN State NP regulation NN in IN socially RB dangerous JJ trades NNS furnishes VVZ to TO socialism NN an DT argument NN on IN which WDT there EX is VBZ a DT tendency NN to TO lay VV an DT ever RB greater JJR stress NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT These DT reflections NNS are VBP necessary JJ as RB preliminary JJ to TO the DT consideration NN of IN the DT statics NNS and CC dynamics NNS of IN consumption NN in IN any DT nation NN or CC class NN . SENT For IN they PP represent VVP the DT most RBS important JJ class NN of IN disturbing JJ influences NNS in IN the DT evolution NN of IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT Now RB in IN considering VVG the DT proper JJ mode NN of IN estimating VVG the DT human JJ utility NN contained VVN in IN our PP$ 1 CD , , 700 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD worth NN of IN consumables NNS , , we PP must MD consider VV , , first RB , , the DT validity NN of IN the DT standards NNS of IN consumption NN in IN which WDT they PP are VBP incorporated VVN . SENT If IN we PP have VHP grounds NNS for IN believing VVG that IN actual JJ standards NNS of IN consumption NN are VBP moulded VVN by IN the DT free JJ pressure NN of IN healthy JJ organic JJ needs NNS , , evolving VVG in IN a DT natural JJ and CC rational JJ order NN towards IN a DT higher JJR human JJ life NN , , there EX will MD be VB a DT presumption NN favourable JJ to TO the DT attribution NN of IN a DT high JJ measure NN of IN human JJ utility NN to TO the DT aggregate JJ income NN . SENT In IN this DT enquiry NN we PP may MD , , therefore RB , , best JJS start NN by IN considering VVG the DT evolution NN of IN wants VVZ and CC modes NNS of IN satisfying VVG them PP , , as IN reactions NNS of IN the DT half NN instinctive JJ , , half JJ rational JJ demands NNS of IN man NN upon IN his PP$ environment NN . SENT Human JJ animals NNS , , placed VVN in IN a DT given VVN environment NN with IN some DT power NN of IN moving VVG into IN another DT slightly RB different JJ one NN or CC of IN altering VVG slightly RB that DT in IN which WDT they PP are VBP develop VV standards NNS of IN work NN and CC of IN consumption NN along IN the DT lines NNS of IN survival NN value NN . SENT The DT earliest JJS stages NNS in IN the DT evolution NN of IN both DT standards NNS , , consumption NN and CC industry NN , , must MD be VB directed VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN the DT physical JJ struggle NN for IN life NN . SENT The DT modern JJ historical JJ treatment NN of IN origins NNS applies VVZ this DT principle NN in IN the DT analysis NN of IN physical JJ environments NNS , , in IN which WDT Le NP Play NP and CC Buckle NP have VHP done VVN such JJ valuable JJ pioneer NN work NN , , and CC which WDT such JJ thinkers NNS as IN Professor NP Geddes NP have VHP carried VVN further JJR in IN their PP$ schemes NNS of IN regional JJ survey NN . SENT Though IN the DT fundamental JJ assumption NN which WDT seems VVZ to TO underlie VV this DT method NN , , at IN any DT rate NN in IN its PP$ fulness NN , , viz NN . SENT , , that IN there EX is VBZ only RB one CD sort NN of IN mankind NN and CC that IN all PDT the DT differences NNS which WDT emerge VVP in IN history NN , , whether IN of IN racial JJ character NN or CC of IN institutions NNS , , are VBP products NNS of IN environment NN , , is VBZ open JJ to TO question NN , , 2 LS the DT dominant JJ part NN played VVN by IN physical JJ environment NN in IN determining VVG the DT evolution NN of IN economic JJ wants VVZ and CC satisfactions NNS , , is VBZ not RB disputed VVN . SENT Like IN other JJ animals NNS , , men NNS must MD apply VV themselves PP to TO obtain VV out RP of IN the DT immediate JJ physical JJ environment NN the DT means NN of IN maintenance NN the DT food NN , , shelter NN and CC weapons NNS , , the DT primitive JJ tools NNS , , which WDT enable VVP them PP to TO work VV and CC live VV at IN all DT . SENT If IN we PP consider VVP separately RB the DT consumptive JJ side NN of IN this DT economy NN , , we PP seem VVP to TO grasp VV the DT idea NN of IN an DT evolution NN of IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN , , moulded VVN by IN the DT instinctive JJ selection NN of IN means NNS to TO satisfy VV organic JJ needs NNS of IN the DT individual NN and CC the DT species NN . SENT The DT sorts NNS of IN food NN will MD be VB those DT obtained VVN by IN experiments NNS upon IN the DT flora NN and CC fauna NNS of IN the DT country NN , , guided VVN mainly RB by IN instinct NN , , though IN some DT early JJ conscious JJ cunning JJ of IN selection NN and CC of IN cultivation NN will MD serve VV to TO improve VV and CC increase VV the DT supplies NNS . SENT The DT clothing NN will MD consist VV of IN furs NNS or CC plaited VVN fibres NNS got VVD from IN the DT same JJ natural JJ supplies NNS . SENT The DT shelter NN will MD consist VV of IN an DT easy JJ adaptation NN of IN trees NNS , , caves NNS or CC other JJ protective JJ provisions NNS of IN nature NN . SENT Even RB the DT early JJ tools NNS , , weapons NNS and CC domestic JJ utensils NNS , , though IN admitting VVG some DT more RBR rational JJ processes NNS of IN selection NN and CC adaptation NN , , will MD remain VV half DT instinctive JJ efforts NNS to TO meet VV strong JJ definite JJ needs NNS . SENT So RB long RB as IN we PP are VBP within IN this DT narrow JJ range NN of IN primary JJ animal NN wants VVZ , , there EX is VBZ perhaps RB little JJ scope NN for IN grave JJ errors NNS and CC wastes NNS in IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT Doubtless RB mistakes NNS of IN omission NN are VBP possible JJ , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , a DT tribe NN may MD fail VV to TO utilise VV some DT abundant JJ natural JJ supply NN of IN food NN which WDT it PP is VBZ capable JJ of IN assimilating VVG . SENT But CC such JJ omissions NNS will MD probably RB be VB rare JJ , , at IN any DT rate NN in IN cases NNS where WRB population NN comes VVZ to TO press VV upon IN the DT food NN supply NN , , so RB evoking VVG experiments NNS in IN all DT natural JJ resources NNS . SENT Grave JJ errors NNS of IN commission NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , the DT adoption NN of IN poisonous JJ ingredients NNS into IN the DT supply NN of IN food NN or CC other JJ necessaries NN , , will MD be VB impossible JJ , , so RB long RB as IN we PP are VBP dealing VVG with IN factors NNS of IN consumption NN which WDT have VHP a DT definite JJ survival NN value NN . SENT This DT seems VVZ to TO apply VV , , whether IN we PP attribute VVP some DT instinctive JJ wisdom NN or CC some DT more RBR rational JJ process NN of IN selection NN as IN the DT evolutionary JJ motive NN . SENT In IN either DT case NN we PP have VHP substantial JJ guarantees NNS for IN the DT organic JJ utility NN of IN most JJS articles NNS which WDT enter VVP the DT primitive JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT This DT view NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , quite RB consistent JJ with IN the DT admission NN that IN in IN the DT detailed JJ operation NN of IN this DT economy NN there EX will MD be VB a DT large JJ accumulation NN of IN minor JJ errors NNS and CC wastes NNS . SENT The DT most RBS accurate JJ instinct NN affords VVZ no DT security NN against IN such JJ losses NNS . SENT indeed RB the DT very JJ strength NN of IN an DT animal JJ instinct NN entails VVZ an DT inability NN of IN adaptation NN to TO eccentricities NNS or CC irregularities NNS of IN environment NN . SENT No DT one NN can MD doubt VV this DT who WP watches VVZ the DT busy JJ bee NN or CC the DT laborious JJ ant NN pursuing VVG their PP$ respective JJ industries NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT If IN man NN had VHD always RB lived VVN either RB in IN a DT stationary JJ or CC a DT very RB slowly RB changing VVG environment NN , , he PP would MD have VH remained VVN a DT creature NN motived VVD almost RB wholly RB by IN specific JJ instincts NNS along IN a DT fairly RB accurate JJ economy NN of IN prescribed JJ organic JJ needs NNS . SENT The DT substitution NN of IN reason NN for IN a DT large JJ part NN of IN these DT specific JJ instincts NNS was VBD evoked VVN by IN the DT necessity NN of IN adaptation NN to TO changes NNS and CC chances NNS of IN environment NN so RB large JJ , , swift JJ or CC complex JJ , , that IN specific JJ instincts NNS were VBD unfitted VVN to TO cope VV with IN them PP . SENT Hence RB the DT need NN for IN a DT general JJ instinct NN , , of IN high JJ adaptive JJ capacity NN , , endowed VVN with IN a DT power NN of IN central JJ control NN operative NN through IN the DT brain NN . SENT The DT net JJ biological JJ economy NN of IN this DT evolution NN of IN a DT central JJ conscious JJ control NN , , in IN order NN to TO secure VV a DT better JJR adjustment NN between IN organism NN and CC environment NN , , carries VVZ us PP to TO a DT further JJR admission NN regarding VVG the DT organic JJ value NN of IN the DT basic JJ elements NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT By IN the DT use NN of IN his PP$ brain NN man NN not RB merely RB selects VVZ from IN an DT indefinitely RB changing VVG environment NN foods NNS and CC other JJ articles NNS conducive JJ to TO survival NN , , but CC adapts VVZ the DT changing VVG environment NN to TO his PP$ vital JJ purposes NNS . SENT He PP alters VVZ the DT physical JJ environment NN , , so RB as RB to TO make VV it PP yield VV a DT larger JJR quantity NN and CC variety NN of IN present JJ and CC future JJ goods NNS , , and CC he PP combines VVZ these DT goods NNS into IN harmonious JJ groups NNS contributing VVG to TO a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT In IN this DT adaptive JJ and CC progressive JJ economy NN , , evolving VVG new JJ needs NNS and CC new JJ modes NNS of IN satisfying VVG old JJ needs NNS , , shall MD we PP expect VVP to TO find VV the DT same JJ degree NN of IN accuracy NN , , the DT same JJ immunity NN from IN serious JJ error NN as IN in IN the DT narrower JJR statical JJ economy NN of IN instinctive JJ animalism NN . SENT In IN the DT processes NNS of IN adapting VVG external JJ nature NN for IN the DT provision NN of IN present JJ , , still RB more JJR of IN future NN , , goods NNS , , in IN discovering VVG new JJ wants VVZ and CC methods NNS of IN satisfying VVG them PP , , and CC in IN assimilating VVG the DT new JJ wants VVZ in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN , , there EX will MD necessarily RB be VB larger JJR scope NN for IN error NN . SENT But CC so RB long RB as IN the DT inventive JJ and CC progressive JJ mind NN of IN man NN confines NNS the DT changes NNS , , alike RB of IN industry NN and CC of IN consumption NN , , to TO the DT sphere NN of IN simple JJ material NN commodities NNS having VHG a DT close JJ and CC important JJ bearing NN upon IN physical JJ survival NN , , the DT limits NNS of IN error NN and CC of IN waste NN must MD continue VV to TO be VB narrow JJ . SENT All DT such JJ progress NN will MD require VV experimentation NN , , and CC experiment NN implies VVZ a DT possibility NN of IN error NN . SENT But CC at IN this DT early JJ stage NN in IN the DT evolution NN of IN wants VVZ , , any DT want VVP , , or CC any DT mode NN of IN supplying VVG a DT want NN , , which WDT is VBZ definitely RB bad JJ , , will MD be VB curbed VVN or CC stamped VVN out RP by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN the DT struggle NN for IN life NN . SENT A DT tribe NN that WDT tries VVZ hastily RB to TO incorporate VV a DT tasty JJ poison NN in IN its PP$ diet NN must MD very RB soon RB succumb VV , , as IN many JJ modern JJ instances NNS of IN races NNS exposed VVN to TO the DT attraction NN of IN firewater NN testify VV . SENT Thus RB far RB it PP may MD be VB admitted VVN that IN organic JJ utility NN will MD assert VV its PP$ supremacy NN as IN a DT regulative JJ force NN , , not RB only RB in IN the DT rejection NN of IN the DT bad JJ , , but CC in IN the DT selection NN of IN the DT good JJ . SENT The DT low JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN of IN a DT prosperous JJ caveman NN or CC of IN a DT primitive JJ pastoral JJ family NN must MD conform VV to TO an DT economy NN of IN high JJ utility NN . SENT Not RB only RB would MD all DT his PP$ ingredients NNS of IN food NN , , clothes NNS , , shelter NN , , firing NN and CC utensils NNS , , be VB closely RB conducive JJ to TO physical JJ survival NN , , but CC they PP would MD be VB closely RB complementary JJ to TO one CD another DT . SENT This DT complementary JJ structure NN of IN the DT standard NN of IN consumption NN follows VVZ from IN the DT organic JJ nature NN of IN man NN . SENT Unless IN all PDT his PP$ organic JJ needs NNS are VBP continuously RB met VVN he PP perishes VVZ . SENT While IN , , therefore RB , , he PP may MD know VV nothing NN of IN the DT distinctions NNS which WDT science NN later RBR will MD discover VV in IN the DT necessary JJ constituents NNS of IN food NN , , he PP must MD have VH worked VVN out RP empirically RB a DT diet NN which WDT will MD give VV him PP some DT sufficiently RB correct JJ combination NN of IN proteids NNS , , carbohydrates NNS and CC fats NNS , , and CC in IN the DT forms NNS in IN which WDT he PP can MD assimilate VV them PP . SENT So RB also RB with IN his PP$ clothes NNS , , if IN he PP wears VVZ them PP . SENT No DT savage NN could MD possibly RB adopt VV , , for IN ordinary JJ wear NN , , costumes NNS so IN wasteful JJ and CC so RB inconvenient JJ as IN flourish VV in IN civilised JJ societies NNS . SENT Similarly RB with IN housing NN and CC utensils NNS . SENT And CC not RB only RB must MD the DT articles NNS belonging VVG to TO each DT group NN of IN wants NNS be VB complementary JJ , , but CC the DT groups NNS will MD themselves PP be VB complementary JJ . SENT The DT firing NN will MD have VH relation NN to TO the DT times NNS and CC sorts NNS of IN feeding NN . SENT clothing NN and CC shelter NN will MD be VB allied VVD in IN the DT protection NN they PP afford VVP against IN weather NN and CC enemies NNS . SENT tools NNS and CC weapons NNS will MD be VB even RB more RBR closely RB related VVN . SENT Thus RB in IN the DT earlier JJR evolution NN of IN wants VVZ , , when WRB changes NNS , , alike RB of IN ways NNS of IN living VVG and CC ways NNS of IN work NN , , are VBP few JJ and CC slow JJ and CC have VH a DT close JJ bearing NN on IN survival NN , , a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN will MD have VH a DT very RB high JJ organic JJ value NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT But CC when WRB man NN passes VVZ into IN a DT more RBR progressive JJ era NN , , and CC a DT definite JJ and CC fairly RB rapid JJ process NN of IN civilisation NN begins VVZ , , the DT brain NN continually RB devising VVG new JJ wants VVZ and CC satisfactions NNS , , we PP seem VVP to TO lose VV the DT earlier JJR guarantees NNS of IN organic JJ utility NN . SENT When WRB the DT standard NN of IN consumption NN incorporates VVZ increasing VVG elements NNS , , not RB of IN necessaries NN but CC of IN material NN conveniences NNS , , comforts NNS and CC luxuries NNS , , and CC adds VVZ to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN physical JJ desires NNS that IN of IN psychical JJ desires NNS , , how WRB far RB may MD it PP not RB trespass VVP outside IN the DT true JJ economy NN of IN welfare NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT requirements NNS of IN physical JJ survival NN dominate VV the DT standard NN , , it PP matters VVZ little RB whether IN animal JJ instinct NN or CC some DT more RBR rational JJ procedure NN maintains VVZ the DT standard NN . SENT But CC when WRB these DT requirements NNS lose VVP control NN , , and CC a DT standard NN of IN civilised JJ human JJ life NN contains VVZ ever RB larger JJR and CC more JJR numerous JJ elements NNS which WDT carry VVP little JJ or CC no DT survival NN value NN , , the DT possibilities NNS of IN error NN and CC of IN disutility NN appear VVP to TO multiply VV . SENT If IN civilisation NN , , with IN its PP$ novel NN modes NNS of IN living NN , , be VB regarded VVN as IN an DT essentially RB artificial JJ process NN , , in IN which WDT considerations NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN exercise VV no DT regulative JJ influence NN , , there EX seems VVZ no DT limit NN to TO the DT amount NN of IN disutility NN or CC illfare NN which WDT may MD attach VV to TO the DT consumption NN of IN our PP$ national JJ income NN . SENT This DT appears VVZ , , indeed RB , , to TO be VB the DT view NN of IN some DT of IN our PP$ social JJ critics NNS . SENT Even RB those DT who WP do VVP not RB go VV so RB far RB as IN Mr NP . SENT Edward NP Carpenter NP in IN diagnosing VVG civilisation NN as IN a DT disease NN , , yet RB assign VVP to TO it PP a DT very RB wide JJ departure NN from IN the DT true JJ path NN of IN human JJ progress NN . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP would MD be VB idle JJ to TO deny VV that IN this DT income NN , , not RB only RB in IN the DT terms NNS of IN its PP$ distribution NN but CC also RB in IN its PP$ consumption NN , , contains VVZ very RB large JJ factors NNS of IN waste NN and CC disutility NN , , and CC that IN the DT higher JJR , , later JJR elements NNS carry VVP larger JJR possibilities NNS of IN waste NN than IN the DT earlier RBR . SENT But CC this DT admission NN must MD not RB lead VV us PP to TO conceive VV of IN the DT so RB called VVN artificial JJ factors NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN as IN the DT products NNS , , either CC of IN chance NN , , or CC of IN some DT normal JJ perversity NN in IN the DT development NN of IN tastes NNS which WDT foists VVZ upon IN consumption NN elements NNS destitute JJ of IN human JJ value NN . SENT For IN there EX are VBP two CD possibilities NNS to TO bear VV in IN mind NN . SENT The DT first JJ is VBZ that IN even RB in IN the DT higher JJR , , less RBR material JJ , , more RBR artificial JJ ingredients NNS of IN consumption NN , , the DT test NN of IN survival NN value NN may MD still RB in IN some DT measure NN apply VV . SENT A DT too RB comfortable JJ or CC luxurious JJ mode NN of IN life NN may MD impair VV vitality NN , , lessen VV the DT desire NN or CC capacity NN of IN parenthood NN , , or CC may MD introduce VV some DT inheritable JJ defect NN injurious JJ to TO the DT stock NN . SENT Such JJ results NNS may MD follow VV , , not RB merely RB from IN bad JJ physical JJ habits NNS , , but CC from IN what WP are VBP commonly RB accounted VVN good JJ intellectual JJ habits NNS . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ believed VVN that IN the DT high JJ cerebration NN of IN an DT intellectual JJ life NN is VBZ inimical JJ to TO human JJ fertility NN . SENT Again RB , , so RB far RB as IN sexual JJ attractions NNS determine VVP marriage NN and CC parenthood NN , , modes NNS of IN living NN which WDT either RB impair VV or CC overlay VV the DT points NNS of IN attraction NN will MD continue VV to TO be VB eliminated VVN by IN natural JJ selection NN . SENT Habits NNS of IN living NN , , which WDT damage NN either CC manliness NN or CC womanliness NN will MD thus RB continue VV to TO be VB curbed VVN by IN Nature NP . SENT But CC Nature NP may MD possess VV another DT safeguard VV of IN a DT more RBR general JJ efficacy NN . SENT For IN any DT intelligible JJ theory NN of IN evolution NN , , either CC of IN an DT individual JJ organism NN or CC a DT species NN , , involves VVZ the DT presence NN and CC operation NN of IN some DT central JJ power NN which WDT , , working VVG either RB through IN particular JJ instincts NNS , , as RB in IN lower JJR animals NNS , , or CC largely RB through IN a DT coordinating VVG reason NN , , as RB in IN man NN , , not RB only RB conserves VVZ but CC develops VVZ . SENT This DT organic JJ purpose NN , , or CC directive NN power NN , , cannot NN be VB regarded VVN as IN confined VVN to TO mere JJ physical JJ survival NN , , either CC of IN the DT individual NN or CC the DT species NN . SENT It PP must MD also RB be VB considered VVN as IN aiming VVG at IN development NN , , a DT fuller JJR life NN for IN individual NN and CC species NNS . SENT Now RB the DT evolution NN of IN human NN wants VVZ and CC standards NNS of IN consumption NN must MD be VB regarded VVN as IN an DT aspect NN of IN this DT wider JJR process NN of IN development NN . SENT Whatever WDT measure NN , , then RB , , of IN control NN be VB accorded VVN to TO the DT central JJ directive NN power NN in IN organic JJ development NN , , must MD operate VV to TO determine VV economic JJ wants VVZ and CC economic JJ standards NNS of IN life NN . SENT If IN such JJ directive NN action NN were VBD infallible JJ , , securing VVG , , through IN the DT central JJ cerebral JJ control NN , , a DT completely RB economical JJ policy NN of IN conservation NN and CC development NN , , no DT problems NNS of IN a DT distinctively RB social JJ or CC moral JJ character NN would MD arise VV . SENT The DT existence NN of IN error NN , , waste NN , , sin NN , , attests VVZ the DT fallibility NN of IN this DT directive NN power NN . SENT Aiming VVG to TO keep VV the DT individual NN and CC the DT species NN to TO lines NNS of IN conduct NN that WDT are VBP psycho JJ physically RB beneficial JJ , , its PP$ directions NNS are VBP either RB falsified VVN or CC set VVN aside RB by IN the DT force NN of IN some DT particular JJ impulse NN or CC emotion NN , , usurping VVG or CC defying VVG the DT central JJ authority NN . SENT The DT liability NN to TO such JJ error NN and CC waste NN appears VVZ to TO grow VV pari NN passu NN with IN organic JJ development NN . SENT As IN reasoning NN man NN with IN his PP$ more JJR complex JJ life NN has VHZ more JJR chances NNS of IN going VVG wrong JJ than IN lower JJR animals NNS guided VVN by IN instincts NNS along IN a DT narrow JJ life NN , , so RB with IN each DT advance NN in IN the DT complexity NN of IN human JJ life NN these DT chances NNS of IN error NN multiply VVP . SENT The DT explanation NN of IN this DT expanding VVG scope NN for IN error NN is VBZ not RB that DT reason NN is VBZ an DT inferior JJ instrument NN to TO instinct NN . SENT Even RB in IN matters NNS of IN life NN and CC death NN , , with IN which WDT . SENT animal JJ nature NN is VBZ primarily RB concerned JJ , , reason NN must MD be VB accounted VVN in IN the DT main JJ an DT improvement NN upon IN instinct NN . SENT For IN though IN a DT particular JJ instinct NN works VVZ more RBR easily RB and CC accurately RB in IN an DT absolutely RB uniform JJ environment NN , , reason NN deals NNS more RBR successfully RB with IN eccentricities NNS and CC changes NNS . SENT Its PP$ essential JJ quality NN is VBZ this DT superior JJ adaptiveness NN . SENT Therefore RB , , in IN handling VVG an DT environment NN , , which WDT not RB only RB is VBZ various JJ and CC ever RB changing VVG by IN its PP$ own JJ nature NN , , but CC is VBZ made VVN more RBR various JJ and CC more RBR changing VVG by IN the DT interference NN of IN man NN , , the DT human JJ reason NN must MD work VV more RBR successfully RB even RB for IN purposes NNS of IN physical JJ survival NN than IN any DT array NN of IN instincts NNS could MD . SENT In IN the DT struggle NN for IN a DT sufficient JJ regular JJ supply NN of IN food NN , , or CC in IN the DT war NN against IN microbes NNS , , the DT rationalism NN of IN modern JJ science NN and CC industry NN performs VVZ survival NN work NN for IN which WDT the DT exactitude NN of IN animal JJ instinct NN is VBZ essentially RB unfitted VVN . SENT The DT view NN then RB that IN error NN and CC waste VV necessarily RB increase VV with IN the DT development NN of IN human JJ society NN is VBZ not RB based VVN upon IN any DT inferiority NN of IN reason NN to TO instinct NN . SENT It PP is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that WDT , , as IN humanity NN evolves VVZ further RBR , , a DT smaller JJR proportion NN of IN its PP$ total JJ energy NN is VBZ needed VVN for IN mere JJ survival NN , , and CC a DT larger JJR proportion NN is VBZ free JJ for IN purposes NNS of IN specific JJ and CC individual JJ progress NN . SENT Now RB , , the DT natural JJ economy NN for IN survival NN , , whether IN working VVG by IN instinct NN or CC by IN reason NN , , is VBZ far RB more RBR rigorously RB enforced VVN than IN the DT economy NN for IN progress NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN are VBP so RB crude JJ as RB to TO absorb VV almost RB all PDT the DT available JJ work NN of IN man NN in IN provision NN for IN survival NN , , the DT scope NN for IN waste NN is VBZ rigorously RB circumscribed VVN . SENT But CC as IN industry NN develops VVZ to TO a DT stage NN that WDT yields VVZ a DT considerable JJ surplus NN beyond IN the DT needs NNS for IN mere JJ survival NN , , the DT possibility NN of IN waste NN increases NNS . SENT For IN , , then RB , , it PP becomes VVZ possible JJ for IN individuals NNS , , or CC groups NNS within IN a DT community NN , , to TO divert VV to TO purposes NNS of IN excessive JJ personal JJ enjoyment NN the DT surplus NN of IN productive JJ power NN which WDT , , economically RB directed VVN by IN Nature NP or CC Reason NP , , would MD have VH served VVN to TO raise VV the DT general JJ level NN of IN well RB being JJ . SENT The DT widest JJS aspect NN of IN this DT phenomenon NN does VVZ not RB concern VV us PP here RB . SENT It PP will MD be VB the DT subject NN of IN later JJR commentary NN . SENT We PP are VBP here RB concerned VVN only RB to TO explain VV why WRB it PP is VBZ likely JJ that WDT , , as IN wealth NN grows VVZ , , waste NN also RB will MD grow VV , , and CC why WRB the DT higher JJR standards NNS of IN comfort NN in IN a DT nation NN or CC a DT class NN will MD contain VV a DT larger JJR proportion NN of IN socially RB wasteful JJ or CC injurious JJ goods NNS . SENT Nature's NNS guarantee VVP of IN the DT sound JJ organic JJ use NN of IN the DT basic JJ constituents NNS of IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN does VVZ not RB extend VV with IN the DT same JJ force NN to TO the DT conveniences NNS , , comforts NNS and CC luxuries NNS built VVN upon IN this DT basis NN . SENT Though IN one PP need VVP not RB assume VV that IN no DT organically RB sound JJ instinct NN of IN selection NN or CC rejection NN operates VVZ in IN the DT adoption NN of IN new JJ comforts NNS or CC luxuries NNS , , that DT natural JJ safeguard NN must MD certainly RB be VB accounted VVN weaker JJR and CC less RBR reliable JJ . SENT As IN we PP study VVP presently RB the DT actual JJ modes NNS by IN which WDT the DT higher JJR ingredients NNS are VBP adopted VVN into IN a DT class NN standard NN , , we PP shall MD see VV that IN this DT assumption NN is VBZ borne VVN out RP by IN experience NN , , and CC that IN considerations NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN play VV a DT rapidly RB diminishing VVG part NN in IN determining VVG the DT spread NN of IN most JJS of IN the DT higher JJR forms NNS of IN material NN and CC intellectual JJ consumption NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Collective JJ or CC cooperative JJ consumption NN outside IN the DT home NN or CC family NN is VBZ of IN course NN increasing VVG . SENT Not RB only RB have VH we PP municipal JJ supplies NNS for IN pub NN 1 CD ic NP use NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , schools NNS , , libraries NNS , , museums NNS , , parks NNS , , baths NNS , , lighting NN , , etc FW . SENT , , but CC many JJ forms NNS of IN private JJ expenditure NN of IN income NN on IN educational JJ , , recreative JJ , , philanthrophic JJ and CC other JJ cooperative JJ modes NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT For IN the DT fullest JJS and CC most RBS recent JJ exposition NN of IN this DT theory NN see VVP Mr NP . SENT J NP . SENT M NP . SENT Robertson's NP The DT Evolution NN of IN States NP Watts NP Co NP . SENT . SENT CHAPTER NN X NN . SENT CLASS NN STANDARDS NNS OF IN CONSUMPTION NN 1 CD . SENT We PP may MD now RB apply VV these DT general JJ considerations NNS regarding VVG the DT evolution NN of IN wants VVZ to TO class NN and CC individual JJ standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT In IN a DT concrete JJ class NN standard NN of IN consumption NN we PP may MD conveniently RB distinguish VV three CD determinant JJ factors NNS . SENT 1 CD st NP . SENT The DT primary JJ organic JJ factor NN , , the DT elements NNS in IN consumption NN imposed VVN by IN general JJ or CC particular JJ conditions NNS of IN physical JJ environment NN , , such JJ as IN soil NN , , climate NN , , in IN relation NN to TO physical JJ needs NNS . SENT 2 CD nd NN . SENT The DT industrial JJ factor NN , , the DT modifications NNS in IN organic JJ needs NNS due RB directly RB or CC indirectly RB to TO conditions NNS of IN work NN . SENT 3 CD rd NNS . SENT The DT conventional JJ factor NN , , those DT elements NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN not RB based VVN directly RB upon IN considerations NNS of IN physical JJ or CC economic JJ environment NN but CC imposed VVN by IN social JJ custom NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT first JJ factor NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , we PP are VBP for IN the DT most JJS part NN in IN the DT region NN of IN material NN necessaries NN in IN which WDT , , as IN we PP have VHP already RB seen VVN , , the DT organic JJ securities NNS for IN human JJ utility NN are NN strongest JJS . SENT Where WRB any DT population NN has VHZ for IN many JJ generations NNS been VBN settled VVN in IN a DT locality NN , , it PP must MD adapt VV itself PP in IN two CD ways NNS to TO the DT physical JJ conditions NNS of IN that DT locality NN . SENT Its PP$ chief JJ constituents NNS of IN food NN , , clothing NN , , shelter NN , , etc FW . SENT , , must MD be VB accommodated VVN to TO all PDT the DT more RBR permanent JJ and CC important JJ conditions NNS of IN soil NN , , climate NN , , situation NN and CC of IN the DT flora NN and CC fauna NNS of IN the DT country NN . SENT A DT tropical JJ people NNS cannot NN be VB great JJ meat NN eaters NNS or CC addicted VVN to TO strong JJ drinks NNS , , though IN the DT materials NNS for IN both DT habits NNS may MD be VB abundant JJ . SENT An DT arctic JJ people NNS , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , must MD find VV in IN animal JJ fats NNS a DT principal JJ food NN , , and CC in IN the DT skins NNS of IN animals NNS a DT principal JJ article NN of IN clothing NN . SENT In IN a DT country NN where WRB earthquakes NNS frequently RB occur VVP , , the DT materials NNS and CC structure NN of IN the DT houses NNS must MD be VB light JJ . SENT In IN the DT same JJ country NN the DT people NNS of IN the DT mountains NNS , , the DT valleys NNS , , the DT plains NNS , , the DT sea NN shores NNS , , will MD be VB found VVN with IN necessary JJ differences NNS in IN their PP$ fundamental JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , indeed RB , , self NN evident JJ that IN physical JJ environment NN must MD exercise VV an DT important JJ selective JJ and CC rejective JJ power NN represented VVN in IN the DT material NN standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN man NN can MD modify VV and CC alter VV the DT physical JJ environment NN , , as RB by IN drainage NN , , forestry NN , , or CC the DT destruction NN of IN noxious JJ animals NNS or CC bacteria NNS , , he PP may MD to TO that DT extent NN release VV his PP$ standard NN of IN consumption NN for IN this DT regional JJ control NN . SENT Primitive JJ man NN , , again RB , , and CC even RB most JJS men NNS in IN comparatively RB advanced JJ civilisations NNS , , are VBP confined VVN for IN the DT chief JJ materials NNS of IN food NN , , shelter NN and CC other JJ necessaries NN , , to TO the DT resources NNS of IN their PP$ country NN or CC locality NN . SENT They PP must MD accommodate VV their PP$ digestions NNS and CC their PP$ tastes NNS to TO the DT foods NNS that WDT can MD be VB raised VVN conveniently RB and CC in IN sufficient JJ quantities NNS in IN the DT neighbourhood NN . SENT they PP must MD build VV their PP$ houses NNS and CC make VV their PP$ domestic JJ and CC other JJ utensils NNS out IN of IN the DT material NN products NNS within IN easy JJ reach NN . SENT The DT early JJ evolution NN of IN a DT standard NN of IN necessary JJ consumption NN , , working VVG under IN this DT close JJ economy NN of IN trial NN and CC error NN , , appears VVZ to TO guarantee VV a DT free JJ , , natural JJ , , instinctive JJ selection NN of IN organically RB sound JJ consumables NNS . SENT The DT primary JJ physical JJ characteristics NNS of IN a DT country NN , , also RB of IN course NN , , affect VV with IN varying VVG degrees NNS of IN urgency NN those DT elements NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN not RB directly RB endowed VVN with IN strong JJ survival NN value NN , , those DT which WDT we PP call VVP conveniences NNS , , comforts NNS , , luxuries NNS . SENT The DT modes NNS and CC materials NNS of IN bodily JJ adornment NN , , the DT styles NNS of IN domestic JJ and CC other JJ architecture NN , , religious JJ ceremonies NNS , , forms NNS of IN recreation NN , , will MD evidently RB be VB determined VVN in IN a DT direct JJ manner NN by IN climatic JJ and CC other JJ physical JJ considerations NNS . SENT Recent JJ civilisation NN , , with IN its PP$ rapid JJ extensive JJ spread NN of IN communications NNS , , and CC its PP$ equally RB rapid JJ and CC various JJ expansion NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN , , has VHZ brought VVN about IN an DT interference NN with IN this DT natural JJ economy NN which WDT has VHZ dangers NNS as IN well RB as IN advantages NNS . SENT The DT swift JJ expansion NN of IN commerce NN brings VVZ great JJ quantities NNS of IN foods NNS and CC other JJ consumables NNS from IN remote JJ countries NNS , , and CC places VVZ them PP at IN the DT disposal NN of IN populations NNS under IN conditions NNS which WDT give VVP no DT adequate JJ security NN for IN organic JJ utility NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Under IN an DT economy NN of IN natural JJ selection NN exotics NNS are VBP by IN right JJ suspect NN , , at IN any DT rate NN until IN time NN has VHZ tried VVN them PP . SENT The DT incorporation NN of IN articles NNS such JJ as IN tea NN and CC tobacco NN in IN our PP$ popular JJ consumption NN has VHZ taken VVN place NN under IN conditions NNS which WDT afford VVP no DT proper JJ guarantee NN of IN their PP$ individual JJ utility NN , , or CC against IN the DT bad JJ reactions NNS they PP may MD cause VV in IN the DT whole JJ complex JJ standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT The DT back JJ stroke NN of IN this DT commercial JJ expansion NN is VBZ seen VVN in IN such JJ occurrences NNS as IN the DT deforestation NN of IN great JJ tracts NNS of IN country NN and CC the DT alteration NN of IN the DT climatic JJ character NN , , with IN its PP$ effects NNS upon IN the DT lives NNS of IN the DT inhabitants NNS . SENT But CC though IN certain JJ errors NNS and CC wastes NNS attend VVP these DT processes NNS of IN commercialism NN and CC industrialism NN , , they PP must MD not RB be VB exaggerated VVN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO hold VV that DT mankind NN in IN general NN has VHZ been VBN so RB deeply RB and CC firmly RB specialised VVN in IN needs NNS and CC satisfactions NNS by IN local JJ physical JJ conditions NNS that IN he PP cannot VV advantageously RB avail VV himself PP of IN the DT material NN products NNS of IN a DT wider JJR environment NN . SENT Though IN the DT digestive JJ and CC assimilative JJ apparatus NN may MD not RB be VB so RB adaptable JJ as IN the DT brain NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT ground NN for IN holding VVG that DT conformity NN during IN many JJ generations NNS to TO a DT particular JJ form NN of IN diet NN precludes VVZ the DT easy JJ adoption NN of IN exotic JJ elements NNS often RB containing VVG better JJR food NN properties NNS in IN more JJR assimilable JJ forms NNS . SENT A DT Chinese JJ population NN , , habituated VVN to TO rice NN , , can MD quickly RB respond VV in IN higher JJR physical JJ efficiency NN to TO a DT wheat NN diet NN , , nor CC is VBZ the DT fact NN that IN bananas NNS are VBP a DT tropical JJ fruit NN detrimental JJ to TO their PP$ value NN as IN food NN for IN Londoners NNS . SENT How WRB far RB the DT purely RB empirical JJ way NN in IN which WDT foods NNS and CC other JJ elements NNS in IN a DT necessary JJ standard NN have VHP been VBN evolved VVN can MD be VB advantageously RB corrected VVN or CC supplemented VVN by IN scientific JJ tests NNS , , is VBZ a DT question NN remaining VVG for IN discussion NN after IN the DT other JJ factors NNS in IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN have VHP been VBN brought VVN under IN inspection NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Industrial JJ conditions NNS , , themselves PP of IN course NN largely RB determined VVN by IN physical JJ environment NN , , affect VV class NN and CC individual JJ consumption NN in IN very RB obvious JJ ways NNS . SENT Each DT occupation NN imposes VVZ on IN the DT worker NN , , and CC indirectly RB upon IN all PDT the DT members NNS of IN his PP$ family NN , , certain JJ methods NNS of IN living NN . SENT Physiological JJ laws NNS prescribe VVP many JJ of IN those DT methods NNS . SENT A DT particular JJ sort NN of IN output NN of IN muscular JJ or CC nervous JJ energy NN demands VVZ a DT particular JJ sort NN of IN diet NN to TO replace VV the DT expenditure NN . SENT The DT proper JJ diet NN of IN an DT agricultural JJ labourer NN , , a DT mill NN operative NN and CC a DT miner NN , , will MD have VH certain JJ recognised VVN differences NNS . SENT Muscular JJ and CC mental JJ , , active JJ and CC sedentary JJ , , monotonous JJ and CC interesting JJ work NN , , will MD involve VV different JJ amounts NNS and CC sorts NNS of IN nourishment NN , , and CC different JJ expenditures NNS for IN leisure NN occupations NNS . SENT These DT differences NNS will MD extend VV both CC to TO the DT necessaries NN and CC the DT higher JJR elements NNS in IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT Industrial JJ requirements NNS will MD stamp VV themselves PP with IN more JJR or CC less JJR force NN and CC exactitude NN upon IN each DT occupation NN . SENT An DT analysis NN of IN budgets NNS would MD show VV that IN the DT standard NN of IN the DT clergyman NN was VBD not RB that IN of IN the DT merchant NN or CC even RB of IN the DT doctor NN , , and CC that IN the DT same JJ family NN income NN would MD be VB differently RB applied VVN . SENT The DT stockbroker NN will MD not RB live VV like IN the DT mill NN owner NN , , nor CC the DT journalist NN like IN the DT shopkeeper NN . SENT So RB right RB through IN the DT various JJ grades NNS of IN workers NNS . SENT The DT skilled JJ mechanic NN , , the DT factory NN hand NN , , the DT railway NN man NN , , the DT clerk NN , , the DT shop NN assistant NN , , the DT labourer NN , , will MD all RB have VH their PP$ respective JJ standards NNS , , moulded VVN or CC modified VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN their PP$ work NN . SENT their PP$ needs NNS and CC tastes NNS for IN food NN , , clothing NN , , recreation NN , , etc FW . SENT , , will MD be VB affected VVN in IN subtle JJ ways NNS by IN that DT work NN . SENT Productive JJ consumption NN is VBZ the DT term NN given VVN by IN classical JJ political JJ economy NN to TO that DT portion NN of IN consumption NN applied VVN so RB as IN to TO maintain VV or CC improve VV the DT efficiency NN of IN labour NN power NN in IN the DT worker NN and CC his PP$ family NN . SENT Necessaries NN alone RB were VBD held VVN absolutely RB productive JJ , , conveniences NNS and CC comforts NNS were VBD dubious JJ , , luxuries NNS were VBD unproductive JJ . SENT Regarded VVN even RB from IN the DT commercial JJ standpoint NN , , it PP was VBD a DT shallow JJ analysis NN , , confined VVN to TO a DT present JJ utilisation NN of IN immediately RB useful JJ commodities NNS , , and CC ignoring VVG the DT reactions NNS upon IN future JJ productivity NN of IN a DT rise NN in IN education NN and CC refinement NN . SENT It PP belonged VVD to TO an DT age NN before IN the DT economy NN of IN high JJ wages NNS or CC the DT moral JJ stimuli NNS of IN hope NN and CC an DT intelligent JJ outlook NN upon IN life NN had VHD won VVN any DT considerable JJ recognition NN as IN productive JJ stimuli NNS . SENT But CC from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN our PP$ analysis NN the DT defect NN of IN this DT treatment NN is VBZ a DT deeper JJR one NN . SENT For IN us PP the DT distinction NN between IN productive JJ and CC unproductive JJ consumption NN is VBZ as RB fundamental JJ as IN in IN the DT older JJR economic JJ theory NN . SENT The DT difference NN lies VVZ in IN the DT conception NN of IN the DT product NN that WDT is VBZ to TO give VV a DT meaning NN to TO productive JJ . SENT Productive JJ consumption NN , , according VVG to TO the DT older JJR economic JJ theory NN , , was VBD measured VVN by IN the DT yield NN of IN economic JJ productivity NN , , according VVG to TO our PP$ theory NN by IN the DT yield NN of IN vital JJ welfare NN . SENT The DT two CD not RB merely RB are VBP not RB identical JJ , , they PP may MD often RB be VB conflicting JJ values NNS . SENT A DT diet NN productive JJ of IN great JJ muscular JJ energy NN for IN a DT navvy NN , , foundryman NN or CC drayman NN , , may MD produce VV a DT coarse JJ type NN of IN animalism NN which WDT precludes VVZ the DT formation NN of IN a DT higher JJR nervous JJ structure NN and CC the DT finer JJR qualities NNS of IN character NN that WDT are VBP its PP$ spiritual JJ counterpart NN . SENT The DT industrial JJ conditions NNS of IN many JJ productive JJ employments NNS are VBP notoriously RB such JJ as RB to TO impair VV the DT physique NN and CC the DT muscle NN of IN the DT workers NNS engaged VVN in IN them PP , , and CC there EX is VBZ no DT ground NN for IN assuming VVG that IN the DT habits NNS of IN consumption NN , , conducing VVG to TO increased JJ productivity NN in IN such JJ trades NNS , , carry VVP any DT net JJ freight NN of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ it PP only RB in IN manual JJ labour NN that IN the DT industrial JJ influences NNS moulding VVG a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN may MD damage VV its PP$ human JJ quality NN . SENT Much JJ sedentary JJ intellectual JJ work NN involves VVZ similarly RB injurious JJ reactions NNS upon IN modes NNS of IN living NN . SENT The DT physical JJ abuses NNS of IN athleticism NN , , stimulants NNS and CC drugs NNS , , are VBP very RB prevalent JJ results NNS of IN disordered VVN competition NN in IN intellectual JJ employments NNS . SENT But CC , , as IN bad JJ elements NNS in IN standards NNS of IN expenditure NN , , the DT intellectual JJ excesses NNS , , the DT fatuous JJ or CC degrading JJ forms NNS of IN literature NN , , drama NN , , art NN , , music NN , , which WDT this DT life NN generates VVZ , , are VBP perhaps RB even RB more RBR injurious JJ . SENT One CD of IN the DT heaviest JJS human JJ costs NNS of IN an DT over RB intellectual JJ life NN today NN is VBZ its PP$ culture NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT When WRB we PP come VVP to TO conventional JJ elements NNS in IN standards NNS of IN comfort NN , , we PP enter VVP a DT region NN which WDT appears VVZ to TO admit VV an DT indefinite JJ amount NN of IN waste NN and CC error NN . SENT The DT very JJ term NN conventional JJ , , set VVN as IN it PP is VBZ in IN opposition NN to TO natural JJ , , indeed RB , , suggests VVZ an DT absence NN of IN organic JJ utility NN . SENT We PP hear VVP of IN conventional JJ necessaries NN even RB in IN the DT lowest JJS levels NNS of IN working VVG class NN expenditure NN . SENT I PP presume VV that IN the DT expenditure NN in IN beer NN , , tobacco NN , , upon IN sprees NNS or CC funerals NNS , , or CC upon IN decorative JJ clothing NN , , would MD be VB placed VVN in IN this DT category NN . SENT From IN the DT purely RB economic JJ standpoint NN such JJ expenditure NN has VHZ been VBN accounted VVN either DT waste NN , , or CC , , even RB worse JJR , , disutility NN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB argued VVN that IN a DT labouring VVG family NN on IN 21 CD s PP . SENT per IN week NN could MD be VB kept VVN in IN physical JJ efficiency NN , , if IN every DT penny NN were VBD expended VVN economically RB in IN obtaining VVG organic JJ value NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT ideal NN of IN a DT certain JJ order NN of IN advocates NNS of IN thrift NN and CC temperance NN . SENT Whole JJ generations NNS of IN economists NNS have VHP accumulated VVN easy JJ virtue NN by IN preaching VVG this DT rigorous JJ economy NN for IN the DT working VVG classes NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ always RB seemed VVD possible JJ to TO squeeze VV out RP of IN the DT standard NN of IN any DT working VVG class NN enough RB of IN the DT conventional JJ or CC superfluous JJ to TO justify VV the DT opinion NN that WDT most JJS of IN the DT misery NN of IN the DT poor NN is VBZ their PP$ own JJ fault NN , , in IN the DT sense NN that WDT , , if IN they PP made VVD a DT completely RB rational JJ use NN of IN their PP$ wages NNS , , they PP could MD support VV themselves PP in IN decency NN . SENT The DT amount NN spent VVN by IN the DT workers NNS on IN drink NN alone RB would MD , , it PP is VBZ often RB contended VVN , , make VV ample JJ provision NN against IN most JJS of IN the DT worst JJS emergencies NNS of IN working VVG class NN life NN . SENT Now RB there EX are VBP several JJ comments NNS to TO be VB made VVN on IN this DT attitude NN towards IN conventional JJ expenditure NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT As IN one PP ascends VVZ above IN the DT primary JJ organic JJ needs NNS , , the DT evolution NN of IN desires NNS becomes VVZ less RBR reliable JJ and CC more RBR complicated JJ . SENT the DT element NN of IN will NN and CC choice NN and CC therefore RB of IN choosing VVG badly RB , , becomes VVZ larger JJR . SENT Some DT condiments NNS are VBP useful JJ for IN assisting VVG the DT digestion NN of IN primary JJ foods NNS , , but CC it PP is VBZ easier JJR to TO make VV mistakes NNS in IN condiments NNS than IN in IN staple JJ foods NNS . SENT So RB with IN all PDT the DT higher JJR and CC more JJR complex NN wants VVZ . SENT As IN one CD rises NNS above IN the DT prime JJ requisites NNS and CC conveniences NNS , , organic JJ instincts NNS , , or CC tastes VVZ directly RB dependent JJ on IN them PP , , play VV a DT diminishing VVG part NN as IN faithful JJ directors NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT This DT natural JJ guidance NN does VVZ not RB indeed RB disappear VV . SENT The DT evolution NN of IN a DT human JJ being NN with IN finer JJR nervous JJ structure NN , , and CC with IN higher JJR intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ needs NNS and CC desires NNS related VVN to TO that DT structure NN , , is VBZ a DT fairly RB continuous JJ process NN . SENT The DT finest JJS and CC best RBS balanced JJ natures NNS thus RB carry VVP into IN their PP$ more JJR complex JJ modes NNS of IN satisfaction NN a DT true JJ psycho JJ physical JJ standard NN of IN utility NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ already RB admitted VVN that IN the DT liability NN to TO go VV wrong JJ is VBZ far RB greater JJR in IN those DT modes NNS of IN expenditure NN which WDT are VBP not RB directly RB contributory JJ to TO survival NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT case NN , , whether IN individual JJ tastes NNS or CC some DT accepted JJ convention NN determines VVZ the DT expenditure NN . SENT This DT is VBZ so RB generally RB recognised VVN that IN it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN the DT organic JJ utility NN of IN personal JJ tastes NNS on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , custom NN and CC convention NN on IN the DT other JJ , , has VHZ been VBN unduly RB disparaged VVD . SENT The DT temper NN of IN economists NNS in IN assessing VVG values NNS has VHZ been VBN too RB short JJ sighted JJ and CC too RB inelastic JJ . SENT A DT good JJ deal NN of IN personal JJ expenditure NN that WDT is VBZ wasteful JJ or CC worse JJR when WRB taken VVN on IN its PP$ separate JJ merits NNS may MD be VB justified VVN as IN a DT rude JJ experimental JJ process NN by IN which WDT a DT person NN learns VVZ wisdom NN and CC finds VVZ his PP$ soul NN . SENT What WP is VBZ true JJ of IN certain JJ freakish JJ personal JJ conduct NN is VBZ probably RB true JJ also RB of IN those DT conventional JJ practices NNS , , in IN which WDT whole JJ societies NNS or CC classes NNS conduct VVP their PP$ collective JJ experiments NNS in IN the DT art NN of IN living NN . SENT A DT too RB rigorous JJ economy NN , , whether IN directed VVN by IN instinct NN or CC reason NN , , which WDT should MD rule VV with IN minute JJ exactitude NN the DT expenditure NN of IN individuals NNS or CC societies NNS , , in IN order NN to TO extract VV from IN all DT expenditure NN of IN income NN the DT maximum NN of IN seen VVN utilities NNS , , would MD be VB bound VVN to TO sin NN against IN that DT law NN of IN progress NN which WDT demands VVZ an DT adequate JJ provision NN for IN these DT experimental JJ processes NNS in IN life NN which WDT , , taken VVN by IN themselves PP , , appear VV so RB wasteful JJ . SENT Social JJ psychology NN brings VVZ a DT more RBR liberal JJ and CC sympathetic JJ understanding NN to TO bear VV upon RP some DT of IN the DT practices NNS which WDT to TO a DT shortsighted JJ economist NN appear VVP mere JJ wasteful JJ extravagance NN , , destitute JJ of IN utility NN and CC displacing VVG some DT immediately RB serviceable JJ consumption NN . SENT Let VV me PP take VV some DT notable JJ examples NNS from IN current JJ working VVG class NN expenditure NN . SENT The DT lavish JJ expenditure NN upon IN bank NN holidays NNS , , in IN which WDT large JJ classes NNS of IN wage NN earners NNS blow VV a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN any DT surplus NN they PP possess VVP beyond IN the DT subsistence NN wage NN , , is VBZ the DT subject NN of IN caustic JJ criticism NN by IN thrifty JJ middle JJ class NN folk NN . SENT But CC may MD not RB this DT holiday NN spirit NN , , with IN a DT certain JJ abandon VV it PP contains VVZ , , be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT natural JJ and CC even RB wholesome JJ reaction NN against IN the DT cramping VVG pressure NN of IN routine JJ industrialism NN and CC the DT normal JJ rigour NN of IN a DT close JJ domestic JJ economy NN . SENT It PP may MD not RB , , indeed RB , , be VB an DT ideally RB good JJ mode NN of IN reaction NN , , may MD even RB contain VV elements NNS of IN positive JJ detriment NN , , and CC yet RB may MD be VB the DT vent NN for IN valuable JJ organic JJ instincts NNS seeking VVG after IN those DT qualities NNS of IN freedom NN , , joy NN and CC personal JJ distinction NN that WDT are VBP essential JJ to TO a DT life NN worth NN living NN . SENT 1 CD Or CC take VV the DT gravest JJS of IN all DT defects NNS of IN working VVG class NN expenditure NN , , the DT drink NN bill NN . SENT This DT craving NN , , hostile JJ as IN it PP is VBZ to TO the DT physical JJ and CC moral JJ life NN of IN man NN , , is VBZ not RB understood VVN , , and CC therefore RB cannot NN be VB effectively RB eradicated VVN , , unless IN due JJ account NN is VBZ taken VVN of IN certain JJ emotional JJ implications NNS . SENT The DT yielding NN to TO drink VV is VBZ not RB mere JJ brutality NN . SENT Brutes NNS do VVP not RB drink VV . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN some DT part NN the DT response NN to TO an DT instinct NN to TO escape VV from IN the DT imprisonment NN in IN a DT narrow JJ cramping VVG environment NN which WDT affords VVZ no DT scope NN for IN aspiration NN and CC achievement NN . SENT It PP may MD indeed RB be VB said VVN that IN the DT drinker NN does VVZ not RB aspire VV and CC does VVZ not RB achieve VV . SENT He PP is VBZ doubtless RB the DT victim NN of IN an DT illusion NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ a DT certain JJ dim JJ sense NN of IN a DT higher JJR freer JJR life NN that WDT lures VVZ him PP on RP . SENT Elevation NN is VBZ what WP is VBZ sought VVN . SENT Kings NNS may MD be VB blessed VVN but CC Tam NP was VBD glorious JJ O'er IN a DT the DT ills NNS o NN life NN victorious JJ . SENT Or CC take VV still RB another DT item NN of IN working VVG class NN expenditure NN frequently RB condemned VVN as IN a DT typical JJ example NN of IN extravagance NN , , the DT relatively RB large JJ expense NN of IN funerals NNS . SENT Is VBZ this DT to TO be VB dismissed VVN offhand RB as IN mere JJ wanton JJ waste NN . SENT A DT more RBR human JJ interpretation NN will MD find VV in IN it PP other JJ elements NNS of IN meaning NN . SENT In IN the DT ordinary JJ life NN of IN the DT common JJ people NNS there EX is VBZ little JJ scope NN for IN that DT personal JJ distinction NN which WDT among IN the DT upper JJ classes NNS finds VVZ expression NN in IN so RB many JJ ways NNS . SENT The DT quiet JJ working VVG man NN or CC woman NN has VHZ never RB for IN a DT brief JJ hour NN through IN a DT long JJ lifetime NN stood VVD out RP among IN his PP$ fellows NNS , , or CC gathered VVD round VV him PP the DT sympathetic JJ attention NN of IN his PP$ neighbours NNS . SENT Is VBZ it PP wholly RB unintelligible JJ or CC regrettable JJ that IN those DT who WP care VVP for IN him PP should MD wish VV to TO give VV this DT narrow JJ , , thwarted VVN , , obscure JJ personality NN a DT moment NN of IN dignity NN and CC glory NN . SENT The DT sum NN of IN life NN is VBZ added VVN up RP in IN this DT pomp NN of IN reckoning NN , , and CC the DT family NN is VBZ gathered VVN into IN a DT focus NN of IN neighbourly JJ attention NN and CC good JJ feeling NN , , the DT outward RB emblems NNS of IN honour NN are VBP displayed VVN , , and CC a DT whole JJ range NN of IN human JJ emotions NNS finds VVZ expression NN . SENT Such JJ excess NN as RB exists VVZ must MD be VB understood VVN as IN a DT natural JJ fruit NN of IN those DT aspiring JJ qualities NNS of IN personality NN which WDT , , thwarted VVN in IN their PP$ natural JJ and CC healthy JJ growth NN by IN narrowness NN of IN opportunity NN , , crave VV this DT traditional JJ outlet NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , the DT more RBR closely RB we PP study VVP the DT conventional JJ factors NNS in IN consumption NN , , the DT less JJR are VBP we PP able JJ to TO dismiss VV them PP out RP of IN hand NN as IN mere JJ extravagance NN or CC waste NN . SENT Some DT organic JJ impulse NN , , half DT physical JJ , , half DT psychical JJ , , nearly RB always RB enters VVZ into IN even RB the DT least JJS desirable JJ elements NNS . SENT A DT margin NN of IN expenditure NN , , either CC conventional JJ or CC expressing VVG individual JJ caprice NN , , 2 CD which WDT serves VVZ to TO evoke VV pleasure NN , , to TO stir VV interest NN , , and CC above RB all RB to TO satisfy VV a DT sense NN of IN personal JJ dignity NN , , even RB though RB at IN the DT expense NN of IN some DT more RBR obvious JJ and CC immediate JJ utilities NNS , , may MD be VB justified VVN by IN considerations NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ progress NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Such JJ considerations NNS must MD not RB , , however RB , , be VB pressed VVN very RB far RB in IN the DT defence NN even RB of IN the DT most RBS firmly RB rooted VVN elements NNS of IN conventional JJ consumption NN . SENT For IN , , though IN the DT deeper JJR organic JJ forces NNS which WDT work VVP through IN natural JJ selection NN must MD eliminate VV the DT worst JJS or CC most RBS injurious JJ modes NNS of IN expenditure NN from IN the DT permanent JJ standard NN of IN a DT race NN or CC class NN , , it PP may MD leave VV elements NNS fraught JJ with IN grave JJ danger NN . SENT For IN neither CC the DT animal NN nor CC the DT spiritual JJ nature NN of IN man NN is VBZ equipped VVN with IN a DT selective JJ apparatus NN for IN testing VVG accurately RB for IN purposes NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN the DT innumerable JJ fresh JJ applicants NNS for IN consumption NN which WDT appear VVP as IN the DT evolution NN of IN wants VVZ , , on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , and CC of IN industries NNS upon IN the DT other JJ , , becomes VVZ more RBR complex JJ and CC more RBR rapid JJ . SENT An DT extreme JJ instance NN will MD enforce VV my PP$ meaning NN . SENT To TO take VV a DT Red NP Indian NP or CC a DT Bantu NN from IN a DT natural JJ and CC social JJ environment NN relatively RB simple JJ and CC staple JJ , , and CC to TO plunge VV him PP suddenly RB into IN the DT swirl NN of IN a DT modern JJ Western JJ city NN life NN is VBZ to TO court VV physical JJ and CC moral JJ disaster NN . SENT Why WRB . SENT Because IN the DT pressures NNS of IN animal JJ desires NNS or CC the DT emotions NNS of IN pride NN and CC curiosity NN , , which WDT were VBD related VVN by IN effective JJ taboos VVZ in IN the DT primitive JJ life NN from IN which WDT he PP is VBZ drawn VVN , , now RB work VV their PP$ will NN unchecked JJ . SENT For IN the DT taboos VVZ of IN civilised JJ society NN are VBP both DT ill RB adapted VVN to TO the DT emotional JJ texture NN of IN his PP$ nature NN , , and CC in IN their PP$ novelty NN and CC complexity NN are VBP not RB adequately RB comprehended VVN . SENT But CC even RB for IN those DT born VVN and CC bred VVN in IN the DT environment NN of IN a DT rapidly RB changing VVG civilisation NN there EX are VBP evidently RB great JJ hazards NNS . SENT Not RB only RB individual JJ but CC widely RB collective JJ experiments NNS in IN novelties NNS of IN consumption NN will MD often RB be VB injurious JJ . SENT This DT may MD be VB explained VVN in IN the DT first JJ instance NN as IN due JJ to TO the DT perversion NN or CC defective JJ working VVG of IN the DT instincts NNS originally RB designed VVN to TO protect VV and CC promote VV the DT life NN of IN the DT individual NN and CC the DT species NN . SENT An DT animal NN living VVG upon IN what WP may MD be VB termed VVN unmodified JJ nature NN is VBZ possessed VVN of IN instincts NNS which WDT make VVP poisonous JJ plants NNS or CC animals NNS repellent JJ to TO its PP$ taste NN . SENT A DT man NN living VVG in IN a DT highly RB modified VVN environment NN finds VVZ such JJ shreds NNS of IN instinctive JJ tastes NNS as IN he PP possesses VVZ inadequate JJ to TO the DT risk NN of IN rejecting VVG the DT fabricated VVN foods NNS brought VVN from IN remote JJ quarters NNS of IN the DT earth NN to TO tempt VV his PP$ appetite NN . SENT If IN this DT holds VVZ of IN articles NNS of IN food NN , , where WRB errors NNS may MD be VB mortal JJ and CC where WRB some DT protection NN , , however RB insufficient JJ , , is VBZ still RB furnished VVN by IN the DT palate NN and CC the DT stomach NN , , still RB more RBR does VVZ it PP hold VVP of IN the DT higher JJR tastes NNS comparatively RB recently RB implanted VVN in IN civilised JJ man NN . SENT Bad JJ tastes NNS thus RB may MD introduce VV the DT use NN of IN books NNS or CC art NN that WDT disturb VV the DT mind NN without IN informing VVG it PP , , recreations NNS that WDT distract VV and CC dissipate VV our PP$ powers NNS without IN recreating VVG and CC restoring VVG them PP . SENT Nor CC does VVZ the DT social JJ organism NN furnish VV reliable JJ checks NNS which WDT shall MD stop VV the DT spread NN of IN individual JJ errors NNS into IN conventional JJ consumption NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT question NN of IN individual JJ errors NNS and CC wastes NNS in IN the DT process NN of IN evolving VVG standards NNS of IN consumption NN must MD not RB detain VV us PP . SENT For IN though IN it PP rightly RB falls VVZ within IN the DT scope NN of IN a DT fully RB elaborated VVN valuation NN of IN consumption NN , , it PP must MD not RB be VB allowed VVN to TO intrude VV into IN our PP$ more JJR modest JJ endeavour NN to TO discuss VV the DT several JJ grades NNS of IN wants NNS which WDT comprise VVP a DT class NN standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT The DT relative JJ size NN of IN the DT wastes NNS or CC defects NNS of IN the DT conventional JJ factors NNS in IN a DT class NN standard NN will MD not RB indeed RB depend VV upon IN the DT mere JJ addition NN of IN the DT perversion NN of IN the DT separate JJ choices NNS of IN its PP$ individuals NNS . SENT For IN a DT convention NN is VBZ not RB produced VVN by IN a DT mere JJ coincidence NN of IN separate JJ actions NNS of IN individual JJ desire NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB well RB here RB to TO revert VV to TO the DT distinction NN which WDT we PP found VVD convenient JJ to TO employ VV in IN our PP$ analysis NN of IN the DT human JJ value NN of IN different JJ forms NNS of IN work NN , , viz NN . SENT , , the DT distinction NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN . SENT Here RB it PP will MD take VV shape NN in IN an DT enquiry NN as RB to TO the DT ways NNS in IN which WDT new JJ wants NNS are VBP discovered VVN and CC pass VV into IN conventional JJ use NN . SENT Let VV us PP take VV for IN an DT example NN the DT case NN of IN a DT medicine NN which WDT has VHZ become VVN a DT recognised VVN remedy NN for IN a DT disease NN . SENT Among IN animals NNS or CC primitive JJ man NN the DT habit NN of IN eating VVG a DT curative JJ herb NN may MD be VB regarded VVN as RB due JJ to TO an DT organic JJ instinct NN common JJ to TO each DT member NN of IN the DT herd NN or CC group NN . SENT Such JJ consumption NN , , however RB , , would MD not RB really RB fall VV within IN the DT category NN of IN our PP$ conventional JJ consumption NN . SENT It PP would MD in IN effect NN be VB confined VVN to TO a DT limited JJ number NN of IN articles NNS containing VVG strong JJ elements NNS of IN survival NN value NN , , in IN a DT pre NP economic JJ period NN , , though RB , , as RB soon RB as IN tribal JJ society NN began VVD to TO evolve VV the DT medicine NN man NN , , his PP$ prescriptions NNS would MD add VV many JJ elements NNS of IN waste NN and CC error NN . SENT But CC the DT consumables NNS whose WP$ origin NN we PP are VBP now RB considering RB must MD be VB regarded VVN as IN involving VVG invention NN or CC discovery NN , , and CC conscious JJ imitation NN or CC adoption NN by IN the DT group NN . SENT Unless IN we PP suppose VVP that IN the DT chewing VVG of IN cinchona NN bark NN had VHD a DT backing NN of IN instinctive JJ adaptation NN , , and CC so RB passed VVN by IN tradition NN into IN later JJR ages NNS of IN Indian JJ life NN , , we PP must MD hold VV that IN the DT first JJ beginnings NNS of IN the DT use NN of IN quinine NN as IN a DT cure NN for IN intermittent JJ fevers NNS in IN South NP America NP were VBD due JJ either RB to TO chance NN or CC to TO early JJ empiricism NN in IN treatment NN . SENT Some DT person NN , , probably RB enjoying VVG distinction NN in IN his PP$ tribe NN , , tried VVD cinchona NN bark NN and CC recovered VVD of IN his PP$ fever NN , , others NNS tried VVD it PP upon IN this DT example NN and CC got VVD benefit NN , , and CC so RB the DT fame NN of IN the DT remedy NN spread VVD first JJ from IN a DT single JJ centre NN , , and CC afterwards RB from IN a DT number NN of IN other JJ personal JJ centres NNS by IN conscious JJ imitation NN . SENT Or CC , , similarly RB , , take VV the DT adoption NN of IN some DT article NN of IN diet NN , , such JJ as IN sugar NN or CC tobacco NN , , which WDT is VBZ an DT element NN not RB of IN prime JJ physical JJ utility NN but CC of IN comfort NN or CC pleasure NN . SENT The DT first JJ men NNS who WP chewed VVD the DT sugar NN cane NN , , or CC tried VVD the DT fumes NNS of IN the DT herba NN nicotina NN , , must MD be VB deemed VVN to TO have VH done VVN so RB by IN accident NN . SENT Liking VVG the DT result NN , , they PP repeated VVD the DT experiment NN by IN design NN , , and CC this DT personal JJ habit NN become VV the DT customary JJ habit NN of IN the DT group NN , , moulded VVN by IN a DT tradition NN continuously RB supported VVN by IN a DT repetition NN of IN the DT feeling NN which WDT attended VVD the DT first JJ chance NN experience NN . SENT Such JJ accretions NNS to TO a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN may MD be VB regarded VVN as IN possessing VVG guarantees NNS of IN utility NN or CC safeguards NNS against IN strong JJ positive JJ disutility NN in IN their PP$ method NN of IN adoption NN . SENT They PP have VHP grown VVN into IN the DT conventional JJ standard NN on IN their PP$ merits NNS . SENT Those DT merits NNS may MD indeed RB be VB variously RB estimated VVN from IN the DT organic JJ standpoint NN . SENT Quinine NN has VHZ a DT high JJ organic JJ virtue NN , , sugar NN perhaps RB an DT even RB wider JJR but CC less RBR vital JJ virtue NN , , while IN the DT virtue NN of IN tobacco NN may MD be VB purely RB superficial JJ and CC compensated VVN by IN considerable JJ organic JJ demerits NNS . SENT But CC both DT discovery NN and CC propagation NN have VHP been VBN in IN all PDT these DT cases NNS natural JJ and CC reasonable JJ processes NNS , , in IN the DT plain JJ ordinary JJ acceptation NN of IN these DT terms NNS . SENT Some DT actual JJ utility NN has VHZ been VBN discovered VVN and CC recognised VVN , , and CC new JJ articles NNS thus RB incorporated VVN in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN , , either CC for IN regular JJ or CC special JJ use NN , , have VHP at IN any DT rate NN satisfied VVD a DT preliminary JJ test NN of IN organic JJ welfare NN . SENT If IN all DT new JJ habits NNS of IN consumption NN arose VVD in IN this DT fashion NN , , and CC the DT preliminary JJ test NN could MD be VB considered VVN thoroughly RB reliable JJ , , the DT economy NN of IN the DT evolution NN of IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN would MD be VB a DT safe JJ and CC sound JJ one NN . SENT This DT hypothesis NN in IN its PP$ very JJ form NN indicates VVZ the DT several JJ lines NNS of IN error NN discernible JJ in IN the DT actual JJ evolution NN of IN class NN standards NNS . SENT A DT falsification NN of IN the DT standard NN , , involving VVG the DT ad NN mission NN of IN wasteful JJ or CC positively RB noxious JJ consumables NNS , , may MD arise VV , , either CC in IN the DT initial JJ stage NN of IN invention NN , , or CC in IN the DT process NN of IN imitative JJ adoption NN . SENT This DT will MD occur VV wherever WRB the DT initial JJ or CC the DT imitative JJ process NN is VBZ vitiated VVN by IN an DT extraneous JJ motive NN . SENT A DT very RB small JJ proportion NN of IN medicines NNS in IN customary JJ use NN among IN primitive JJ peoples NNS have VHP the DT organic JJ validity NN of IN quinine NN . SENT Most JJS of IN them PP are VBP charms NNS , , invented VVN by IN medicine NN men NNS , , not RB as IN the DT result NN either CC of IN a DT chance NN or CC planned JJ experiment NN , , but CC as IN the DT work NN of IN an DT imagination NN operating NN upon IN the DT lines NNS of IN an DT empirical JJ psychology NN , , in IN which WDT the DT relation NN of IN the DT actual JJ or CC known JJ properties NNS of IN the DT medicine NN towards IN the DT disease NN play VV no DT appreciable JJ part NN . SENT So IN a DT whole JJ magical JJ pharmacopoeia NN will MD be VB erected VVN upon IN a DT basis NN of IN totemist NN and CC animist NN beliefs NNS , , mingled VVN with IN circumstantial JJ misconceptions NNS and CC gratuitous JJ fabrications NNS , , and CC containing VVG no DT organic JJ utility NN . SENT Each DT addition NN or CC variant NN will MD begin VV as IN an DT artificial JJ invention NN and CC will MD be VB adopted VVN for IN reasons NNS of IN prestige NN , , authority NN or CC fear NN , , carrying VVG none NN of IN that DT organic JJ confirmation NN which WDT secured VVD its PP$ position NN for IN quinine NN . SENT The DT limit NN of IN error NN in IN such JJ cases NNS will MD be VB that IN the DT medicine NN must MD not RB frequently RB cause VV a DT serious JJ and CC immediate JJ aggravation NN of IN the DT suffering NN of IN the DT patient NN . SENT The DT patent NN or CC conventional JJ medicines NNS among IN civilised JJ peoples NNS must MD be VB considered VVN in IN the DT main JJ as IN containing VVG a DT falsification NN of IN standard NN of IN the DT same JJ kind NN , , though RB different JJ in IN degree NN . SENT As IN the DT primitive JJ medicine NN man NN , , called VVD upon RP to TO cure VV a DT fever NN or CC a DT drought NN , , is VBZ primarily RB motived VVN by IN the DT desire NN to TO maintain VV or CC enhance VV his PP$ personal JJ or CC caste NN prestige NN , , while IN the DT adoption NN of IN his PP$ specific NN into IN a DT convention NN is VBZ due JJ to TO a DT wholly RB irrational JJ authority NN or CC to TO a DT wholly RB accidental JJ success NN , , so RB is VBZ it PP with IN a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN modern JJ remedies NNS . SENT Even RB in IN the DT orthodox JJ branches NNS of IN the DT medical JJ profession NN the DT process NN of IN converting VVG vague JJ empiricism NN into IN scientific JJ experiment NN has VHZ gone VVN such PDT a DT little JJ way NN as RB to TO furnish VV no DT guarantee NN for IN the DT full JJ organic JJ efficacy NN of IN many JJ of IN the DT treatments NNS upon IN which WDT the DT patient JJ public NN spends VVZ an DT increasing VVG share NN of IN its PP$ income NN . SENT But CC as RB regards VVZ the DT profession NN there EX is VBZ at IN any DT rate NN some DT basis NN of IN confidence NN in IN the DT disinterested JJ application NN of IN science NN to TO the DT discovery NN of IN genuine JJ organic JJ utility NN . SENT In IN the DT patent NN medicine NN trade VVP there EX is VBZ very RB little JJ . SENT Here RB we PP have VHP a DT condition NN very RB little RB better JJR than IN that DT of IN the DT power NN of IN the DT witch NN doctor NN in IN primitive JJ society NN . SENT The DT maxim NN caveat NN emptor NN carries VVZ virtually RB no DT security NN , , for IN the DT guidance NN of IN the DT palate NN is VBZ ruled VVN out RP , , while IN the DT test NN of IN experience NN , , except IN for IN purgation NN or CC for IN some DT equally RB simple JJ and CC immediate JJ result NN , , is VBZ nearly RB worthless JJ . SENT 6 CD . SENT When WRB the DT invention NN and CC propagation NN of IN a DT mode NN of IN consumption NN have VHP passed VVN into IN the DT hands NNS of IN a DT trade NN , , the DT guarantees NNS of IN organic JJ utility NN , , the DT checks NNS against IN organic JJ injury NN , , are VBP at IN their PP$ weakest JJS . SENT For IN neither DT process NN is VBZ directed VVN , , either CC by IN instinct NN or CC reason NN , , along IN serviceable JJ channels NNS . SENT Where WRB the DT commercial JJ motive NN takes VVZ the DT initiative NN , , there EX can MD be VB no DT adequate JJ security NN that IN the DT articles NNS which WDT pass VVP as IN new JJ elements NNS into IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN shall MD be VB wealth NN , , not RB illth NN . SENT Where WRB an DT invention NN is VBZ stimulated VVN to TO meet VV a DT genuinely RB long RB felt VVN need NN , , the DT generality NN and CC duration NN of IN that DT need NN may MD be VB a DT fair JJ guarantee NN of IN utility NN . SENT But CC this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN where WRB the DT supply NN precedes VVZ and CC evokes VVZ the DT demand NN , , the DT more RBR usual JJ case NN under IN developed JJ commercialism NN . SENT Neither CC in IN the DT action NN of IN the DT inventor NN , , nor CC in IN the DT spread NN of IN the DT new JJ habit NN of IN consumption NN , , is VBZ there RB any DT safe JJ gauge NN of IN utility NN . SENT The DT inventor NN , , or CC commercial JJ initiator NN , , is VBZ only RB concerned VVN with IN the DT question NN , , Can MD I PP make VV and CC sell VV a DT sufficient JJ quantity NN of IN this DT article NN at IN a DT profit NN . SENT In IN order NN to TO do VV so RB , , it PP is VBZ true JJ , , he PP must MD persuade VV enough JJ buyers NNS that IN they PP want VVP the DT article NN and CC want VV it PP more JJR than IN some DT other JJ articles NNS on IN which WDT they PP otherwise RB might MD spend VV their PP$ money NN . SENT To TO unreflecting VVG persons NNS this RB , , no DT doubt NN , , appears VVZ a DT sufficient JJ test NN of IN utility NN . SENT But CC is VBZ it PP . SENT The DT purchaser NN must MD be VB made VVN to TO feel VV or CC think VV that IN the DT article NN is VBZ good JJ for IN him PP at IN the DT time NN when WRB it PP is VBZ brought VVN before IN his PP$ notice NN . SENT For IN this DT purpose NN it PP must MD be VB endowed VVN with IN some DT speciously RB attractive JJ property NN , , or CC recommended VVD as IN possessing VVG such PDT a DT property NN . SENT A DT cheap JJ mercerised VVN cotton NN cloth NN , , manufactured VVN to TO simulate VV silk NN , , sells VVZ by IN its PP$ inherent JJ superficial JJ attraction NN . SENT A DT new JJ line NN in IN drapery NN pushed VVN into IN use NN by IN the DT repeated JJ statement NN , , false JJ at IN the DT beginning NN , , that WDT it PP is VBZ worn JJ , , illustrates VVZ the DT second JJ method NN . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , the DT arts NNS of IN the DT manufacturer NN and CC of IN the DT vendor NN , , which WDT have VHP no DT direct JJ relation NN whatever WDT to IN intrinsic JJ utility NN , , overcome VV and CC subjugate VV the DT uncertain JJ , , untrained JJ or CC artificially RB perverted JJ taste NN of IN the DT consumer NN . SENT Thus RB it PP arises VVZ that IN in IN a DT commercial JJ society NN every DT standard NN of IN class NN comfort NN is VBZ certain JJ to TO contain VV large JJ ingredients NNS of IN useless JJ or CC noxious JJ consumption NN , , articles NNS , , not RB only RB bad JJ in IN themselves PP , , but CC often RB poisoning NN or CC distorting VVG the DT whole JJ standard NN . SENT The DT arts NNS of IN adulteration NN and CC of IN advertising NN are VBP of IN course NN responsible JJ for IN many JJ of IN the DT worst JJS instances NNS . SENT A DT skilled JJ combination NN of IN the DT two CD processes NNS has VHZ succeeded VVN in IN cancelling VVG the DT human JJ value NN of IN a DT very RB large JJ proportion NN of IN the DT new JJ increments NNS of IN money NN income NN in IN the DT lower JJR middle NN and CC the DT working VVG classes NNS , , where WRB a DT growing VVG susceptibility NN to TO new JJ desires NNS is VBZ accompanied VVN by IN no DT intelligent JJ checks NNS upon IN the DT play NN of IN interested JJ suggestion NN as RB to TO the DT modes NNS of IN satisfying VVG these DT desires NNS . SENT Where WRB specious JJ fabrication NN and CC strong JJ skilled JJ suggestion NN cooperate VV to TO plant VV new JJ ingredients NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN , , there EX is VBZ thus RB no DT security NN as RB to TO the DT amount NN of IN utility NN or CC disutility NN attaching VVG to TO the DT real JJ income NN represented VVN by IN these DT goods NNS . SENT But CC this DT vitiation NN of IN standards NNS is VBZ not RB equally RB applicable JJ to TO all DT grades NNS of IN consumption NN , , or CC to TO all DT classes NNS of IN consumers NNS . SENT Some DT kinds NNS of IN goods NNS will MD be VB easier JJR to TO falsify VV or CC to TO adulterate VV than IN others NNS , , some DT classes NNS of IN consumers NNS will MD be VB easier JJR to TO impose VV upon RP than IN others NNS . SENT These DT considerations NNS will MD set VV limits NNS upon IN the DT amount NN of IN waste NN and CC illth NN contained VVN in IN the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS which WDT comprise VVP our PP$ real JJ income NN . SENT First RB , , as RB to TO the DT arts NNS of IN falsification NN . SENT Several JJ laws NNS of IN limitation NN here RB emerge VV . SENT Some DT materials NNS , , such JJ as IN gold NN and CC rubber NN , , have VHP no RB easily RB procurable JJ and CC cheaper JJR substitutes NNS for IN certain JJ uses NNS . SENT Other JJ goods NNS are VBP in IN some DT considerable JJ degree NN protected VVN from IN imitation NN and CC adulteration NN by IN the DT survival NN of IN reliable JJ tests NNS and CC tastes NNS , , touch NN and CC sight NN , , in IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN consumers NNS . SENT This DT applies VVZ to TO simpler JJR sorts NNS of IN goods NNS whose WP$ consumption NN is VBZ deepest JJS in IN the DT standard NN and CC has VHZ a DT strong JJ basis NN of IN vital JJ utility NN . SENT It PP will MD be VB more RBR difficult JJ to TO adulterate VV bread NN or CC plain JJ sugar NN to TO any DT large JJ extent NN than IN sauces NNS or CC sweets NNS . SENT It PP will MD be VB easier JJR to TO fake JJ photographs NNS than IN to TO pass VV off RP plaice NN for IN soles NNS . SENT But CC it PP cannot NN be VB asserted VVN as IN a DT general JJ truth NN that IN the DT necessaries NN are VBP better RBR defended VVN against IN encroachments NNS of IN adulteration NN and CC other JJ modes NNS of IN deception NN than IN conveniences NNS , , and CC conveniences NNS than IN luxuries NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , there EX are VBP two CD considerations NNS that WDT tell VVP the DT other JJ way NN . SENT A DT manufacturer NN or CC merchant NN who WP can MD palm VV off RP a DT cheaper JJR substitute NN for IN some DT common JJ necessary JJ of IN life NN , , or CC some DT well RB established VVN convenience NN , , has VHZ a DT double JJ temptation NN to TO do VV so RB . SENT For IN , , in IN the DT first JJ place NN , , the DT magnitude NN and CC reliability NN of IN the DT demand NN make VV the DT falsification NN unusually RB profitable JJ . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , so RB far RB as IN a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN articles NNS are VBP concerned VVN , , he PP can MD rely VV upon IN the DT fact NN that IN most JJS consumption NN of IN necessaries NN lies VVZ below IN the DT margin NN of IN clear JJ attention NN and CC criticism NN . SENT Except IN in IN the DT case NN of IN certain JJ prime JJ articles NNS of IN diet NN , , it PP is VBZ probable JJ that IN a DT consumer NN is VBZ more RBR likely JJ to TO detect VV some DT change NN of IN quality NN in IN the DT latest JJS luxury NN added VVD to TO his PP$ standard NN than IN in IN the DT habitual JJ articles NNS of IN daily JJ use NN , , such JJ as IN his PP$ shoe NN leather NN or CC his PP$ soap NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , so RB well RB recognised VVN is VBZ this DT protection NN afforded VVN to TO the DT seller NN by IN the DT unconsciousness NN which WDT habit NN brings VVZ to TO the DT consumer NN , , that WDT , , in IN catering NN for IN quite RB new JJ habits NNS , , such JJ as IN cereal NN breakfast NN foods NNS or CC cigarettes NNS , , the DT manufacturer NN waits VVZ until IN the DT original JJ attractions NNS of IN his PP$ goods NNS have VHP stamped VVN themselves PP firmly RB in IN customary JJ use NN , , before IN he PP dares VVZ to TO lower VV the DT quality NN or CC reduce VV the DT quantity NN . SENT These DT considerations NNS make VVP it PP unlikely JJ that IN we PP can MD discover VV a DT clear JJ law NN expressing VVG the DT injury NN of IN commercialism NN in IN terms NNS of IN the DT greater JJR or CC less RBR organic JJ urgency NN of IN the DT wants VVZ ministered VVN to TO by IN the DT different JJ orders NNS of IN commodities NNS . SENT It PP will MD even RB be VB difficult JJ to TO ascertain VV whether IN the DT arts NNS of IN adulteration NN or CC false JJ substitution NN play VV more JJR havoc NN among IN the DT necessaries NN than IN among IN the DT luxuries NNS of IN life NN . SENT In IN neither DT is VBZ there RB any DT adequate JJ safeguard VV for IN the DT organic JJ worth NN of IN the DT articles NNS bought VVN and CC sold VVN , , though RB in IN both CC there EX must MD be VB held VVN to TO be VB a DT certain JJ presumption NN favourable JJ to TO some DT organic JJ satisfaction NN attending VVG the DT immediate JJ act NN of IN consumption NN . SENT If IN a DT law NN of IN falsification NN can MD be VB found VVN at IN all DT , , it PP is VBZ more RBR likely JJ to TO emerge VV from IN a DT comparative JJ study NN not RB of IN necessaries NN , , conveniences NNS , , comforts NNS and CC luxuries NNS , , in IN a DT class NN standard NN , , but CC of IN the DT various JJ sorts NNS of IN satisfactions NNS classified VVN in IN relation NN to TO the DT needs NNS which WDT underlie VV them PP . SENT Where WRB goods NNS are VBP consumed VVN as RB soon RB as IN they PP are VBP bought VVN , , and CC by IN some DT process NN involving VVG a DT strong JJ appeal NN to TO the DT senses NNS , , there EX is VBZ less JJR chance NN for IN vulgar JJ fraud NN than IN where WRB consumption NN is VBZ gradual JJ or CC postponed VVN , , and CC is VBZ not RB attended VVN by IN any DT moment NN of IN vivid JJ realisation NN . SENT Other JJ things NNS equal JJ , , one PP might MD expect VV more RBR easily RB to TO sell VV shoddy JJ clothing NN than IN similarly RB damaged VVN food NN . SENT the DT adulteration NN of IN a DT jerry NN built VVN house NN is VBZ less RBR easily RB detected VVN , , or CC less RBR adequately RB reprobated VVN , , than IN that DT of IN a DT jerry NN built VVD suit NN of IN clothes NNS . SENT Along IN similar JJ lines NNS we PP might MD , , in IN considering VVG non JJ material NN consumption NN , , urge VVP that IN there EX are VBP more JJR safeguards NNS for IN utility NN in IN the DT expenditure NN upon IN books NNS or CC music NN hall NN performances NNS than IN upon IN education NN or CC church NN membership NN . SENT And CC in IN a DT sense NN this DT is VBZ true JJ . SENT If IN I PP buy VVP a DT book NN or CC attend VV a DT concert NN , , I PP am VBP surer JJR to TO get VV what WP I PP regard VVP as IN a DT quid NN pro FW quo FW for IN my PP$ expenditure NN than IN in IN the DT case NN of IN a DT prolonged JJ process NN involving VVG many JJ small JJ consecutive JJ acts NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN this DT is VBZ true JJ , , it PP means VVZ that IN relics NNS of IN organic JJ guidance NN are VBP more RBR truly RB operative JJ in IN some DT kinds NNS of IN satisfaction NN than IN in IN others NNS , , and CC furnish VV some DT better JJR check NN upon IN the DT deception NN which WDT commercialism NN may MD seek VV to TO practise VV . SENT But CC , , of IN course NN , , our PP$ valuation NN of IN such JJ checks NNS will MD depend VV upon IN how WRB far RB we PP can MD accept VV them PP as IN reliable JJ tests NNS , , not RB of IN some DT short JJ range NN immediate JJ satisfaction NN , , but CC of IN the DT wider JJR individual JJ and CC social JJ welfare NN . SENT The DT fact NN that IN so RB many JJ notoriously RB bad JJ habits NNS can MD be VB acquired VVN by IN reason NN of IN an DT immediate JJ organic JJ attractiveness NN that WDT is VBZ a DT false JJ clue NN to TO the DT larger JJR welfare NN , , must MD put VV us PP on IN our PP$ guard NN against IN accepting VVG any DT easy JJ law NN based VVN on IN the DT test NN of IN natural JJ tastes NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT But CC , , in IN considering VVG the DT degradation NN of IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN , , it PP is VBZ well RB to TO bring VV some DT closer JJR analysis NN to TO bear VV upon IN the DT processes NNS of IN suggestion NN and CC adoption NN that WDT are VBP comprised VVN in IN imitation NN . SENT In IN analysing VVG the DT forms NNS of IN wealth NN , , the DT goods NNS and CC services NNS , , which WDT are VBP the DT real JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN , , in IN terms NNS of IN their PP$ production NN , , we PP recognised VVD that IN , , other JJ things NNS equal JJ , , the DT human JJ cost NN of IN any DT body NN of IN that DT wealth NN varied VVD directly RB with IN the DT amount NN of IN routine JJ or CC purely RB imitative JJ work NN put VVD into IN it PP , , and CC inversely RB with IN the DT amount NN of IN creative JJ or CC individual JJ work NN . SENT That DT judgment NN , , however RB , , we PP felt VVD bound VVN to TO qualify VV by IN the DT consideration NN that IN a DT certain JJ proportion NN of IN routine JJ work NN , , though RB in IN itself PP perhaps RB distasteful JJ and CC uninteresting JJ , , had VHD an DT organic JJ value NN both CC for IN the DT individual JJ and CC for IN society NN . SENT How WRB far RB can MD we PP apply VV an DT analogous JJ judgment NN to TO the DT same JJ body NN of IN Wealth NN on IN its PP$ consumption NN side NN . SENT Can MD we PP assume VV that IN the DT utility NN of IN consumption NN of IN any DT given VVN body NN of IN wealth NN varies VVZ directly RB with IN the DT amount NN of IN free JJ personal JJ expression NN which WDT its PP$ use NN connotes VVZ , , and CC inversely RB with IN the DT routine JJ or CC conventional JJ character NN it PP bears VVZ . SENT Evidently RB not RB . SENT The DT same JJ analysis NN does VVZ not RB apply VV . SENT The DT chief JJ reason NN for IN the DT difference NN has VHZ already RB been VBN indicated VVN , , by IN pointing VVG out RP that IN , , in IN a DT modern JJ industrial JJ society NN , , each DT man NN , , as IN producer NN , , is VBZ highly RB specialised VVN , , as IN consumer NN highly RB generalised VVN . SENT The DT high JJ human JJ costs NNS of IN routine JJ work NN were VBD , , we PP saw VVD , , a DT direct JJ result NN of IN this DT specialising VVG process NN . SENT A DT little JJ routine JJ work NN of IN several JJ sorts NNS , , regularly RB practised VVN , , would MD involve VV no DT organic JJ cost NN , , and CC might MD indeed RB yield VV a DT fund NN of IN positive JJ utility NN as IN a DT wholesome JJ r NN gime NN of IN exercise NN , , provided VVD it PP was VBD not RB carried VVN so RB far RB as IN to TO encroach VV upon IN the DT fund NN of IN energy NN needed VVN for IN the DT performance NN of IN other JJ special JJ work NN , , creative JJ and CC interesting JJ . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT usual JJ economic JJ justification NN of IN the DT excessive JJ division NN of IN labour NN existing VVG at IN present NN in IN advanced JJ industrial JJ societies NNS is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ essential JJ to TO yield VV that DT large JJ body NN of IN objective JJ wealth NN which WDT , , by IN its PP$ distribution NN , , enriches VVZ and CC gives VVZ variety NN to TO the DT consumption NN of IN all DT members NNS of IN the DT society NN . SENT The DT producer NN is VBZ sacrificed VVN to TO the DT consumer NN , , the DT damage NN done VVN to TO each DT man NN in IN his PP$ former JJ capacity NN being VBG more RBR than IN compensated VVN by IN the DT benefits NNS conferred VVD upon IN him PP in IN his PP$ latter JJ capacity NN . SENT The DT full JJ validity NN of IN this DT doctrine NN will MD be VB considered VVN when WRB we PP gather VVP together RB the DT two CD sides NNS of IN our PP$ analysis NN and CC consider VV the DT inter VV relations NNS between IN production NN and CC consumption NN as IN an DT aspect NN of IN the DT problem NN of IN human JJ values NNS . SENT At IN present NN we PP may MD begin VV by IN accepting VVG variety NN of IN consumption NN as IN a DT condition NN in IN itself PP favourable JJ to TO the DT maximisation NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT This DT assumption NN is VBZ not RB , , however RB , , quite RB self NN evident JJ . SENT The DT routine JJ factors NNS in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN and CC a DT standard NN qua IN standard NN consists VVZ of IN routine JJ , , so RB far RB as IN they PP are VBP laid VVN down RP under IN the DT direction NN of IN an DT instinctive JJ or CC a DT rational JJ evolution NN of IN wants VVZ , , must MD be VB regarded VVN as IN containing VVG a DT minimum NN of IN waste NN or CC disutility NN . SENT Since IN they PP are VBP also RB the DT foundation NN and CC the DT indispensable JJ condition NN for IN all PDT the DT higher JJR forms NNS of IN material NN or CC non JJ material NN consumption NN in IN which WDT the DT conscious JJ personality NN of IN individuals NNS finds VVZ expression NN , , they PP may MD be VB held VVN to TO contain VV per IN unit NN a DT maximum NN of IN human JJ value NN . SENT From IN this DT standpoint NN there RB would MD seem VV to TO emerge VV a DT law NN of IN the DT economy NN of IN consumption NN , , to TO the DT effect NN that IN the DT maximum NN of IN social JJ welfare NN would MD be VB got VVN from IN a DT distribution NN of IN wealth NN which WDT absorbed VVD the DT entire JJ product NN in IN this DT routine JJ satisfaction NN of IN the DT common JJ needs NNS of IN life NN . SENT This DT economy NN need MD not RB be VB conceived VVN merely RB in IN terms NNS of IN a DT uniform JJ standard NN of IN material NN satisfactions NNS . SENT A DT wider JJR interpretation NN of IN life NN and CC of IN necessaries NN might MD extend VV it PP so RB as RB to TO cover VV many JJ higher JJR grades NNS of IN satisfaction NN , , all PDT the DT joys NNS that WDT are VBP in IN widest JJS commonalty NN spread NN . SENT The DT natural JJ evolution NN of IN such PDT an DT economy NN of IN consumption NN might MD , , it PP is VBZ arguable JJ , , yield VV the DT greatest JJS quantity NN of IN social JJ welfare NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT But CC a DT high JJ uniform JJ level NN of IN welfare NN throughout IN society NN does VVZ not RB exhaust VV the DT demands NNS of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT It PP evidently RB overstresses VVZ the DT life NN of IN the DT social JJ as RB against IN the DT individual JJ organism NN , , imposing VVG a DT regimen NN of IN equality NN which WDT absorbs VVZ the DT many JJ into IN the DT one NN . SENT Now RB , , desirous JJ to TO hold VV the DT balance NN fair JJ between IN the DT claims NNS of IN individual JJ personality NN and CC of IN society NN , , we PP cannot NN acquiesce VV in IN an DT ideal NN of IN economical JJ consumption NN which WDT makes VVZ no DT direct JJ provision NN for IN the DT former JJ . SENT So RB far RB , , however RB , , as IN the DT consumption NN of IN an DT individual NN is VBZ of IN a DT routine JJ character NN , , expressing VVG only RB the DT needs NNS of IN a DT human JJ nature NN held VVN in IN common JJ with IN his PP$ fellows NNS , , it PP does VVZ not RB really RB express VV his PP$ individuality NN at IN all DT . SENT The DT realisation NN of IN the DT unique JJ values NNS of IN his PP$ personality NN , , and CC the DT conscious JJ satisfaction NN that IN proceeds NNS from IN this DT individual JJ expression NN , , can MD only RB be VB got VVN by IN activities NNS which WDT lie VVP beyond IN the DT scope NN of IN custom NN and CC convention NN . SENT Though IN this DT issue NN has VHZ most RBS important JJ bearings NNS that WDT are VBP outside IN the DT economic JJ field NN , , it PP is VBZ also RB vitally RB connected VVN with IN the DT use NN of IN economic JJ goods NNS . SENT For IN , , unless IN a DT due JJ proportion NN of IN the DT general JJ income NN the DT aggregate NN of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS is VBZ placed VVN at IN the DT free JJ disposal NN of IN individuals NNS in IN such JJ forms NNS as RB to TO nourish VV and CC stimulate VV the DT wholesome JJ and CC joyous JJ expansion NN of IN their PP$ powers NNS , , that DT social JJ progress NN which WDT first RB manifests VVZ itself PP in IN the DT free JJ experimental JJ and CC creative JJ actions NNS of IN individuals NNS whose WP$ natures NNS vary VVP in IN some DT fine NN and CC serviceable JJ way NN from IN the DT common JJ life NN , , will MD be VB thwarted VVN . SENT This DT brings VVZ us PP to TO a DT better JJR understanding NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC origin NN of IN the DT human JJ injury NN and CC waste NN contained VVN in IN large JJ sections NNS of IN that DT conventional JJ consumption NN which WDT plays VVZ so RB large JJ and CC so RB depressing VVG a DT part NN in IN every DT class NN standard NN of IN comfort NN . SENT Where WRB the DT production NN of IN an DT economic JJ society NN has VHZ grown VVN so RB far RB as IN to TO yield VV a DT considerable JJ and CC a DT growing VVG surplus NN beyond IN that DT required VVN for IN survival NN purposes NNS , , this DT surplus NN is VBZ liable JJ to TO several JJ abuses NNS . SENT Instead RB of IN being VBG applied VVN as IN food NN and CC stimulus NN to TO the DT physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ growth NN of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ life NN , , it PP may MD be VB squandered VVN , , either CC upon IN excessive JJ satisfaction NN of IN existing VVG routine NN wants VVZ in IN any DT class NN or CC classes NNS , , or CC in IN the DT stimulation NN and CC satisfaction NN of IN more JJR routine NN wants VVZ and CC the DT evolution NN of IN a DT complex JJ conventional JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN , , containing VVG in IN its PP$ new JJ factors NNS a DT diminishing VVG amount NN of IN human JJ utility NN or CC even RB an DT increasing VVG amount NN of IN human JJ costs NNS . SENT If IN the DT industrial JJ structure NN is VBZ such JJ that IN particular JJ groups NNS of IN business NN men NNS can MD make VV private JJ gains NNS by IN stimulating VVG new JJ wasteful JJ modes NNS of IN conventional JJ consumption NN , , this DT process NN , , as IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , is VBZ greatly RB facilitated VVN . SENT But CC , , after IN all DT , , the DT business NN motive NN is VBZ not RB in IN itself PP an DT adequate JJ explanation NN . SENT Business NN firms NNS suggest VVP new JJ wants VVZ , , but CC the DT susceptibility NN to TO such JJ suggestions NNS , , the DT active JJ imitation NN by IN which WDT a DT new JJ article NN passes VVZ into IN the DT conventional JJ consumption NN of IN a DT group NN or CC class NN , , requires VVZ closer JJR consideration NN . SENT Falsification NN of IN a DT standard NN can MD seldom RB be VB understood VVN as IN a DT mere JJ perversion NN of IN the DT free JJ choice NN of IN individuals NNS . SENT A DT convention NN is VBZ not RB produced VVN by IN a DT mere JJ coincidence NN of IN separate JJ choices NNS . SENT Imitation NN plays VVZ an DT important JJ part NN in IN the DT contagion NN and CC infection NN of IN example NN . SENT In IN endeavouring VVG to TO assess VV the DT human JJ utility NN of IN the DT consumption NN of IN wealth NN we PP see VVP the DT play NN of IN several JJ imitative JJ forces NNS . SENT Current JJ Prestige NN , , Tradition NP , , Authority NP , , Fashion NP , , Respectability NN supplement NN or CC often RB displace VV the DT play NN of IN individual JJ taste NN , , good JJ or CC bad JJ , , in IN moulding VVG a DT class NN and CC family NN standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT The DT psychology NN and CC sociology NN of IN these DT distinctively RB imitative JJ forces NNS which WDT form VVP or CC change VVP standards NNS are VBP exceedingly RB obscure JJ . SENT The DT merely RB gregarious JJ instinct NN may MD lead VV to TO the DT spread NN in IN a DT class NN or CC group NN of IN any DT novelty NN which WDT attracts VVZ attention NN and CC is VBZ not RB offensive JJ . SENT Where WRB supported VVN by IN any DT element NN of IN personal JJ prestige NN , , such JJ novelty NN , , irrespective RB of IN its PP$ real JJ virtues NNS or CC uses NNS , , may MD spread VV and CC become VV embedded VVN in IN a DT standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT The DT beginnings NNS of IN every DT fashion NN largely RB belong VVP to TO this DT order NN of IN imitation NN . SENT Some DT prestige NN is VBZ usually RB needed VVN fairly RB to TO launch VV a DT new JJ fashion NN . SENT once RB launched VVD it PP spreads VVZ mainly RB by IN gregariousness NN , , the DT instinct NN to TO be VB , , or CC look VV , , or CC act NN , , like IN other JJ people NNS . SENT The DT limits NNS of IN error NN , , disutility NN or CC inconvenience NN , , which WDT can MD be VB set VVN upon IN a DT novelty NN of IN fashion NN , , appear VVP to TO depend VV mainly RB upon IN the DT initial JJ force NN of IN prestige NN . SENT The DT King NP might MD introduce VV into IN London NP society NN a DT really RB inconvenient JJ high JJ hat NN , , though IN the DT Queen NP perhaps RB could MD not RB carry VV a DT full JJ revival NN of IN the DT crinoline NN . SENT Fashions NNS change VVP but CC they PP leave VVP deposits NNS of IN conventional JJ expenditure NN behind RB . SENT What WP is VBZ at IN first JJ fashionable NN often RB remains VVZ as IN respectable JJ and CC lives VVZ long RB in IN the DT conventional JJ habits NNS of IN a DT class NN . SENT Every DT class NN standard NN is VBZ encrusted VVN with IN little JJ elements NNS of IN dead JJ fashion NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT But CC this DT formative JJ influence NN of IN Prestige NN itself PP demands VVZ fuller JJR consideration NN . SENT For IN it PP not RB merely RB implants VVZ elements NNS of IN expenditure NN in IN the DT standard NN of IN consumption NN , , but CC infects VVZ the DT standard NN itself PP . SENT A DT true JJ standard NN would MD rest VV on IN a DT basis NN of IN organic JJ utility NN , , expenditure NN being VBG apportioned VVN so RB as IN to TO promote VV the DT soundest JJS , , fullest JJS human JJ life NN . SENT But CC all DT conventional JJ consumption NN is VBZ determined VVN largely RB by IN valuations NNS imposed VVN by IN the DT class NN possessing VVG most JJS prestige NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , a DT commonplace NN that IN fashions NNS in IN dress NN , , and CC in IN certain JJ external JJ modes NNS of IN consumption NN , , descend VV by IN snobbish JJ imitation NN from IN high JJ life NN through IN the DT different JJ social JJ strata NNS , , each DT class NN copying VVG the DT class NN above RB . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT matter NN of IN far RB more JJR vital JJ importance NN that IN religion NN , , ethics NNS , , art NN , , literature NN and CC the DT whole JJ range NN of IN intellectual JJ activities NNS , , manners NNS , , amusements NNS , , take VV their PP$ shapes NNS and CC values NNS largely RB by IN the DT same JJ process NN of IN infiltration NN from IN above RB . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN everywhere RB . SENT In IN many JJ nations NNS the DT distinctions NNS of IN caste NN , , class NN , , locality NN or CC occupation NN , , are VBP so RB strong JJ as RB to TO preclude VV the DT passage NN of IN habits NNS of IN material NN consumption NN , , manners NNS , , tastes NNS and CC ideas NNS , , from IN one CD social JJ stratum NN to TO another DT . SENT The DT exclusive JJ possession NN of IN a DT code NN of IN life NN , , of IN language NN , , thought NN and CC feelings NNS by IN a DT caste NN or CC class NN , , is VBZ itself PP a DT matter NN of IN pride NN , , and CC often RB of IN legal JJ protection NN . SENT This DT holds VVZ not RB only RB of IN most JJS Asiatic JJ civilisations NNS but CC , , though RB less RBR rigorously RB , , of IN those DT European JJ countries NNS which WDT have VHP not RB been VBN fully RB subjected VVN to TO the DT dissolving VVG forces NNS of IN industrialism NN . SENT But CC in IN such JJ countries NNS as IN England NP and CC the DT United NP States NP , , where WRB the DT industrial JJ arts NNS are VBP rapidly RB evolving VVG new JJ products NNS and CC stimulating VVG new JJ tastes NNS , , and CC where WRB at IN the DT same JJ time NN the DT social JJ strata NNS present VVP a DT continuous JJ gradation NN with IN much JJ movement NN from IN one CD stratum NN to TO another DT , , the DT process NN of IN Station NP by IN prestige NN is VBZ very RB rapid JJ and CC general JJ . SENT The DT actual JJ expenditure NN of IN the DT income NN of IN every DT class NN in IN these DT countries NNS is VBZ very RB largely RB determined VVN , , not RB by IN organic JJ needs NNS , , but CC by IN imitation NN of IN the DT conventional JJ consumption NN of IN the DT class NN immediately RB above IN in IN income NN or CC in IN social JJ esteem NN . SENT That DT conventional JJ consumption NN in IN its PP$ turn NN is VBZ formed VVN by IN imitation NN of IN the DT class NN above RB . SENT The DT aristocracy NN , , plutocracy NN , , or CC class NN with IN most JJS power NN or CC prestige NN , , thus RB makes VVZ the DT standards NNS for IN the DT other JJ classes NNS . SENT Now RB , , even RB if IN it PP were VBD a DT real JJ aristocracy NN , , a DT company NN of IN the DT best JJS , , it PP by IN no DT means NN follows VVZ that IN a DT standard NN of IN living VVG good JJ for IN them PP would MD be VB equally RB good JJ for IN other JJ social JJ grades NNS . SENT But CC there EX would MD be VB at IN least JJS a DT strong JJ presumption NN in IN its PP$ favour NN . SENT To TO copy VV good JJ examples NNS , , even RB if IN the DT copying NN is VBZ defective JJ , , is VBZ an DT elevating VVG practice NN , , and CC in IN as RB much JJ as IN the DT essentials NNS of IN humanity NN are VBP found VVN alike RB in IN all DT , , thoughtless JJ imitation NN of IN one's JJ betters NNS might MD raise VV one's NNS own JJ standard NN . SENT If IN in IN a DT society NN the DT men NNS of IN light NN and CC leading VVG occupied JJ this DT place NN because IN they PP had VHD discovered VVN a DT genius NN for IN the DT art NN of IN noble JJ living NN , , the DT swift JJ unconscious JJ imitation NN of IN their PP$ mode NN of IN life NN , , the DT morals NNS and CC manners NNS of IN this DT aristocracy NN , , would MD surely RB be VB the DT finest JJS schooling NN for IN the DT whole JJ people NNS . SENT the DT models NNS of IN the DT good JJ , , the DT true JJ , , the DT beautiful JJ , , which WDT they PP afforded VVN , , would MD inform VV each DT lower JJR grade NN , , according VVG to TO its PP$ capacity NN . SENT But CC where WRB the DT whole JJ forces NNS of IN prestige NN and CC imitation NN are VBP set VVN on IN a DT sham JJ aristocracy NN , , copying VVG as RB closely RB as IN possible JJ their PP$ modes NNS of IN consumption NN , , their PP$ ways NNS of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN , , their PP$ valuations NNS and CC ideals NNS , , incalculable JJ damage NN and CC waste NN may MD ensue VV . SENT For IN the DT defects NNS in IN the DT standard NN of IN the DT upper JJ few JJ will NN , , by IN imitation NN , , be VB magnified VVN as RB well RB as RB multiplied VVN in IN the DT lower JJR standards NNS of IN the DT many JJ . SENT Let VV me PP illustrate VV . SENT If IN gambling NN is VBZ bad JJ for IN the DT upper JJ classes NNS , , its PP$ imitation NN becomes VVZ progressively RB worse JJR as IN it PP descends VVZ , , poisoning NN the DT life NN and CC consuming NN a DT larger JJR proportion NN of IN the DT diminishing VVG margin NN of IN the DT income NN of IN each DT class NN . SENT If IN the DT inconvenience NN of IN decorative JJ dress NN is VBZ bad JJ for IN rich JJ women NNS , , who WP live VVP a DT life NN of IN ease NN and CC leisure NN , , its PP$ imitation NN by IN the DT active JJ housewives NNS of IN the DT middle NN , , and CC the DT women NNS workers NNS of IN the DT lower JJR classes NNS , , inflicts VVZ a DT graver JJR disutility NN . SENT For IN the DT waste NN of IN income NN is VBZ more RBR injurious JJ and CC the DT physical JJ impediments NNS to TO liberty NN of IN movement NN are VBP more RBR onerous JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT immeasurable JJ importance NN of IN this DT prestige NN of IN the DT upper JJ class NN , , percolating VVG through IN all DT lower JJR social JJ grades NNS , , and CC imposing VVG , , not RB merely RB elements NNS of IN conventional JJ consumption NN , , but CC standards NNS and CC ideas NNS of IN life NN which WDT affect VVP the DT whole JJ mode NN of IN living NN , , that WDT requires VVZ us PP to TO give VV closer JJR consideration NN to TO the DT life NN of IN the DT leisure NN class NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT Here RB we PP can MD find VV valuable JJ aid NN in IN a DT remarkable JJ book NN entitled VVD The DT Theory NN of IN the DT Leisure NP Class NP , , by IN Mr NP . SENT Veblen NP , , an DT American JJ sociologist NN . SENT Regarded VVN as IN a DT scientific JJ study NN , , which WDT it PP rightly RB claims VVZ to TO be VB , , this DT book NN has VHZ two CD considerable JJ defects NNS , , one CD of IN manner NN , , one CD of IN matter NN . SENT Its PP$ analysis NN is VBZ conducted VVN with IN a DT half JJ humorous JJ parade NN of IN pompous JJ terminology NN apt JJ to TO wear VV upon IN the DT temper NN of IN the DT reader NN . SENT Its PP$ exaggerated JJ stress NN upon IN a DT single JJ strain NN of IN personality NN , , as IN a DT dominant JJ influence NN in IN the DT formation NN of IN habits NNS and CC the DT direction NN of IN conduct NN , , is VBZ a DT more RBR serious JJ blemish NN in IN a DT work NN of IN profound JJ and CC penetrating VVG power NN . SENT But CC for IN our PP$ present JJ purpose NN , , that WDT of IN discovering VVG the DT elements NNS of IN waste NN in IN national JJ consumption NN , , it PP is VBZ of IN first JJ rate NN importance NN . SENT Mr NP . SENT Veblen's NP main JJ line NN of IN argument NN may MD be VB summarised VVN as RB follows VVZ . SENT In IN primitive JJ society NN war NN and CC the DT chase NN will MD be VB the DT chief JJ means NN by IN which WDT men NNS may MD satisfy VV that DT craving NN for IN personal JJ distinction NN and CC importance NN which WDT is VBZ the DT most RBS enduring JJ and CC importunate JJ of IN psychical JJ desires NNS . SENT Personal JJ process NN , , mainly RB physical JJ , , displayed VVN in IN fight NN or CC hunt NN , , will MD secure VV leadership NN or CC ascendency NN in IN tribal JJ life NN . SENT So IN those DT trophies NNS which WDT attest VV such JJ prowess NN , , the DT skulls NNS or CC scalps NNS of IN enemies NNS , , the DT skins NNS of IN slain VVN animals NNS , , or CC the DT live JJ possession NN of IN tame JJ animals NNS , , will MD be VB the DT most RBS highly RB prized VVN forms NNS of IN property NN . SENT When WRB the DT capture NN and CC enslavement NN of IN enemies NNS has VHZ taken VVN the DT place NN of IN promiscuous JJ slaughter NN , , the DT size NN and CC variety NN of IN his PP$ retinue NN of IN slaves NNS for IN personal JJ service NN , , concubinage NN , , or CC merely RB decorative JJ show NN , , attest VV the DT greatness NN of IN the DT warrior NN chief NN . SENT When WRB the DT industrial JJ arts NNS are VBP sufficiently RB developed VVN , , slaves NNS will MD be VB set VVN to TO produce VV such JJ other JJ forms NNS of IN property NN , , enlarged JJ housing NN , , quantities NNS of IN showy JJ garments NNS , , cultivated VVN fields NNS , , herds NNS of IN cattle NNS , , as RB afford VV conspicuous JJ evidence NN of IN the DT personal JJ prowess NN of IN the DT chief NN . SENT Glory NN , , far RB more JJR than IN utility NN or CC comfort NN , , continues VVZ to TO be VB the DT dominant JJ motive NN . SENT As IN civilisation NN begins VVZ to TO make VV way NN , , the DT notion NN of IN what WP constitutes VVZ personal JJ process NN begins VVZ to TO be VB modified VVN . SENT Though IN physical JJ force NN may MD still RB remain VV a DT chief JJ ingredient NN , , skill NN and CC cunning JJ , , wisdom NN in IN counsel NN , , capacity NN for IN command NN and CC law NN making NN , , come VVN to TO be VB recognised VVN as IN also RB giving VVG prestige NN . SENT As IN not RB only RB the DT strong JJ man NN by IN his PP$ strength NN , , but CC the DT cunning JJ man NN by IN his PP$ cunning JJ , , can MD get VV that IN wealth NN or CC property NN which WDT are VBP the DT insignia NN of IN prowess NN , , property NN will MD however RB still RB be VB valued VVN by IN its PP$ owner NN mainly RB for IN the DT prestige NN it PP affords VVZ him PP among IN his PP$ fellows NNS . SENT It PP will MD still RB for IN the DT most JJS part NN take VVP shape NN in IN external JJ forms NNS of IN adornment NN or CC magnificence NN . SENT As IN it PP develops VVZ into IN the DT culminating VVG form NN of IN the DT oriental JJ court NN , , the DT element NN of IN display NN will MD remain VV the DT paramount JJ consideration NN , , to TO which WDT even RB the DT sense NN enjoyments NNS of IN the DT owner NN will MD be VB secondary JJ . SENT The DT effect NN of IN this DT early JJ linking VVG of IN property NN to TO personal JJ prowess NN will MD be VB that IN in IN the DT general JJ mind NN of IN man NN the DT possession NN of IN property NN is VBZ honorific JJ . SENT It PP secures VVZ for IN its PP$ owner NN a DT presumption NN of IN personal JJ greatness NN . SENT Therefore RB , , its PP$ possession NN must MD be VB kept VVN in IN full JJ and CC constant JJ evidence NN , , especially RB where WRB inheritance NN destroys VVZ the DT direct JJ presumption NN of IN the DT personal JJ prowess NN of IN the DT actual JJ owner NN . SENT Hence RB the DT two CD essential JJ features NNS of IN the DT mode NN of IN living VVG of IN the DT dominant JJ class NN or CC caste NN , , ostentatious JJ waste NN and CC conspicuous JJ leisure NN . SENT For IN thus RB the DT prestige NN of IN property NN is VBZ best RBS enforced VVN . SENT Gorgeous JJ palaces NNS with IN luxurious JJ grounds NNS , , magnificent JJ banquets NNS and CC entertainments NNS , , extravagant JJ refinements NNS of IN sensual JJ luxury NN , , adornments NNS of IN fabrics NNS , , jewels NNS and CC articles NNS of IN laborious JJ skill NN , , magnificent JJ tombs NNS and CC other JJ monuments NNS the DT elaborate JJ parade NN of IN waste NN , , in IN order NN to TO fasten VV on IN the DT common JJ imagination NN the DT sense NN of IN wonder NN and CC of IN admiration NN of IN the DT person NN who WP could MD afford VV so RB lavish JJ a DT waste NN . SENT The DT family NN of IN the DT rich JJ man NN is VBZ chiefly RB valued VVN as IN an DT instrument NN for IN making VVG this DT display NN effective JJ . SENT His PP$ wife NN or CC wives NNS must MD do VV no DT work NN , , not RB even RB copy VV his PP$ parasitic JJ activities NNS . SENT they PP must MD stand VV as IN open JJ monuments NNS of IN conspicuous JJ leisure NN , , their PP$ personal JJ adornments NNS , , their PP$ retinues NNS of IN servants NNS , , the DT entire JJ elaborate JJ ritual NN of IN their PP$ futile JJ lives NNS , , must MD be VB devoted VVN to TO showing VVG how WRB much JJ their PP$ possessor NN can MD afford VV to TO caste NN . SENT Such JJ was VBD the DT life NN of IN the DT aristocracy NN in IN olden JJ and CC medieval JJ days NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ passed VVN in IN most JJS essentials NNS , , by IN tradition NN and CC imitation NN , , to TO the DT life NN of IN the DT upper JJ class NN in IN modern JJ civilised JJ nations NNS . SENT The DT modes NNS and CC conceptions NNS of IN personal JJ prowess NN and CC prestige NN have VHP indeed RB shifted VVN . SENT The DT man NN of IN business NN has VHZ dethroned VVN the DT warrior NN or CC the DT political JJ chieftain NN . SENT The DT typical JJ great JJ man NN of IN our PP$ time NN is VBZ the DT great JJ entrepreneur NN , , the DT financier NN who WP directs VVZ the DT flow NN of IN capital NN and CC rules NNS prices NNS on IN change NN , , the DT railway NN or CC shipping NN magnate NN who WP plans VVZ a DT combine VV , , the DT able JJ and CC astute JJ merchant NN , , who WP controls VVZ a DT market NN , , the DT manufacturer NN who WP conducts VVZ a DT great JJ productive JJ business NN , , the DT organiser NN of IN a DT successful JJ departmental JJ store NN . SENT The DT personal JJ qualities NNS and CC activities NNS involved VVN in IN these DT tasks NNS are VBP very RB different JJ from IN those DT possessed VVN by IN barbarian JJ chieftains NNS or CC oriental JJ despots NNS . SENT Add VV to TO such JJ men NNS the DT surviving VVG landed VVN aristocracy NN of IN rent NN receivers NNS , , and CC a DT considerable JJ number NN of IN families NNS that WDT live VVP on IN dividends NNS , , taking VVG no DT real JJ part NN in IN the DT administration NN of IN industry NN , , and CC we PP have VHP a DT synopsis NN of IN the DT class NN which WDT to IN day NN wields VVZ prestige NN . SENT Though IN the DT elaboration NN of IN modern JJ arts NNS of IN pleasure NN directs VVZ a DT great JJ part NN of IN the DT expenditure NN of IN this DT , , our PP$ upper JJ class NN , , the DT traditional JJ habits NNS of IN ostentatious JJ waste NN and CC conspicuous JJ leisure NN as IN modes NNS of IN glory NN are VBP still RB paramount JJ motives NNS . SENT Most RBS rich JJ people NNS value NN riches NNS less RBR for IN the DT pleasures NNS they PP afford VVP than IN for IN the DT social JJ consideration NN , , the DT personal JJ distinction NN , , they PP procure VV . SENT The DT craving NN to TO realise VV superiority NN over IN others NNS , , as RB attested VVN by IN their PP$ servility NN or CC imitation NN , , the DT power NN of IN money NN to TO make VV others NNS do VV your PP$ will NN , , the DT sense NN of IN freedom NN to TO realise VV every DT passing VVG caprice NN , , these DT remain VVP the DT chief JJ value NN of IN riches NNS , , and CC mould VV the DT valuations NNS of IN life NN for IN the DT bulk NN of IN the DT well NN to TO do VV . SENT Such JJ are VBP the DT inevitable JJ effects NNS of IN easily RB gotten VVN and CC excessive JJ wealth NN upon IN the DT possessors NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN they PP operate VVP , , they PP induce VV futile JJ extravagance NN in IN expenditure NN . SENT Instead RB of IN making VVG for IN utility NN , , they PP make VVP for IN disutility NN of IN consumption NN . SENT Such JJ is VBZ the DT gist NN of IN this DT analysis NN of IN the DT leisured JJ life NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT Expenditure NN which WDT is VBZ to TO be VB effectively RB ostentatious JJ , , so RB as RB to TO impress VV its PP$ magnificence NN upon IN the DT largest JJS number NN of IN other JJ people NNS , , cannot NN be VB directed VVN to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN a DT real JJ personal JJ want NN , , even RB a DT bad JJ want NN . SENT Futility NN is VBZ of IN its PP$ essence NN . SENT The DT very JJ type NN of IN this DT expenditure NN is VBZ a DT display NN of IN fireworks NNS . SENT there EX is VBZ no DT other JJ way NN of IN consuming NN so RB large JJ a DT quantity NN of IN wealth NN in IN so RB short JJ a DT time NN with IN such JJ sensational JJ publicity NN and CC with IN no DT enduring JJ effect NN whatever JJ . SENT This DT private JJ extravagance NN may MD perhaps RB be VB paralleled VVN in IN public JJ expenditure NN by IN the DT squandering VVG of IN millions NNS upon IN war NN ships NNS which WDT are VBP not RB needed VVN , , will MD never RB be VB used VVN , , and CC will MD be VB obsolete JJ within IN a DT few JJ years NNS of IN their PP$ construction NN . SENT The DT defects NNS which WDT every DT sane JJ social JJ critic NN finds VVZ in IN the DT modes NNS of IN living VVG of IN the DT rich JJ , , their PP$ frivolity NN , , triviality NN and CC futility NN , , are VBP illustrations NNS of IN Mr NP . SENT Veblen's NP thesis NN . SENT Perhaps RB the DT largest JJS complex NN of IN forms NNS of IN futile JJ waste NN , , waste NN of IN money NN and CC of IN time NN , , is VBZ contained VVN in IN the DT performance NN of IN what WP , , with IN curious JJ aptness NN of IN phrase NN , , are VBP termed VVN social JJ duties NNS , , the DT idle JJ round NN of IN visits NNS , , entertainments NNS and CC functions NNS which WDT constitutes VVZ the DT society NN life NN . SENT I PP speak VVP of IN the DT aptness NN of IN the DT term NN social JJ duties NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ no DT paradox NN , , but CC merely RB the DT finest JJS instance NN of IN that DT perversion NN of IN values NNS and CC valuations NNS which WDT is VBZ inherent JJ in IN the DT situation NN . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ essential JJ to TO the DT accuracy NN of IN this DT analysis NN that IN the DT rich JJ members NNS of IN society NN should MD regard VV their PP$ most RBS futile JJ activities NNS as IN duties NNS , , and CC their PP$ small JJ section NN of IN humanity NN as IN society NN . SENT Of IN the DT expenditure NN which WDT is VBZ laid VVN out RP on IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN material NN wants VVZ , , the DT waste NN or CC disutility NN will MD often RB be VB considerable JJ . SENT But CC Nature NP is VBZ strong JJ enough RB to TO enforce VV some DT sense NN and CC moderation NN in IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN primary JJ organic JJ desires NNS . SENT While IN , , therefore RB , , there EX is VBZ much RB luxury NN and CC waste NN in IN the DT material NN standard NN of IN comfort NN of IN the DT rich JJ , , we PP do VVP quite RB wrong JJ to TO find VV in IN food NN and CC clothing NN and CC other JJ material NN consumption NN our PP$ chief JJ instances NNS of IN luxury NN and CC waste NN . SENT It PP is VBZ in IN the DT non JJ material NN expenditure NN that IN the DT proportion NN of IN waste NN or CC disutility NN is VBZ largest JJS . SENT The DT great JJ moral JJ law NN , , corruptio NP optimi NP pessima NN , , requires VVZ that DT this DT be VB so RB . SENT If IN we PP seek VVP the DT largest JJS sources NNS of IN injurious JJ waste NN in IN the DT standard NN of IN the DT well NN to TO do VV classes NNS , , we PP shall MD find VV them PP in IN the DT expenditure NN upon IN recreation NN , , education NN and CC charity NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT On IN the DT side NN of IN Consumption NN as IN of IN Production NN a DT progressive JJ society NN that WDT has VHZ not RB abandoned VVN itself PP to TO excessive JJ rationalism NN will MD recognise VV the DT desirability NN of IN keeping VVG a DT scope NN for IN bonne NN chance NN and CC hazard NN . SENT Cf NP Tarde NP . SENT I PP . SENT , , p NN . SENT 130 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT Though IN the DT term NN conventional JJ appears VVZ formally RB to TO preclude VV the DT play NN of IN individual JJ taste NN or CC judgment NN , , it PP is VBZ in IN fact NN only RB in IN such JJ expenditures NNS that IN these DT qualities NNS obtain VVP scope NN for IN expression NN . SENT For IN though IN convention NN prescribes VVZ the DT general JJ mode NN of IN such JJ expenditure NN , , it PP leaves VVZ a DT far RB larger JJR scope NN for IN personal JJ choice NN and CC capricious JJ variation NN than IN in IN the DT more JJR necessary JJ elements NNS of IN expenditure NN . SENT CHAPTER NN XI NN . SENT SPORT NN , , CULTURE NN AND CC CHARITY NN 1 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ no DT mere JJ chance NN that WDT makes VVZ sport NN the DT special JJ field NN for IN the DT attainment NN and CC display NN of IN personal JJ prestige NN among IN the DT well NN to TO do VV classes NNS . SENT Primitive JJ man NN in IN his PP$ early JJ struggle NN for IN life NN had VHD to TO put VV all PDT his PP$ powers NNS of IN body NN and CC mind NN , , all PDT his PP$ strength NN and CC cunning JJ , , into IN the DT quick JJ , , sure JJ , , and CC distant JJ discovery NN of IN beasts NNS or CC other JJ men NNS who WP would MD destroy VV him PP . SENT He PP must MD pursue VV and CC kill VV them PP , , or CC successfully RB avoid VV them PP . SENT He PP must MD seek VV out RP animal NN or CC vegetable NN foods NNS , , tracking VVG them PP by IN signs NNS and CC snares NNS , , rapid JJ of IN foot NN , , keen JJ of IN eye NN and CC scent NN , , quick JJ , , strong JJ , , and CC accurate JJ of IN grasp NN . SENT To TO run VV and CC spring NN , , to TO climb VV and CC swim VVP and CC strike VVP and CC throw VVP were VBD necessary JJ human JJ accomplishments NNS . SENT They PP had VHD a DT high JJ survival NN value NN . SENT Nature NP had VHD to TO evolve VV and CC maintain VV a DT man NN who WP had VHD the DT capacity NN to TO do VV these DT things NNS well RB , , and CC who WP was VBD willing JJ to TO undergo VV the DT necessary JJ toil NN and CC pain NN of IN acquiring VVG and CC exercising VVG these DT arts NNS and CC crafts NNS . SENT To TO ride VV , , to TO shoot VV , , to TO manage VV boats NNS , , were VBD occupations NNS of IN prime JJ utility NN . SENT Successful JJ mating NN was VBD also RB necessary JJ for IN survival NN , , and CC so RB the DT arts NNS of IN courtship NN , , dancing NN , , music NN , , decoration NN , , and CC various JJ displays NNS of IN grace NN and CC vigour NN were VBD evolved VVN . SENT The DT simple JJ activities NNS that WDT were VBD elaborated VVN into IN these DT arts NNS of IN hunting NN , , fighting VVG , , mating NN , , were VBD instinctive JJ , , and CC strong JJ feelings NNS of IN pleasure NN were VBD attached VVN to TO them PP , , as IN Nature's NP lure NN . SENT When WRB reason NN , , or CC conscious JJ cunning JJ , , came VVD to TO cooperate VV with IN instinct NN , , complicating VVG and CC refining VVG the DT useful JJ arts NNS , , the DT specific JJ pleasures NNS of IN instinctive JJ satisfaction NN were VBD accompanied VVN by IN a DT general JJ sense NN of IN personal JJ elation NN or CC pride NN . SENT Now RB , , in IN man NN , , as RB in IN other JJ animals NNS , , practice NN was VBD needed VVN for IN the DT successful JJ performance NN of IN these DT useful JJ activities NNS . SENT This DT practice NN takes VVZ the DT form NN of IN play NN , , a DT more JJR or CC less RBR realistic JJ simulation NN of IN the DT practices NNS of IN fighting NN , , hunting NN , , courtship NN , , in IN which WDT , , however RB , , considerable JJ scope NN exists VVZ for IN variations NNS and CC surprises NNS , , the DT survival NN value NN of IN which WDT is VBZ real JJ , , though RB indirect JJ . SENT Since IN these DT forms NNS of IN play NN appeal NN to TO and CC exercise VV the DT same JJ activities NNS as RB are VBP involved VVN in IN the DT serious JJ affairs NNS of IN life NN , , the DT same JJ sorts NNS of IN satisfaction NN are VBP attached VVN to TO them PP . SENT The DT natural JJ meaning NN of IN play NN is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ a DT preparation NN for IN work NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , for IN the DT arduous JJ , , painful JJ , , and CC often RB dangerous JJ tasks NNS involved VVN in IN the DT struggle NN of IN life NN , , and CC the DT pleasure NN of IN play NN is VBZ the DT inducement NN to TO the DT acquisition NN of IN this DT useful JJ skill NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT If IN this DT be VB so RB , , it PP may MD be VB possible JJ for IN some DT men NNS to TO suck VV the DT pleasure NN from IN the DT play NN without IN performing VVG the DT useful JJ work NN for IN which WDT it PP is VBZ a DT preparation NN . SENT The DT play NN instincts NNS can MD be VB made VVN to TO yield VV a DT desirable JJ life NN of IN interest NN and CC pleasure NN to TO any DT class NN of IN men NNS who WP are VBP enabled VVN to TO get VV others NNS to TO perform VV their PP$ share NN of IN useful JJ work NN , , and CC thus RB to TO provide VV them PP with IN the DT time NN , , energy NN and CC material NN means NNS for IN the DT elaboration NN of IN the DT play NN side NN of IN life NN . SENT Such JJ is VBZ the DT physical JJ explanation NN of IN the DT sportsman NN . SENT The DT play NN which WDT Nature NP designed VVD as IN means NNS to TO life NN , , he PP takes VVZ as IN an DT end NN , , and CC lives VVZ a DT sporting NN life NN . SENT Some DT of IN his PP$ sports NNS bear VVP on IN the DT surface NN few JJ signs NNS of IN biological JJ play NN about IN them PP . SENT The DT manual JJ and CC mental JJ dexterity NN of IN such JJ indoor JJ games NNS as IN bridge NN and CC billiards NNS , , appear VVP quite RB unrelated JJ to TO the DT arduous JJ pursuits NNS of IN mountaineering NN or CC big JJ game NN hunting NN . SENT Between IN these DT two CD lie NN the DT great JJ majority NN of IN active JJ sports NNS , , such JJ as IN shooting NN , , racing VVG , , and CC the DT various JJ games NNS of IN ball NN . SENT No DT one NN who WP analyses NNS carefully RB the DT feelings NNS of IN pleasure NN got VVD from IN a DT boundary NN hit NN , , a DT run NN with IN the DT ball NN , , a DT neck NN to TO neck NN race NN , , or CC any DT other JJ athletic JJ achievement NN , , can MD doubt VV their PP$ nature NN . SENT Fighting NP , , hunting NN , , fishing NN , , climbing VVG , , exploring VVG , , reduced VVN to TO sports NNS , , contain VVP just RB as IN much JJ realism NN as RB is VBZ needed VVN to TO evoke VV the DT pleasurable JJ excitement NN which WDT sustained VVD these DT skilful JJ efforts NNS when WRB they PP belonged VVD to TO the DT struggle NN for IN life NN . SENT Some DT of IN the DT imitations NNS may MD be VB so RB close JJ to TO reality NN as RB to TO recall VV in IN almost RB its PP$ full JJ intensity NN the DT primal JJ thrill NN , , as RB in IN tiger NN stalking VVG , , in IN boxing NN , , or CC rock NN climbing VVG . SENT In IN ball NN games NNS the DT fictitious JJ circumstances NNS call VVP for IN more JJR imagination NN , , though IN the DT pleasure NN of IN the DT actual JJ stroke NN is VBZ chiefly RB a DT race NN memory NN of IN a DT blow NN struck VVD at IN an DT enemy NN or CC of IN a DT blow NN warded VVN off RP . SENT No DT one NN can MD doubt VV the DT nature NN of IN the DT fierce JJ pleasure NN of IN the DT football NN scrimmage NN with IN its PP$ mortal NN make VV believe VV . SENT Although IN in IN many JJ sports NNS some DT element NN of IN physical JJ risk NN is VBZ needed VVN to TO sustain VV the DT realism NN , , it PP is VBZ usually RB reduced VVN to TO trifling JJ dimensions NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ also RB true JJ of IN the DT painful JJ endurance NN incidental JJ to TO the DT primitive JJ struggle NN . SENT The DT modern JJ sportsman NN or CC explorer NN commonly RB devises VVZ ways NNS of IN economising VVG both CC his PP$ personal JJ risk NN and CC his PP$ personal JJ effort NN . SENT Beaters NNS find VVP the DT animal NN or CC bird NN for IN him PP to TO shoot VV . SENT native JJ porters NNS and CC guides NNS carry VVP food NN for IN him PP , , and CC ease VV his PP$ path NN . SENT His PP$ object NN is VBZ to TO secure VV the DT maximum JJ pleasure NN of IN achievement NN with IN the DT minimum JJ risk NN and CC effort NN . SENT Perhaps RB the DT most RBS highly RB elaborated VVN example NN is VBZ the DT playful JJ revival NN of IN the DT migratory JJ and CC exploring VVG instincts NNS , , from IN the DT picnic NN to TO the DT world NN tour NN , , with IN the DT complex JJ apparatus NN of IN pleasure NN travel NN which WDT occupies VVZ so RB large JJ a DT part NN in IN the DT life NN of IN the DT well NN to TO do VV classes NNS . SENT The DT luxurious JJ life NN of IN travel NN in IN which WDT the DT motor NN car NN , , the DT train NN de FW luxe NN , , or CC the DT yacht NN carries VVZ men NNS and CC women NNS from IN the DT gorgeous JJ hotel NN of IN one CD beauty NN spot NN to TO that DT of IN another DT , , is VBZ made VVN pleasurable JJ or CC tolerable JJ by IN waking VVG up RP the DT dim JJ shadow NN of IN some DT wandering VVG ancestor NN , , whose WP$ hunting NN or CC pastoral JJ habits NNS required VVD some DT satisfaction NN to TO evoke VV the DT life NN preserving VVG effort NN . SENT Camping VVG out RP and CC caravanning VVG are VBP somewhat RB more RBR realistic JJ reproductions NNS , , bringing VVG in IN more JJR of IN the DT gregarious JJ or CC corporate JJ instinct NN of IN the DT tribe NN . SENT How WRB subtle JJ are VBP the DT artifices NNS by IN which WDT human JJ cunning JJ seeks VVZ to TO exploit VV the DT past NN is VBZ best RBS illustrated VVN , , however RB , , in IN the DT purely RB spectatorial JJ or CC sympathetic JJ surroundings NN of IN sport NN . SENT To TO play VV football NN is VBZ one PP remove VV from IN battle NN , , to TO watch VV the DT game NN is VBZ two CD removes VVZ , , to TO watch VV the DT tape NN or CC follow VV the DT scores NNS in IN the DT newspapers NNS is VBZ three CD removes VVZ . SENT Yet CC millions NNS of IN little JJ thrills VVZ of IN satisfaction NN are VBP got VVN from IN this DT simulation NN of IN a DT simulated JJ fight NN . SENT Blended VVN in IN various JJ degrees NNS with IN other JJ zests NNS , , of IN hazard NN , , of IN petty JJ cunning JJ , , and CC avarice NN , , where WRB betting NN enters VVZ into IN sport NN , , the DT sporting NN interest NN ranks VVZ highest JJS of IN all DT in IN the DT scale NN of IN values NNS among IN the DT able JJ bodied VVN males NNS of IN all DT classes NNS in IN English JJ speaking NN peoples NNS . SENT Added VVD to TO the DT pleasure NN from IN the DT output NN of IN strength NN or CC skill NN in IN sport NN is VBZ the DT general JJ sentiment NN of IN exultation NN , , the DT sense NN of IN glory NN . SENT To TO what WP must MD that RB be VB attributed VVN . SENT Not RB to TO the DT magnitude NN of IN the DT strength NN or CC skill NN . SENT A DT navvy NN may MD display VV greater JJR strength NN or CC endurance NN in IN his PP$ work NN , , a DT trapper NN or CC a DT common JJ fisherman NN a DT finer JJR skill NN in IN catching VVG his PP$ prey NN . SENT But CC the DT true JJ glory NN of IN sportsmanship NN is VBZ denied VVN them PP . SENT Why WRB . SENT Because IN their PP$ work NN is VBZ useful JJ , , and CC they PP are VBP doing VVG it PP for IN a DT living NN . SENT The DT glory NN of IN the DT successful JJ sportsman NN is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN his PP$ deeds NNS are VBP futile JJ . SENT And CC this DT conspicuous JJ futility NN is VBZ at IN the DT root NN of IN the DT matter NN . SENT The DT fact NN that IN he PP can MD give VV time NN , , energy NN , , and CC money NN to TO sport NN testifies VVZ to TO his PP$ possession NN of IN independent JJ means NNS . SENT He PP can MD afford VV to TO be VB an DT idler NN , , and CC the DT more RBR obviously RB useless JJ and CC expensive JJ the DT sport NN , , the DT higher JJR the DT prestige NN attaching VVG to TO it PP . SENT His PP$ personal JJ glory NN of IN strength NN , , endurance NN , , or CC skill NN is VBZ set VVN in IN this DT aureole NN of IN parasitism NN . SENT The DT crucial JJ test NN of IN this DT interpretation NN is VBZ very RB simple JJ . SENT Let VV it PP turn VV out RP that IN a DT Marathon NP winner NN , , who WP seemed VVD to TO be VB a DT gentleman NN , , was VBD really RB a DT professional JJ , , what WP a DT drop NN in IN his PP$ personal JJ prestige NN . SENT The DT professional NN is VBZ a DT man NN who WP has VHZ to TO earn VV a DT living NN , , his PP$ reputation NN as IN a DT sportsman NN is VBZ damaged VVN by IN that DT fact NN . SENT Can MD there RB be VB any DT more RBR convincing JJ proof NN that IN the DT high JJ prestige NN of IN sport NN is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT evidence NN of IN financial JJ prowess NN which WDT it PP affords VVZ . SENT The DT hunting NN and CC the DT fighting VVG instincts NNS evidently RB underlie VV the DT pleasure NN of IN nearly RB all PDT the DT exclusively RB male JJ sports NNS . SENT Doubtless RB other JJ instinctive JJ satisfactions NNS enter VVP in IN , , such JJ as IN the DT gregarious JJ instinct NN with IN its PP$ conscious JJ elaboration NN of IN esprit NN de FW corps FW . SENT Whenever WRB any DT game NN or CC sport NN brings VVZ the DT sexes NNS into IN relation NN with IN one CD another DT , , the DT mating NN instincts NNS are VBP evidently RB involved VVN . SENT The DT crossing VVG of IN war NN with IN sex NN in IN the DT theory NN and CC practice NN of IN chivalry NN was VBD a DT conscious JJ and CC artistic JJ blending NN of IN these DT pleasure NN motives NNS . SENT But CC this DT treatment NN of IN sport NN as IN a DT frivolous JJ pursuit NN of IN pleasure NN ignores VVZ one CD important JJ aspect NN . SENT Sport NN , , it PP will MD be VB urged VVN , , after IN all RB has VHZ health NN for IN its PP$ permanent JJ utility NN . SENT It PP is VBZ exercise NN for IN the DT body NN and CC diversion NN for IN the DT mind NN . SENT It PP wards VVZ off RP the DT natural JJ consequences NNS of IN the DT purely RB parasitic JJ life NN , , which WDT a DT private JJ income NN renders NNS possible JJ , , by IN providing VVG work NN substitutes NNS . SENT The DT primal JJ law NN , , in IN the DT sweat NN of IN thy NNS face VVP shalt VV thou NNS eat VV bread NN , , is VBZ gracefully RB evaded VVN by IN games NNS that WDT include VVP a DT gentle JJ perspiration NN . SENT Golf NP may MD take VV the DT place NN of IN spade NN labour NN to TO win VV appetite NN and CC digestion NN . SENT bridge NN will MD save VV the DT brain NN from IN absolute JJ stagnation NN . SENT So RB Nature's NP self NN protective JJ cunning JJ elaborates VVZ these DT modes NNS of IN sham JJ work NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT social JJ condemnation NN of IN a DT sporting NN life NN is VBZ two CD fold NN . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , it PP diverts VVZ into IN lower JJR forms NNS of IN activity NN the DT zests NNS and CC interests NNS intended VVN to TO promote VV a DT life NN of IN work NN and CC art NN . SENT The DT sporting NN life NN and CC standards NNS choke VV the DT finer JJR arts NNS . SENT The DT sportsman NN and CC the DT gamester NN are VBP baser JJR artists NNS choosing VVG the DT lower RBR instead RB of IN the DT higher JJR modes NNS of IN self NN realisation NN in IN manual JJ and CC intellectual JJ skill NN . SENT This DT maintenance NN of IN barbarian JJ standards NNS of IN values NNS by IN the DT classes NNS possessing VVG social JJ prestige NN is VBZ a DT great JJ obstacle NN to TO the DT development NN of IN science NN , , art NN , , and CC literature NN . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , sport NN spoils VVZ the DT spontaneity NN and CC liberty NN of IN play NN , , which WDT is VBZ a DT necessity NN of IN every DT healthy JJ life NN . SENT It PP spoils VVZ it PP for IN the DT sportsman NN by IN reason NN of IN its PP$ artificiality NN and CC its PP$ excess NN . SENT For IN the DT sporting NN life NN does VVZ not RB satisfy VV those DT who WP practise VV it PP . SENT It PP carries VVZ the DT Nemesis NN of IN boredom NN . SENT The DT sense NN of IN triviality NN and CC of IN futility NN gradually RB eats VVZ through RP , , and CC the DT make VVP believe VV realism NN , , when WRB confronted VVN with IN the DT serious JJ values NNS of IN life NN , , shows VVZ its PP$ emptiness NN . SENT A DT heavier JJR social JJ damage NN is VBZ the DT economic JJ cost NN which WDT the DT expensive JJ futility NN imposes VVZ . SENT For IN sport NN involves VVZ the DT largest JJS diversion NN of IN unearned JJ income NN into IN unproductive JJ expenditure NN . SENT Not RB only RB does VVZ it PP dedicate VV to TO extravagant JJ waste NN a DT larger JJR share NN of IN the DT land NN , , the DT labour NN , , and CC the DT enterprise NN of IN men NNS than IN any DT other JJ human JJ error NN , , unless IN it PP be VB war NN itself PP , , but CC it PP steals VVZ the DT play NN time NN of IN the DT many JJ to TO make VV the DT over IN leisure NN of IN the DT few JJ . SENT If IN the DT parasitic JJ power NN which WDT sustains VVZ the DT sporting NN life NN were VBD taken VVN away RB , , the DT world NN would MD not RB be VB duller JJR or CC more RBR serious JJ . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , play NN would MD be VB more RBR abundant JJ , , freer JJR , , more RBR varied VVN , , and CC less RBR artificial JJ in IN its PP$ modes NNS . SENT The DT identification NN of IN a DT sportsman NN with IN a DT gentleman NN has VHZ carried VVN great JJ weight NN in IN the DT unconscious JJ settling NN of IN social JJ values NNS , , and CC in IN England NP has VHZ been VBN subtly RB serviceable JJ as IN a DT sentimental JJ safeguard VV against IN the DT attacks NNS upon IN the DT economic JJ supports NNS not RB only RB of IN landlordism NN but CC of IN other JJ wealth NN which WDT has VHZ covered VVN itself PP with IN the DT trappings NNS of IN sport NN . SENT The DT relative JJ prestige NN of IN other JJ occupations NNS is VBZ determined VVN to TO a DT considerable JJ extent NN by IN their PP$ association NN with IN the DT sporting NN life NN or CC with IN the DT original JJ activities NNS which WDT sport NN reproduces VVZ . SENT Not RB only RB the DT idle JJ landowner NN , , but CC the DT yeoman NN , , and CC in IN a DT less JJR degree NN the DT tenant NN farmer NN , , enjoy VVP a DT social JJ consideration NN beyond IN the DT measure NN of IN their PP$ pecuniary JJ standing NN , , by IN virtue NN of IN the DT opportunities NNS for IN hunting NN and CC other JJ sport NN which WDT they PP enjoy VVP . SENT Part NN of IN the DT reputation NN of IN the DT military JJ and CC the DT naval JJ services NNS is VBZ explained VVN by IN the DT survival NN of IN the DT barbarian JJ feeling NN that IN a DT life NN of IN hazard NN and CC rapine NN contains VVZ finer JJR opportunities NNS for IN physical JJ prowess NN than IN a DT life NN of IN productive JJ activity NN . SENT Though IN a DT good JJ deal NN of IN this DT prestige NN belongs VVZ to TO the DT glory NN of IN command NN and CC extends VVZ even RB to TO a DT great JJ employer NN of IN labour NN , , the DT glamour NN of IN the DT soldier's NNS , , hunter's NNS , , sportsman's NNS life NN hangs VVZ in IN a DT less JJR degree NN about IN all DT whose WP$ occupations NNS , , however RB servile JJ , , keep VV them PP in IN close JJ contact NN with IN these DT barbarian JJ activities NNS . SENT A DT publican NN , , a DT professional JJ cricketer NN , , a DT stud NN groom NN , , a DT gamekeeper NN , , enjoy VVP among IN their PP$ companions NNS a DT dignity NN derived VVN from IN their PP$ association NN with IN the DT sporting NN life NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT If IN physical JJ recreations NNS thus RB carry VVP prestige NN , , so RB in IN a DT less JJR degree NN and CC in IN certain JJ grades NNS of IN society NN do VVP intellectual JJ recreations NNS . SENT Once RB a DT sportsman NN alone RB had VHD a DT claim NN to TO be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT gentleman NN . SENT Only RB in IN comparatively RB modern JJ times NNS did VVD the DT association NN of IN a DT scholar NN and CC a DT gentleman NN seem VVP plausible JJ . SENT Even RB now RB prowess NN of IN the DT mind NN can MD seldom RB compete VV in IN glory NN with IN prowess NN of IN the DT body NN . SENT The DT valuation NN of IN achievements NNS current JJ in IN our PP$ public JJ schools NNS persists VVZ , , though RB with IN some DT abatement NN , , among IN all DT sorts NNS and CC conditions NNS of IN men NNS . SENT But CC as IN mental JJ skill NN becomes VVZ more RBR and CC more RBR the DT means NN of IN attaining VVG that DT financial JJ power NN which WDT is VBZ the DT modern JJ instrument NN of IN personal JJ glory NN , , it PP rises VVZ in IN social JJ esteem NN . SENT As IN manners NNS , , address VV , , mental JJ ability NN and CC knowledge NN more JJR and CC more RBR determine VV personal JJ success NN , , intellectual JJ studies NNS become VVP increasingly RB reputable JJ . SENT It PP might MD appear VV at IN the DT first JJ sight NN that IN the DT highest JJS reputation NN would MD attach VV to TO those DT abilities NNS and CC studies NNS which WDT had VHD the DT highest JJS mediate VV utility NN for IN money NN making NN . SENT But CC here RB the DT barbarian JJ standard NN retains VVZ a DT deflecting VVG influence NN . SENT To TO possess VV money NN which WDT you PP have VHP not RB made VVN still RB continues VVZ to TO be VB far RB more RBR honorific JJ than IN to TO make VV money NN . SENT For IN money NN making VVG , , unless IN it PP be VB by IN loot NN or CC gambling NN , , involves VVZ addiction NN to TO a DT business NN life NN instead RB of IN the DT life NN of IN a DT leisured JJ gentleman NN . SENT So RB it PP comes VVZ to TO pass VV that DT studies NNS are VBP valued VVN more RBR highly RB as IN decorative JJ accomplishments NNS than IN as IN utilities NNS . SENT A DT man NN who WP can MD have VH afforded VVN to TO expend VV long JJ years NNS in IN acquiring VVG skill NN or CC knowledge NN which WDT has VHZ no DT practical JJ use NN , , thereby RB announces VVZ most RBS dramatically RB his PP$ possession NN , , or CC his PP$ father's NNS possession NN , , of IN an DT income NN enabling VVG him PP to TO lead VV the DT life NN of IN an DT independent JJ gentleman NN . SENT The DT scale NN of IN culture NN values NNS is VBZ largely RB directed VVN by IN this DT consideration NN . SENT Thus RB not RB only RB the DT choice NN of IN subjects NNS but CC the DT mode NN of IN treatment NN in IN the DT education NN of IN the DT children NNS of IN the DT well NN to TO do VV is VBZ , , generally RB speaking VVG , , in IN inverse JJ ratio NN to TO their PP$ presumed JJ utility NN . SENT The DT place NN of IN honour NN accorded VVN to TO dead JJ languages NNS is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , the DT most JJS patent NN example NN . SENT Great JJ as IN the DT merits NNS of IN Greek NP and CC Latin NP may MD be VB for IN purposes NNS of IN intellectual JJ and CC emotional JJ training NN , , their PP$ predominance NN is VBZ not RB mainly RB determined VVN by IN their PP$ merits NNS , , but CC by IN the DT traditional JJ repute VV which WDT has VHZ made VVN them PP the DT chosen VVN instruments NNS for IN a DT parade NN of IN useless JJ culture NN . SENT Though IN some DT attempt NN is VBZ made VVN in IN recent JJ times NNS to TO extract VV from IN the DT teaching NN of IN the DT classics NNS the DT finer JJR qualities NNS of IN the DT humanities NNS which WDT they PP contain VVP , , this DT has VHZ involved VVN a DT revolt NN against IN the DT pure JJ scholarship NN which WDT sought VVD to TO exclude VV even RB such JJ refined JJ utilities NNS and CC to TO confine VV the DT study NN of IN the DT classics NNS to TO a DT graceful JJ , , skilful JJ handling NN of IN linguistic JJ forms NNS and CC a DT purely RB superficial JJ treatment NN of IN the DT thought NN and CC knowledge NN contained VVN in IN the DT chosen VVN literature NN . SENT It PP is VBZ significant JJ that IN even RB to TO day NN culture NN primarily RB continues VVZ to TO imply VV knowledge NN of IN languages NNS and CC literature NN as IN accomplishments NNS , , and CC that WDT , , though IN mathematics NN and CC natural JJ sciences NNS enter VVP more RBR largely RB into IN the DT academic JJ curriculum NN , , they PP continue VVP to TO rank VV lower JJR as IN studies NNS in IN the DT education NN of IN our PP$ wealthy JJ classes NNS . SENT Most RBS convincing JJ in IN its PP$ testimony NN to TO the DT formation NN of IN intellectual JJ values NNS is VBZ the DT treatment NN of IN history NN and CC modern JJ English JJ literature NN . SENT Although IN for IN all DT purposes NNS of IN culture NN and CC utility NN , , it PP might MD have VH been VBN supposed VVN that IN the DT study NN of IN the DT thought NN , , art NN , , and CC events NNS of IN our PP$ own JJ nation NN and CC our PP$ own JJ times NNS , , would MD be VB of IN prime JJ importance NN , , virtually RB no DT place NN is VBZ given VVN to TO these DT subjects NNS . SENT History NN and CC literature NN , , so RB far RB as IN they PP figure VVP at IN all DT , , are VBP treated VVN not RB in IN relation NN to TO the DT life NN of IN to TO day NN , , but CC as IN dead JJ matter NN . SENT Other JJ subjects NNS of IN strictly RB vital JJ utility NN , , such JJ as IN physiology NN and CC hygiene NN , , psychology NN and CC sociology NN , , find VVP no RB place VV whatever WDT in IN the DT general JJ education NN of IN our PP$ schools NNS and CC universities NNS , , occupying VVG a DT timid JJ position NN as IN special JJ subjects NNS in IN certain JJ professional JJ courses NNS . SENT Pedagogues NNS sometimes RB pretend VV that IN this DT exclusion NN of IN utility NN tests NNS for IN the DT subjects NNS and CC the DT treatment NN in IN our PP$ system NN of IN education NN rests VVZ upon IN sound JJ educational JJ principles NNS , , in IN that WDT , , ignoring VVG the DT short JJ range NN utilities NNS which WDT a DT commercial JJ or CC other JJ practical JJ training NN desiderates VVZ , , they PP contribute VVP to TO a DT deeper JJR and CC a DT purer JJR training NN of IN the DT intellectual JJ faculties NNS . SENT But CC having VHG regard NN to TO the DT part NN played VVN by IN tradition NN and CC ecclesiastical JJ authority NN in IN the DT establishment NN of IN present JJ day NN educational JJ systems NNS , , it PP cannot NN be VB admitted VVN that IN they PP have VHP made VVN a DT serious JJ case NN for IN the DT appraisement NN of IN studies NNS according VVG to TO their PP$ human JJ values NNS . SENT Probably RB our PP$ higher JJR education NN , , properly RB tested VVN , , would MD be VB found VVN to TO contain VV a DT far RB larger JJR waste NN of IN intellectual JJ efficiency NN than IN our PP$ factory NN system NN of IN economic JJ efficiency NN . SENT And CC this DT waste NN is VBZ primarily RB due JJ to TO the DT acceptance NN and CC survival NN of IN barbarian JJ standards NNS of IN culture NN , , imperfectly RB adjusted VVN to TO the DT modern JJ conditions NNS of IN life NN , , and CC chiefly RB sustained VVN by IN the DT desire NN to TO employ VV the DT mind NN for IN decorative JJ and CC recreative JJ , , rather RB than IN for IN productive JJ or CC creative JJ purposes NNS . SENT Art NP , , literature NN and CC science NN suffer VVP immeasurable JJ losses NNS from IN this DT misgovernment NN of IN intellectual JJ life NN . SENT The DT net JJ result NN is VBZ that IN the DT vast JJ majority NN of IN the DT sons NNS and CC daughters NNS even RB of IN our PP$ well NN to TO do VV classes NNS grow VV up RP with IN an DT exceedingly RB faulty JJ equipment NN of IN useful JJ knowledge NN , , no DT trained JJ ability NN to TO use VV their PP$ intellects NNS or CC judgments NNS freely RB and CC effectively RB , , and CC with IN no DT strong JJ desire NN to TO attempt VV to TO do VV so RB . SENT They PP thus RB remain VVP or CC become VVP the DT dupes VVZ of IN shallow JJ traditions NNS , , or CC equally RB shallow JJ novelties NNS , , under IN the DT guise NN of IN scientific JJ , , philosophic JJ , , economic JJ or CC political JJ principles NNS which WDT they PP have VHP neither CC the DT energy NN of IN mind NN nor CC the DT desire NN to TO test VV , , but CC which WDT they PP permit VVP to TO direct VV their PP$ lives NNS and CC conduct NN in IN matters NNS of IN supreme JJ importance NN to TO themselves PP and CC others NNS . SENT As IN education NN is VBZ coming VVG to TO take VV a DT larger JJR place NN as IN an DT organised VVN occupation NN , , and CC more JJR time NN , , money NN and CC energy NN are VBP claimed VVN for IN it PP , , the DT necessity NN of IN a DT revaluation NN of IN intellectual JJ values NNS on IN a DT sane JJ basis NN of IN humanism NN becomes VVZ more RBR exigent JJ than IN ever RB . SENT For IN there EX is VBZ a DT danger NN of IN a DT new JJ bastard JJ culture NN springing VVG up RP , , the DT product NN of IN a DT blending NN of IN the DT barbarian JJ culture NN , , descending VVG by IN imitation NN of IN the DT upper JJ classes NNS , , with IN a DT too RB narrowly RB utilitarian JJ standard NN improvised VVD to TO convert VV working VVG class NN children NNS into IN cheap JJ clerks NNS and CC shopmen NNS . SENT Our PP$ high JJ schools NNS and CC local JJ universities NNS are VBP already RB victims NNS to TO this DT m NN salliance NN between IN culture NN and CC business NN , , and CC the DT treatment NN of IN not RB a DT few JJ studies NNS , , history NN and CC economics NNS in IN particular JJ , , is VBZ subject JJ to TO novel NN risks NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT Dilettantism NN is VBZ the DT intellectual JJ equivalent NN of IN sport NN . SENT What WP is VBZ the DT moral JJ equivalent NN . SENT The DT sporting NN life NN has VHZ an DT ethics NNS of IN its PP$ own JJ , , the DT essence NN of IN which WDT lies VVZ in IN eschewing VVG obligations NNS with IN legal JJ or CC other JJ compulsory JJ external JJ sanctions NNS , , in IN favour NN of IN a DT voluntary JJ code NN embodying VVG the DT mutual JJ feelings NNS of IN members NNS of IN a DT superior JJ caste NN . SENT In IN an DT aristocracy NN of IN true JJ sportsmen NNS honesty NN and CC sexual JJ morality NN are VBP despised VVN as IN bourgeois JJ virtues NNS , , while IN justice NN is VBZ too RB compulsory JJ and CC too RB equalitarian JJ for IN acceptance NN . SENT Honour NP takes VVZ the DT place NN of IN honesty NN , , good JJ form NN of IN morals NNS , , fair JJ play NN and CC charity NN of IN justice NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT code NN of IN the DT barbarian JJ superman NN or CC chieftain NN , , qualified VVN , , softened VVN and CC complicated VVN to TO suit VV the DT conditions NNS of IN the DT modern JJ play NN life NN . SENT Courage NN and CC endurance NN , , fidelity NN , , generosity NN and CC mercy NN are VBP his PP$ virtues NNS . SENT temperance NN , , modesty NN , , humility NN , , gratitude NN , , have VHP no DT proper JJ place NN in IN such PDT a DT code NN , , which WDT is VBZ indeed RB based VVN upon IN a DT free JJ exercise NN of IN the DT physical JJ functions NNS for IN personal JJ pleasure NN and CC glory NN . SENT The DT hazard NN belonging VVG to TO a DT sporting NN life NN makes VVZ for IN superstition NN . SENT Nobody NN is VBZ more RBR crudely RB superstitious JJ than IN the DT gambler NN , , and CC everybody NN to TO whom WP life NN is VBZ primarily RB a DT game NN conceives VVZ of IN it PP as IN proceeding VVG by IN rules NNS which WDT may MD be VB evaded VVN or CC tampered VVN with IN . SENT This DT aspect NN of IN the DT sporting NN character NN gave VVD the DT priestly JJ caste NN its PP$ chief JJ opportunity NN to TO get VV power NN . SENT So IN pietism NN was VBD grafted VVN on IN the DT sportsman NN and CC the DT fighting VVG man NN , , and CC religion NN kept VVD a DT hold NN on IN the DT ruling NN and CC possessing VVG classes NNS , , adapting VVG its PP$ moral JJ teaching NN to TO his PP$ case NN . SENT The DT wide JJ divergence NN of IN British JJ Christianity NN from IN the DT teaching NN of IN the DT gospels NNS finds VVZ its PP$ chief JJ explanation NN in IN this DT necessity NN of IN adaptation NN . SENT Its PP$ doctrines NNS and CC its PP$ discipline NN had VHD to TO be VB moulded VVN so RB as IN to TO fit VV the DT character NN and CC conduct NN of IN powerful JJ men NNS , , who WP not RB only RB would MD repudiate VV its PP$ inner JJ spiritual JJ teaching NN , , but CC whose WP$ lust NN , , pride NN , , cruelty NN and CC treachery NN , , the DT natural JJ outcome NN of IN their PP$ animal JJ life NN , , were VBD constantly RB leading VVG them PP to TO violate VV the DT very JJ code NN of IN honour NN they PP professed VVD . SENT As IN industry NN and CC property NN , , peace NN and CC order NN , , became VVD more RBR settled VVN and CC wide JJ spread NN , , there RB came VVD up RP from IN below IN a DT powerful JJ commercial JJ class NN , , whose WP$ economic JJ and CC social JJ requirements NNS evolved VVD a DT morality NN in IN which WDT the DT so RB called VVN puritan JJ virtues NNS of IN industry NN , , thrift NN , , honesty NN , , temperance NN , , sexual JJ purity NN , , prevailed VVD , , and CC a DT Christianity NN designed VVN primarily RB to TO evoke VV and CC to TO sustain VV them PP . SENT Just RB as IN the DT intellectual JJ culture NN of IN the DT aristocracy NN came VVD to TO clash VV with IN the DT utilitarian JJ education NN of IN the DT bourgeois NN and CC to TO produce VV the DT confusing JJ compromise NN which WDT at IN present NN prevails VVZ , , so RB with IN the DT differing VVG ethics NNS of IN the DT same JJ two CD classes NNS . SENT The DT incursion NN of IN the DT wealthy JJ tradesman NN into IN high JJ life NN and CC of IN the DT landed VVN gentry NN into IN the DT city NN has VHZ visibly RB broken VVN down RP the DT older JJR standards NNS both CC of IN morals NNS and CC of IN manners NNS . SENT The DT prestige NN of IN the DT sporting VVG virtues NNS has VHZ played VVN havoc NN with IN the DT simplicity NN and CC austerity NN of IN the DT puritan JJ morals NNS and CC creeds NNS , , though IN it PP may MD fairly RB be VB maintained VVN that IN the DT saner JJR utilities NNS of IN the DT latter NN have VHP tempered VVN to TO a DT perceptible JJ degree NN the DT morals NNS and CC manners NNS of IN the DT sportsman NN . SENT Luxuries NNS and CC frivolities NNS of IN a DT more RBR varied JJ order NN have VHP largely RB displaced VVN the DT older JJR sporting NN life NN , , introducing VVG into IN it PP some DT elements NNS of IN more JJR intellectual JJ skill NN and CC interest NN , , though IN it PP remains VVZ primarily RB devoted VVN to TO the DT pursuit NN of IN pleasurable JJ sensuous JJ futilities NNS . SENT But CC , , though IN the DT modes NNS of IN the DT leisure NN life NN are VBP shifting VVG , , the DT definitely RB parasitic JJ attitude NN and CC career NN which WDT it PP embodies VVZ remain VV unchanged JJ . SENT The DT sense NN of IN justice NN and CC of IN humanity NN among IN its PP$ members NNS is VBZ as RB defective JJ as IN ever RB . SENT This DT truth NN is VBZ sometimes RB concealed VVN by IN the DT change NN in IN social JJ areas NNS that WDT is VBZ taking VVG place NN . SENT Class NN honour NN and CC comradeship NN have VHP a DT somewhat RB wider JJR scope NN as IN the DT range NN of IN effective JJ intercourse NN expands VVZ , , and CC classes NNS which WDT formerly RB were VBD wide RB apart RB come VV partially RB to TO fuse NN with IN one CD another DT , , or CC are VBP brought VVN within IN the DT range NN of IN sympathy NN , , as RB regards VVZ their PP$ more JJR sympathetic JJ members NNS . SENT So RB intercourse NN upon IN a DT fairly RB equal JJ basis NN can MD take VV place NN in IN such PDT a DT country NN as IN England NP between IN most JJS persons NNS who WP have VHP reached VVN a DT certain JJ level NN of IN refinement NN of IN living NN . SENT This DT certainly RB implies VVZ some DT transfusion NN of IN moral JJ standards NNS , , the DT union NN of IN common JJ sentiments NNS regarding VVG industry NN and CC property NN with IN the DT downward JJ spread NN of IN a DT modified JJ conception NN of IN a DT sporting NN life NN . SENT Indeed RB , , imitation NN has VHZ gone VVN a DT certain JJ way NN towards IN infecting VVG all PDT the DT stabler JJR grades NNS of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS with IN this DT blend NN of IN barbarian JJ and CC puritan JJ valuations NNS . SENT While IN the DT larger JJR pecuniary JJ means NNS and CC leisure NN which WDT they PP possess VVP has VHZ introduced VVN into IN their PP$ standard NN of IN life NN sporting NN habits NNS largely RB imitative JJ of IN the DT fully RB leisured JJ aristocracy NN , , it PP has VHZ implanted VVN habits NNS of IN respectability NN as IN the DT contribution NN of IN the DT bourgeois JJ type NN immediately RB above IN them PP in IN the DT social JJ scale NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT But CC when WRB we PP dip VV down RP below IN the DT bourgeois NN and CC the DT regular JJ working VVG classes NNS which WDT he PP has VHZ drilled VVN in IN industry NN , , we PP find VVP a DT lower JJR leisure NN class NN whose WP$ valuations NNS and CC ways NNS of IN living VVG form NN a DT most RBS instructive JJ parody NN of IN the DT upper JJ leisure NN class NN . SENT Both CC in IN country NN and CC town NN life NN these DT types NNS appear VVP . SENT They PP include VVP gypsies NNS , , tramps NNS , , poachers NNS and CC other JJ vagabonds NNS , , who WP have VHP never RB been VBN enlisted VVD in IN the DT army NN of IN industry NN , , or CC have VHP deserted VVN in IN favour NN of IN a DT free JJ life NN of IN hazard NN , , beggary NN and CC plunder NN . SENT In IN towns NNS natural JJ proclivities NNS or CC misfortune NN account NN for IN considerable JJ groups NNS of IN casual JJ workers NNS , , professional JJ or CC amateur JJ thieves NNS and CC prostitutes NNS , , street NN sellers NNS , , corner NN men NNS , , kept VVD husbands NNS , , and CC other JJ parasites NNS who WP are VBP a DT burden NN on IN the DT working VVG classes NNS . SENT Alike RB in IN country NN and CC in IN town NN , , these DT men NNS practise VV , , so RB far RB as IN circumstances NNS allow VVP , , the DT same JJ habits NNS and CC exhibit VV the DT same JJ character NN as IN the DT leisure NN class NN at IN the DT top NN . SENT The DT fighting NN , , sporting NN , , roving VVG , , generous JJ , , reckless JJ , , wasteful JJ traits NNS are VBP all RB discernible JJ , , the DT same JJ unaffected JJ contempt NN for IN the DT worker NN , , the DT same JJ class NN camaraderie NN , , often RB with IN a DT special JJ code NN of IN honour NN , , the DT same JJ sex NN license NN and CC joviality NN of IN manners NNS . SENT Even RB their PP$ intelligence NN and CC humour NN , , their PP$ very JJ modes NNS of IN speech NN , , are VBP the DT half NN imitative JJ , , half DT original JJ replica NN of IN high JJ life NN as IN it PP shows VVZ in IN the DT race NN course NN , , in IN the DT club NN smoke NN room NN , , or CC the DT flash NN music NN hall NN . SENT Often RB the DT parasites NNS and CC hangers NNS on IN to TO upper JJ class NN sports NNS and CC recreations NNS , , these DT form NN a DT large JJ and CC growing VVG class NN of IN our PP$ population NN , , and CC their PP$ withdrawal NN from IN all DT industry NN that WDT can MD be VB termed VVN productive JJ , , coupled VVN with IN the DT debased VVN mode NN of IN consumption NN which WDT they PP practise VV , , count VV heavily RB in IN the DT aggregate NN of IN social JJ waste NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT As IN the DT opportunities NNS of IN leisure NN and CC of IN some DT surplus NN income NN beyond IN the DT current JJ accepted JJ standard NN of IN class NN comfort NN become VVN more RBR general JJ , , this DT sympathetic JJ imitation NN of IN recreations NNS , , education NN and CC morals NNS , , undoubtedly RB makes VVZ for IN a DT national JJ standardisation NN of IN life NN , , though IN the DT enormous JJ discrepancies NNS in IN economic JJ resources NNS greatly RB limit VVP the DT efficacy NN of IN such PDT a DT tendency NN to TO unity NN . SENT But CC the DT apparent JJ gain NN in IN humanity NN thus RB suggested VVN is VBZ largely RB counterworked JJ by IN the DT stronger JJR sense NN of IN national JJ and CC especially RB of IN racial JJ cleavage NN which WDT has VHZ come VVN with IN modern JJ world NN intercourse NN . SENT If IN class NN barriers NNS of IN conduct NN , , education NN and CC feeling NN are VBP somewhat RB weakening VVG in IN the DT foremost JJ European JJ nations NNS , , a DT clearer JJR and CC intenser JJR realisation NN of IN national JJ and CC racial JJ barriers NNS takes VVZ their PP$ place NN . SENT Every DT modification NN of IN class NN exclusiveness NN , , and CC of IN economic JJ plunder NN , , upon IN the DT smaller JJR scale NN , , is VBZ compensated VVN by IN this DT wider JJR racial JJ exclusiveness NN , , with IN its PP$ accompanying JJ parasitism NN . SENT The DT civilised JJ Western JJ world NN is VBZ coming VVG more RBR consciously RB to TO mould VV its PP$ practical JJ policy NN , , political JJ and CC economic JJ , , and CC its PP$ sentiments NNS and CC theories NNS , , upon IN a DT white JJ exploitation NN of IN the DT lower JJR and CC the DT backward RB peoples NNS . SENT Imperialism NN is VBZ displacing VVG , , or CC at IN present NN is VBZ crossing VVG , , class NN supremacy NN , , and CC is VBZ evolving VVG an DT intellectualism NN and CC a DT morals NNS accommodated VVN to TO the DT needs NNS of IN this DT new JJ social JJ cleavage NN . SENT It PP is VBZ moving VVG towards IN a DT not RB distant JJ epoch NN in IN which WDT Western JJ white JJ nations NNS may MD , , as RB regards VVZ their PP$ means NNS of IN livelihood NN , , be VB mainly RB dependent JJ upon IN the DT labour NN of IN regimented VVD lower JJR peoples NNS in IN various JJ distant JJ portions NNS of IN the DT globe NN , , all RB or CC most JJS members NNS of IN the DT dominant JJ peoples NNS enjoying VVG a DT life NN of IN comparative JJ pleasure NN and CC leisure NN and CC a DT collective JJ sense NN of IN personal JJ superiority NN as IN the DT rulers NNS of IN the DT earth NN . SENT That DT standards NNS of IN recreation NN , , education NN and CC morals NNS , , thus RB formed VVN and CC transformed VVN , , are VBP likely JJ to TO contain VV enormous JJ wastes NNS in IN their PP$ direct JJ and CC indirect JJ bearing NN upon IN economic JJ life NN , , is VBZ obvious JJ . SENT How WRB far RB this DT waste NN is VBZ to TO be VB imputed VVN to TO imitation NN of IN the DT prestige NN possessing VVG habits NNS of IN the DT leisured JJ class NN , , how WRB far RB to TO original JJ sin NN or CC the DT errors NNS or CC excesses NNS natural JJ to TO all DT sorts NNS and CC conditions NNS of IN men NNS , , it PP is VBZ not RB possible JJ to TO ascertain VV . SENT But CC it PP will MD be VB evident JJ that IN in IN these DT higher JJR satisfactions NNS , , to TO which WDT an DT increasing VVG surplus NN of IN wealth NN , , leisure NN and CC energy NN can MD be VB devoted VVN , , will MD be VB found VVN the DT largest JJS wastes NNS . SENT For IN the DT conventional JJ expenditure NN embedded VVN in IN these DT strata NNS of IN the DT various JJ class NN standards NNS will MD be VB largely RB directed VVN by IN motives NNS which WDT are VBP very RB loosely RB related VVN to TO any DT real JJ standard NN of IN organic JJ welfare NN . SENT One PP need VVP not RB exaggerate VV this DT expenditure NN of IN time NN or CC money NN , , or CC deem VVP it PP wholly RB unproductive JJ . SENT It PP may MD even RB be VB conceded VVN that IN few JJ of IN the DT pursuits NNS of IN pleasure NN are VBP wholly RB destitute JJ of IN benefit NN , , nor CC are VBP prestige JJ and CC the DT imitation NN it PP engenders VVZ wholly RB valueless JJ . SENT But CC such JJ practices NNS contain VV much RB that WDT is VBZ obsolete JJ , , incongruous JJ or CC indigestible JJ , , much JJ that IN is VBZ actively RB injurious JJ , , both CC to TO the DT individual NN and CC to TO society NN . SENT Regarded VVN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN pecuniary JJ expenditure NN , , the DT misdirection NN of IN the DT surplus NN income NN into IN empty JJ or CC depraved JJ modes NNS of IN recreation NN , , culture NN , , religion NN and CC charity NN is VBZ the DT largest JJS of IN all DT economic JJ wastes NNS . SENT Could MD it PP be VB set VVN forth RB in IN veracious JJ accounts NNS , , its PP$ enormity NN would MD impress VV all DT reflective JJ minds NNS . SENT How WRB small JJ the DT total JJ yield NN of IN human JJ welfare NN or CC even RB of IN current JJ pleasurable JJ satisfaction NN from IN the DT idle JJ travel NN , , racing NN , , hunting NN , , motoring VVG , , golfing VVG , , yachting NN , , betting VVG and CC gambling VVG , , in IN comparison NN with IN the DT human JJ gain NN from IN the DT work NN and CC arts NNS of IN which WDT they PP are VBP the DT futile JJ substitutes NNS . SENT Consider VV the DT damage NN to TO agriculture NN , , the DT sheer JJ loss NN of IN human JJ energy NN , , the DT selfishness NN , , sensuality NN and CC brutality NN incidental JJ to TO many JJ sports NNS , , the DT empty JJ mindedness NN , , obtuseness NN of IN intelligence NN and CC insensate JJ pride NN , , the DT shutting VVG of IN the DT senses NNS and CC the DT emotions NNS to TO most JJS of IN the DT finer JJR and CC nobler JJR scenes NNS in IN the DT spectacle NN of IN nature NN and CC the DT drama NN of IN humanity NN , , that WDT are VBP the DT natural JJ and CC necessary JJ consequences NNS of IN a DT sporting NN life NN . SENT Or CC could MD one PP accurately RB analyse VV the DT costs NNS of IN dilettantism NN , , sham JJ culture NN , , with IN its PP$ monstrous JJ perversions NNS of IN productive JJ energy NN in IN the DT fields NNS of IN pedagogy NN , , art NN , , science NN , , and CC literature NN , , in IN a DT descending VVG scale NN of IN frivolousness NN or CC depravity NN , , as IN they PP seize VVP by IN imitation NN the DT awakening VVG mind NN of IN ever RB larger JJR strata NNS of IN our PP$ populations NNS . SENT But CC even RB worse JJR than IN sham JJ intellectualism NN is VBZ the DT sham JJ morality NN which WDT tricks VVZ itself PP out RP in IN pietistic JJ formulas NNS and CC charitable JJ practices NNS , , so RB as RB to TO evade VV obedience NN to TO the DT plain JJ laws NNS of IN human JJ brotherhood NN and CC social JJ justice NN in IN this DT world NN . SENT The DT widest JJS and CC deepest JJS implications NNS of IN this DT parasitic JJ life NN of IN luxury NN and CC leisure NN , , the DT substitution NN of IN recreation NN for IN art NN and CC exercise NN , , of IN dilettantism NN for IN the DT life NN of IN thought NN , , of IN pietism NN , , and CC charity NN for IN human JJ fellowship NN , , lie VVP beyond IN the DT scope NN of IN our PP$ formal JJ enquiry NN . SENT We PP are VBP concerned VVN with IN them PP primarily RB as IN affecting VVG economic JJ production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT Sport NP , , dilettantism NN and CC charity NN are VBP for IN us PP characteristic JJ products NNS of IN mal JJ distribution NN seizing VVG that DT surplus NN income NN which WDT is VBZ the DT economic JJ nutriment NN of IN social JJ progress NN , , and CC applying VVG it PP to TO evolve VV a DT complicated JJ life NN of IN futile JJ frivolities NNS for IN a DT small JJ leisured JJ class NN who WP damage NN by IN their PP$ contagious JJ example NN and CC incitement NN the DT standards NNS of IN the DT working VVG members NNS of IN the DT society NN in IN which WDT they PP exercise VVP dominion NN . SENT CHAPTER NN XII NP . SENT THE DT HUMAN JJ LAW NN OF IN DISTRIBUTION NN 1 CD . SENT In IN seeking VVG at IN once RB to TO establish VV and CC apply VV to TO industry NN a DT standard NN of IN human JJ value NN , , we PP have VHP taken VVN for IN our PP$ concrete JJ subject JJ matter NN the DT aggregate NN of IN marketable JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS that WDT constitute VVP the DT real JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN . SENT This DT real JJ wealth NN , , distributed VVN in IN income NN among IN the DT various JJ members NNS of IN the DT community NN , , we PP subjected VVN to TO a DT double JJ analysis NN , , tracing VVG it PP backwards JJ through IN the DT processes NNS of IN its PP$ production NN , , forward RB into IN its PP$ consumption NN . SENT Some DT of IN the DT activities NNS of IN its PP$ production NN we PP recognised VVN as IN being VBG in IN themselves PP interesting JJ , , pleasant JJ , , educative JJ or CC otherwise RB organically RB useful JJ . SENT others NNS we PP found VVD to TO be VB uninteresting JJ , , painful JJ , , depressing JJ or CC otherwise RB organically RB costly JJ . SENT A DT similar JJ divergence NN of IN human JJ value NN appeared VVD in IN the DT consumption NN of IN those DT forms NNS of IN wealth NN . SENT Some DT sorts NNS and CC quantities NNS of IN consumption NN were VBD found VVN conducive JJ to TO the DT maintenance NN and CC furtherance NN of IN healthy JJ life NN , , both CC pleasant JJ and CC profitable JJ . SENT Other JJ sorts NNS and CC qualities NNS of IN consumption NN were VBD found VVN wasteful JJ or CC injurious JJ to TO the DT life NN of IN the DT consumers NNS and CC of IN the DT community NN . SENT The DT general JJ result NN of IN this DT double JJ analysis NN may MD be VB summarised VVN in IN the DT following VVG tabular JJ form NN . SENT WEALTH NN PRODUCTION NN Human NP utility NN Art NN Exercise NN . SENT Labour VV Human NP cost NN Toil VVP . SENT Mal JJ production NN CONSUMPTION NN Human JJ utility NN Needs NNS . SENT Abundance NN Human NP cost NN Satiety NN . SENT Mal JJ consumption NN In IN the DT ordinary JJ economic JJ account NN costs NNS appear VVP entirely RB on IN the DT Production NN side NN of IN the DT account NN , , utility NN entirely RB on IN the DT Consumption NN side NN . SENT Production NN is VBZ regarded VVN not RB as IN good JJ or CC desirable JJ in IN itself PP , , but CC only RB as IN a DT means NN towards IN an DT end NN , , Consumption NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , all DT parts NNS of IN Consumption NN are VBP regarded VVN as RB in IN themselves PP desirable JJ and CC good JJ , , and CC are VBP assessed VVN as IN Utilities NNS according VVG to TO the DT worth NN which WDT current JJ desires NNS , , expressed VVN in IN purchasing VVG power NN , , set VVN upon IN them PP . SENT Our PP$ human JJ valuation NN refuses VVZ to TO regard VV work NN as IN a DT mere JJ means NN to TO consumption NN . SENT It PP finds VVZ life NN and CC welfare NN in IN the DT healthy JJ functioning NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS , , as RB well RB as RB in IN the DT processes NNS of IN repair NN and CC growth NN which WDT form VVP sound JJ consumption NN . SENT If IN all DT production NN could MD be VB reduced VVN to TO Art NN and CC Exercise NN , , the DT creative JJ and CC the DT re NN creative JJ functions NNS , , all DT consumption NN to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ needs NNS , , we PP should MD appear VV to TO have VH reached VVN an DT ideal JJ economy NN , , in IN which WDT there EX would MD be VB no DT human JJ costs NNS and CC a DT maximum JJ amount NN of IN human JJ utility NN . SENT The DT conditions NNS of IN a DT complete JJ individual JJ life NN would MD seem VV to TO be VB attained VVN . SENT But CC we PP are VBP not RB concerned VVN with IN a DT society NN in IN which WDT completeness NN of IN the DT individual JJ life NN is VBZ the DT sole JJ end NN , , but CC with IN a DT society NN in IN which WDT the DT desires NNS , , purposes NNS and CC welfare NN of IN the DT individuals NNS are VBP comprised VVN in IN the DT achievement NN of IN a DT common JJ life NN . SENT For IN this DT reason NN I PP have VHP included VVN under IN the DT head NN of IN Utility NN on IN the DT Productive JJ side NN of IN our PP$ account NN , , not RB only RB the DT Art NN and CC Exercise NN which WDT are VBP directly RB conducive JJ to TO individual JJ well NN being VBG , , but CC a DT quantum NN of IN Labour NN which WDT represents VVZ the DT economic JJ measure NN of IN the DT inter VV dependency NN , , or CC solidarity NN , , of IN the DT so RB called VVN individuals NNS . SENT Such JJ labour NN is VBZ the DT so RB called VVN sacrifice NN required VVN of IN individuals NNS in IN the DT interest NN of IN the DT society NN to TO which WDT they PP belong VVP . SENT To TO the DT individualist NN it PP appears VVZ a DT distortion NN of IN the DT free JJ full JJ development NN of IN his PP$ nature NN , , an DT interference NN with IN his PP$ perfect JJ life NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , neither DT sacrifice NN nor CC distortion NN . SENT For IN the DT so RB called VVN individual NN is VBZ nowise RB , , except IN in IN physical JJ structure NN , , 1 LS completely RB divided VVN from IN his PP$ fellows NNS . SENT He PP is VBZ a DT social JJ being NN and CC this DT social JJ nature NN demands NNS recognition NN and CC expression NN in IN economic JJ processes NNS . SENT It PP requires VVZ him PP to TO engage VV in IN some DT special JJ work NN which WDT has VHZ for IN its PP$ direct JJ end NN the DT welfare NN of IN society NN , , in IN addition NN to TO the DT work NN of IN using VVG his PP$ own JJ powers NNS for IN his PP$ own JJ personal JJ ends NNS . SENT How WRB far RB this DT routine JJ labour NN for IN society NN can MD be VB taken VVN into IN his PP$ conception NN of IN his PP$ human JJ nature NN , , and CC so RB become VV a DT source NN of IN personal JJ satisfaction NN , , is VBZ a DT question NN we PP shall MD discuss VV later RBR on RB . SENT At IN present NN it PP will MD suffice VV to TO recognise VV that IN each DT man's JJ fair JJ contribution NN to TO the DT routine JJ labour NN of IN the DT world NN , , though RB irksome JJ to TO him PP , , is VBZ not RB injurious JJ but CC serviceable JJ to TO his PP$ human JJ nature NN . SENT Thus RB interpreted VVN , , it PP stands VVZ on IN the DT utility NN , , not RB on IN the DT cost NN , , side NN of IN the DT account NN . SENT It PP must MD be VB distinguished VVN from IN its PP$ excess NN , , which WDT we PP here RB term NN toil VVP , , and CC from IN work NN , , which WDT whether IN from IN an DT abuse NN of IN the DT creative JJ faculty NN or CC of IN social JJ control NN , , is VBZ bad JJ and CC degrading JJ in IN its PP$ nature NN and CC is VBZ here RB termed VVN mal JJ production NN . SENT A DT similar JJ distinction NN between IN the DT narrowly RB personal JJ and CC the DT broader JJR social JJ interpretation NN of IN welfare NN is VBZ applicable JJ on IN the DT consumption NN side NN . SENT It PP is VBZ clearly RB not RB enough RB that IN the DT income NN which WDT is VBZ to TO furnish VV consumption NN should MD suffice VV only RB to TO make VV provision NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN the DT material NN and CC spiritual JJ needs NNS of IN the DT individual JJ or CC even RB of IN his PP$ family NN . SENT The DT expenditure NN of IN every DT man NN should MD contain VV a DT margin NN which WDT I PP here RB call VVP abundance NN from IN which WDT he PP may MD contribute VV voluntarily RB to TO the DT good NN of IN others NNS . SENT There EX will MD be VB public JJ needs NNS or CC emergencies NNS , , which WDT are VBP not RB properly RB covered VVN by IN State NP services NNS but CC remain VV a DT call NN upon IN the DT public JJ spirit NN of IN persons NNS of IN discernment NN and CC humanity NN . SENT There EX are VBP also RB the DT calls NNS of IN hospitality NN and CC comradeship NN , , and CC the DT wider JJR claim NN of IN charity NN , , the DT willing JJ help NN to TO those DT in IN need NN , , a DT charity NN that WDT is VBZ spontaneous JJ , , not RB organised VVN , , that WDT degrades VVZ neither CC him PP who WP gives VVZ nor CC him PP who WP receives VVZ , , because IN it PP is VBZ the DT natural JJ expression NN of IN a DT spirit NN of IN human JJ brotherhood NN . SENT For IN the DT sting NN alike RB of IN condescension NN and CC of IN degradation NN would MD be VB removed VVN from IN charity NN , , when WRB both DT parties NNS feel VVP that IN such JJ acts NNS of IN giving VVG are VBP an DT agreeable JJ expression NN of IN a DT spirit NN of IN fellowship NN . SENT From IN the DT consumption NN which WDT is VBZ thus RB applied VVN to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN sound JJ personal JJ needs NNS , , or CC which WDT overflows VVZ in IN abundance NN to TO meet VV the DT needs NNS of IN others NNS , , we PP distinguish VV sharply RB that IN excessive JJ quantity NN of IN consumption NN , , which WDT in IN our PP$ Table NN ranks NNS as IN Satiety NN , , and CC those DT base NN modes NNS of IN consumption NN which WDT in IN their PP$ poisonous JJ reactions NNS on IN personal JJ and CC social JJ welfare NN strictly RB correspond VV to TO the DT base NN forms NNS of IN production NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Such JJ are VBP the DT general JJ lines NNS of IN demarcation NN between IN the DT strictly RB business NN and CC the DT human JJ valuation NN of IN the DT productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ processes NNS . SENT We PP now RB perceive VVP how WRB close NN is VBZ the DT resemblance NN of IN the DT laws NNS of IN human JJ valuation NN as IN applied VVN to TO the DT two CD sides NNS of IN the DT equation NN of IN Wealth NN . SENT This DT similarity NN is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , no DT chance NN coincidence NN . SENT it PP inheres VVZ in IN the DT organic JJ nature NN of IN society NN and CC of IN individual JJ life NN . SENT But CC , , in IN order NN to TO proceed VV with IN our PP$ main JJ purpose NN , , the DT expression NN of IN the DT economic JJ income NN in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ income NN , , we PP must MD bring VV the DT two CD sides NNS of IN the DT enquiry NN into IN closer JJR union NN . SENT We PP can MD thus RB get VV a DT fair JJ survey NN of IN the DT current JJ life NN of IN industry NN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN wealth NN and CC waste NN , , health NN and CC disease NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN our PP$ national JJ income NN , , the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS , , are VBP produced VVN by IN activities NNS , , which WDT in IN their PP$ nature NN and CC distribution NN can MD be VB classed VVN as IN Art NP , , Exercise NN and CC Social JJ Labour NN , , and CC are VBP consumed VVN in IN ways NNS conducive JJ to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ Needs NNS , , our PP$ industrial JJ society NN is VBZ sound JJ . SENT Probably RB the DT greater JJR part NN of IN our PP$ income NN is VBZ thus RB made VVN and CC spent VVN . SENT The DT necessity NN of IN attending VVG more RBR closely RB to TO the DT defects NNS than IN to TO the DT successes NNS of IN the DT present JJ system NN must MD not RB lead VV us PP to TO disparage VV the DT latter NN . SENT If IN industry NN were VBD in IN fact NN the DT irrational JJ , , unjust JJ and CC utterly RB inhuman JJ anarchy NN it PP is VBZ sometimes RB represented VVN to TO be VB , , it PP would MD not RB hold VV together RB for IN twenty CD four CD hours NNS . SENT Not RB merely RB is VBZ the DT individual JJ business NN in IN its PP$ normal JJ state NN a DT finely RB adjusted VVN , , accurately RB working VVG complex NN of IN human JJ skill NN , , industry NN and CC cooperative JJ good JJ will NN , , but CC the DT larger JJR and CC less RBR centralised VVN structures NNS , , which WDT we PP call VVP trades NNS and CC markets NNS , , show VVP a DT wonderful JJ intricacy NN of IN order NN in IN their PP$ form NN and CC working VVG . SENT To TO feed VV the DT thousands NNS of IN mills NNS and CC workshops NNS of IN England NP with IN a DT fairly RB regular JJ supply NN of IN countless JJ materials NNS drawn VVN from IN the DT wide JJ world NN , , to TO feed VV the DT millions NNS of IN mouths NNS of IN our PP$ people NNS with IN their PP$ regular JJ supply NN of IN daily JJ food NN , , are VBP notable JJ achievements NNS of IN industrial JJ order NN . SENT In IN concentrating VVG , , as IN we PP must MD , , our PP$ chief JJ thought NN upon IN the DT disorder NN of IN the DT system NN , , the DT places NNS where WRB it PP fails VVZ , , and CC the DT damage NN of IN such JJ failure NN , , we PP gain VVP nothing NN by IN exaggerating VVG the DT industrial JJ maladies NNS and CC their PP$ social JJ injuries NNS . SENT The DT proportions NNS of IN order NN and CC disorder NN , , health NN and CC disease NN , , human JJ cost NN and CC human JJ utility NN , , in IN the DT working NN of IN our PP$ industrial JJ system NN are NN best RBS ascertained VVN by IN turning VVG once RB more JJR to TO our PP$ concrete JJ mass NN of IN wealth NN , , our PP$ income NN , , and CC enquiring VVG into IN the DT quantitative JJ method NN of IN its PP$ distribution NN . SENT In IN examining VVG the DT human JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN a DT given VVN output NN of IN labour NN power NN and CC of IN other JJ productive JJ energy NN we PP recognised VVD that IN very RB much RB depended VVN upon IN the DT conditions NNS of IN that DT output NN , , and CC particularly RB upon IN the DT length NN and CC intensity NN of IN the DT working VVG day NN and CC working VVG week NN . SENT Similarly RB , , in IN examining VVG the DT human JJ utility NN got VVD from IN the DT consumption NN of IN a DT given VVN quantity NN of IN goods NNS , , we PP recognised VVD that IN it PP will MD depend VV upon IN the DT sort NN and CC the DT number NN of IN persons NNS who WP receive VVP it PP for IN consumption NN . SENT So RB from IN both DT sides NNS of IN the DT question NN we PP approach VVP the DT central JJ issue NN of IN the DT distribution NN of IN Wealth NN . SENT If IN the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD of IN goods NNS were VBD found VVN to TO be VB so RB distributed VVN in IN the DT modes NNS of IN their PP$ production NN as RB to TO involve VV no DT burden NN of IN toil NN and CC no DT injury NN upon IN the DT producers NNS , , while IN they PP were VBD so RB distributed VVN in IN income NN as RB to TO involve VV no DT waste NN or CC damage NN in IN consumption NN , , the DT human JJ utility NN it PP represented VVD would MD reach VV a DT maximum NN and CC cost NN would MD be VB zero CD . SENT If IN , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , the DT same JJ goods NNS were VBD largely RB produced VVN by IN ill JJ nourished VVN labourers NNS , , working VVG long JJ hours NNS under IN bad JJ hygienic JJ conditions NNS , , and CC using VVG capital NN largely RB furnished VVN by IN the DT painful JJ and CC injurious JJ saving NN of IN the DT poor JJ , , while IN the DT distribution NN of IN the DT goods NNS was VBD such JJ as RB to TO assign VV the DT bulk NN of IN them PP to TO a DT small JJ affluent JJ class NN , , the DT masses NNS living VVG on IN a DT bare JJ subsistence NN level NN , , the DT human JJ utility NN of IN such PDT a DT system NN would MD be VB very RB small JJ , , its PP$ human JJ cost NN very RB great JJ . SENT Judged VVN indeed RB from IN any DT right JJ standard NN of IN civilisation NN , , an DT industrial JJ society NN of IN the DT latter JJ sort NN might MD represent VV a DT minus NN quantity NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT There EX might MD even RB be VB two CD nations NNS of IN equal JJ population NN and CC economic JJ income NN , , equally RB prosperous JJ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN statistics NNS of IN commerce NN , , which WDT nevertheless RB , , by IN reason NN of IN the DT different JJ apportionment NN of IN work NN and CC income NN , , stood VVD poles NNS asunder RB in IN every DT true JJ count NN of IN human JJ prosperity NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Now RB the DT Human JJ Law NN of IN Distribution NN , , in IN its PP$ application NN to TO industry NN , , aims VVZ , , as IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , to TO distribute VV Wealth NN , , in IN relation NN to TO its PP$ production NN on IN the DT one CD hand NN and CC its PP$ consumption NN on IN the DT other JJ , , so RB as RB to TO secure VV the DT minimum NN of IN Human JJ Costs NNS and CC the DT maximum NN of IN Human NP Utility NP . SENT No DT bare JJ rule NN of IN absolute JJ equality NN , , based VVN upon IN the DT doctrine NN of IN equal JJ rights NNS , , equal JJ powers NNS or CC equal JJ needs NNS , , will MD conduce VV to TO this DT result NN . SENT The DT notion NN that IN the DT claims NNS of IN justice NN or CC humanity NN would MD be VB met VVN by IN requiring VVG from IN all DT persons NNS an DT equal JJ contribution NN to TO the DT general JJ output NN of IN productive JJ energy NN is VBZ manifestly RB foolish JJ and CC impracticable JJ . SENT To TO require VV the DT same JJ output NN of IN energy NN from IN a DT strong JJ as RB from IN a DT weak JJ man NN , , from IN an DT old JJ as RB from IN a DT young JJ , , from IN a DT woman NN as IN from IN a DT man NN , , to TO ignore VV those DT actual JJ differences NNS of IN age NN , , sex NN , , health NN , , strength NN and CC skill NN , , would MD be VB rejected VVN at IN once RB as IN a DT preposterous JJ application NN of IN human JJ equality NN . SENT If IN such PDT an DT equal JJ output NN were VBD required VVN , , it PP could MD only RB be VB obtained VVN by IN an DT average JJ task NN which WDT would MD unduly RB tax VV the DT powers NNS of IN the DT weak JJ , , and CC would MD waste VV much RB of IN the DT powers NNS of IN the DT strong JJ . SENT A DT similar JJ human JJ economy NN holds VVZ of IN the DT provision NN of IN capital NN through IN saving NN . SENT To TO impose VV saving NN upon IN working JJ folk NN whose WP$ income NN barely RB maintains VVZ the DT family NN efficiency NN , , when WRB other JJ folk NN possess VVP surplus NN incomes NNS out RB of IN which WDT the DT socially RB necessary JJ capital NN can MD be VB provided VVN , , is VBZ a DT manifestly RB wasteful JJ policy NN . SENT Those DT who WP have VHP no DT true JJ power NN to TO save VV should MD not RB be VB called VVN upon RP to TO undergo VV this DT cost NN . SENT all DT saving NN should MD come VV proportionately RB out RB of IN higher JJR incomes NNS where WRB it PP involves VVZ no DT human JJ sacrifice NN . SENT Alike RB , , as RB regards VVZ labour NN and CC capital NN , , the DT true JJ social JJ economy NN is VBZ expressed VVN in IN the DT principle NN that IN each DT should MD contribute VV in IN accordance NN with IN his PP$ ability NN . SENT It PP should MD be VB similarly RB evident JJ that IN exact JJ equality NN of IN incomes NNS in IN money NN or CC in IN goods NNS for IN all DT persons NNS is VBZ not RB less RBR wasteful JJ , , or CC less RBR socially RB injurious JJ . SENT I PP cannot NN profess VV to TO understand VV by IN what WP reasoning NN some DT so RB called VVN Socialists NNS defend VVP an DT ideal JJ order NN in IN which WDT every DT member NN of IN society NN , , man NN , , woman NN and CC child NN , , should MD have VH an DT absolutely RB equal JJ share NN of IN the DT general JJ income NN . SENT The DT needs NNS of IN people NNS , , their PP$ capacity NN to TO get VV utility NN out RP of IN incomes NNS by IN consuming NN it PP , , are VBP no RB more RBR equal JJ than IN their PP$ powers NNS of IN production NN . SENT Neither CC in IN respect NN of IN food NN , , or CC clothing NN , , or CC the DT general JJ material NN standard NN of IN comfort NN , , can MD any DT such JJ equality NN of IN needs NNS be VB alleged VVN . SENT To TO say VV that IN a DT big JJ strong JJ man NN , , giving VVG out RP a DT correspondingly RB large JJ output NN of IN energy NN , , needs VVZ exactly RB the DT same JJ supply NN of IN food NN as IN a DT small JJ weakly JJ man NN , , whose WP$ output NN is VBZ a DT third JJ as IN great JJ , , would MD be VB as RB ridiculous JJ as RB to TO pretend VV that IN a DT fifty CD horse NN power NN engine NN needed VVD no DT more JJR fuel NN than IN a DT ten CD horse NN power NN one NN . SENT Nor CC will MD the DT differences NNS in IN one CD set NN of IN needs NNS be VB closely RB compensated VVN in IN another DT . SENT Mankind NN is VBZ not RB equal JJ in IN the DT sense NN that IN all DT persons NNS have VHP the DT same JJ number NN of IN faculties NNS developed VVN , , or CC capable JJ of IN development NN , , to TO the DT same JJ extent NN , , and CC demanding VVG the DT same JJ aggregate JJ amount NN of IN nutriment NN . SENT To TO maintain VV certain JJ orders NNS of IN productive JJ efficiency NN will MD demand VV a DT much RB larger JJR consumption NN than IN to TO maintain VV others NNS . SENT Because IN differences NNS of IN income NN and CC expenditure NN exist VVP at IN present JJ which WDT are VBP manifestly RB unjust JJ and CC injurious JJ , , that WDT is VBZ no DT reason NN for IN insisting VVG that IN all DT differences NNS are VBP unwarrantable JJ . SENT Equality NN of IN opportunity NN does VVZ not RB imply VV equality NN but CC some DT inequality NN of IN incomes NNS . SENT For IN opportunity NN does VVZ not RB consist VV in IN the DT mere JJ presence NN of IN something NN which WDT a DT man NN can MD use VV , , irrespective RB of IN his PP$ own JJ desires NNS and CC capacities NNS . SENT A DT banquet NN does VVZ not RB present VV the DT same JJ amount NN of IN opportunity NN to TO a DT full JJ man NN as RB to TO a DT hungry JJ man NN , , to TO an DT invalid JJ as RB to TO a DT robust JJ digestion NN . SENT 1 CD , , 000 CD , , spent VVN in IN library NN equipment NN for IN university NN students NNS , , represents VVZ far RB more RBR effective JJ opportunity NN than IN the DT same JJ sum NN spent VVN on IN library NN equipment NN in IN a DT community NN where WRB few JJ can MD read VV or CC care VV to TO read VV any DT book NN worth NN reading NN . SENT Equality NN of IN opportunity NN involves VVZ the DT distribution NN of IN income NN according VVG to TO capacity NN to TO use VV it PP , , and CC to TO assume VV an DT absolute JJ equality NN of IN such JJ capacity NN is VBZ absurd JJ . SENT It PP may MD no DT doubt NN be VB urged VVN that IN it PP is VBZ difficult JJ to TO measure VV individual JJ needs NNS and CC capacities NNS so RB as RB to TO apply VV the DT true JJ organic JJ mode NN of IN distribution NN . SENT This DT is VBZ true JJ and CC any DT practical JJ rules NNS for IN adjusting VVG income NN , , or CC for IN distribution NN of IN the DT product NN , , according VVG to TO needs NNS , , will MD be VB likely JJ to TO involve VV some DT waste NN . SENT But CC that DT is VBZ no DT reason NN for IN adopting VVG a DT principle NN of IN distribution NN which WDT must MD involve VV great JJ waste NN . SENT However RB difficult JJ it PP may MD be VB to TO discover VV and CC estimate VV differences NNS of IN needs NNS in IN individuals NNS or CC classes NNS of IN men NNS , , to TO ignore VV all DT differences NNS insures VVZ a DT maximum NN of IN waste NN . SENT For IN , , assuming VVG , , as IN it PP does VVZ , , a DT single JJ average NN or CC standard JJ man NN , , to TO which WDT type NN no DT actual JJ man NN conforms VVZ , , it PP involves VVZ a DT necessary JJ waste NN in IN each DT particular JJ case NN . SENT Everyone NN , , in IN a DT word NN , , would MD under IN this DT mechanical JJ interpretation NN of IN equality NN possess VVP either CC a DT larger JJR or CC a DT smaller JJR income NN than IN he PP could MD use VV . SENT Such PDT a DT doctrine NN , , though RB sometimes RB preached VVN by IN persons NNS who WP call VVP themselves PP socialists NNS , , is VBZ really RB a DT survival NN of IN the DT eighteenth JJ century NN doctrine NN of IN individual JJ rights NNS , , grafted VVN on IN to TO a DT theory NN of IN the DT uniformity NN of IN human JJ nature NN that WDT is VBZ contradicted VVN by IN the DT entire JJ trend NN of IN science NN . SENT This DT levelling VVG doctrine NN only RB serves VVZ to TO buttress VV the DT existing JJ forms NNS of IN inequality NN , , by IN presenting VVG in IN the DT guise NN of IN reform NN a DT spurious JJ equality NN , , the DT folly NN and CC the DT waste NN of IN which WDT are VBP obvious JJ even RB to TO the DT least JJS reflecting VVG of IN mankind NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Distribution NN of IN income NN according VVG to TO needs NNS , , or CC ability NN to TO use VV it PP , , does VVZ not RB , , indeed RB , , depend VVP for IN its PP$ practical JJ validity NN upon IN the DT application NN of IN exact JJ and CC direct JJ measurements NNS of IN needs NNS . SENT The DT limits NNS of IN any DT sort NN of IN direct JJ measurement NN even RB of IN material NN needs NNS appear VVP in IN any DT discussion NN of IN the DT science NN of IN dietetics NNS . SENT But CC inexact JJ though IN such JJ science NN is VBZ , , it PP can MD furnish VV certain JJ valid JJ reasons NNS for IN different JJ standards NNS of IN food NN in IN different JJ occupations NNS , , and CC for IN other JJ discriminations NNS relating VVG to TO race NN , , age NN , , sex NN and CC vigour NN . SENT What WP holds VVZ of IN food NN will MD also RB hold VV of IN housing NN , , leisure NN , , modes NNS of IN recreation NN and CC intellectual JJ consumption NN . SENT Nor CC must MD it PP be VB forgotten VVN that IN , , for IN expenditure NN , , the DT family NN is VBZ the DT true JJ unit NN . SENT The DT size NN and CC age NN of IN the DT family NN is VBZ certainly RB a DT relevant JJ factor NN in IN estimating VVG needs NNS , , and CC in IN any DT distribution NN on IN a DT needs NNS basis NN must MD be VB taken VVN into IN account NN . SENT Public JJ bodies NNS , , and CC less RBR commonly RB private JJ forms NNS , , in IN fixing VVG salaries NNS and CC wages NNS , , are VBP consciously RB guided VVN by IN such JJ considerations NNS . SENT The DT idea NN is VBZ to TO ascertain VV the DT sum NN which WDT will MD maintain VV a DT worker NN , , with IN or CC without IN a DT family NN , , in IN accordance NN with IN economic JJ efficiency NN , , and CC having VHG regard NN to TO the DT accepted VVN conventions NNS of IN the DT class NN from IN which WDT he PP will MD be VB drawn VVN . SENT Having VHG determined VVN this DT proper JJ salary NN or CC wage NN , , they PP seek VVP to TO get VV the DT best JJS man NN for IN the DT work NN . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that IN the DT conventional JJ factor NN looms VVZ so RB big JJ in IN this DT process NN as RB often RB to TO obscure VV the DT natural JJ economy NN . SENT When WRB it PP is VBZ determined VVN by IN a DT municipality NN that IN its PP$ Town NP Clerk NP ought MD ot NN have VHP 1500 VVN a DT year NN and CC its PP$ dustman NN 22 CD s PP . SENT a DT week NN , , it PP appears VVZ a DT palpable JJ straining VVG of IN language NN to TO suggest VV that IN differences NNS of IN needs NNS correspond VV to TO this DT descrepancy NN of IN pay NN . SENT For IN , , though IN it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN in IN the DT existing JJ state NN of IN the DT market NN for IN legal JJ ability NN and CC experience VV the DT town NN may MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO get VV a DT really RB good JJ town NN clerk NN for IN less JJR , , that DT state NN of IN the DT legal JJ market NN is VBZ itself PP the DT result NN of IN artificial JJ restrictions NNS in IN opportunity NN of IN education NN and CC of IN competition NN , , which WDT have VHP no DT natural JJ basis NN and CC which WDT a DT society NN versed VVN in IN sound JJ social JJ economy NN will MD alter VV . SENT But CC the DT fact NN that IN the DT existing JJ interpretation NN of IN needs NNS is VBZ frequently RB artificial JJ and CC exaggerated JJ must MD not RB lead VV us PP to TO ignore VV the DT element NN of IN truth NN embodied VVN in IN it PP . SENT The DT wages NNS of IN policemen NNS , , the DT real JJ wages NNS of IN soldiers NNS and CC sailors NNS , , are VBP determined VVN with IN conscious JJ relation NN to TO the DT needs NNS of IN able JJ bodied VVN men NNS engaged VVN in IN hard JJ physical JJ work NN , , and CC with IN some DT regard NN to TO the DT existence NN of IN a DT wife NN and CC family NN . SENT But CC I PP need VVP not RB labour VV the DT point NN of IN the DT difference NN between IN the DT salary NN and CC the DT commodity NN view NN of IN labour NN . SENT The DT acceptance NN among IN all DT thoughtful JJ employers NNS of IN the DT economy NN of IN high JJ wages NNS applied VVN within IN reasonable JJ limits NNS is VBZ itself PP the DT plainest JJS testimony NN to TO the DT actuality NN of IN the DT needs NNS basis NN of IN income NN . SENT That IN unless IN you PP pay VVP a DT man NN enough RB to TO satisfy VV his PP$ needs NNS , , you PP cannot NN get VV from IN him PP his PP$ full JJ power NN of IN work NN , , is VBZ a DT proposition NN which WDT would MD meet VV with IN universal JJ acceptance NN . SENT But CC it PP will MD commonly RB be VB added VVN that IN the DT safest JJS way NN of IN measuring VVG needs NNS is VBZ by IN means NNS of IN output NN . SENT This DT output NN , , measured VVN by IN work NN time NN , , or CC by IN piece NN , , or CC by IN a DT combination NN of IN the DT two CD , , still RB remains VVZ the DT general JJ basis NN of IN payment NN . SENT How WRB far RB is VBZ this DT conformable JJ to TO our PP$ theory NN of IN human JJ distribution NN , , according VVG to TO needs NNS . SENT That IN there EX is VBZ some DT conformity NN will MD , , I NN think NN , , be VB easily RB perceived VVN . SENT If IN one CD docker NN unloads VVZ twice RB as IN much JJ grain NN or CC timber NN as IN another DT docker NN in IN the DT same JJ time NN , , or CC if IN one CD hewer NN working VVG under IN the DT same JJ conditions NNS gets VVZ twice RB as IN much JJ coal NN as IN another DT , , there EX is VBZ a DT reasonable JJ presumption NN that IN the DT larger JJR actual JJ quantity NN of IN labour NN has VHZ taken VVN a DT good JJ deal NN more RBR out RB of IN him PP . SENT Putting VVG the DT comparison NN on IN its PP$ barest JJS physical JJ basis NN , , there EX has VHZ been VBN a DT larger JJR expenditure NN of IN tissue NN and CC of IN energy NN , , which WDT must MD be VB replaced VVN by IN a DT larger JJR consumption NN of IN food NN . SENT A DT strong JJ man NN doing VVG much JJ work NN may MD not RB be VB exerting VVG himself PP more RBR than IN a DT weak JJ man NN doing VVG little JJ work NN . SENT But CC all PDT the DT same JJ there EX is VBZ some DT proportion NN between IN the DT respective JJ values NNS of IN their PP$ output NN of IN physical JJ energy NN and CC their PP$ intake NN of IN food NN . SENT This DT , , of IN course NN , , is VBZ a DT purely RB Physiological JJ application NN of IN our PP$ law NN of IN human JJ distribution NN . SENT It PP applies VVZ both CC to TO sorts NNS of IN work NN and CC to TO individual JJ cases NNS in IN the DT same JJ sort NN of IN work NN , , and CC constitutes VVZ an DT organic JJ basis NN for IN difference NN of IN class NN wages NNS and CC individual JJ wages NNS . SENT We PP urge VVP that IN it PP is VBZ applicable JJ to TO other JJ factors NNS of IN consumption NN than IN food NN , , and CC throughout IN the DT whole JJ area NN of IN production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT But CC applied VVN as IN a DT practical JJ principle NN for IN determining VVG distinctions NNS of IN class NN or CC grade NN payment NN , , and CC still RB more RBR for IN individual JJ payment NN within IN a DT class NN , , it PP has VHZ a DT very RB limited JJ validity NN . SENT Rigorously RB applied VVD it PP is VBZ the DT pure JJ commodity NN view NN of IN labour NN , , the DT antithesis NN of IN the DT salary NN view NN which WDT best NN expresses VVZ the DT needs NNS economy NN . SENT But CC , , though IN output NN cannot NN be VB taken VVN as IN an DT accurate JJ measure NN of IN needs NNS for IN the DT purpose NN of IN remuneration NN , , it PP clearly RB ought MD to TO be VB taken VVN into IN account NN . SENT The DT practical JJ reformer NN will MD indeed RB rightly RB insist VVP that IN it PP must MD be VB taken VVN into IN account NN . SENT For IN he PP will MD point VV out RP that DT output NN is VBZ a DT question NN not RB merely RB of IN physiological JJ but CC still RB more RBR of IN moral JJ stimulus NN . SENT A DT strong JJ man NN will MD not RB put VV out RP more JJR productive JJ energy NN than IN his PP$ weaker JJR fellow NN unless IN he PP knows VVZ he PP is VBZ to TO get VV more JJR pay NN . SENT a DT skilful JJ man NN cannot NN be VB relied VVN upon RP to TO use VV his PP$ full JJ skill NN unless IN he PP personally RB gains VVZ by IN doing VVG so RB . SENT If IN the DT sense NN of IN social JJ service NN were VBD stronger JJR than IN it PP is VBZ , , a DT bonus NN for IN extra JJ strength NN or CC skill NN might MD be VB unnecessary JJ . SENT But CC as IN human JJ nature NN actually RB stands VVZ , , this DT stimulus NN to TO do VV a DT best JJS that IN is VBZ better JJR than IN the DT average NN , , must MD be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT moral JJ need NN to TO be VB counted VVN for IN purposes NNS of IN remuneration NN along IN with IN the DT physiological JJ needs NNS . SENT Too RB much RB need MD not RB be VB made VVN of IN this DT distinctively RB selfish JJ factor NN . SENT In IN many JJ sorts NNS of IN work NN , , indeed RB , , it PP may MD not RB be VB large JJ enough RB to TO claim VV recognition NN in IN remuneration NN . SENT But CC where WRB it PP is VBZ important JJ , , the DT application NN of IN our PP$ needs NNS economy NN of IN distribution NN must MD provide VV for IN it PP . SENT This DT admission NN does VVZ not RB in IN the DT least JJS invalidate VV our PP$ organic JJ law NN . SENT For IN the DT moral JJ nature NN of IN a DT man NN is VBZ as RB natural JJ as IN his PP$ physical JJ nature NN . SENT Both DT are VBP amenable JJ to TO education NN , , and CC with IN education NN will MD come VV changes NNS which WDT will MD have VH their PP$ just JJ reactions NNS upon IN the DT policy NN of IN remuneration NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT organic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN in IN regarding VVG needs NNS will MD , , therefore RB , , take VV as RB full JJ an DT account NN as IN it PP can MD both CC of IN the DT unity NN and CC the DT diversity NN of IN human JJ nature NN . SENT The DT recognition NN of IN common JJ humanity NN will MD carry VV an DT adequate JJ provision NN of IN food NN , , shelter NN , , health NN , , education NN and CC other JJ prime JJ necessaries NN of IN life NN , , so RB as RB to TO yield VV equal JJ satisfaction NN of IN such JJ requirements NNS to TO all DT members NNS of IN the DT community NN . SENT This DT minimum JJ standard NN of IN life NN will MD be VB substantially RB the DT same JJ for IN all DT adult NN persons NNS , , and CC for IN all DT families NNS of IN equal JJ size NN and CC age NN . SENT Upon IN this DT standard NN of IN human JJ uniformity NN will MD be VB erected VVN certain JJ differences NNS of IN distribution NN , , adjusted VVN to TO the DT specific JJ needs NNS of IN any DT class NN or CC group NN whose WP$ work NN or CC physical JJ conditions NNS marks VVZ it PP out RP as RB different JJ from IN others NNS . SENT The DT present JJ inequalities NNS of IN income NN , , so RB largely RB based VVN upon IN conventional JJ or CC traditional JJ claims NNS , , would MD find VV little RB or CC no DT support NN under IN this DT application NN of IN the DT organic JJ law NN . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP seems VVZ unlikely JJ that IN any DT specific JJ requirements NNS of IN industrial JJ or CC professional JJ life NN would MD bulk NN so RB largely RB in IN interpreting VVG human JJ needs NNS as RB to TO warrant VV any DT wide JJ discrimination NN of IN incomes NNS . SENT There EX seems VVZ no DT reason NN to TO maintain VV that IN a DT lawyer's NNS or CC a DT doctor's NNS family NN would MD require VV , , or CC could MD advantageously RB spend VV , , a DT larger JJR income NN than IN a DT bricklayer's NNS , , in IN a DT society NN where WRB equality NN of IN educational JJ and CC other JJ opportunities NNS obtained VVD . SENT But CC , , if IN there EX were VBD any DT sorts NNS of IN work NN which WDT , , by IN reason NN of IN the DT special JJ calls NNS they PP made VVD upon IN human JJ faculties NNS , , or CC of IN the DT special JJ conditions NNS they PP imposed VVD , , required VVD an DT expenditure NN out RP of IN the DT common JJ , , the DT organic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN according VVG to TO needs NNS would MD make VV provision NN for IN the DT same JJ as IN an DT addition NN to TO the DT standard JJ minimum NN . SENT So RB likewise RB the DT hours NNS of IN labour NN would MD be VB varied VVN from IN a DT standard JJ working VVG day NN to TO meet VV the DT case NN of IN work NN unusually RB intense JJ or CC wearing VVG in IN its PP$ incidence NN . SENT To TO what WP extent NN society NN would MD find VV it PP necessary JJ to TO recognise VV individual JJ differences NNS of IN efficiency NN within IN each DT grade NN as IN a DT ground NN for IN particular JJ remuneration NN and CC how WRB far RB such JJ claims NNS would MD represent VV , , not RB payment NN according VVG to TO true JJ needs NNS but CC power NN to TO extort VV a DT personal JJ rent NN is VBZ a DT question NN which WDT can MD only RB be VB answered VVN by IN experience NN . SENT It PP may MD , , however RB , , be VB regarded VVN as RB certain JJ that IN the DT high JJ individual JJ rents NNS which WDT prevail VVP at IN present NN in IN skilled JJ manual JJ and CC menial JJ work NN , , could MD not RB be VB maintained VVN . SENT For IN these DT high JJ rates NNS depend VVP upon IN conditions NNS of IN supply NN and CC of IN demand NN which WDT would MD not RB then RB exist VV . SENT The DT enormous JJ fees NNS which WDT specialists NNS of IN repute VV in IN the DT law NN or CC medicine NN can MD obtain VV depend VV , , partly RB , , upon IN the DT inequality NN of IN educational JJ and CC social JJ opportunities NNS that WDT limits VVZ the DT supply NN of IN able JJ men NNS in IN these DT professions NNS . SENT partly RB , , upon IN other JJ inequalities NNS of IN income NN that WDT enable VVP certain JJ persons NNS to TO afford VV to TO pay VV such JJ fees NNS . SENT Equality NN of IN opportunity NN and CC even RB an DT approximate JJ equalisation NN of IN income NN would MD destroy VV both CC these DT sources NNS of IN high JJ rents NNS of IN ability NN . SENT What WP applies VVZ in IN the DT professions NNS would MD apply VV in IN every DT trade NN . SENT Individual JJ rents NNS of IN ability NN might MD survive VV , , but CC they PP must MD be VB brought VVN within IN a DT narrow JJ compass NN . SENT While IN , , then RB , , the DT selfishness NN of IN individual JJ man NN might MD give VV a DT slight JJ twist NN to TO the DT application NN of IN the DT social JJ policy NN of IN distribution NN according VVG to TO needs NNS , , it PP would MD not RB impair VV its PP$ substantial JJ validity NN and CC practicability NN . SENT Thus RB we PP see VVP this DT law NN of IN distribution NN , , operative JJ as IN a DT purely RB physical JJ economy NN in IN the DT apportionment NN of IN energy NN for IN mechanical JJ work NN , , operative JJ as IN a DT biological JJ economy NN through IN the DT whole JJ range NN of IN organic JJ life NN , , is VBZ strictly RB applicable JJ as IN a DT principle NN of IN social JJ economy NN . SENT Its PP$ proper JJ application NN to TO social JJ industry NN would MD enable VV that DT system NN to TO function VV economically RB , , so RB as RB to TO produce VV the DT maximum NN of IN human JJ utility NN with IN the DT minimum NN of IN human JJ cost NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT If IN we PP can MD get VV an DT industrial JJ order NN , , in IN which WDT every DT person NN is VBZ induced VVN to TO discover VV and CC apply VV to TO the DT service NN of IN society NN his PP$ best JJS abilities NNS of IN body NN and CC mind NN , , while IN he PP receives VVZ from IN society NN what WP is VBZ required VVN to TO sustain VV and CC to TO develop VV those DT abilities NNS , , and CC so RB to TO live VV the DT best JJS and CC fullest JJS life NN of IN which WDT he PP is VBZ capable JJ , , we PP have VHP evidently RB reached VVN a DT formally RB sound JJ solution NN of IN the DT social JJ problem NN on IN its PP$ economic JJ side NN . SENT We PP are VBP now RB in IN a DT position NN to TO approach VV the DT actual JJ processes NNS of IN economic JJ distribution NN that WDT prevail VVP to TO day NN , , so RB as RB to TO consider VV how WRB far RB they PP conform VVP to TO this DT sound JJ principle NN of IN human JJ industry NN . SENT We PP are VBP not RB justified VVN at IN the DT outset NN in IN assuming VVG that IN any DT wide JJ discrepancy NN will MD be VB admitted VVN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , in IN many JJ quarters NNS there RB survives VVZ a DT firm NN conviction NN that IN our PP$ actual JJ system NN of IN industry NN does VVZ work NN in IN substantial JJ conformity NN with IN the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN . SENT The DT so RB called VVN laissez NP faire NP theory NN of IN industrialism NN based VVN its PP$ claims NNS to TO utility NN and CC equity NN upon IN an DT assertion NN of IN the DT virtual JJ identity NN of IN the DT economic JJ and CC the DT human JJ distribution NN . SENT If IN every DT owner NN of IN capital NN or CC labour NN or CC any DT other JJ factor NN of IN production NN were VBD free JJ to TO apply VV his PP$ factor NN in IN any DT industry NN and CC any DT place NN he PP chose VVD , , he PP would MD choose VV that IN industry NN and CC that DT place NN where WRB the DT highest JJS remuneration NN for IN its PP$ employment NN was VBD attainable JJ . SENT But CC since IN all DT remuneration NN for IN the DT factors NNS of IN production NN is VBZ derived VVN from IN the DT product NN itself PP , , which WDT is VBZ distributed VVN among IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT several JJ factors NNS , , it PP follows VVZ that IN the DT highest JJS remuneration NN must MD always RB imply VV the DT most RBS productive JJ use NN . SENT Thus RB , , by IN securing VVG complete JJ mobility NN of IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , we PP ensure VVP both CC a DT maximum JJ production NN and CC an DT equitable JJ distribution NN . SENT Led VVN as RB by IN an DT invisible JJ hand NN , , every DT owner NN of IN capital NN , , labour NN or CC other JJ productive JJ power NN , , disposed VVN of IN his PP$ factor NN in IN a DT manner NN at IN once IN most JJS serviceable JJ to TO the DT production NN of IN the DT general JJ body NN of IN wealth NN and CC most RBS profitable JJ to TO himself PP . SENT The DT application NN of IN this DT theory NN , , of IN course NN , , assumed VVD that DT everybody NN knew VVD or CC could MD get VV to TO know VV what WP employment NN he PP would MD be VB likely JJ to TO find VV most JJS profitable JJ for IN his PP$ capital NN or CC labour NN , , and CC would MD use VV that DT knowledge NN . SENT It PP was VBD , , moreover RB , , held VVN that IN the DT actual JJ conditions NNS of IN industry NN and CC commerce NN did VVD and CC must MD substantially RB conform VV to TO this DT hypothesis NN of IN mobility NN . SENT Any DT circumstances NNS , , indeed RB , , which WDT contravened VVN it PP by IN obstructing VVG the DT mobility NN and CC liberty NN of IN employment NN were VBD treated VVN as IN exceptional JJ . SENT Such JJ exceptions NNS were VBD monopolies NNS , , the DT exclusive JJ owners NNS of IN which WDT forbade VVD freedom NN of IN entry NN or CC of IN competition NN to TO outside JJ capital NN and CC labour NN , , and CC secured VVN higher JJR rates NNS of IN profit NN than IN prevailed VVN in IN other JJ businesses NNS . SENT The DT harmony NN of IN perfect JJ individualism NN demanded VVD that IN all DT such JJ monopolies NNS , , together RB with IN protective JJ duties NNS and CC other JJ barriers NNS to TO complete VV liberty NN of IN commerce NN and CC of IN industry NN , , should MD be VB removed VVN . SENT All DT productive JJ power NN would MD then RB flow VV like IN water NN through IN the DT various JJ industrial JJ channels NNS , , maintaining VVG a DT uniform JJ level NN of IN efficient JJ employment NN , , the DT product NN being VBG distributed VVN in IN accordance NN with IN the DT several JJ costs NNS of IN its PP$ production NN and CC being VBG absorbed VVN in IN the DT processes NNS of IN productive JJ consumption NN that WDT were VBD required VVN to TO maintain VV the DT current JJ volume NN of IN productive JJ power NN or CC to TO enhance VV it PP . SENT There EX was VBD a DT little JJ difficulty NN in IN the DT case NN of IN rents NNS of IN land NN . SENT Though IN differential JJ rents NNS , , measuring VVG the DT superior JJ productivity NN of IN various JJ grades NNS of IN land NN as IN compared VVN with IN the DT least JJS productive JJ land NN in IN use NN , , were VBD necessary JJ payments NNS to TO landowners NNS , , they PP could MD not RB rank VV as IN costs NNS and CC could MD not RB be VB productively RB consumed VVN . SENT So RB likewise RB with IN the DT scarcity NN rents NNS , , paid VVN even RB for IN the DT least JJS productive JJ lands NNS where WRB the DT supply NN for IN certain JJ uses NNS was VBD restricted VVN . SENT Both DT scarcity NN and CC differential NN rents NNS were VBD classed VVN as IN surplus NN . SENT But CC though IN the DT magnitude NN of IN this DT exceptional JJ element NN might MD seem VV to TO have VH been VBN a DT fatal JJ flaw NN in IN the DT individualist NN harmony NN , , a DT characteristic JJ mode NN of IN escape NN was VBD found VVN in IN the DT doctrine NN of IN parsimony NN which WDT prevailed VVD . SENT Though IN economic JJ rents NNS could MD not RB be VB productively RB consumed VVN by IN their PP$ recipients NNS , , they PP furnished VVD a DT natural JJ fund NN of IN savings NNS , , so RB providing VVG the DT growing VVG volume NN of IN new JJ capital NN which WDT was VBD necessary JJ to TO set VV labour NN to TO productive JJ work NN . SENT So RB , , by IN a DT somewhat RB liberal JJ interpretation NN , , it PP was VBD contended VVN that IN the DT simple JJ system NN of IN natural JJ liberty NN , , even RB operating VVG on IN a DT basis NN of IN private JJ ownership NN of IN land NN , , drew VVD from IN each DT man NN the DT best JJS and CC fullest JJS use NN of IN his PP$ productive JJ powers NNS , , and CC paid VVD him PP what WP was VBD economically RB necessary JJ to TO maintain VV and CC to TO evoke VV those DT powers NNS . SENT Early JJ critics NNS of IN this DT theory NN , , of IN course NN , , pointed VVD out RP that IN the DT interpretation NN of IN distribution NN according VVG to TO needs NNS was VBD defective JJ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN humanity NN , , since IN the DT only JJ needs NNS taken VVN into IN account NN were VBD efficiency NN for IN productive JJ work NN , , the DT nourishment NN and CC stimulus NN to TO produce VV a DT larger JJR quantity NN of IN marketable JJ goods NNS , , not RB the DT attainment NN of IN the DT highest JJS standard NN of IN human JJ well NN being VBG . SENT But CC to TO most RBS economists NNS of IN that WDT day NN such PDT a DT criticism NN seemed VVD unmeaning JJ , , so RB dominant JJ in IN their PP$ minds NNS was VBD the DT conception NN of IN economic JJ wealth NN as IN the DT index NN and CC the DT instrument NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ commonly RB asserted VVN and CC assumed VVN that IN this DT laissez NP faire NN theory NN is VBZ dead JJ , , and CC that IN the DT attainment NN of IN a DT harmony NN of IN social JJ welfare NN , , by IN the DT free JJ intelligent JJ play NN of IN individual JJ self NN interest NN in IN the DT direction NN of IN economic JJ forces NNS , , has VHZ been VBN displaced VVN by IN some DT theory NN of IN conscious JJ cooperative JJ or CC corporate JJ direction NN in IN which WDT the DT State NN takes VVZ a DT leading JJ part NN . SENT But CC at IN this DT very JJ time NN , , when WRB the DT policy NN of IN every DT civilised JJ nation NN is VBZ engaged VVN more RBR and CC more RBR in IN checking VVG monopolies NNS and CC industrial JJ privileges NNS upon IN the DT one CD hand NN , , and CC in IN placing VVG restraints NNS upon IN the DT havoc NN of IN unfettered JJ competition NN on IN the DT other JJ , , a DT distinct JJ and CC powerful JJ revival NN of IN an DT economic JJ theory NN of IN production NN and CC distribution NN undistinguishable JJ in IN its PP$ essentials NNS from IN the DT crude JJ 18 CD th NN century NN laissez NP faire NP has VHZ set VVN in RP . SENT Largely RB influenced VVN by IN the DT desire NN to TO apply VV mathematics NNS , , so RB as RB to TO secure VV a DT place NN for IN economics NNS as IN an DT exact JJ science NN , , many JJ English JJ and CC American JJ economists NNS have VHP committed VVN themselves PP to TO a DT marginalist NN doctrine NN , , which WDT for IN its PP$ efficiency NN rests VVZ upon IN assumptions NNS of IN infinite JJ divisibility NN of IN the DT factors NNS of IN production NN , , and CC frictionless JJ mobility NN of IN their PP$ flow NN into IN all PDT the DT channels NNS of IN industry NN and CC commerce NN . SENT These DT assumptions NNS granted VVD , , capital NN and CC labour NN flow NN into IN all DT employments NNS until IN the DT last JJ drop NN in IN each DT is VBZ equally RB productive JJ , , the DT products NNS of IN the DT marginal JJ or CC final JJ drops NNS exchanging VVG on IN a DT basis NN of IN absolute JJ equality NN and CC earning VVG for IN their PP$ owners NNS an DT equal JJ payment NN . SENT Among IN English JJ economists NNS Mr NP . SENT Wicksteed NP has VHZ set VVN out RP this DT doctrine NN in IN all PDT its PP$ economic JJ applications NNS most RBS fully RB . SENT He PP shows VVZ how WRB by IN a DT delicate JJ balance NN of IN preferences NNS at IN the DT margins NNS i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , in IN reference NN to TO the DT last JJ portion NN of IN each DT supply NN of IN or CC demand NN for IN anything NN that WDT is VBZ bought VVN or CC sold VVN , , there EX must MD be VB brought VVN about IN an DT exact JJ equivalence NN of IN utility NN , , of IN worth NN , , and CC of IN remuneration NN , , for IN the DT marginal JJ increments NNS in IN all DT employment NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT economic JJ forces NNS work VVP without IN friction NN , , they PP secure VVP to TO everyone NN the DT equivalent NN of IN his PP$ industrial JJ significance NN at IN the DT part NN of IN the DT industrial JJ organism NN at IN which WDT he PP is VBZ placed VVN . SENT 2 LS Elsewhere RB 3 CD he PP asseverates VVZ that IN , , as RB regards VVZ the DT workers NNS in IN any DT employment NN , , this DT means VVZ that IN they PP are VBP already RB getting VVG as RB much RB as IN their PP$ work NN is VBZ worth JJ , , and CC that IN if IN they PP are VBP to TO get VV more RBR , , this DT more RBR can MD only RB be VB got VVN either RB out RB of IN communal JJ funds NNS , , or CC by IN making VVG their PP$ work NN worth NN more RBR . SENT The DT same JJ application NN of IN the DT marginalist NN doctrine NN is VBZ made VVN by IN Professor NP Chapman NP . SENT The DT theory NN , , then RB , , merely RB declares VVZ that IN each DT person NN will MD tend VV to TO receive VV as IN his PP$ wage NN his PP$ value NN that WDT is VBZ , , the DT value NN of IN this DT marginal JJ product NN no RB more RBR and CC no RB less RBR . SENT In IN order NN to TO get VV more JJR than IN he PP actually RB does VVZ get VV , , he PP must MD become VV more RBR valuable JJ , , work VV harder RBR , , for IN instance NN that WDT is VBZ , , he PP must MD add VV more RBR to TO the DT product NN in IN which WDT he PP participated VVD . SENT 4 LS This DT is VBZ precisely RB the DT old JJ laissez NP faire NP , , laissez NP aller JJR teaching NN , , fortified VVN by IN the DT conception NN that IN some DT special JJ virtue NN attaches VVZ to TO the DT equalising VVG process NN which WDT goes VVZ on IN at IN the DT margin NN of IN each DT employment NN of IN the DT factors NNS of IN production NN . SENT The DT law NN of IN distribution NN which WDT emerges VVZ is VBZ that IN every DT owner NN of IN any DT factor NN of IN production NN tends VVZ to TO receive VV as IN remuneration NN exactly RB what WP it PP is VBZ worth JJ . SENT Now RB this DT law NN is VBZ doubly RB defective JJ . SENT Its PP$ first JJ defect NN arises VVZ from IN the DT fact NN that IN economic JJ science NN assigns VVZ no DT other JJ meaning NN to TO the DT worth NN or CC value NN of IN anything NN than IN what WP it PP actually RB gets VVZ in IN the DT market NN . SENT To TO say VV , , therefore RB , , that DT anybody NN gets VVZ what WP he PP is VBZ worth JJ , , is VBZ merely RB an DT identical JJ proposition NN , , and CC conveys VVZ no DT knowledge NN . SENT The DT second JJ defect NN is VBZ the DT reliance NN upon IN a DT tendency NN which WDT falsely RB represents VVZ the DT normal JJ facts NNS and CC forces NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ false JJ in IN three CD respects NNS . SENT It PP assumes VVZ in IN the DT first JJ place NN an DT infinite JJ divisibility NN of IN the DT several JJ factors NNS , , necessary JJ to TO secure VV the DT accurate JJ balance NN of IN preferences NNS at IN the DT margins NNS . SENT It PP next RB assumes VVZ perfect JJ mobility NN or CC freedom NN of IN access NN for IN all DT capital NN and CC labour NN into IN all DT avenues NNS of IN employment NN . SENT Finally RB , , it PP assumes VVZ a DT statical JJ condition NN of IN industry NN , , so RB that IN the DT adjustment NN of IN the DT factors NNS on IN a DT basis NN of IN equal JJ productivity NN and CC equal JJ remuneration NN at IN the DT margins NNS may MD remain VV undisturbed JJ . SENT All DT three CD assumptions NNS are VBP unwarranted JJ . SENT Very RB few JJ sorts NNS of IN real JJ capital NN or CC labour NN approach VVP the DT ideal NN of IN infinite JJ divisibility NN which WDT marginalism NN requires VVZ . SENT An DT individual JJ worker NN , , sometimes RB a DT group NN , , is VBZ usually RB the DT minimal JJ drop NN of IN labour NN , , and CC capital NN is VBZ only RB infinitely RB divisible JJ when WRB it PP is VBZ expressed VVN in IN terms NNS of IN money NN , , instead RB of IN plants NNS , , machines NNS or CC other JJ concrete JJ units NNS . SENT Still RB less JJR is VBZ it PP the DT case NN that IN capital NN or CC labour NN flows NNS or CC tends VVZ to TO flow VV with IN perfect JJ accuracy NN and CC liberty NN of IN movement NN into IN every DT channel NN of IN employment NN where WRB it PP is VBZ required VVN , , so RB as RB to TO afford VV equality NN of IN remuneration NN at IN the DT several JJ margins NNS . SENT Lastly RB , , in IN most JJS industrial JJ societies NNS the DT constant JJ changes NNS taking VVG place NN , , in IN volume NN and CC in IN methods NNS of IN industry NN , , entail VV a DT corresponding JJ diversity NN in IN the DT productivity NN and CC the DT remuneration NN of IN the DT capital NN and CC labour NN employed VVN in IN the DT various JJ industries NNS at IN the DT margin NN . SENT 5 CD 8 CD . SENT This DT slightly RB technical JJ disquisition NN is VBZ rendered VVN necessary JJ by IN the DT wide JJ acceptance NN which WDT marginalism NN has VHZ won VVN in IN academic JJ circles NNS . SENT Its PP$ expositors NNS are VBP able JJ to TO deduce VV from IN it PP practical JJ precepts NNS very RB acceptable JJ to TO those DT politicians NNS and CC business NN men NNS who WP wish VVP to TO show VV the DT injustice NN , , the DT damage NN and CC the DT final JJ futility NN of IN all DT attempts NNS of IN the DT labouring VVG classes NNS , , by IN the DT organised VVN pressure NN of IN trade NN unionism NN or CC by IN politics NNS , , to TO get VV higher JJR wages NNS or CC other JJ expensive JJ improvements NNS of IN the DT conditions NNS of IN their PP$ employment NN . SENT For IN if IN marginalism NN can MD prove VV that IN , , as IN Professor NP Chapman NP holds VVZ , , in IN order NN to TO get VV more JJR than IN he PP actually RB does VVZ get VV , , he PP must MD become VV more RBR valuable JJ work NN harder RBR , , for IN example NN , , it PP has VHZ evidently RB re IN created VVN the DT defences NNS against IN the DT attacks NNS of IN the DT workers NNS upon IN the DT fortresses NNS of IN capital NN which WDT were VBD formerly RB supplied VVN by IN the DT wage NN fund NN theory NN in IN its PP$ most RBS rigorous JJ form NN . SENT If IN wages NNS can MD only RB rise VV on IN condition NN of IN the DT workers NNS working VVG harder JJR or CC better RBR , , no DT divergence NN of IN interests NNS exists VVZ between IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , no DT injustice NN is VBZ done VVN to TO any DT class NN of IN labour NN , , however RB low RB its PP$ worth NN may MD be VB , , and CC no DT remedy NN exists VVZ for IN poverty NN except IN through IN improved JJ efficiency NN of IN the DT workers NNS . SENT If IN our PP$ political JJ economists NNS can MD bring VV this DT gospel NN of IN marginalism NN home NN to TO the DT hearts NNS and CC heads NNS of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS , , they PP will MD set VV aside RP all PDT their PP$ foolish JJ attempt NN to TO get VV higher JJR wages NNS out RP of IN rents NNS and CC property NN and CC will MD set VV themselves PP to TO producing VVG by IN harder JJR , , more RBR skilful JJ and CC more RBR careful JJ labour NN an DT enlarged JJ product NN , , the DT whole NN or CC part NN of IN which WDT may MD come VV to TO them PP by IN the DT inevitable JJ operation NN of IN the DT economic JJ law NN of IN equal JJ distribution NN at IN the DT margin NN . SENT It PP is VBZ right JJ to TO add VV that IN an DT attempt NN is VBZ sometimes RB made VVN to TO bring VV marginalism NN into IN a DT measure NN of IN conformity NN with IN the DT notorious JJ fact NN that IN large JJ discrepancies NNS exist VVP in IN the DT rates NNS of IN remuneration NN for IN capital NN or CC labour NN or CC both DT in IN various JJ industries NNS , , by IN treating VVG these DT inequalities NNS as IN brief JJ temporary JJ expedients NNS for IN promoting VVG the DT free JJ flows NNS of IN productive JJ power NN from IN less RBR socially RB productive JJ into IN more RBR socially RB productive JJ channels NNS , , and CC for IN stimulating VVG improvements NNS in IN the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN . SENT Abnormal JJ gains NNS , , of IN the DT nature NN of IN prizes NNS or CC bonuses NNS , , are VBP thus RB obtainable JJ by IN individual JJ employment NN , , or CC by IN groups NNS of IN employers NNS , , who WP are VBP pioneers NNS in IN some DT new JJ industry NN or CC in IN the DT introduction NN of IN some DT new JJ invention NN or CC other JJ economy NN . SENT But CC these DT rewards NNS of IN special JJ merit NN , , it PP is VBZ argued VVN , , are VBP not RB lasting JJ , , but CC disappear VVP so RB soon RB as IN they PP have VHP performed VVN their PP$ socially RB serviceable JJ function NN of IN drawing VVG into IN the DT favoured VVN employments NNS the DT increased JJ quantity NN of IN new JJ productive JJ power NN which WDT will MD restore VV the DT equality NN of IN productivity NN and CC remuneration NN at IN the DT margins NNS . SENT Now RB , , even RB were VBD it PP possible JJ to TO accept VV this DT rehabilitation NN of IN laissez NP faire NP theory NN , , accepting VVG this DT equalising VVG tendency NN as IN predominant JJ and CC normal JJ , , and CC classifying VVG all DT opposing VVG tendencies NNS as IN mere JJ friction NN , , it PP would MD not RB supply VV a DT law NN of IN distribution NN that WDT would MD satisfy VV the DT conditions NNS of IN our PP$ human JJ law NN . SENT It PP would MD afford VV no DT security NN of IN distribution NN according VVG to TO needs NNS , , or CC human JJ capacity NN of IN utilising VVG wealth NN for IN the DT promotion NN of IN the DT highest JJS standard NN of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ welfare NN . SENT It PP would MD remain VV an DT ideally RB good JJ distribution NN only RB in IN the DT sense NN that IN it PP would MD so RB apportion VV the DT product NN as RB to TO furnish VV to TO all DT producers NNS a DT stimulus NN which WDT would MD evoke VV their PP$ best JJS productive JJ powers NNS , , so RB contributing VVG to TO maximise VV the DT aggregate JJ production NN of IN marketable JJ goods NNS . SENT Only RB so RB far RB as IN man NN was VBD regarded VVN as IN an DT economic JJ being NN , , concerned VVN merely RB in IN the DT nourishment NN and CC improvement NN of IN his PP$ marketable JJ wealth NN producing VVG faculties NNS , , would MD it PP be VB a DT sound JJ economy NN . SENT Just RB as RB in IN the DT case NN of IN the DT older JJR , , cruder JJR freedom NN of IN competition NN , , it PP rests VVZ upon IN the DT fundamental JJ assumption NN that IN all PDT the DT product NN , , the DT real JJ income NN of IN the DT community NN , , will MD be VB absorbed VVN in IN productive JJ consumption NN , , defraying VVG the DT bare JJ costs NNS of IN maintaining VVG and CC improving VVG the DT productive JJ powers NNS of IN capital NN , , labour NN and CC ability NN , , for IN the DT further JJR production NN of IN objective JJ economic JJ goods NNS and CC services NNS . SENT It PP would MD remain VV open VV to TO the DT objection NN that IN it PP assumed VVD an DT identity NN of IN economic JJ wealth NN and CC human JJ welfare NN which WDT is VBZ inadmissible JJ , , and CC that IN it PP refused VVD to TO provide VV that DT subordination NN of IN economic JJ production NN and CC consumption NN to TO the DT larger JJR conception NN of IN human JJ welfare NN which WDT sound VVP principles NNS of IN humanity NN require VVP . SENT Though IN all DT work NN might MD be VB most RBS productively RB applied VVN , , it PP might MD still RB contain VV excessive JJ elements NNS of IN human JJ cost NN , , and CC though IN all DT products NNS were VBD productively RB consumed VVN many JJ of IN the DT finer JJR needs NNS of IN individual JJ men NNS and CC of IN society NN might MD still RB remain VV without IN satisfaction NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT But CC the DT full JJ divergence NN between IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT actual JJ economic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN and CC the DT human JJ law NN can MD best JJS be VB discovered VVN by IN unmasking VVG the DT fundamental JJ falsehood NN of IN all DT forms NNS of IN the DT laissez NP faire NP or CC competitive JJ economy NN , , viz NN . SENT , , the DT assumption NN that IN the DT national JJ income NN tends VVZ to TO be VB distributed VVN in IN a DT just JJ economy NN of IN costs NNS . SENT Is VBZ there RB in IN fact NN any DT operative JJ law NN which WDT distributes VVZ or CC tends VVZ to TO distribute VV the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD worth NN of IN goods NNS that WDT form VVP our PP$ income NN , , so RB that IN all DT , , or CC even RB most JJS of IN it PP , , acts VVZ as IN a DT necessarY JJ food NN and CC stimulus NN to TO evoke VV the DT full JJ and CC best RBS productive JJ work NN of IN those DT who WP receive VVP it PP . SENT Or CC , , if IN there EX are VBP failures NNS in IN this DT economical JJ distribution NN , , are VBP they PP so RB few JJ , , so RB small JJ , , and CC so RB ephemeral JJ , , that IN they PP may MD reasonably RB be VB treated VVN as IN friction NN , , or CC as IN that DT admixture NN of IN error NN or CC waste NN which WDT is VBZ unavoidable JJ in IN all DT human JJ arrangements NNS . SENT Now RB it PP is VBZ of IN course NN true JJ that IN the DT national JJ income NN must MD continually RB provide VV for IN the DT subsistence NN of IN the DT labour NN , , ability NN and CC capital NN , , required VVN to TO maintain VV the DT existing JJ structure NN of IN industry NN and CC the DT current JJ output NN of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS . SENT The DT brain NN workers NNS and CC the DT hand NN workers NNS of IN every DT sort NN and CC grade NN , , from IN artist NN and CC inventor NN to TO routine JJ labourer NN , , must MD be VB continuously RB supplied VVN with IN the DT material NN and CC non JJ material NN consumables NNS sufficient JJ to TO enable VV them PP to TO replace VV in IN their PP$ own JJ persons NNS , , or CC through IN their PP$ offspring NN , , the DT physical JJ and CC psychical JJ wear NN and CC tear VV involved VVN in IN their PP$ work NN . SENT The DT fertility NN of IN the DT soil NN , , the DT raw JJ materials NNS , , fuel NN , , buildings NNS , , tools NNS and CC machines NNS , , requisite JJ in IN the DT various JJ productive JJ processes NNS , , must MD similarly RB be VB maintained VVN out RP of IN the DT current JJ output NN . SENT These DT bare JJ costs NNS of IN subsistence NN , , the DT wages NNS , , salaries NNS and CC depreciation NN funds NNS necessary JJ to TO replace VV the DT wear NN and CC tear VV of IN the DT human JJ and CC material JJ agents NNS of IN production NN , , are VBP a DT first JJ charge NN upon IN the DT national JJ dividend NN . SENT To TO refuse VV the DT payments NNS which WDT provide VVP this DT subsistence NN would MD be VB suicidal JJ on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT administrators NNS of IN the DT income NN . SENT They PP rank VVP , , from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN society NN 6 CD as IN costs NNS of IN production NN . SENT If IN the DT product NN which WDT results VVZ from IN the DT productive JJ use NN of IN these DT factors NNS exceeds VVZ what WP is VBZ necessary JJ to TO defray VV these DT costs NNS , , the DT surplus NN may MD be VB employed VVN in IN either CC of IN two CD ways NNS . SENT It PP may MD be VB distributed VVN among IN the DT productive JJ classes NNS in IN extra JJ payments NNS so RB as RB to TO evoke VV by IN a DT set NN of IN economically RB adjusted VVN stimuli NNS such JJ enlarged JJ or CC improved JJ efficiency NN as RB will MD provide VV for IN a DT larger JJR or CC a DT better JJR product NN in IN the DT future NN . SENT In IN a DT society NN of IN a DT progressive JJ order NN where WRB the DT numbers NNS or CC the DT wholesome JJ needs NNS , , or CC both DT , , are VBP on IN the DT increase NN , , no DT surplus NN , , however RB large JJ , , can MD be VB excessive JJ for IN such JJ provision NN . SENT A DT socially RB sound JJ and CC just RB distribution NN of IN the DT surplus NN would MD be VB one CD which WDT absorbed VVD it PP entirely RB in IN what WP may MD be VB called VVN the DT costs NNS of IN growth NN . SENT This DT , , however RB , , does VVZ not RB by IN any DT means NNS imply VVP that IN the DT whole NN of IN the DT surplus NN must MD advantageously RB be VB distributed VVN directly RB among IN the DT individual JJ owners NNS of IN labour NN , , ability NN or CC saving NN power NN , , in IN order NN to TO evoke VV from IN them PP the DT maximum JJ extension NN of IN their PP$ several JJ productive JJ powers NNS . SENT A DT good JJ deal NN of IN the DT surplus NN may MD , , indeed RB , , be VB thus RB applied VVN in IN higher JJR individual JJ incomes NNS of IN producers NNS . SENT But CC the DT State NP , , politically RB organised VVN society NN , , must MD look VV to TO the DT surplus NN for IN its PP$ costs NNS , , not RB only RB of IN upkeep NN but CC of IN progress NN . SENT For IN whatever WDT part NN we PP may MD assign VV to TO the DT State NN in IN aiding VVG industrial JJ production NN , , all DT will MD agree VV that IN much RB of IN its PP$ work NN , , in IN the DT protection NN and CC improvement NN of IN the DT conditions NNS of IN life NN , , is VBZ essential JJ to TO the DT stability NN and CC progress NN of IN industry NN , , and CC involves VVZ costs NNS which WDT can MD only RB be VB met VVN by IN a DT participation NN in IN the DT industrial JJ dividend NN . SENT It PP may MD even RB be VB urged VVN that IN the DT claims NNS of IN the DT State NN to TO maintenance NN and CC progress NN are VBP equal JJ to TO the DT claims NNS of IN individuals NNS upon IN the DT surplus NN . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN industrial JJ progress NN demands NNS that IN both DT individual JJ and CC social JJ stimuli NNS and CC nutriment NN of IN progress NN must MD be VB provided VVN from IN the DT surplus NN by IN some DT considered VVN adjustment NN of IN their PP$ several JJ claims NNS . SENT A DT surplus NN , , thus RB properly RB apportioned VVN in IN extra JJ subsistence NN wages NNS and CC other JJ payments NNS to TO producers NNS and CC in IN public JJ income NN , , would MD be VB productively RB expended VVN and CC would MD thus RB contribute VV to TO the DT maximum JJ promotion NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT 7 CD 10 CD . SENT But CC though IN in IN such PDT a DT society NN as IN ours PP a DT certain JJ part NN of IN the DT surplus NN is VBZ thus RB productively RB applied VVN , , and CC is VBZ represented VVN in IN industrial JJ and CC human JJ progress NN , , a DT large JJ part NN is VBZ not RB so RB expended VVN in IN costs NNS of IN progress NN . SENT A DT large JJ quantity NN of IN surplus NN is VBZ everywhere RB diverted VVN into IN unproductive JJ channels NNS . SENT The DT income NN which WDT should MD go VV to TO raise VV the DT efficiency NN of IN labour NN , , to TO evoke VV more JJR saving NN , , and CC to TO improve VV the DT public JJ services NNS , , is VBZ largely RB taken VVN by IN private JJ owners NNS of IN some DT factor NN of IN production NN who WP are VBP in IN a DT position NN to TO extort VV from IN society NN a DT payment NN which WDT evokes VVZ no DT increase NN of IN productive JJ efficacy NN , , but CC is VBZ sheer JJ waste NN . SENT This DT power NN to TO extort VV superfluous JJ and CC unearned JJ income NN is VBZ at IN the DT root NN of IN every DT social JJ economic JJ malady NN . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP often RB goes VVZ beyond IN the DT diversion NN of IN surplus NN from IN productive JJ into IN unproductive JJ channels NNS . SENT It PP often RB encroaches VVZ upon IN costs NNS of IN maintenance NN . SENT For IN the DT vital JJ statistics NNS of IN large JJ classes NNS of IN labour NN show NN that IN the DT food NN , , housing NN and CC other JJ elements NNS of IN real JJ wages NNS , , are VBP insufficient JJ for IN the DT upkeep NN of IN a DT normal JJ working VVG life NN and CC for IN the DT rearing NN of IN a DT healthy JJ and CC efficient JJ offspring NNS . SENT This DT means VVZ that DT surplus NN is VBZ actually RB eating VVG into IN costs NNS , , in IN that WDT the DT costs NNS of IN maintenance NN , , which WDT sound VVP business NN administration NN automatically RB secures VVZ for IN the DT capital NN employed VVN , , are VBP not RB secured VVN for IN the DT labour NN . SENT The DT reason NN why WRB this DT policy NN , , which WDT from IN the DT social JJ standpoint NN is VBZ suicidal JJ , , can MD nevertheless RB be VB practised VVN , , is VBZ obvious JJ . SENT For IN the DT capital NN belongs VVZ to TO the DT business NN , , in IN a DT sense NN in IN which WDT the DT labour NN does VVZ not RB . SENT A DT sweating VVG economy NN which WDT lets VVZ down RP the DT instruments NNS of IN capital NN is VBZ of IN necessity NN unprofitable JJ to TO the DT individual JJ firms NNS . SENT a DT similar JJ sweating VVG economy NN applied VVN to TO the DT instruments NNS of IN labour NN need MD not RB be VB unprofitable JJ . SENT To TO the DT nation NN as IN a DT whole NN , , indeed RB , , regarded VVN merely RB as IN a DT goods NNS producing VVG body NN , , any DT such JJ withholding NN of IN the DT true JJ costs NNS of IN maintenance NN must MD be VB unprofitable JJ . SENT But CC there EX are VBP businesses NNS , , or CC trades NNS , , where WRB sweated VVN labour NN may MD be VB profitable JJ to TO the DT employers NNS or CC the DT owners NNS of IN capital NN . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ more RBR where WRB such PDT a DT wage NN policy NN , , though RB not RB really RB profitable JJ , , appears VVZ so RB , , and CC is VBZ actually RB practised VVN as IN sound JJ business NN . SENT How WRB large JJ a DT proportion NN of IN the DT 14 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD wage NN earners NNS whose WP$ incomes NNS are VBP paid VVN out RP of IN our PP$ 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD come VVN under IN this DT category NN of IN sweated VVN workers NNS , , we PP cannot NN here RB profitably RB discuss VV . SENT But CC , , apart RB from IN the DT great JJ bulk NN of IN casual JJ workers NNS in IN all DT less JJR skilled JJ trades NNS , , there EX are VBP large JJ strata NNS of IN skilled JJ and CC trained JJ adult NN labour NN in IN the DT staple JJ trades NNS of IN the DT country NN which WDT are VBP not RB paid VVN a DT full JJ subsistence NN wage NN . SENT Such JJ are VBP the DT large JJ bodies NNS of IN women NNS employed VVN in IN factories NNS and CC workshops NNS and CC in IN retail JJ trade NN , , at IN wages NNS varying VVG between IN eight CD and CC fourteen NN shillings NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP may MD safely RB be VB asserted VVN that IN the DT average JJ wage NN of IN an DT adult NN working VVG woman NN in IN this DT country NN , , not RB in IN domestic JJ service NN , , is VBZ a DT sweating VVG wage NN , , definitely RB below IN true JJ economic JJ maintenance NN , , and CC still RB more RBR below IN the DT decent JJ human JJ requirements NNS of IN life NN . SENT The DT same JJ statement NN also RB holds VVZ of IN the DT wage NN of IN agricultural JJ labour NN in IN most JJS districts NNS of IN the DT middle JJ and CC southern JJ counties NNS of IN England NP . SENT In IN such JJ employments NNS the DT true JJ economic JJ costs NNS of IN maintenance NN are VBP not RB provided VVN out RP of IN the DT present JJ distribution NN of IN the DT national JJ income NN . SENT Of IN a DT far RB wider JJR range NN of IN labour NN is VBZ it PP true JJ that IN the DT true JJ wages NNS of IN progressive JJ efficiency NN , , which WDT we PP have VHP seen VVN are VBP vital JJ to TO the DT economic JJ progress NN of IN the DT nation NN , , are VBP withheld VVN . SENT Though IN this DT deprivation NN does VVZ not RB form VV the DT whole JJ case NN for IN labour NN as IN stated VVN from IN the DT human JJ standpoint NN , , it PP constitutes VVZ the DT heaviest JJS economic JJ count NN against IN the DT current JJ distribution NN of IN wealth NN . SENT The DT full JJ physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ nutriment NN , , the DT material NN comforts NNS , , the DT education NN , , leisure NN , , recreation NN , , mobility NN and CC broad JJ experience NN of IN life NN , , requisite JJ for IN an DT alert JJ , , resourceful JJ , , intelligent JJ , , responsible JJ , , progressive JJ working VVG class NN , , are VBP not RB provided VVN either RB by IN the DT present JJ wage NN system NN , , or CC by IN the DT growing VVG supplements NNS which WDT the DT communal JJ action NN of IN the DT State NP and CC the DT municipality NN are VBP making VVG to TO the DT individual JJ incomes NNS of IN the DT workers NNS . SENT Out RB of IN the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD a DT wholly RB insufficient JJ sum NN is VBZ distributed VVN in IN wages NNS of IN progressive JJ efficiency NN for IN labour NN . SENT In IN certain JJ other JJ respects NNS also RB the DT current JJ costs NNS distribution NN is VBZ exceedingly RB defective JJ . SENT The DT saving NN which WDT goes VVZ to TO provide VV for IN the DT enlargement NN of IN the DT capital NN structure NN of IN industry NN is VBZ very RB wastefully RB provided VVN . SENT A DT large JJ proportion NN of IN such JJ savings NNS as RB are VBP contributed VVN out RP of IN working VVG class NN incomes NNS involves VVZ an DT encroachment NN upon IN their PP$ costs NNS of IN progressive JJ efficiency NN , , and CC represents VVZ , , from IN the DT standpoint NN both CC of IN the DT individual JJ family NN and CC of IN society NN , , bad JJ economy NN . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT methods NNS of IN collection NN and CC of IN application NN of IN such JJ capital NN are VBP so RB wasteful JJ and CC so RB insecure JJ as RB to TO render VV working VVG class NN thrift NN a DT byword NN in IN the DT annals NN of IN business NN administration NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT But CC these DT deficiencies NNS in IN the DT economy NN of IN costs NNS can MD only RB be VB understood VVN by IN a DT study NN of IN that DT large JJ section NN of IN the DT national JJ income NN which WDT in IN its PP$ distribution NN furnishes VVZ no DT food NN or CC stimulus NN whatever WDT to IN any DT form NN of IN productive JJ energy NN . SENT Even RB in IN the DT idealist NN laissez NP faire NP economics NNS we PP saw VVD that DT rent NN of IN land NN was VBD distinguished VVN from IN the DT wages NNS , , interest NN and CC profits NNS , , which WDT constituted VVD the DT costs NNS of IN production NN , , and CC was VBD described VVN as IN surplus NN . SENT It PP was VBD recognised VVN that IN , , where WRB land NN was VBD required VVN for IN any DT productive JJ purpose NN , , its PP$ owners NNS would MD receive VV in IN payment NN for IN its PP$ use NN any DT portion NN of IN the DT product NN , , or CC its PP$ selling NN value NN , , which WDT remained VVD over RP after IN the DT competitively RB determined VVN costs NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN had VHD been VBN defrayed VVN . SENT The DT payment NN was VBD economically RB necessary JJ because IN suitable JJ land NN for IN most JJS industrial JJ uses NNS was VBD scarce JJ , , and CC the DT amount NN of IN the DT payment NN would MD depend VV upon IN how WRB much RB was VBD left VVN when WRB capital NN and CC labour NN had VHD received VVN their PP$ share NN . SENT For IN the DT landlord NN would MD take VV all PDT the DT surplus NN . SENT There EX are VBP those DT who WP still RB insist VVP that IN the DT owners NNS of IN land NN are VBP everywhere RB in IN this DT position NN of IN residuary JJ legatees NNS . SENT Land NN , , they PP think VVP , , is VBZ always RB relatively RB scarce JJ , , capital NN and CC labour VV always RB and CC everywhere RB relatively RB abundant JJ . SENT Free JJ competition NN then RB between IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT relatively RB abundant JJ factors NNS will MD keep VV down RP the DT price NN for IN them PP to TO bare JJ costs NNS , , leaving VVG a DT maximum JJ amount NN of IN surplus NN which WDT the DT so RB called VVN land NN monopolists NNS will MD receive VV as IN rent NN . SENT This DT surplus NN evokes VVZ no DT productivity NN from IN the DT soil NN or CC its PP$ owners NNS . SENT its PP$ payment NN does VVZ nothing NN to TO stimulate VV any DT art NN of IN industry NN . SENT But CC , , if IN the DT landowner NN did VVD not RB take VV it PP , , and CC it PP was VBD kept VVN by IN farmers NNS as IN profits NNS , , or CC by IN labourers NNS as IN wages NNS , , it PP would MD be VB just RB as RB wasteful JJ from IN the DT productive JJ standpoint NN , , as RB if IN it PP passed VVD as IN rent NN , , for IN , , upon IN the DT hypothesis NN of IN such JJ economists NNS , , the DT full JJ competitive JJ wages NNS and CC profits NNS are VBP the DT only JJ payment NN entitled VVN to TO count VV as IN cost NN , , and CC no DT addition NN to TO such JJ payments NNS would MD increase VV the DT productivity NN of IN capital NN or CC labour NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT Now RB though IN there EX have VHP been VBN times NNS and CC countries NNS in IN which WDT rent NN of IN land NN was VBD the DT only RB considerable JJ surplus NN , , this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN in IN any DT developed VVN industrial JJ community NN to TO day NN . SENT Other JJ factors NNS of IN production NN , , capital NN , , ability NN , , or CC even RB in IN some DT instances NNS labour NN , , share NN with IN land NN the DT power NN to TO extort VV scarcity NN prices NNS . SENT The DT hypothetical JJ abundance NN , , mobility NN and CC freedom NN of IN competition NN , , which WDT should MD prevail VV among IN all DT owners NNS of IN capital NN , , ability NN and CC labour NN , , keeping VVG down IN all PDT their PP$ remuneration NN to TO a DT common JJ minimum NN , , are VBP everywhere RB falsified VVN by IN industrial JJ facts NNS . SENT At IN various JJ points NNS in IN industry NN capital NN or CC managerial JJ ability NN is VBZ found VVN strongly RB entrenched JJ against IN the DT competition NN of IN outsiders NNS , , and CC able JJ to TO set VV limits NNS upon IN internal JJ competition NN . SENT Wherever WRB this DT condition NN is VBZ found VVN , , the DT owners NNS of IN the DT capital NN or CC the DT ability NN so RB advantageously RB placed VVN are VBP able JJ to TO obtain VV a DT surplus NN , , which WDT , , in IN its PP$ origin NN and CC its PP$ economic JJ nature NN and CC effects NNS , , nowise RB differs VVZ from IN the DT economic JJ rents NNS of IN land NN . SENT The DT fluidity NN and CC complete JJ freedom NN which WDT appear VVP to TO attach VV to TO the DT term NN capital NN , , so RB long RB as IN we PP treat VVP it PP in IN its PP$ abstract JJ financial JJ character NN , , disappear VVP as RB soon RB as IN for IN capital NN we PP substitute VV certain JJ skilfully RB made VVN machinery NN constructed VVN under IN patent NN rights NNS and CC operated VVN by IN more JJR or CC less JJR secret JJ processes NNS , , turning VVG out RP , , with IN the DT assistance NN of IN carefully RB trained VVN . SENT and CC organised VVN labour NN , , goods NNS which WDT enjoy VVP a DT half JJ superstitious JJ fame NN and CC special JJ facilities NNS of IN market NN . SENT An DT examination NN of IN the DT capitalist JJ system NN will MD disclose VV in IN every DT field NN of IN industry NN numerous JJ instances NNS of IN businesses NNS or CC groups NNS of IN businesses NNS , , sometimes RB constituting VVG whole JJ trades NNS , , which WDT by IN reason NN of IN some DT advantage NN in IN obtaining VVG raw JJ materials NNS , , transport NN or CC marketing NN facilities NNS , , public JJ contracts NNS , , legal JJ privilege NN or CC protection NN , , by IN using VVG some DT superior JJ process NN of IN manufacture NN , , skill NN in IN advertising NN , , established VVN reputation NN , , financial JJ backing NN , , or CC by IN sheer JJ magnitude NN of IN operations NNS , , are VBP screened VVN from IN the DT full JJ force NN of IN free JJ competition NN , , and CC are VBP earning VVG interest NN and CC profits NNS far RB exceeding VVG the DT minimum NN . SENT Some DT such JJ businesses NNS or CC groups NNS of IN businesses NNS possess VVP a DT virtual JJ monopoly NN of IN the DT market NN , , and CC can MD control VV output NN and CC prices NNS , , so RB as RB to TO secure VV abnormal JJ dividends NNS . SENT Such JJ control NN is VBZ , , to TO be VB sure JJ , , never RB absolute JJ , , its PP$ control NN of IN prices NNS being VBG subject JJ to TO two CD checks NNS , , the DT restriction NN of IN demand NN which WDT attends VVZ every DT rise NN of IN prices NNS , , and CC the DT increasing VVG probability NN of IN competition NN springing VVG up RP if IN profits NNS are VBP too RB high JJ . SENT But CC qualified JJ monopolies NNS , , earning VVG dividends NNS far RB larger JJR than IN are VBP economically RB necessary JJ to TO support VV the DT required JJ capital NN , , are VBP everywhere RB in IN evidence NN . SENT Trusts NNS , , cartels NNS , , pools NNS , , combines NNS , , conferences NNS , , and CC trade NN agreements NNS of IN various JJ potency NN and CC stringency NN , , pervade VV the DT more RBR highly RB organised VVN industries NNS , , substituting VVG the DT principle NN of IN combination NN for IN that DT of IN competition NN . SENT In IN all DT major JJ branches NNS of IN the DT transport NN trade NN by IN land NN and CC sea NN , , in IN large JJ sections NNS of IN the DT mining NN industry NN , , in IN the DT iron NN and CC steel NN industry NN and CC in IN many JJ branches NNS of IN machine NN making VVG , , in IN many JJ of IN the DT specialised VVN textile NN trades NNS , , in IN the DT chemical NN and CC other JJ manufactures VVZ where WRB special JJ scientific JJ knowledge NN counts NNS , , in IN many JJ departments NNS of IN wholesale JJ and CC retail JJ distribution NN , , and CC , , last RB not RB least JJS , , in IN banking NN , , finance NN and CC insurance NN , , freedom NN of IN investment NN and CC of IN competition NN have VHP virtually RB disappeared VVN . SENT To TO assume VV that IN fresh JJ streams NNS of IN capital NN , , labour NN and CC business NN ability NN , , have VHP liberty NN to TO enter VV these DT fields NNS of IN enterprise NN , , and CC by IN their PP$ equal JJ competition NN with IN the DT businesses NNS already RB in IN possession NN so RB to TO increase VV the DT output NN , , lower JJR selling NN prices NNS and CC keep VV interest NN and CC profits NNS at IN a DT bare JJ costs NNS level NN , , is VBZ a DT childish JJ travesty NN of IN the DT known VVN condition NN of IN these DT trades NNS . SENT To TO affirm VV that DT such JJ mobility NN and CC liberty NN of IN competition NN is VBZ the DT sole JJ normal JJ tendency NN , , and CC that IN the DT monopolistic JJ and CC combinative JJ forces NNS merely RB represent VVP friction NN , , is VBZ so RB grave JJ a DT falsification NN of IN the DT facts NNS as RB to TO put VV out RP of IN court NN the DT whole JJ method NN of IN economic JJ interpretation NN which WDT is VBZ based VVN thereon RB . SENT Concrete JJ capital NN has VHZ none NN of IN the DT qualities NNS assigned VVN to TO the DT abstract JJ capital NN of IN these DT economists NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ neither DT infinitely RB divisible JJ , , nor CC absolutely RB mobile JJ , , nor CC accurately RB directed VVN , , nor CC legally RB and CC economically RB free JJ to TO dispose VV itself PP in IN any DT part NN of IN the DT industrial JJ system NN where WRB the DT current JJ interest NN or CC profit NN exceeds VVZ the DT average NN . SENT Over IN large JJ tracts NNS of IN industry NN combination NN is VBZ more RBR normal JJ and CC more RBR potent JJ than IN competition NN , , and CC where WRB this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN , , the DT most RBS competitive JJ trades NNS will MD be VB found VVN honeycombed VVN with IN obstructive JJ clots NNS , , businesses NNS enjoying VVG special JJ advantages NNS and CC earning VVG correspondingly RB high JJ profits NNS . SENT 13 CD . SENT Because IN certain JJ qualities NNS of IN business NN ability NN are VBP requisite JJ , , to TO wit NN astuteness NN , , keenness NN of IN judgment NN , , calculating VVG power NN , , determination NN , , capacity NN for IN organisation NN and CC executive JJ ability NN , , it PP is VBZ sometimes RB claimed VVN that IN the DT high JJ rates NNS of IN profit NN which WDT accrue VV from IN such JJ businesses NNS as IN we PP have VHP indicated VVN are VBP really RB the DT creation NN , , not RB of IN monopoly NN or CC combination NN , , but CC of IN the DT talents NNS of IN these DT entrepreneurs NNS . SENT But CC even RB though IN it PP be VB admitted VVN that IN some DT such JJ ability NN is VBZ essential JJ to TO produce VV or CC to TO maintain VV a DT successful JJ combination NN , , can MD the DT entire JJ profits NNS of IN such PDT a DT combination NN be VB imputed VVN to TO this DT ability NN or CC regarded VVN as IN its PP$ natural JJ and CC proper JJ reward NN . SENT Take VV the DT common JJ instance NN of IN the DT forestaller NN , , who WP stops VVZ the DT supply NN of IN some DT commodity NN on IN its PP$ way NN to TO a DT market NN , , secures VVZ the DT whole JJ supply NN at IN competitive JJ prices NNS from IN the DT various JJ contributors NNS , , and CC then RB sells VVZ it PP at IN a DT monopoly NN price NN fixed VVN by IN himself PP . SENT Are VBP the DT profits NNS of IN this DT corner NN a DT product NN of IN ability NN and CC a DT reward NN of IN ability NN , , and CC not RB a DT surplus NN representing VVG an DT artificially RB contrived JJ scarcity NN value NN . SENT Or CC take VV the DT case NN of IN a DT contracting NN firm NN , , which WDT persuades VVZ all PDT the DT other JJ firms NNS in IN a DT position NN to TO compete VV to TO come VV into IN an DT arrangement NN as RB to TO a DT minimum JJ tender NN . SENT Are VBP the DT extra JJ profits NNS due JJ to TO such JJ an DT arrangement NN to TO be VB regarded VVN as IN wages NNS of IN ability NN , , because IN some DT tact NN was VBD needed VVN to TO work VV the DT thing NN . SENT But CC suppose VVP we PP granted VVD the DT whole JJ contention NN , , and CC agreed VVD that IN the DT extra JJ dividends NNS paid VVN to TO shareholders NNS in IN favoured VVN or CC protected VVN businesses NNS were VBD really RB produced VVN by IN the DT ability NN of IN the DT entrepreneur NN or CC manager NN , , what WP then RB . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB proved VVN that IN these DT extra JJ profits NNS are VBP costs NNS , , not RB surplus NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , the DT fact NN that IN they PP can MD be VB taken VVN as IN extra JJ dividends NNS or CC bonuses NNS by IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT capital NN , , instead RB of IN passing VVG in IN wages NNS of IN ability NN to TO the DT entrepreneur NN , , is VBZ proof NN positive JJ that IN they PP are VBP surplus JJ . SENT For IN if IN they PP were VBD a DT subsistence NN wage NN of IN ability NN , , or CC even RB a DT prize NN , , essential JJ to TO evoke VV some DT special JJ output NN of IN skill NN or CC energy NN , , they PP could MD not RB be VB thus RB diverted VVN from IN the DT entrepreneur NN to TO the DT shareholders NNS . SENT In IN fact NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO suppose VV that IN any DT very RB rare JJ or CC conspicuous JJ ability NN is VBZ evinced VVN in IN working VVG a DT successful JJ pool NN or CC combine VV , , or CC even RB in IN organising VVG a DT successful JJ business NN . SENT Still RB less JJR is VBZ there RB reason NN to TO suppose VV that IN the DT profits NNS attending VVG such PDT an DT enterprise NN are VBP in IN any DT way NN proportionate JJ to TO the DT skill NN or CC energy NN of IN the DT entrepreneur NN . SENT Everyone NN is VBZ aware JJ that IN the DT contrary NN is VBZ the DT case NN . SENT Indeed RB , , so RB far RB as IN scientific JJ , , professional JJ , , and CC business NN ability NN is VBZ industrially RB useful JJ and CC has VHZ a DT claim NN to TO income NN , , enquiry NN shows VVZ that IN there EX is VBZ no DT better JJR security NN for IN mobility NN , , freedom NN of IN competition NN and CC equality NN of IN payment NN , , than IN in IN the DT case NN of IN capital NN . SENT Inequalities NNS of IN economic JJ conditions NNS between IN various JJ classes NNS of IN our PP$ population NN , , involving VVG inequalities NNS of IN nurture VV and CC of IN education NN , , and CC of IN every DT other JJ sort NN of IN opportunity NN relevant JJ to TO the DT discovery NN , , training NN , , equipment NN and CC success NN of IN natural JJ ability NN , , set VVD up RP a DT series NN of IN almost RB impenetrable JJ barriers NNS to TO the DT free JJ flow NN of IN natural JJ ability NN throughout IN the DT industrial JJ system NN , , and CC give VV rise NN to TO an DT elaborate JJ hierarchy NN of IN restricted JJ employments NNS where WRB the DT rates NNS of IN remuneration NN represent VVP , , not RB any DT inherent JJ services NNS of IN ability NN , , but CC the DT degree NN of IN the DT restriction NN in IN relation NN to TO the DT importance NN of IN the DT work NN . SENT All DT such JJ advantages NNS of IN opportunity NN are VBP reflected VVN in IN rates NNS of IN payment NN for IN ability NN which WDT carry VVP elements NNS of IN surplus NN . SENT Though IN some DT portion NN of IN the DT higher JJR remuneration NN paid VVN to TO successful JJ professional JJ workers NNS may MD be VB regarded VVN as IN interest NN upon IN the DT capital NN outlay NN of IN their PP$ education NN and CC training NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO hold VV that IN the DT extra JJ payment NN is VBZ adjusted VVN to TO the DT costs NNS of IN this DT outlay NN . SENT Still RB less RBR can MD any DT such JJ argument NN avail NN in IN the DT case NN of IN high JJ business NN profits NNS . SENT Though IN ability NN and CC expensive JJ training NN may MD be VB favouring VVG conditions NNS to TO such JJ financial JJ success NN , , restricted JJ competition NN must MD be VB accounted VVN the DT principal JJ direct JJ determinant NN of IN all DT such JJ extra JJ payments NNS . SENT 14 CD . SENT There EX remains VVZ one CD final JJ demurrer NN to TO our PP$ doctrine NN of IN the DT unproductive JJ surplus NN . SENT If IN you PP take VVP into IN consideration NN , , it PP is VBZ urged VVN , , all RB the DT unsuccessful JJ as RB well RB as IN the DT successful JJ businesses NNS , , you PP will MD find VV that IN the DT average JJ return NN for IN capital NN and CC for IN business NN ability NN is VBZ low RB enough JJ , , not RB in IN fact NN more RBR than IN represents VVZ a DT bare JJ costs NNS economy NN . SENT Similarly RB with IN the DT high JJ incomes NNS earned VVD by IN the DT few JJ successful JJ men NNS in IN the DT professions NNS and CC in IN other JJ walks NNS of IN life NN . SENT Set VV the DT failures NNS fairly RB against IN the DT successes NNS and CC there EX is VBZ no DT net JJ surplus NN to TO take VV account NN of IN . SENT But CC this DT contention NN is VBZ one CD more JJR abuse NN of IN the DT method NN of IN averages NNS . SENT To TO the DT charge NN that IN one CD man NN is VBZ overpaid VVN , , it PP is VBZ no DT answer NN that IN another DT is VBZ underpaid JJ . SENT To TO the DT statement NN that IN surplus NN emerges VVZ in IN the DT payment NN for IN some DT orders NNS of IN capital NN or CC ability NN it PP is VBZ no DT answer NN to TO say VV that DT other JJ capital NN and CC ability NN does VVZ not RB even RB get VV its PP$ true JJ costs NNS or CC subsistence NN wages NNS . SENT The DT force NN of IN this DT rebuttal NN is VBZ still RB further RBR strengthened JJ when WRB it PP is VBZ realised VVN to TO what WP extent NN the DT success NN of IN those DT who WP succeed VVP is VBZ directly RB responsible JJ for IN the DT failure NN of IN those DT who WP fail VVP . SENT For IN the DT economic JJ strength NN of IN those DT whose WP$ superior JJ advantages NNS have VHP secured VVN for IN them PP a DT position NN of IN control NN will MD necessarily RB operate VV to TO make VV the DT competition NN of IN outsiders NNS difficult JJ and CC their PP$ failure NN probable JJ . SENT Indeed RB , , a DT portion NN of IN the DT gains NNS which WDT combination NN yields NNS will MD often RB be VB consciously RB applied VVN to TO kill VV the DT competition NN of IN outsiders NNS , , or CC to TO restrict VV their PP$ trade NN to TO the DT less RBR profitable JJ or CC the DT more JJR precarious JJ forms NNS of IN enterprise NN . SENT But CC even RB where WRB this DT business NN policy NN is VBZ not RB adopted VVN , , the DT very JJ fact NN that IN strong JJ firms NNS and CC combines NNS control VVP many JJ markets NNS , , must MD , , by IN limiting VVG the DT area NN of IN free JJ competition NN , , intensify VV the DT competition NN within IN that DT area NN and CC so RB cause VV the DT failures NNS to TO be VB numerous JJ . SENT The DT contention NN , , that IN the DT excessive JJ profits NNS of IN successful JJ firms NNS are VBP balanced VVN and CC in IN some DT way NN cancelled VVN by IN the DT losses NNS of IN those DT that WDT fail VVP , , is VBZ also RB contradicted VVN by IN the DT psychology NN of IN the DT case NN . SENT If IN it PP could MD be VB shown VVN that IN the DT chance NN of IN winning VVG these DT high JJ gains NNS was VBD in IN fact NN a DT necessary JJ inducement NN to TO the DT winners NNS to TO stake VV their PP$ capital NN and CC business NN capacity NN in IN an DT inherently RB risky JJ line NN of IN enterprise NN , , there EX might MD be VB some DT force NN in IN this DT plea NN . SENT But CC to TO the DT men NNS who WP achieve VVP these DT successes NNS business NN is VBZ not RB a DT simple JJ game NN of IN hazard NN in IN which WDT they PP have VHP merely RB the DT same JJ chance NN as IN the DT others NNS . SENT Success NN is VBZ commonly RB achieved VVN by IN force NN , , strategy NN and CC the DT possession NN of IN known VVN advantages NNS , , and CC is VBZ used VVN to TO strengthen VV these DT advantages NNS and CC so RB to TO increase VV continuously RB the DT pull NN by IN which WDT they PP accumulate VVP their PP$ gains NNS and CC ruin VV their PP$ would MD be VB competitors NNS . SENT Although IN tight JJ forms NNS of IN monopoly NN are VBP very RB rare JJ , , loose JJ or CC partial JJ restrictions NNS upon IN competition NN are VBP very RB numerous JJ and CC often RB very RB profitable JJ . SENT All PDT these DT extra JJ gains NNS , , issuing VVG from IN various JJ forms NNS of IN natural JJ or CC contrived JJ scarcity NN in IN all DT sorts NNS of IN industries NNS , , are VBP rightly RB classed VVN as IN unproductive JJ surplus NN . SENT Many JJ of IN them PP are VBP as RB constant JJ and CC as RB certain JJ as IN the DT economic JJ rents NNS of IN land NN , , arise VVP in IN the DT same JJ way NN from IN a DT limitation NN of IN some DT productive JJ factor NN , , and CC are VBP unearned JJ income NN in IN the DT same JJ sense NN of IN that DT term NN . SENT Other JJ of IN these DT gains NNS are VBP more RBR fluctuating VVG , , proceeding VVG from IN less JJR stable JJ forms NNS of IN privilege NN or CC combination NN , , but CC while IN they PP exist VVP they PP equally RB belong VVP to TO unproductive JJ surplus NN . SENT 8 CD 15 CD . SENT The DT distinction NN between IN that DT portion NN of IN the DT social JJ income NN which WDT goes VVZ as IN necessary JJ payments NNS to TO support VV and CC evoke VVP the DT energies NNS of IN body NN and CC mind NN of IN wealth NN producers NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , costs NNS of IN production NN , , and CC that IN which WDT goes VVZ as IN unproductive JJ surplus NN to TO those DT who WP , , possessing VVG some DT necessary JJ instrument NN of IN production NN that WDT is VBZ relatively RB scarce JJ , , can MD exact VV a DT scarcity NN price NN , , is VBZ fundamental JJ in IN a DT valuation NN of IN industry NN . SENT For IN this DT surplus NN not RB only RB represents VVZ sheer JJ economic JJ waste NN , , regarded VVN from IN the DT social JJ standpoint NN , , but CC it PP can MD be VB shown VVN to TO be VB directly RB responsible JJ , , as IN an DT efficient JJ cause NN , , for IN most JJS of IN those DT particular JJ maladies NNS in IN our PP$ current JJ processes NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN which WDT impede VV the DT economic JJ and CC the DT human JJ progress NN of IN the DT nation NN . SENT For IN if IN our PP$ analysis NN of IN this DT surplus NN is VBZ correct JJ , , it PP consists VVZ in IN the DT seizure NN of IN a DT large JJ portion NN of IN the DT fruits NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ productive JJ energies NNS , , required VVN for IN the DT full JJ support NN and CC further JJR stimulation NN of IN these DT energies NNS and CC for IN the DT wider JJR human JJ life NN which WDT they PP are VBP designed VVN to TO serve VV , , and CC their PP$ assignment NN to TO persons NNS who WP have VHP not RB helped VVN to TO make VV them PP , , do VVP not RB need VV them PP , , and CC cannot NN use VVP them PP . SENT The DT payment NN of IN surplus NN takes VVZ large JJ sections NNS of IN the DT income NN , , needed VVN to TO raise VV the DT economic JJ and CC human JJ efficiency NN of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS , , or CC to TO enable VV society NN to TO enlarge VV the DT scope NN and CC to TO improve VV the DT quality NN of IN the DT public JJ services NNS , , and CC disposes VVZ them PP in IN ways NNS that WDT are VBP not RB merely RB wasteful JJ but CC injurious JJ . SENT In IN effect NN , , all PDT the DT excessive JJ human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN and CC all PDT the DT defective JJ human JJ utilities NNS of IN consumption NN , , which WDT our PP$ separate JJ analysis NN of IN the DT two CD processes NNS disclosed VVN , , find VV their PP$ concrete JJ and CC condensed JJ expression NN in IN this DT surplus NN . SENT The DT chief JJ injuries NNS it PP causes VVZ may MD be VB summarised VVN as RB follows VVZ . SENT 1 LS . SENT Flowing VVG abundantly RB as IN unearned JJ income NN into IN the DT possession NN of IN wealthy JJ individuals NNS and CC classes NNS , , it PP thereby RB causes VVZ large JJ quantities NNS of IN the DT national JJ income NN to TO be VB consumed VVN with IN little JJ or CC no DT benefit NN . SENT For IN much RB , , if IN not RB most JJS , , of IN this DT surplus NN , , being VBG devoted VVN to TO luxury NN , , waste NN , , extravagance NN and CC illth NN , , furnishes VVZ by IN its PP$ expenditure NN not RB human JJ utility NN but CC human JJ cost NN , , not RB an DT enhancement NN but CC a DT diminution NN of IN the DT sum NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT 2 CD By IN enabling VVG its PP$ recipients NNS to TO disobey VV the DT sound JJ biological JJ and CC moral JJ precept NN , , in IN the DT sweat NN of IN thy NNS face VVP thou NNS shalt VV eat VV bread NN , , it PP calls VVZ into IN being NN and CC sustains VVZ a DT leisured JJ or CC unemployed JJ class NN whose WP$ existence NN represents VVZ a DT loss NN of IN productive JJ energy NN and CC of IN wealth NN production NN to TO the DT nation NN . SENT 3 LS The DT evil JJ prestige NN and CC attraction NN of IN the DT life NN of IN sensational JJ frivolity NN this DT idle JJ class NN is VBZ disposed VVN to TO lead VV tends VVZ by IN suggestion NN to TO sap VV the DT wholesome JJ respect NN for IN work NN in IN the DT standards NNS of IN the DT rest NN of IN the DT community NN , , and CC to TO encourage VV by IN servile JJ imitation NN injurious JJ or CC wasteful JJ methods NNS of IN expenditure NN . SENT 4 LS The DT economic JJ necessity NN of IN producing VVG this DT surplus NN imposes VVZ excessive JJ toil VVP upon IN the DT productive JJ classes NNS , , being VBG directly RB responsible JJ for IN the DT long JJ hours NNS and CC speeding VVG up RB which WDT constitute VVP the DT heaviest JJS burden NN of IN human JJ costs NNS . SENT The DT direction NN which WDT the DT expenditure NN of IN the DT surplus NN gives VVZ to TO capital NN and CC labour NN degrades VVZ the DT character NN of IN large JJ bodies NNS of IN workers NNS by IN setting VVG them PP to TO futile JJ , , frivolous JJ , , vicious JJ or CC servile JJ tasks NNS . SENT 5 LS The DT disturbing JJ irregularity NN of IN the DT trades NNS which WDT supply VVP the DT capricious JJ and CC ever RB shifting VVG consumption NN , , upon IN which WDT the DT surplus NN is VBZ so RB largely RB spent VVN , , imposes VVZ upon IN the DT workers NNS a DT great JJ cost NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN irregularity NN of IN employment NN , , and CC a DT considerable JJ burden NN of IN costly JJ saving NN by IN way NN of IN insurance NN against IN this DT irregularity NN . SENT 6 CD By IN stamping VVG with IN the DT badge NN of IN irrationality NN and CC inequity NN the DT general JJ process NN of IN apportionment NN of IN income NN , , the DT surplus NN impairs VVZ that DT spirit NN of IN human JJ confidence NN and CC that DT consciousness NN of IN human JJ solidarity NN of IN interests NNS which WDT are VBP the DT best JJS stimuli NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ progress NN . SENT The DT surplus NN element NN in IN private JJ income NN thus RB represents VVZ the DT human JJ loss NN from IN defects NNS in IN the DT current JJ distribution NN of IN wealth NN , , not RB only RB the DT loss NN from IN wasteful JJ and CC injurious JJ consumption NN but CC from IN wasteful JJ and CC injurious JJ production NN , , an DT exaggeration NN of IN human JJ costs NNS and CC a DT diminution NN of IN human JJ utilities NNS . SENT The DT primary JJ object NN of IN all DT social JJ economic JJ reforms NNS should MD be VB to TO dissipate VV this DT surplus NN and CC to TO secure VV its PP$ apportionment NN partly RB as IN useful JJ income NN for IN individual JJ producers NNS , , partly RB as IN useful JJ income NN for IN society NN , , so RB that IN , , instead RB of IN poisoning NN the DT social JJ organism NN as IN it PP does VVZ now RB , , it PP may MD supply VV fuller JJR nourishment NN and CC stimulus NN to TO the DT life NN of IN that DT organism NN and CC its PP$ cells NNS . SENT Thus RB directed VVN , , partly RB into IN higher JJR wages NNS of IN efficiency NN for IN workers NNS , , partly RB into IN further JJR income NN for IN the DT enrichment NN of IN the DT common JJ life NN , , the DT surplus NN will MD in RB effect VV cease VV to TO be VB surplus NN , , being VBG completely RB absorbed VVN in IN satisfying VVG the DT human JJ requirements NNS of IN individuals NNS and CC society NN . SENT For IN not RB only RB will MD it PP furnish VV the DT expenditure NN required VVN to TO bring VV the DT standard NN of IN consumption NN of IN all DT grades NNS of IN workers NNS up RB to TO the DT level NN of IN a DT full JJ satisfaction NN of IN human JJ needs NNS , , but CC it PP will MD establish VV an DT entirely RB new JJ conception NN of IN public JJ income NN . SENT For IN it PP will MD be VB recognised VVN that IN the DT public JJ revenue NN , , taken VVN either RB by IN taxation NN or CC as IN profits NNS of IN public JJ industry NN , , is VBZ earned VVN by IN public JJ work NN precisely RB as IN the DT revenue NN of IN individuals NNS is VBZ earned VVN by IN private JJ work NN , , and CC is VBZ required VVN for IN public JJ consumption NN just RB as IN private JJ income NN is VBZ required VVN for IN private JJ consumption NN . SENT Thus RB the DT whole NN of IN what WP now RB figures VVZ as IN a DT wasteful JJ surplus NN would MD be VB applied VVN in IN productive JJ consumption NN . SENT The DT scope NN of IN the DT operation NN of IN this DT organic JJ law NN , , of IN course NN , , widely RB transcends VVZ this DT special JJ application NN to TO the DT distribution NN of IN economic JJ income NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT general JJ law NN of IN order NN and CC of IN progress NN in IN all DT departments NNS of IN organic JJ activity NN . SENT But CC for IN our PP$ task NN , , that WDT of IN a DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN , , its PP$ worth NN is VBZ supreme JJ . SENT For IN in IN the DT application NN of IN the DT organic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN all RB the DT great JJ antagonisms NNS which WDT loom VVP so RB big JJ as IN social JJ Problems NP , , Luxury NN and CC Poverty NN , , Toil VVP and CC idleness NN , , The DT individual JJ and CC Society NP , , Authority NP and CC Liberty NP , , find VVP their PP$ solution NN . SENT 9 CD NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Even RB there RB he PP is VBZ not RB separated VVN in IN physical JJ functions NNS . SENT The DT sexual JJ , , philoprogenitive JJ , , and CC the DT gregarious JJ instincts NNS , , which WDT are VBP rooted VVN in IN physical JJ structure NN , , negate VV physical JJ individualism NN . SENT So RB does VVZ the DT structure NN of IN his PP$ brain NN , , which WDT in IN solitude NN decays NNS or CC becomes VVZ diseased JJ . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT Common JJ sense NN of IN Political NP Economy NP , , p NN . SENT 698 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT p NN . SENT 345 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT Work NP and CC Wages NP , , Vol NP . SENT I PP , , p NN . SENT 14 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT Professor NP Pigou NP Wealth NN and CC Welfare NP , , p NN . SENT 176 CD , , though IN adopting VVG the DT general JJ position NN of IN marginalism NN , , makes VVZ a DT concession NN , , as RB to TO its PP$ applicability NN , , which WDT is VBZ a DT virtual JJ admission NN of IN its PP$ futility NN . SENT For IN by IN showing VVG that IN only RB in IN industries NNS of IN constant JJ returns NNS are VBP supply NN price NN and CC marginal JJ supply NN price NN equal JJ , , and CC that IN in IN industries NNS of IN decreasing VVG or CC of IN increasing VVG returns NNS there RB exists VVZ a DT tendency NN to TO exceed VV or CC to TO fall VV short JJ of IN the DT marginal JJ net JJ product NN yielded VVD in IN industries NNS in IN general JJ , , he PP virtually RB endorses VVZ the DT criticism NN that IN marginalism NN assumes VVZ a DT statical JJ condition NN of IN industry NN . SENT For IN only RB in IN a DT statical JJ condition NN would MD all DT industries NNS be VB found VVN conforming VVG to TO constant JJ returns NNS . SENT the DT operation NN of IN increasing VVG or CC diminishing VVG returns NNS means VVZ nothing NN else RB than IN that DT changes NNS in IN volume NN or CC methods NNS of IN production NN are VBP raising VVG or CC lowering VVG productivity NN and CC remuneration NN above IN or CC below IN the DT equal JJ level NN which WDT marginalism NN desiderates VVZ . SENT 6 CD . SENT From IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT individual JJ business NN firm NN costs NNS of IN production NN may MD include VV many JJ higher JJR rates NNS of IN payments NNS , , necessary JJ under IN the DT actual JJ conditions NNS of IN competitive JJ industry NN to TO secure VV the DT use NN of IN the DT required VVN agents NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT For IN it PP must MD be VB kept VVN in IN mind NN that IN the DT productive JJ expenditure NN to TO which WDT reference NN is VBZ here RB made VVN refer VVP ultimately RB to TO a DT standard NN not RB of IN market NN but CC of IN human JJ values NNS . SENT 8 CD . SENT Economists NNS , , following VVG the DT classical JJ distinction NN made VVN by IN Adam NP Smith NP in IN the DT case NN of IN land NN values NNS , , may MD break VV up RP the DT surplus NN into IN various JJ species NNS of IN scarcity NN rents NNS on IN the DT one CD hand NN and CC differential NN rents NNS on IN the DT other JJ . SENT A DT scarcity NN or CC specific JJ rent NN will MD occur VV when WRB the DT whole JJ supply NN of IN some DT factor NN of IN production NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , all RB the DT land NN available JJ for IN some DT particular JJ use NN , , or CC all PDT the DT capital NN employed VVN in IN some DT trade NN , , is VBZ in IN a DT position NN to TO take VV a DT payment NN higher RBR than IN is VBZ obtainable JJ where IN more JJR land NN or CC capital NN is VBZ available JJ for IN this DT particular JJ use NN than IN is VBZ required VVN to TO turn VV out RP the DT supply NN of IN goods NNS that WDT is VBZ actually RB sold VVN . SENT The DT worst JJS hop NN land NN in IN use NN in IN England NP obtains VVZ a DT positive JJ rent NN , , the DT worst JJS equipped JJ ships NNS in IN the DT Atlantic NP combine VV obtain VV a DT surplus NN profit NN . SENT better JJR acres NNS of IN hop NN land NN , , better RBR equipped VVN ships NNS obtain VVP a DT differential JJ rent NN or CC profit NN in IN addition NN . SENT Both DT specific JJ gain NN and CC differential JJ gain NN are VBP surplus JJ , , and CC the DT basis NN of IN each DT is VBZ a DT scarcity NN of IN supply NN and CC a DT restraint NN of IN competition NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT For IN a DT detailed JJ and CC more RBR technical JJ defence NN of IN the DT fundamentally RB important JJ distinction NN between IN costs NNS and CC surplus NN and CC for IN a DT closer JJR analysis NN of IN the DT sources NNS of IN unproductive JJ surplus NN , , readers NNS may MD be VB referred VVN to TO the DT author's NNS earlier RB work VVP , , The DT Industrial NP System NP . SENT an DT enquiry NN into IN earned VVN and CC unearned JJ income NN . SENT Longman's NNS 2 CD nd NN and CC revised VVN edition NN , , 1909 CD . SENT CHAPTER NN XIII NP . SENT THE DT HUMAN JJ CLAIMS NNS OF IN LABOUR NN 1 CD . SENT The DT validity NN of IN the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN is VBZ well RB tested VVN by IN considering VVG the DT light NN it PP sheds VVZ upon IN the DT modern JJ claims NNS of IN Labour NN and CC the DT Movement NN which WDT is VBZ endeavouring VVG to TO realise VV these DT claims NNS . SENT For IN the DT significance NN of IN the DT Labour NN Movement NN will MD continue VV to TO be VB misunderstood VVN so RB long RB as IN it PP is VBZ regarded VVN as IN a DT mere JJ demand NN for IN a DT larger JJR quantity NN of IN wages NNS and CC of IN leisure NN , , important JJ as IN these DT objects NNS are VBP . SENT The DT real JJ demand NN of IN Labour NN is VBZ at IN once RB more RBR radical JJ and CC more RBR human JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ a DT demand NN that IN Labour NN shall MD no RB longer RBR be VB bought VVN and CC sold VVN as IN a DT dead JJ commodity NN subject NN to TO the DT fluctuations NNS of IN Demand NN and CC Supply NN in IN the DT market NN , , but CC that IN its PP$ remuneration NN shall MD be VB regulated VVN on IN the DT basis NN of IN the DT human JJ needs NNS of IN a DT family NN living VVG in IN a DT civilised JJ country NN . SENT At IN present JJ most JJS sorts NNS of IN labourers NNS are VBP paid VVN according VVG to TO the DT quantity NN of IN labour NN power NN they PP give VVP out RP , , and CC according VVG to TO the DT market NN price NN set VVN upon IN a DT unit NN of IN each DT several JJ sort NN of IN labour NN power NN . SENT This DT means VVZ that IN the DT actual JJ weekly JJ earnings NNS of IN some DT grades NNS of IN labourer NN are VBP much RB higher JJR than IN those DT of IN other JJ grades NNS , , not RB because IN the DT work NN takes VVZ more RBR out RB of IN them PP , , or CC because IN it PP involves VVZ a DT higher JJR standard NN of IN living NN , , but CC because IN some DT natural JJ , , some DT fortuitous JJ , , or CC some DT organised VVN scarcity NN of IN supply NN exists VVZ in IN the DT former JJ grades NNS , , while IN there EX is VBZ abundance NN of IN supply NN in IN the DT latter NN . SENT 1 CD Moreover RB , , the DT weekly JJ earnings NNS for IN any DT of IN these DT sorts NNS of IN labour NN will MD vary VV from IN week NN to TO week NN , , from IN month NN to TO month NN , , or CC year NN to TO year NN , , with IN the DT variations NNS of IN Supply NN and CC Demand NN in IN the DT Labour NN Market NN . SENT The DT income NN of IN the DT working VVG family NN will MD thus RB vary VV for IN reasons NNS utterly RB beyond IN its PP$ control NN , , though IN its PP$ requirements NNS for IN economic JJ and CC human JJ efficiency NN show VVP no DT such JJ variation NN . SENT Thus RB there EX is VBZ no DT security NN for IN any DT class NN standard NN of IN living NN . SENT Within IN each DT class NN or CC grade NN of IN labour NN there EX will MD be VB variations NNS of IN the DT individual JJ family NN wage NN , , based VVN on IN the DT amount NN of IN labour NN power NN actually RB given VVN out RP in IN the DT week NN . SENT A DT less RBR effective JJ worker NN , , even RB though IN he PP puts VVZ out RP as IN much JJ effort NN , , will MD earn VV less JJR money NN than IN a DT more RBR effective JJ . SENT This DT seems VVZ necessary JJ , , reasonable JJ and CC even RB just RB , , so RB long RB as IN we PP accept VVP the DT ordinary JJ view NN that IN labour NN should MD be VB bought VVN and CC sold VVN like IN any DT other JJ commodity NN . SENT But CC once RB accept VV the DT view NN that IN to TO buy VV labour NN power NN , , like IN other JJ commodities NNS , , at IN a DT price NN determined VVN purely RB by IN relations NNS of IN Supply NN and CC Demand NN , , is VBZ a DT policy NN dangerous JJ to TO the DT life NN and CC well RB being VBG of IN the DT individual NN whose WP$ labour NN power NN is VBZ thus RB bought VVN and CC sold VVN , , to TO those DT of IN his PP$ family NN and CC of IN society NN , , your PP$ attitude NN towards IN the DT labour NN movement NN in IN general JJ , , and CC even RB to TO certain JJ demands NNS which WDT at IN first JJ sight NN seem VVP unreasonable JJ , , will MD undergo VV a DT great JJ change NN . SENT The DT fundamental JJ assumption NN of IN the DT Labour NN Movement NN , , in IN its PP$ demands NNS for IN reformed VVN remuneration NN , , is VBZ that IN the DT private JJ human JJ needs NNS of IN a DT working VVG family NN should MD be VB regularly RB and CC securely RB met VVD out RP of IN weekly JJ pay NN . SENT The DT life NN and CC health NN of IN the DT family NN , , and CC that DT sense NN of IN security NN which WDT is VBZ essential JJ to TO sound VV character NN and CC regular JJ habits NNS , , to TO the DT exercise NN of IN reasonable JJ foresight NN , , and CC the DT formation NN and CC execution NN of IN reasonable JJ plans NNS , , all RB hinge VV upon IN this DT central JJ demand NN for IN a DT sufficiency NN and CC regularity NN of IN weekly JJ income NN based VVN upon IN the DT human JJ needs NNS of IN a DT family NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT This DT explains VVZ alike RB the DT working VVG class NN objections NNS to TO piecework NN , , the DT demand NN for IN a DT minimum JJ wage NN , , and CC the DT policy NN of IN limitation NN of IN individual JJ output NN . SENT For IN piece NN work NN , , even RB more JJR than IN time NN work NN , , is VBZ based VVN upon IN a DT total NN ignoring VVG of IN the DT human JJ conditions NNS which WDT affect VVP the DT giving VVG out RP of IN labour NN power NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT plainest JJS and CC most RBS logical JJ assertion NN of IN the DT commodity NN view NN of IN labour NN , , the DT most RBS complete JJ denial NN that IN the DT human JJ needs NNS of IN the DT worker NN have VH any DT claim NN to TO determine VV what WP he PP should MD be VB paid VVN . SENT So RB firmly RB rooted VVN in IN the DT breast NN of IN the DT ordinary JJ non JJ working NN man NN , , and CC of IN many JJ working JJ men NNS , , is VBZ the DT notion NN that IN a DT man NN , , who WP has VHZ produced VVN twice RB as RB large JJ an DT output NN as IN another DT man NN , , ought MD , , as IN a DT simple JJ matter NN of IN right NN or CC justice NN , , to TO receive VV a DT payment NN twice RB as RB large JJ , , that IN it PP is VBZ very RB difficult JJ to TO dislodge VV it PP . SENT It PP represents VVZ the DT greatest JJS triumph NN of IN the DT business NN point NN of IN view NN over IN humanity NN . SENT If IN a DT man NN has VHZ done VVN twice RB as IN much RB , , of IN course NN be VB ought MD to TO receive VV twice RB as RB much JJ . SENT It PP seems VVZ an DT ethical JJ truism NN . SENT And CC yet RB I PP venture VV to TO affirm VV that IN it PP has VHZ nothing NN ethical JJ in IN it PP . SENT It PP has VHZ assumed VVN this DT moral JJ guise NN because IN of IN a DT deep JJ distrust NN of IN human JJ nature NN which WDT it PP expresses VVZ . SENT How WRB will MD you PP get VV a DT man NN to TO do VV his PP$ best JJS unless IN you PP pay VVP him PP according VVG to TO the DT amount NN he PP does VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT purely RB practical JJ consideration NN that WDT has VHZ imposed VVN upon IN the DT piece NN work NN system NN the DT appearance NN of IN axiomatic JJ justice NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB difficult JJ to TO strip VV off RP the DT spurious JJ ethics NNS of IN the DT principle NN . SENT You PP say VVP that IN piece NN wages NNS or CC payment NN by IN result NN is VBZ right RB because IN it PP induces VVZ men NNS to TO do VV their PP$ best JJS . SENT But CC what WP do VVP we PP mean VVP by IN doing VVG their PP$ best JJS . SENT . SENT A DT weak JJ man NN may MD hew VV one CD ton NN of IN coals NNS while IN a DT strong JJ man NN may MD hew VV two CD . SENT Has VHZ not RB the DT former JJ done VVN his PP$ best RBS equally RB with IN the DT latter NN . SENT The DT strength NN of IN a DT strong JJ man NN , , the DT natural JJ or CC even RB the DT acquired VVN skill NN of IN a DT skilful JJ man NN , , cannot NN be VB assumed VVN as IN a DT personal JJ merit NN which WDT deserves VVZ reward NN in IN the DT terms NNS of IN payment NN . SENT If IN there EX is VBZ merit NN anywhere RB , , it PP is VBZ in IN the DT effort NN , , not RB in IN the DT achievement NN or CC product NN , , and CC piece NN wages NNS measure VV only RB the DT latter NN . SENT No UH . SENT there EX is VBZ nothing NN inherently RB just RB in IN the DT piece NN wage NN system NN . SENT Its PP$ real JJ defence NN is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ the DT most RBS practical JJ way NN of IN getting VVG men NNS to TO work VV as RB hard JJ as IN they PP can MD . SENT it PP is VBZ a DT check NN on IN skulking VVG and CC sugaring VVG . SENT It PP assumes VVZ that IN no DT other JJ effective JJ motive NN can MD be VB made VVN operative JJ in IN business NN except IN quantity NN of IN payment NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT As IN Ruskin NP and CC many JJ others NNS have VHP remarked VVN , , the DT lie NN is VBZ given VVN to TO this DT assumption NN in IN an DT increasing VVG number NN of IN kinds NNS of IN work NN where WRB the DT highest JJS qualities NNS of IN human JJ power NN , , the DT finest JJS sorts NNS of IN mental JJ skill NN and CC responsibility NN , , are VBP involved VVN . SENT Public JJ servants NNS of IN all DT grades NNS , , from IN Cabinet NP Masters NP and CC Judges NPS down RB to TO municipal JJ dustmen NNS , , are VBP paid VVN by IN salaries NNS , , not RB by IN piece NN wages NNS . SENT The DT same JJ is VBZ true JJ of IN the DT more RBR remunerative JJ and CC more RBR responsible JJ work NN in IN private JJ businesses NNS . SENT No DT Government NP , , no DT private JJ firm NN , , buys VVZ the DT services NNS of IN its PP$ most RBS valuable JJ employees NNS at IN the DT lowest JJS market NN price NN , , or CC attempts VVZ to TO apply VV to TO them PP a DT piece NN work NN scale NN . SENT It PP would MD not RB pay VV them PP to TO do VV so RB , , and CC they PP know VVP it PP . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT merely RB because IN some DT sorts NNS of IN work NN do VVP not RB easily RB admit VV of IN being VBG measured VVN by IN the DT piece NN . SENT It PP would MD be VB possible JJ to TO pay VV Judges NNS , , as IN counsel NN are VBP paid VVN , , by IN the DT case NN . SENT Cabinet NP Ministers NPS might MD be VB paid VVN on IN piece NN wages NNS for IN Laws NP measured VVN by IN the DT number NN or CC length NN of IN their PP$ clauses NNS . SENT The DT chief JJ reason NN for IN adopting VVG payment NN by IN fixed JJ salary NN is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ reckoned VVN a DT wise JJ mode NN of IN securing VVG good JJ individual JJ services NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ recognised VVN that IN each DT piece NN of IN work NN will MD be VB better RBR done VVN , , if IN the DT workers NNS set VVN about IN it PP in IN a DT thoroughly RB disinterested JJ manner NN , , concentrated VVN in IN their PP$ thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS entirely RB on IN the DT work NN itself PP , , and CC not RB entangled JJ in IN the DT consideration NN of IN what WP they PP are VBP to TO get VV out RP of IN it PP . SENT This DT is VBZ supposed VVN to TO be VB the DT difference NN between IN the DT professional JJ man NN and CC the DT tradesman NN , , that IN the DT former JJ performs VVZ a DT function NN and CC incidentally RB receives VVZ a DT fee NN , , while IN the DT latter NN , , by IN the DT very JJ acts NNS of IN buying VVG and CC selling VVG that IN constitute VV his PP$ business NN , , keeps VVZ his PP$ mind NN set VVN upon IN the DT profit NN from IN each DT several JJ transaction NN . SENT But CC the DT fixed VVN and CC guaranteed VVN salary NN for IN public JJ servants NNS has VHZ another DT ground NN . SENT It PP may MD profit VV a DT business NN firm NN to TO practise VV an DT economy NN of IN sweating VVG , , to TO drive VV its PP$ employees NNS and CC consume VV their PP$ health NN and CC strength NN by IN a DT few JJ years NNS excessive JJ toil VVP , , to TO take VV on IN new JJ casual JJ workers NNS for IN brief JJ spurts NNS of IN trade NN , , to TO sack NN employees NNS ruthlessly RB , , as RB soon RB as IN trade NN begins VVZ to TO flag NN , , or CC their PP$ individual JJ powers NNS of IN work NN are VBP impaired VVN by IN age NN . SENT A DT piece NN work NN system NN , , with IN no DT guarantee NN of IN employment NN or CC of IN weekly JJ wage NN , , may MD be VB a DT sound JJ business NN economy NN for IN a DT private JJ firm NN . SENT It PP cannot NN be VB a DT sound JJ economy NN for IN a DT State NP or CC a DT Municipality NN . SENT For IN a DT large JJ and CC increasing VVG share NN of IN the DT work NN and CC the DT expenditure NN of IN most JJS States NNS and CC Municipalities NNS is VBZ applied VVN in IN trying VVG to TO mend VV or CC alleviate VV damages NNS or CC dangers NNS to TO the DT health NN , , security NN , , intelligence NN , , and CC character NN of IN the DT workers NNS and CC their PP$ families NNS , , arising VVG from IN insufficiency NN of IN work NN and CC wages NNS or CC other JJ defects NNS of IN private JJ industrialism NN . SENT It PP would MD obviously RB be VB bad JJ public JJ economy NN to TO break VV down RP the DT lives NNS and CC homes NNS of IN public JJ employees NNS by IN underpaying VVG or CC overworking VVG them PP , , or CC by IN dismissing VVG and CC leaving VVG them PP to TO starve VV when WRB work NN was VBD slack JJ . SENT For IN what WP was VBD saved VVN in IN the DT wage NN bill NN of IN the DT particular JJ department NN , , would MD be VB squandered VVN in IN poor JJ law NN , , police NNS , , hospitals NNS , , old JJ age NN pensions NNS , , invalidity NN and CC employment NN relief NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ that IN all DT . SENT A DT mass NN of IN ill RB paid VVN , , ill RB housed VVN workers NNS , , alternately RB overworked VVN and CC out RB of IN work NN , , stands VVZ as IN a DT chief JJ barrier NN in IN every DT one NN of IN those DT paths NNS of IN social JJ progress NN and CC national JJ development NN which WDT modern JJ statecraft NN sets VVZ itself PP to TO follow VV . SENT The DT low JJ wage NN of IN unskilled JJ labour NN is VBZ to TO day NN a DT source NN of IN infinite JJ waste NN of IN the DT forces NNS of IN national JJ education NN . SENT Still RB keeping VVG our PP$ argument NN upon IN the DT narrowest JJS lines NNS of IN economy NN , , we PP plainly RB realise VV that IN the DT financial JJ resources NNS , , upon IN which WDT the DT State NP can MD draw VV for IN all PDT her PP$ services NNS , , depend VVP in IN the DT last JJ resort NN upon IN the DT general JJ economic JJ efficiency NN of IN the DT working VVG population NN , , and CC that IN a DT system NN of IN public JJ employment NN which WDT was VBD , , however RB indirectly RB , , detrimental JJ to TO this DT health NN , , longevity NN and CC intelligence NN , , would MD rank VV as IN bad JJ business NN from IN the DT public JJ standpoint NN . SENT It PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN in IN this DT country NN the DT salary NN mode NN of IN payment NN is VBZ gaining VVG ground NN . SENT Apart RB from IN the DT public JJ services NNS , , national JJ and CC municipal JJ , , which WDT now RB employ VVP some DT 7 CD per IN cent NN of IN the DT total JJ employed VVN population NN , , the DT great JJ transport NN and CC the DT distributive JJ industries NNS are VBP almost RB entirely RB run VVN upon IN the DT salary NN basis NN . SENT These DT departments NNS of IN industry NN are VBP constantly RB increasing VVG , , not RB only RB in IN absolute JJ size NN , , but CC in IN the DT proportion NN of IN the DT total JJ employment NN they PP afford VVP . SENT To TO them PP must MD be VB added VVN the DT large JJ class NN of IN domestic JJ service NN . SENT Such JJ great JJ salaried JJ services NNS cannot NN , , indeed RB , , be VB claimed VVN as IN triumphs NNS for IN the DT organic JJ principle NN of IN distribution NN , , or CC payment NN according VVG to TO needs NNS . SENT For IN the DT most JJS part NN they PP are VBP very RB unsatisfactory JJ modifications NNS of IN the DT piece NN wage NN or CC commodity NN view NN of IN labour NN . SENT For IN , , except IN for IN the DT small JJ higher JJR grades NNS of IN officials NNS , , they PP mostly RB retain VVP the DT two CD chief JJ defects NNS of IN the DT ordinary JJ wage NN system NN , , a DT payment NN of IN weekly JJ income NN not RB based VVN on IN a DT proper JJ computation NN of IN human JJ needs NNS , , and CC a DT lack NN of IN adequate JJ security NN of IN tenure NN . SENT Over IN a DT large JJ part NN of IN the DT field NN of IN industry NN and CC commerce NN where WRB weekly JJ fixed JJ salaries NNS are VBP paid VVN , , there EX exists VVZ a DT flagrant JJ disregard NN for IN all DT considerations NNS of IN human JJ subsistence NN . SENT Some DT of IN the DT worse JJR , , though IN not RB the DT worst JJS , , forms NNS of IN sweating VVG are VBP found VVN in IN shops NNS , , workshops NNS and CC factories NNS where WRB women NNS are VBP employed VVN on IN weekly JJ salaries NNS . SENT None NN the DT less JJR , , it PP remains VVZ true JJ that IN the DT salary NN is VBZ a DT more RBR rational JJ form NN of IN payment NN for IN labour NN than IN the DT time NN or CC piece NN wage NN , , and CC that WDT , , as IN the DT humanisation NN of IN industry NN proceeds NNS , , it PP will MD more RBR and CC more RBR displace VV the DT wage NN system NN . SENT For IN where WRB salaries NNS are VBP paid VVN , , the DT consideration NN of IN needs NNS or CC subsistence NN does VVZ tend VV always RB to TO qualify VV the DT mere JJ commodity NN view NN of IN labour NN . SENT Piece NN wage NN or CC time NN wage NN ignores VVZ the DT worker NN as IN a DT human JJ being NN and CC the DT supporter NN of IN a DT family NN . SENT it PP ignores VVZ him PP as IN a DT personality NN and CC regards VVZ him PP merely RB as IN an DT instrument NN for IN giving VVG out RP units NNS of IN productive JJ power NN to TO be VB paid VVN for IN on IN the DT same JJ terms NNS as IN the DT units NNS of IN mechanical JJ power NN used VVN in IN working VVG machinery NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT The DT Labour NN Movement NN insists VVZ that IN the DT personal JJ and CC human JJ factor NN is VBZ fundamental JJ as IN a DT condition NN in IN the DT labour NN bargain NN . SENT If IN labour NN is VBZ treated VVN as IN a DT mere JJ commodity NN , , its PP$ price NN affords VVZ no DT security NN of IN life NN to TO the DT labourer NN . SENT It PP may MD not RB find VV a DT customer NN at IN all DT , , and CC so RB he PP starves VVZ and CC with IN him PP his PP$ family NN , , the DT future JJ supply NN of IN labour NN . SENT Or CC , , left VVN to TO the DT fluctuations NNS of IN the DT market NN , , it PP may MD sell VV at IN a DT price NN which WDT is VBZ insufficient JJ for IN his PP$ maintenance NN . SENT The DT fluctuations NNS of IN price NN in IN all DT other JJ markets NNS involve VVP only RB the DT pecuniary JJ profit NN or CC loss NN of IN those DT who WP sell VVP , , fluctuations NNS of IN the DT price NN of IN labour NN involve VVP the DT existence NN and CC well RB being VBG of IN human JJ families NNS and CC of IN the DT nation NN . SENT Hence RB the DT attack NN of IN organised VVN labour NN on IN this DT whole JJ conception NN of IN the DT labour NN market NN , , and CC the DT demand NN that IN the DT remuneration NN of IN labour NN shall MD not RB be VB left VVN to TO the DT higgling VVG of IN a DT market NN . SENT The DT chief JJ fight NN is VBZ for IN a DT secure JJ weekly JJ income NN , , or CC for IN conditions NNS of IN employment NN which WDT lead VVP up RP to TO this DT . SENT A DT minimum NN or CC a DT living VVG wage NN is VBZ the DT usual JJ name NN given VVN to TO this DT demand NN . SENT Complaint NN is VBZ made VVN of IN the DT vagueness NN of IN the DT demand NN . SENT But CC this DT vagueness NN does VVZ not RB make VV the DT demand NN unreasonable JJ . SENT A DT living VVG wage NN indeed RB is VBZ elastic JJ as IN life NN itself PP . SENT it PP expands VVZ and CC will MD continue VV to TO expand VV , , with IN the DT development NN of IN life NN for IN the DT workers NNS . SENT But CC what WP in IN effect NN is VBZ meant VVN at IN the DT present NN by IN a DT living NN or CC subsistence NN wage NN is VBZ such PDT a DT regular JJ weekly JJ sum NN as RB suffices VVZ to TO maintain VV the DT ordinary JJ working VVG family NN in IN health NN and CC economic JJ efficiency NN . SENT It PP is VBZ contended VVN that IN no DT purchase NN of IN labour NN should MD be VB permitted VVN which WDT entails VVZ the DT degradation NN of IN that DT standard NN . SENT When WRB a DT minimum JJ rate NN of IN piece NN wages NNS is VBZ demanded VVN , , the DT implicit JJ understanding NN is VBZ that IN it PP is VBZ such JJ as RB will MD yield VV under IN normal JJ conditions NNS the DT ordinary JJ weekly JJ subsistence NN or CC standard JJ wage NN . SENT Since IN piece NN wages NNS are VBP so RB firmly RB established VVN in IN many JJ trades NNS that IN it PP is VBZ impracticable JJ to TO demand VV their PP$ immediate JJ abolition NN , , the DT actual JJ struggle NN between IN employees NNS and CC employers NNS is VBZ as RB to TO whether IN these DT piece NN wages NNS shall MD be VB allowed VVN to TO fluctuate VV indefinitely RB , , being VBG dragged VVN at IN the DT heels NNS of IN the DT prices NNS of IN commodities NNS , , or CC whether IN an DT absolute JJ limit NN shall MD be VB set VVN upon IN their PP$ fall NN . SENT The DT employer NN says VVZ , , When WRB trade NN is VBZ good JJ and CC prices NNS and CC profits NNS high JJ , , labour NN will MD share VV the DT prosperity NN in IN high JJ rates NNS of IN wage NN and CC large JJ weekly JJ earnings NNS . SENT so RB , , when WRB trade NN is VBZ bad JJ and CC prices NNS and CC profits NNS low JJ , , labour NN must MD share VV this DT adversity NN and CC take VV low JJ . SENT pay NN , , Organised VVN labour NN replies VVZ , , No UH , , there EX is VBZ no DT parity NN between IN the DT power NN of IN capital NN and CC of IN labour NN to TO bear VV depressions NNS . SENT capital NN is VBZ strong JJ and CC can MD bear VV up RP against IN low JJ profits NNS without IN perishing JJ , , labour NN is VBZ weak JJ and CC cannot NN bear VVP up RP against IN low JJ wages NNS . SENT We PP will MD only RB sell VV our PP$ labour NN power NN on IN condition NN that IN a DT lower JJR limit NN is VBZ set VVN upon IN its PP$ price NN , , such PDT a DT limit NN as RB will MD enable VV the DT labourer NN to TO keep VV body NN and CC soul NN together RB , , and CC to TO maintain VV that DT efficiency NN which WDT constitutes VVZ his PP$ working JJ capital NN . SENT This DT minimum JJ wage NN should MD be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT fixed JJ cost NN in IN your PP$ production NN . SENT At IN present JJ the DT prices NNS of IN your PP$ goods NNS oscillate VV without IN any DT assigned VVN limit NN . SENT You PP accept VVP low JJ contracts NNS for IN work NN , , and CC then RB adduce VV this DT low JJ price NN as IN a DT reason NN for IN reducing VVG wages NNS . SENT Let VV a DT minimum JJ wage NN once RB be VB adopted VVN in IN the DT trade NN , , and CC contract NN prices NNS cannot NN be VB accepted VVN on IN so RB low JJ a DT level NN . SENT The DT minimum JJ wage NN will MD thus RB help VV to TO steady JJ selling NN prices NNS and CC to TO regulate VV employment NN and CC output NN . SENT Both CC the DT economics NNS and CC the DT social JJ ethics NNS of IN this DT labour NN contention NN are VBP in IN substance NN sound NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT price NN of IN labour NN is VBZ left VVN to TO higgling VVG in IN a DT competitive JJ market NN , , there EX is VBZ nothing NN to TO prevent VV the DT wages NNS falling VVG to TO the DT lowest JJS level NN at IN which WDT a DT sufficient JJ number NN of IN workers NNS can MD be VB induced VVN to TO consent VV to TO work VV , , and CC that DT level NN may MD involve VV a DT reduction NN of IN the DT standard NN of IN living VVG in IN their PP$ families NNS below IN the DT true JJ subsistence NN point NN . SENT The DT fixing VVG of IN wages NNS by IN so RB called VVN free JJ competition NN affords VVZ no DT security NN for IN a DT family NN wage NN of IN efficiency NN or CC even RB of IN subsistence NN . SENT There EX should MD be VB no DT mistake NN upon IN this DT essential JJ matter NN . SENT The DT doctrine NN of IN economy NN of IN high JJ wages NNS has VHZ no DT such JJ general JJ efficacy NN as RB is VBZ sometimes RB suggested VVN . SENT Though RB in IN many JJ cases NNS high JJ wages NNS are VBP essential JJ to TO maintain VV and CC evoke VVP the DT energy NN and CC efficiency NN required VVN , , in IN other JJ cases NNS they PP are VBP not RB . SENT From IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT immediate JJ profits NNS of IN employers NNS sweating VVG often RB pays VVZ . SENT But CC from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN society NN it PP never RB pays VVZ . SENT Therefore RB , , the DT policy NN of IN the DT organised VVN workers NNS , , in IN seeking VVG to TO enforce VV the DT doctrine NN of IN a DT minimum JJ wage NN , , is VBZ not RB only RB a DT policy NN of IN self NN preservation NN for IN the DT working VVG classes NNS but CC a DT salutary JJ social JJ policy NN . SENT It PP is VBZ for IN this DT reason NN that IN the DT State NP intervenes VVZ in IN favour NN of IN the DT practice NN , , establishing VVG Trade NP Boards NNS to TO enforce VV its PP$ application NN in IN so RB called VVN sweated VVN trades NNS , , and CC acknowledges VVZ , , in IN theory NN at IN any DT rate NN , , its PP$ validity NN in IN all DT public JJ employments NNS and CC public JJ contracts NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT Although IN this DT minimum JJ wage NN is VBZ tolerably RB remote JJ from IN the DT ideal NN of IN a DT fixed JJ weekly JJ salary NN in IN most JJS trades NNS , , it PP is VBZ a DT true JJ step NN in IN this DT direction NN . SENT The DT most RBS controverted VVN item NN in IN trade NN union NN policy NN , , the DT limitation NN of IN individual JJ output NN , , is VBZ also RB partly RB actuated JJ by IN the DT same JJ motive NN . SENT Few JJ things NNS make VVP the DT ordinary JJ business NN man NN more RBR indignant JJ than IN the DT trade NN union NN regulations NNS in IN certain JJ trades NNS which WDT restrain VV stronger JJR or CC quicker JJR workers NNS from IN putting VVG forth RB their PP$ full JJ productive JJ energy NN . SENT They PP denounce VVP alike RB its PP$ dishonesty NN and CC its PP$ bad JJ economy NN . SENT It PP is VBZ based VVN , , they PP say VVP , , upon IN the DT lump NN of IN labour NN fallacy NN , , the DT false JJ notion NN that WDT there RB exists VVZ an DT absolutely RB limited JJ amount NN of IN employment NN , , or CC work VVP to TO be VB done VVN , , and CC that IN if IN the DT stronger JJR or CC quicker JJR men NNS do VVP more JJR than IN their PP$ share NN , , the DT others NNS will MD go VV short RB . SENT This DT refusal NN to TO allow VV each DT man NN to TO do VV his PP$ best JJS , , like IN the DT related JJ refusal NN to TO get VV the DT full JJ work NN out IN of IN new JJ labour NN saving VVG machinery NN , , appears VVZ monstrously RB perverse JJ and CC wicked JJ . SENT But CC , , though IN partly RB animated VVN by IN short JJ sighted JJ economic JJ views NNS , , this DT policy NN is VBZ not RB entirely RB to TO be VB thus RB explained VVN . SENT The DT levelling VVG down RP of IN the DT output NN of IN all DT workers NNS to TO a DT standard NN has VHZ partly RB for IN its PP$ object NN the DT establishment NN of IN greater JJR evenness NN of IN income NN among IN the DT workers NNS in IN a DT trade NN . SENT At IN any DT given VVN time NN in IN a DT given VVN mill NN , , or CC factory NN town NN , , the DT actual JJ amount NN of IN available JJ employment NN is VBZ limited VVN , , and CC for IN the DT time NN it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN by IN limitation NN of IN individual JJ output NN a DT larger JJR number NN of IN workers NNS are VBP employed VVN , , and CC a DT larger JJR number NN of IN working VVG families NNS are VBP provided VVN with IN a DT normal JJ wage NN , , than IN would MD have VH been VBN the DT case NN if IN a DT certain JJ number NN of IN men NNS were VBD encouraged VVN to TO an DT unrestricted JJ energy NN and CC unlimited JJ overtime NN . SENT In IN the DT long JJ run NN , , it PP may MD be VB better JJR to TO encourage VV full JJ individual JJ liberty NN of IN output NN , , even RB in IN the DT interest NN of IN the DT aggregate NN of IN employment NN , , but CC the DT restraints NNS to TO which WDT i NP here RB allude VV become VV more RBR intelligible JJ when WRB they PP are VBP regarded VVN as IN attempts NNS to TO enforce VV a DT common JJ class NN weekly JJ wage NN by IN means NNS of IN an DT even JJ distribution NN of IN employment NN . SENT A DT minimum JJ piece NN wage NN , , based VVN on IN a DT moderate JJ computation NN of IN the DT weekly JJ output NN per IN worker NN , , and CC accompanied VVN by IN a DT substantial JJ security NN of IN full JJ regular JJ employment NN , , would MD in RB effect VV place VV the DT piece NN worker NN in IN the DT position NN of IN a DT salaried JJ employee NN . SENT But CC , , of IN course NN , , a DT minimum JJ piece NN wage NN , , however RB high JJ , , does VVZ not RB go VV far RB to TO this DT end NN , , unless IN security NN of IN tenure NN at IN fairly RB full JJ employment NN is VBZ obtained VVN . SENT The DT problem NN of IN un NP and CC under IN employment NN and CC of IN irregular JJ employment NN is VBZ now RB beginning VVG to TO be VB recognised VVN in IN its PP$ full JJ social JJ gravity NN . SENT A DT weekly JJ wage NN of IN bare JJ efficiency NN with IN regular JJ employment NN is VBZ socially RB far RB superior JJ to TO a DT higher JJR average NN wage NN accompanied VVN by IN great JJ irregularity NN of IN work NN . SENT The DT former JJ admits VVZ stability NN of IN modes NNS of IN living NN and CC ready JJ money NN payments NNS . SENT it PP conduces VVZ to TO steadiness NN of IN character NN and CC provision NN for IN the DT future NN without IN anxiety NN . SENT Rapid JJ and CC considerable JJ fluctuations NNS of IN wages NNS , , even RB with IN full JJ employment NN , , are VBP damaging VVG to TO character NN and CC stability NN of IN standards NNS . SENT but CC irregularity NN of IN employment NN is VBZ the DT most RBS destructive JJ agency NN to TO the DT character NN , , the DT standard NN of IN comfort NN , , the DT health NN and CC sanity NN of IN wage NN earners NNS . SENT The DT knowledge NN that IN he PP is VBZ liable JJ at IN any DT time NN , , from IN commercial JJ or CC natural JJ causes NNS that WDT lie VVP entirely RB outside IN his PP$ control NN , , to TO lose VV the DT opportunity NN to TO work VV and CC earn VV his PP$ livelihood NN , , takes VVZ out RP of IN a DT man NN that IN confidence NN in IN the DT fundamental JJ rationality NN of IN life NN which WDT is VBZ essential JJ to TO soundness NN of IN character NN . SENT Religion NN , , ethics NNS , , education NN , , can MD have VH little JJ hold NN upon IN workers NNS exposed VVN to TO such JJ powerful JJ illustrations NNS of IN the DT unreason NN and CC injustice NN of IN industry NN and CC of IN society NN . SENT The DT regularisation NN of IN industry NN , , so RB as RB to TO afford VV substantial JJ guarantees NNS of IN full JJ regular JJ employment NN , , thus RB ranks VVZ with IN the DT minimum JJ wage NN as IN the DT most RBS substantial JJ contribution NN towards IN the DT substitution NN of IN salary NN for IN wages NNS , , which WDT the DT organic JJ law NN of IN Distribution NN requires VVZ . SENT The DT State NP is VBZ beginning VVG to TO cooperate VV with IN the DT Labour NN Movement NN for IN the DT attainment NN of IN this DT social JJ object NN , , stimulating VVG employers NNS to TO organise VV their PP$ industries NNS so RB as RB to TO furnish VV a DT more RBR even JJ volume NN of IN employment NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT This DT interpretation NN of IN the DT Labour NN Movement NN as IN a DT half JJ conscious JJ manifold JJ endeavour NN to TO rescue VV the DT remuneration NN of IN Labour NN from IN the DT risks NNS and CC defects NNS of IN the DT competitive JJ labour NN market NN , , and CC to TO establish VV it PP on IN an DT economy NN of IN human JJ needs NNS , , is VBZ not RB fully RB understood VVN without IN some DT further JJR reference NN to TO the DT action NN of IN organised VVN society NN . SENT The DT Labour NN Movement NN , , in IN its PP$ endeavour NN to TO get VV a DT better JJR distribution NN of IN the DT income NN , , is VBZ not RB confined VVN to TO trying VVG to TO secure VV a DT satisfactory JJ minimum NN or CC standard JJ wage NN , , fortified VVN by IN greater JJR security NN of IN work NN and CC personal JJ insurance NN against IN unemployment NN . SENT It PP seeks VVZ also RB to TO supplement VV its PP$ wages NNS by IN cooperative JJ and CC public JJ provisions NNS . SENT The DT cooperative JJ movement NN is VBZ an DT attempt NN to TO convert VV into IN real JJ wages NNS some DT of IN the DT profits NNS of IN employers NNS and CC shareholders NNS in IN manufacturing NN and CC commercial JJ businesses NNS , , so RB enlarging VVG the DT proportion NN of IN the DT real JJ income NN of IN the DT nation NN which WDT goes VVZ to TO the DT remuneration NN of IN labour NN . SENT But CC the DT growing VVG attachment NN of IN the DT Labour NN Organisations NNS to TO politics NNS is VBZ equally RB motived VVN by IN the DT endeavour NN to TO secure VV from IN the DT State NN , , not RB merely RB legal JJ supports NNS for IN higher JJR wages NNS and CC improved JJ conditions NNS of IN employment NN , , but CC actual JJ supplements NNS to TO wages NNS in IN the DT shape NN of IN contributions NNS from IN the DT public JJ services NNS to TO their PP$ standard NN of IN living NN . SENT Free JJ education NN , , old JJ age NN pensions NNS , , and CC public JJ subsidies NNS towards IN insurance NN are VBP a DT direct JJ contribution NN from IN the DT State NN to TO the DT higher JJR standard NN of IN life NN which WDT modern JJ civilised JJ society NN demands NNS . SENT Health NP , , education NN , , recreation NN , , and CC provision NN against IN emergencies NNS , , are VBP coming VVG more JJR and CC more JJR to TO be VB recognised VVN as IN proper JJ objects NNS of IN governmental JJ action NN , , and CC other JJ important JJ services NNS , , such JJ as IN transport NN , , credit NN , , art NN , , music NN and CC literature NN , , are VBP far RB on IN the DT way NN to TO becoming VVG communal JJ supplies NNS . SENT Although IN these DT modes NNS of IN social JJ provision NN may MD be VB chiefly RB motived VVN by IN considerations NNS of IN public JJ health NN and CC other JJ common JJ goods NNS , , they PP nevertheless RB must MD rank VV as IN contributions NNS to TO the DT standard NN of IN comfort NN and CC well RB being VBG of IN the DT working VVG class NN families NNS who WP are VBP the DT special JJ beneficiaries NNS . SENT Relieving VVG , , as IN they PP do VVP in IN many JJ instances NNS , , the DT private JJ incomes NNS of IN the DT workers NNS from IN expenditure NN which WDT otherwise RB the DT family NN would MD find VV it PP to TO its PP$ private JJ interest NN to TO incur VV , , these DT growing VVG public JJ services NNS form VVP a DT genuine JJ and CC a DT considerable JJ contribution NN to TO the DT available JJ real JJ income NN of IN the DT working VVG classes NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN by IN taxation NN direct JJ or CC indirect JJ the DT cost NN of IN such JJ public JJ services NNS can MD be VB considered VVN a DT burden NN upon IN , , or CC a DT deduction NN from IN the DT wage NN income NN of IN the DT workers NNS , , it PP forms VVZ , , of IN course NN , , no DT net JJ addition NN to TO their PP$ share NN , , but CC is VBZ only RB a DT public JJ control NN over IN methods NNS of IN expenditure NN . SENT But CC inasmuch RB as IN the DT distinct JJ tendency NN of IN modern JJ taxation NN is VBZ towards IN an DT increasing VVG taxation NN of IN the DT incomes NNS and CC property NN of IN the DT non JJ working NN classes NNS , , these DT public JJ services NNS rank VVP as IN supplementary JJ income NN , , paid VVN in IN kind NN , , and CC tending VVG to TO equalise VV the DT standard NN of IN living VVG of IN individual JJ workers NNS and CC grades NNS of IN workers NNS . SENT The DT criticism NN sometimes RB directed VVN against IN this DT State NP socialism NN , , upon IN the DT ground NN that IN it PP tends VVZ to TO weaken VV the DT force NN of IN wage NN bargaining NN and CC transfers NNS to TO the DT shoulders NNS of IN society NN costs NNS which WDT employers NNS would MD otherwise RB have VH to TO bear VV in IN the DT shape NN of IN higher JJR money NN wages NNS , , would MD have VH considerable JJ force NN , , if IN the DT old JJ laissez NP faire NN principle NN of IN free JJ contract NN were VBD allowed VVN otherwise RB to TO work VV unimpeded JJ . SENT But CC this DT , , as IN we PP see VVP , , is VBZ not RB the DT case NN . SENT The DT growing VVG policy NN of IN minimum JJ and CC standard JJ rates NNS , , supported VVN by IN public JJ opinion NN and CC , , where WRB necessary JJ , , by IN public JJ law NN , , and CC hardening VVG into IN a DT policy NN of IN fixed JJ salaries NNS , , is VBZ nowise RB inconsistent JJ with IN a DT simultaneous JJ development NN of IN communal JJ supplies NNS of IN goods NNS and CC services NNS which WDT usually RB lie VVP a DT little JJ above IN the DT normal JJ standard NN of IN comfort NN of IN those DT who WP are VBP the DT chief JJ beneficiaries NNS . SENT The DT growing VVG political JJ activities NNS of IN a DT labour NN movement NN which WDT once RB eschewed VVN State NN aids NNS not RB merely RB attest VV the DT general JJ growth NN of IN conscious JJ democracy NN but CC imply VV a DT recognition NN of IN the DT direct JJ contribution NN which WDT the DT State NP is VBZ making VVG towards IN a DT general JJ distribution NN of IN the DT national JJ income NN in IN accordance NN with IN an DT economy NN of IN human JJ needs NNS . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT width NN of IN variations NNS in IN the DT weekly JJ earnings NNS , , involving VVG in IN most JJS instances NNS a DT nearly RB corresponding JJ variety NN of IN family NN income NN , , may MD be VB illustrated VVN by IN the DT following VVG estimate NN compiled VVN by IN Mr NP . SENT Webb NP , , from IN a DT careful JJ analysis NN of IN official JJ wage NN returns NNS . SENT New JJ Statesman NN , , May NP 10 CD , , 1913 CD . SENT fig NN 3 CD CHAPTER NN XIV NP . SENT SCIENTIFIC JJ MANAGEMENT NN 1 CD . SENT No DT humanist NN treatment NN of IN modern JJ industry NN can MD ignore VV the DT recent JJ advances NNS of IN scientific JJ methods NNS into IN the DT regulation NN both CC of IN standards NNS of IN production NN and CC standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT In IN both DT arts NNS alike RB the DT crude JJ empiricism NN of IN the DT past NN is VBZ giving VVG place NN to TO a DT more RBR ordered VVN , , conscious JJ rationalism NN . SENT As RB is VBZ only RB natural JJ , , the DT advance NN of IN science NN is VBZ more RBR rapid JJ in IN the DT productive JJ arts NNS . SENT In IN recent JJ years NNS many JJ scattered JJ attempts NNS have VHP been VBN made VVN to TO apply VV physiology NN and CC psychology NN to TO economic JJ processes NNS . SENT Business NN men NNS by IN scientific JJ observation NN and CC experiment NN have VHP brought VVN criticism NN to TO bear VV upon IN the DT traditional JJ and CC empirical JJ modes NNS of IN organising VVG and CC conducting VVG businesses NNS . SENT The DT more JJR or CC less JJR hand NN to TO mouth NN methods NNS which WDT were VBD possible JJ in IN small JJ businesses NNS where WRB the DT manager NN was VBD owner NN , , and CC could MD keep VV a DT close JJ personal JJ supervision NN of IN his PP$ employees NNS and CC all PDT their PP$ work NN , , were VBD found VVN increasingly RB unsuitable JJ to TO modern JJ types NNS of IN large JJ capitalist JJ business NN . SENT It PP was VBD necessary JJ to TO devise VV regular JJ methods NNS for IN correlating VVG the DT work NN of IN the DT different JJ departments NNS , , and CC for IN enabling VVG a DT single JJ central JJ purpose NN to TO operate VV by IN complex JJ delegation NN through IN several JJ grades NNS of IN subordinate JJ officials NNS with IN automatic JJ checks NNS and CC registers NNS . SENT More RBR accurate JJ methods NNS of IN book NN keeping VVG , , especially RB of IN cost NN taking VVG , , were VBD devised VVN . SENT experiments NNS were VBD made VVN in IN bonuses NNS , , profit NN sharing NN , , fines NNS , , pace NN making NN and CC various JJ modifications NNS of IN the DT wage NN systems NNS applied VVD to TO evoke VV more JJR energy NN , , skill NN , , or CC care NN from IN the DT workers NNS and CC officials NNS . SENT hours NNS of IN labour NN and CC shift NN systems NNS were VBD subjected VVN to TO measured VVN tests NNS . SENT Still RB more RBR recently RB the DT detailed JJ technology NN of IN manual JJ and CC mental JJ labour NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN material NN of IN physiological JJ and CC psychological JJ investigation NN . SENT Scientific NP Management NP has VHZ become VVN a DT conscious JJ art NN . SENT Business NN colleges NNS in IN America NP and CC germany NP give VVP courses NNS of IN instruction NN in IN this DT art NN , , and CC a DT new JJ profession NN has VHZ arisen VVN of IN expert NN advisers NNS who WP are VBP called VVN in IN as IN specialists NNS to TO diagnose VV the DT deficiencies NNS or CC wastes NNS of IN industrial JJ or CC financial JJ power NN in IN particular JJ businesses NNS and CC to TO prescribe VV remedies NNS . SENT Economic JJ progress NN , , regarded VVN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT business NN man NN , , consists VVZ in IN getting VVG a DT given VVN quantity NN of IN saleable JJ goods NNS turned VVD out RP at IN a DT lower JJR cost NN of IN production NN . SENT That DT cost NN of IN production NN consists VVZ of IN the DT salaries NNS and CC wages NNS paid VVN to TO various JJ grades NNS of IN employees NNS for IN mental JJ and CC manual JJ labour NN , , cost NN of IN materials NNS and CC power NN , , standing VVG expenses NNS for IN maintenance NN of IN plant NN and CC premises NNS , , including VVG replacement NN and CC insurance NN , , and CC interest NN upon IN capital NN . SENT Anything NN that WDT reduces VVZ any DT one NN of IN these DT costs NNS , , without IN a DT corresponding JJ increase NN of IN another DT , , is VBZ profitable JJ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT individual JJ employer NN , , or CC of IN all DT employers NNS in IN the DT trade NN , , if IN it PP be VB generally RB adopted VVN , , or CC of IN the DT consuming NN public NN , , if IN it PP wholly RB or CC partly RB goes VVZ to TO them PP in IN lower JJR selling NN prices NNS . SENT Where WRB the DT reduction NN of IN costs NNS simply RB takes VVZ the DT shape NN of IN reduced JJ wages NNS for IN the DT same JJ work NN , , however RB , , it PP causes VVZ no DT net JJ increase NN of IN concrete JJ wealth NN , , but CC merely RB distributes VVZ the DT same JJ amount NN or CC less JJR by IN reason NN of IN reduced JJ efficiency NN of IN labour NN in IN a DT different JJ manner NN . SENT Such PDT a DT reduction NN cannot NN then RB be VB regarded VVN as IN economic JJ progress NN , , from IN the DT national JJ standpoint NN . SENT But CC every DT other JJ reduction NN of IN cost NN carries VVZ with IN it PP prima JJ facie NN evidence NN of IN a DT net JJ increase NN of IN concrete JJ wealth NN . SENT Inventions NNS of IN machinery NN , , improved JJ chemical NN or CC other JJ treatment NN of IN materials NNS , , better JJR business NN organisation NN and CC subdivision NN of IN labour NN , , improved JJ skill NN and CC energy NN in IN employees NNS , , better JJR book NN keeping VVG , , credit NN , , marketing NN arrangements NNS , , all DT such JJ technical JJ improvements NNS promote VVP the DT increase NN of IN concrete JJ wealth NN . SENT In IN all PDT these DT ways NNS many JJ great JJ advances NNS have VHP been VBN made VVN in IN various JJ industries NNS . SENT But CC , , alike RB in IN invention NN and CC in IN organisation NN , , too RB much RB has VHZ been VBN left VVN to TO chance NN , , or CC to TO the DT pressure NN of IN some DT emergency NN , , too RB little RB is VBZ the DT result NN of IN ordered VVN thought NN . SENT Business NN has VHZ been VBN conducted VVN too RB much RB in IN the DT spirit NN of IN an DT art NN , , too RB little RB in IN that IN of IN applied VVN science NN . SENT The DT modern JJ tendency NN is VBZ to TO introduce VV the DT exacter JJR methods NNS of IN science NN . SENT The DT modern JJ large JJ manufacturing NN or CC mining NN enterprise NN employs VVZ expert NN engineers NNS and CC chemists NNS , , not RB only RB to TO test VV and CC control VV the DT operation NN of IN existing VVG processes NNS , , but CC to TO invent VV new JJ and CC cheaper JJR ways NNS of IN carrying VVG out RP a DT process NN , , to TO discover VV new JJ products NNS and CC new JJ uses NNS for IN by IN products NNS . SENT It PP employs VVZ expert NN accountants NNS to TO overhaul VV its PP$ book NN keeping VVG and CC finance NN and CC to TO suggest VV improvements NNS . SENT Initiative NN and CC economy NN are VBP to TO be VB studied VVN , , evoked VVN and CC applied VVN along IN every DT path NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT But CC until IN lately RB the DT detailed JJ organisation NN of IN labour NN and CC its PP$ utilisation NN for IN particular JJ technical JJ processes NNS had VHD received VVN little JJ attention NN in IN the DT great JJ routine JJ industries NNS . SENT Even RB such JJ technical JJ instruction NN as RB has VHZ been VBN given VVN to TO beginners NNS in IN such JJ trades NNS as IN building NN , , engineering NN , , weaving VVG , , shoemaking NN , , etc FW . SENT , , has VHZ usually RB taken VVN for IN granted VVN the DT existing JJ tools NNS , , the DT accepted VVN methods NNS of IN using VVG them PP and CC the DT material NN to TO which WDT they PP are VBP applied VVN . SENT To TO make VV each DT sort NN of IN job NN the DT subject JJ matter NN of IN a DT close JJ analysis NN and CC of IN elaborate JJ experiment NN , , so RB as RB to TO ascertain VV how WRB it PP could MD be VB done VVN most RBS quickly RB and CC accurately RB and CC with IN the DT least JJS expenditure NN of IN needless JJ energy NN , , comes VVZ as IN a DT novel JJ contribution NN of IN business NN enterprise NN . SENT To TO get VV the DT right JJ man NN to TO use VV the DT right JJ tools NNS in IN the DT right JJ way NN is VBZ a DT fair JJ account NN of IN the DT object NN of IN Scientific NP Management NP . SENT At IN present JJ a DT man NN enters VVZ a DT particular JJ trade NN partly RB by IN uninstructed JJ choice NN , , partly RB by IN chance NN , , seldom RB because IN he PP is VBZ known VVN by IN himself PP and CC his PP$ employer NN to TO have VH a DT natural JJ or CC acquired VVN aptitude NN for IN it PP . SENT He PP handles VVZ the DT tools NNS that WDT are VBP traditional JJ and CC are VBP in IN general JJ use NN , , copying VVG the DT ways NNS in IN which WDT others NNS use VVP them PP , , receiving VVG chance NN tips NNS or CC suggestions NNS from IN a DT comrade NN or CC a DT foreman NN , , and CC learning VVG from IN personal JJ experience NN how WRB to TO do VV the DT particular JJ work NN in IN a DT way NN which WDT appears VVZ to TO be VB least RBS troublesome JJ , , dangerous JJ , , or CC exhausting JJ . SENT Both DT mode NN of IN work NN and CC pace NN are VBP those DT of IN prevailing VVG usage NN , , more JJR or CC less RBR affected VVN by IN machinery NN or CC other JJ technical JJ conditions NNS . SENT The DT scientific JJ manager NN discovers VVZ enormous JJ wastes NNS in IN this DT way NN of IN working VVG . SENT Part NN of IN the DT waste NN he PP finds VVZ due JJ to TO improper JJ tools NNS and CC improper JJ modes NNS of IN working VVG , , arising VVG from IN mere JJ ignorance NN . SENT part NN he PP attributes VVZ to TO systematic JJ or CC habitual JJ slacking VVG , , more RBR or CC less RBR conscious JJ and CC intentional JJ on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT workers NNS . SENT The DT natural JJ disposition NN of IN the DT worker NN to TO take VV it PP easy RB is VBZ supplemented VVN by IN a DT belief NN that IN by IN working VVG too RB hard RB he PP deprives VVZ some DT other JJ worker NN of IN a DT job NN . SENT Scientific NP Management NP , , therefore RB , , sets VVZ itself PP to TO work VV out RP by IN experiment NN the DT exact JJ tool NN or CC machine NN appropriate JJ to TO each DT action NN , , the DT most RBS economical JJ and CC effective JJ way NN by IN which WDT a DT worker NN can MD work VV the DT tool NN or CC machine NN , , and CC the DT best JJS method NN of IN selecting VVG workers NNS for IN each DT job NN and CC of IN stimulating VVG them PP to TO perform VV each DT action NN with IN the DT greatest JJS accuracy NN and CC celerity NN . SENT By IN means NNS of IN strictly RB quantitative JJ tests NNS it PP works VVZ out RP standard JJ tools NNS , , standard JJ methods NNS of IN work NN and CC standard JJ tests NNS for IN the DT selection NN , , organisation NN , , stimulation NN , , and CC supervision NN of IN the DT workman NN . SENT In IN his PP$ exposition NN of IN this DT economy NN 1 CD Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP takes VVZ as IN his PP$ simplest JJS illustration NN of IN choice NN of IN tools NNS the DT art NN of IN shovelling VVG . SENT Left VVN to TO himself PP , , or CC working VVG with IN a DT gang NN , , the DT shoveller NN will MD use VV a DT shovel NN whose WP$ weight NN , , size NN , , and CC shape NN have VHP never RB been VBN considered VVN in IN relation NN to TO the DT particular JJ material NN it PP has VHZ to TO move VV or CC the DT sort NN of IN man NN who WP has VHZ to TO use VV it PP . SENT By IN first RB selecting VVG two CD or CC three CD first JJ class NN shovellers NNS , , and CC paying VVG them PP extra JJ wages NNS for IN doing VVG trustworthy JJ work NN , , and CC then RB gradually RB varying VVG the DT shovel NN load NN and CC having VHG all PDT the DT conditions NNS accompanying VVG the DT work NN carefully RB observed VVD for IN several JJ weeks NNS by IN men NNS who WP were VBD accustomed VVN to TO experimenting VVG , , it PP was VBD found VVN that IN a DT first JJ class NN man NN would MD do VV the DT biggest JJS day's NNS work VVP with IN a DT shovel NN load NN of IN about RB 21 CD pounds NNS . SENT 2 CD As IN a DT result NN of IN this DT discovery NN , , instead RB of IN allowing VVG each DT shoveller NN to TO choose VV his PP$ own JJ shovel NN , , the DT company NN provided VVD eight CD or CC ten CD different JJ kinds NNS of IN shovels NNS accommodated VVN to TO the DT weight NN of IN different JJ materials NNS and CC to TO other JJ special JJ conditions NNS . SENT Again RB , , thousands NNS of IN stop NN watch NN observations NNS were VBD made VVN to TO discover VV how WRB quickly RB a DT labourer NN , , provided VVN with IN his PP$ proper JJ shovel NN , , could MD push VV the DT shovel NN into IN the DT materials NNS and CC draw VV it PP out RP properly RB loaded VVN . SENT A DT similar JJ study NN was VBD made VVN of IN the DT time NN required VVN to TO swing VV the DT shovel NN backward RB and CC then RB throw VV the DT load NN for IN a DT given VVN horizontal NN distance NN , , accompanied VVN by IN a DT given VVN height NN . SENT With IN the DT knowledge NN thus RB obtained VVD it PP was VBD possible JJ for IN the DT man NN directing VVG shovellers NNS , , first JJ to TO teach VV them PP the DT exact JJ method NN of IN using VVG their PP$ strength NN to TO the DT best JJS advantage NN , , and CC then RB to TO assign VV the DT daily JJ task NN by IN which WDT they PP could MD earn VV the DT bonus NN paid VVN for IN the DT successful JJ performance NN of IN this DT task NN . SENT For IN , , though IN the DT skilled JJ director NN can MD prescribe VV the DT right JJ tool NN and CC the DT right JJ method NN , , he PP cannot NN get VV the DT required VVN result NN without IN the DT willing JJ cooperation NN of IN the DT individual JJ worker NN . SENT For IN this DT purpose NN a DT bonus NN is VBZ applied VVN , , the DT size NN of IN which WDT is VBZ itself PP a DT subject NN of IN scientific JJ experiment NN . SENT The DT relation NN of IN this DT bonus NN to TO the DT ordinary JJ day NN or CC piece NN wage NN will MD vary VV with IN the DT various JJ types NNS of IN work NN and CC workers NNS . SENT In IN the DT Bethlehem NP Steel NP Works NP it PP was VBD found VVN that IN the DT best JJS effect NN in IN stimulating JJ energy NN was VBD got VVN by IN a DT bonus NN of IN about RB 60 CD per IN cent NN , , beyond IN the DT wages NNS usually RB paid VVN . SENT This DT increase NN in IN wages NNS tends VVZ to TO make VV them PP not RB only RB thrifty JJ but CC better JJR men NNS in IN every DT way NN . SENT they PP live VVP rather RB better JJR , , begin VV to TO save VV money NN , , become VVN more RBR sober JJ , , and CC work VV more RBR steadily RB . SENT When WRB , , on IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , they PP receive VVP much RB more JJR than IN a DT 60 CD per IN cent NN increase NN of IN wages NNS , , many JJ of IN them PP will MD work VV irregularly RB and CC tend VVP to TO become VV more RBR or CC less RBR shiftless JJ , , extravagant JJ , , and CC dissipated VVN . SENT Our PP$ experiments NNS showed VVD , , in IN other JJ words NNS , , that WDT it PP does VVZ not RB do VV for IN most JJS men NNS to TO get VV rich JJ too RB fast RB . SENT 3 CD Considering VVG that IN it PP was VBD claimed VVN that IN the DT result NN of IN this DT new JJ plan NN of IN work NN was VBD to TO raise VV the DT average JJ daily JJ output NN per IN man NN from IN 16 CD to TO 59 CD tons NNS , , and CC to TO secure VV an DT annual JJ saving NN in IN the DT labour NN bill NN amounting VVG to TO between IN 75 CD , , 000 CD and CC 80 CD , , 000 CD , , it PP would MD have VH been VBN interesting JJ to TO follow VV the DT effects NNS of IN a DT rapid JJ advance NN of IN wealth NN upon IN the DT dividend NN receivers NNS who WP gained VVD so RB disproportionate JJ a DT share NN of IN the DT advantages NNS of IN the DT new JJ economy NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT selection NN and CC adaptation NN of IN tools NNS to TO the DT special JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT work NN are VBP concerned VVN , , there EX exists VVZ no DT opposition NN between IN the DT business NN and CC the DT human JJ economy NN . SENT If IN a DT shoveller NN can MD shovel VV more JJR material NN without IN greater JJR exertion NN by IN using VVG a DT particular JJ shovel NN , , the DT system NN which WDT ensures VVZ his PP$ using VVG this DT shovel NN is VBZ beneficial JJ to TO everybody NN , , assuming VVG that IN he PP gets VVZ some DT share NN of IN the DT value NN of IN the DT increased JJ output NN . SENT When WRB we PP turn VVP from IN a DT simple JJ tool NN to TO more JJR elaborate JJ machinery NN , , it PP becomes VVZ evident JJ that IN quantitative JJ testing NN is VBZ capable JJ of IN achieving VVG enormous JJ technical JJ economies NNS . SENT Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP describes VVZ the DT gains NNS in IN the DT output NN of IN metal NN cutting VVG machines NNS made VVN by IN means NNS of IN such JJ economies NNS . SENT Its PP$ pulling VVG power NN at IN the DT various JJ speeds NNS , , its PP$ feeding NN capacity NN , , and CC its PP$ proper JJ speeds NNS were VBD determined VVN by IN means NNS of IN the DT slide NN rules NNS , , and CC changes NNS were VBD then RB made VVN in IN the DT countershaft NN and CC driving VVG pulleys NNS so RB as RB to TO run VV it PP to TO its PP$ proper JJ speed NN . SENT Tools NNS , , made VVN of IN highspeed NN steel NN and CC of IN the DT proper JJ shapes NNS , , were VBD properly RB dressed VVN , , treated VVN and CC ground VVN . SENT A DT large JJ special JJ slide NN rule NN was VBD then RB made VVN , , by IN means NNS of IN which WDT the DT exact JJ speeds NNS and CC feeds NNS were VBD indicated VVN at IN which WDT each DT kind NN of IN work NN could MD be VB done VVN in IN the DT shortest JJS possible JJ time NN in IN this DT particular JJ lathe NN . SENT After IN preparing VVG in IN this DT way NN so RB that IN the DT workman NN should MD work VV according VVG to TO the DT new JJ method NN , , one CD after IN another DT , , pieces NNS of IN work NN were VBD finished VVN in IN the DT lathe NN , , corresponding JJ to TO the DT work NN which WDT had VHD been VBN done VVN in IN our PP$ preliminary JJ trials NNS , , and CC the DT gain NN in IN time NN made VVN through IN running VVG the DT machine NN according VVG to TO scientific JJ principles NNS ranged VVN from IN two CD and CC one CD half NN times NNS the DT speed NN in IN the DT slowest JJS instance NN to TO nine CD times NNS the DT speed NN in IN the DT highest JJS . SENT 4 LS This DT illustration NN , , however RB , , makes VVZ it PP evident JJ that IN when WRB we PP pass VVP from IN technical JJ improvements NNS of IN tools NNS to TO improved JJ methods NNS of IN working VVG , , we PP open VVP possibilities NNS of IN opposition NN between IN the DT business NN and CC the DT human JJ interest NN . SENT An DT improvement NN in IN the DT shape NN or CC contour NN of IN the DT cutting VVG edge NN for IN a DT particular JJ material NN is VBZ an DT unqualified JJ gain NN . SENT So RB is VBZ a DT discovery NN as RB to TO the DT ways NNS in IN which WDT hardness NN or CC softness NN of IN metals NNS affects VVZ the DT cutting VVG rate NN . SENT But CC when WRB it PP is VBZ a DT question NN of IN evoking VVG from IN the DT workman NN a DT higher JJR pace NN of IN movement NN to TO meet VV the DT requirements NNS of IN the DT speeded VVD up RP machine NN , , no DT such JJ consistency NN of IN interests NNS can MD be VB assumed VVN . SENT The DT fact NN that IN by IN selection NN , , instruction NN , , and CC minute NN supervision NN , , workmen NNS can MD be VB got VVN to TO work VV successfully RB at IN the DT higher JJR speed NN , , and CC regard VV themselves PP as IN sufficiently RB compensated VVN by IN a DT bonus NN of IN 35 CD per IN cent NN , , does VVZ not RB settle VV the DT question NN of IN human JJ values NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT selective JJ process NN simply RB chooses VVZ the DT men NNS most RBS easily RB capable JJ of IN working VVG at IN a DT higher JJR speed NN and CC of IN eliminating VVG those DT who WP could MD not RB easily RB or CC possibly RB adapt VV themselves PP to TO it PP , , no DT net JJ increase NN of IN human JJ cost NN is VBZ involved VVN . SENT But CC so RB far RB as IN the DT bonus NN and CC the DT athletic JJ spirit NN which WDT it PP is VBZ used VVN to TO evoke VV , , 5 CD induce VV workmen NNS to TO give VV out RP an DT amount NN of IN muscular JJ or CC nervous JJ energy NN injurious JJ to TO them PP in IN the DT long JJ run NN , , the DT human JJ cost NN may MD greatly RB outweigh VV both CC the DT social JJ value NN of IN the DT increased JJ output NN and CC the DT utility NN to TO them PP of IN higher JJR wages NNS . SENT How WRB crucial JJ is VBZ this DT question NN of IN speeding VVG up RP the DT human JJ labour NN is VBZ well RB illustrated VVN by IN the DT experiments NNS in IN bricklaying NN , , by IN means NNS of IN which WDT the DT bricklayers NNS engaged VVN on IN straight JJ work NN , , were VBD raised VVN from IN an DT average NN of IN 120 CD bricks NNS per IN man NN per IN hour NN to TO 350 CD . SENT By IN alterations NNS of IN apparatus NN Mr NP . SENT Gilbreth NP dispenses VVZ with IN certain JJ movements NNS which WDT bricklayers NNS formerly RB considered VVN necessary JJ , , while IN saving VVG time NN in IN the DT actual JJ process NN of IN laying VVG by IN using VVG both DT hands NNS at IN the DT same JJ time NN , , bricks NNS being VBG picked VVN up RP with IN the DT left VVN hand NN at IN the DT same JJ instant NN that IN a DT trowel NN of IN mortar NN is VBZ seized VVN with IN the DT right NN . SENT It PP is VBZ highly RB likely JJ that IN many JJ times NNS during IN all DT of IN these DT years NNS individual JJ bricklayers NNS have VHP recognised VVN the DT possibility NN of IN eliminating VVG each DT of IN these DT unnecessary JJ motions NNS . SENT But CC even RB if IN , , in IN the DT past NN , , he PP did VVD invent VV each DT one NN of IN Mr NP . SENT Gilbreth's NP improvements NNS , , no DT bricklayer NN could MD alone RB increase VV his PP$ speed NN through IN their PP$ adoption NN , , because IN it PP will MD be VB remembered VVN that IN in IN all DT cases NNS several JJ bricklayers NNS work VVP together RB in IN a DT row NN and CC that IN the DT walls NNS all RB around IN a DT building NN must MD grow VV at IN the DT same JJ rate NN of IN speed NN . SENT No DT one CD bricklayer NN , , then RB , , can MD work VV much RB faster RBR than IN the DT one NN next JJ to TO him PP . SENT Nor CC has VHZ any DT workman NN the DT authority NN to TO make VV other JJ men NNS cooperate VVP with IN him PP to TO do VV faster JJR work NN . SENT It PP is VBZ only RB through IN enforced VVN standardisation NN of IN methods NNS , , enforced VVN adoption NN of IN the DT best JJS implements NNS and CC working VVG conditions NNS , , and CC enforced VVN cooperation NN that IN this DT faster JJR work NN can MD be VB assured VVN . SENT And CC the DT duty NN of IN enforcing VVG the DT adoption NN of IN standards NNS and CC of IN enforcing VVG this DT cooperation NN rests VVZ with IN the DT management NN alone RB . SENT The DT management NN must MD supply VV continually RB one CD or CC more JJR teachers NNS to TO show VV each DT new JJ man NN the DT new JJ and CC simpler JJR motions NNS , , and CC the DT slower JJR men NNS must MD be VB constantly RB watched VVN and CC helped VVN until IN they PP have VHP risen VVN to TO their PP$ proper JJ speed NN . SENT All DT of IN those DT who WP , , after IN teaching NN , , either CC will MD not RB or CC cannot NN work NN in IN accordance NN with IN the DT new JJ methods NNS and CC at IN the DT higher JJR speed NN , , must MD be VB discharged VVN by IN the DT management NN . SENT The DT management NN must MD also RB recognise VV the DT broad JJ fact NN that IN workmen NNS will MD not RB submit VV to TO this DT more RBR rigid JJ standardisation NN and CC will MD not RB work VV extra JJ hard JJ , , unless IN they PP receive VVP extra JJ pay NN for IN doing VVG it PP . SENT 6 CD This NP makes VVZ it PP clear JJ that IN , , though IN part NN of IN the DT larger JJR output NN , , or CC increased JJ speed NN , , is VBZ got VVN by IN improved JJ arrangements NNS or CC methods NNS of IN work NN that WDT need MD not RB tax VV the DT workers NNS , , powers NNS , , part NN of IN it PP does VVZ involve VV their PP$ working VVG extra JJ hard RB . SENT Not RB only RB a DT better JJR direction NN but CC a DT larger JJR amount NN of IN energy NN is VBZ required VVN of IN them PP , , with IN an DT increase NN of IN wear NN and CC tear VV and CC of IN fatigue NN . SENT It PP is VBZ an DT unsettled JJ point NN of IN great JJ importance NN , , how WRB much RB of IN the DT enlarged JJ output NN can MD be VB imputed VVN to TO the DT former JJ , , how WRB much JJ to TO the DT latter NN . SENT Even RB more RBR important JJ is VBZ the DT allusion NN in IN the DT passage NN just RB quoted VVN to TO the DT rigid JJ standardisation NN to TO which WDT workmen NNS will MD not RB submit VV , , unless IN they PP are VBP well RB paid VVN to TO do VV so RB . SENT For IN this DT rigid JJ standardisation NN of IN the DT work NN involves VVZ a DT corresponding JJ mechanisation NN of IN the DT workmen NNS . SENT Men NNS who WP formerly RB exercised VVD a DT certain JJ amount NN of IN personal JJ choice NN in IN the DT details NNS of IN their PP$ work NN , , as RB regards VVZ action NN and CC time NN , , must MD abandon VV this DT freedom NN and CC follow VV exactly RB the DT movements NNS prescribed VVN to TO them PP by IN the DT taskmaster NN with IN a DT chart NN and CC a DT stop NN watch NN . SENT He PP will MD prescribe VV the DT particular JJ task NN for IN each DT , , the DT tool NN he PP shall MD use VV , , the DT way NN he PP shall MD use VV it PP , , the DT intervals NNS of IN work NN and CC rest NN , , and CC will MD take VV close JJ note NN of IN every DT failure NN to TO conform VV . SENT The DT liberty NN , , initiative NN , , judgment NN , , and CC responsibility NN of IN the DT individual JJ workman NN are VBP reduced VVN to TO a DT minimum NN . SENT This DT is VBZ admitted VVN by IN the DT advocates NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP , , though RB in IN a DT qualified JJ manner NN . SENT One CD of IN the DT elements NNS of IN success NN is VBZ said VVN to TO be VB . SENT An DT almost RB equal JJ division NN of IN the DT work NN and CC responsibility NN between IN the DT workman NN and CC the DT management NN . SENT All DT day NN long RB the DT management NN work NN almost RB side NN by IN side NN with IN the DT men NNS , , helping VVG , , encouraging VVG and CC smoothing VVG the DT way NN for IN them PP , , while IN in IN the DT past NN they PP stood VVD on IN one CD side NN , , gave VVD the DT men NNS but CC little JJ help NN , , and CC threw VVD on RP to TO them PP the DT entire JJ responsibility NN as RB to TO methods NNS , , implements VVZ , , speed VV , , and CC harmonious JJ cooperation NN . SENT 7 CD But CC in IN the DT broader JJR discussion NN of IN the DT difference NN between IN the DT ordinary JJ business NN method NN and CC Scientific NP Management NP , , in IN relation NN to TO the DT numerous JJ little JJ problems NNS that WDT arise VVP in IN every DT kind NN of IN work NN , , we PP are VBP told VVN that IN , , the DT underlying JJ philosophy NN of IN this DT ordinary JJ management NN necessarily RB leaves VVZ the DT solution NN of IN all PDT these DT problems NNS in IN the DT hands NNS of IN each DT individual JJ workman NN , , while IN the DT philosophy NN of IN Scientific NP Management NP places VVZ their PP$ solution NN in IN the DT hands NNS of IN the DT management NN . SENT 8 CD Elsewhere RB 9 CD it PP is VBZ stated VVN that IN Scientific NP Management NP involves VVZ the DT establishment NN of IN many JJ rules NNS , , laws NNS , , and CC formulae NNS which WDT replace VVP the DT judgment NN of IN the DT individual JJ workman NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Now RB in IN endeavouring VVG to TO apply VV to TO this DT policy NN of IN Scientific NP Management NP a DT standard NN of IN human JJ welfare NN , , we PP are VBP confronted VVN by IN three CD questions NNS . SENT 1 CD What WP is VBZ the DT effect NN of IN this DT policy NN upon IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN . SENT 2 CD How WRB far RB will MD any RB increase VV of IN human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN be VB offset VVN by IN the DT greater JJR human JJ utility NN of IN the DT higher JJR wages NNS they PP receive VVP . SENT 3 CD How WRB far RB is VBZ any DT balance NN of IN human JJ costs NNS , , which WDT is VBZ imposed VVN on IN special JJ classes NNS of IN producers NNS , , compensated VVN by IN the DT increased JJ wealth NN at IN the DT disposal NN of IN society NN at IN large JJ . SENT There EX is VBZ some DT tendency NN among IN the DT advocates NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP to TO burke VV a DT full JJ discussion NN of IN these DT issues NNS by IN asserting VVG that IN their PP$ policy NN is VBZ only RB a DT fuller JJR and CC more RBR rational JJ application NN of IN that DT principle NN of IN division NN of IN labour NN which WDT is VBZ by IN general JJ consent NN the DT economic JJ foundation NN of IN modern JJ civilised JJ society NN . SENT If IN some DT sacrifice NN of IN individual JJ freedom NN in IN industrial JJ work NN is VBZ involved VVN , , it PP is VBZ assumed VVN to TO be VB more JJR than IN compensated VVN by IN gains NNS to TO society NN in IN which WDT every DT individual NN , , as IN a DT member NN of IN society NN , , has VHZ his PP$ proper JJ share NN . SENT But CC we PP cannot NN consent NN thus RB to TO rush VV the DT issue NN . SENT For IN it PP may MD turn VV out RP that IN the DT new JJ method NN , , though IN but CC a DT stricter JJR and CC finer JJR application NN of IN the DT old JJ , , carries VVZ this DT economy NN so RB far RB that IN the DT increased JJ human JJ costs NNS imposed VVN upon IN the DT producer NN grow VV faster RBR than IN the DT human JJ gains NNS which WDT the DT increased JJ productivity NN confers VVZ either RB upon IN him PP or CC upon IN society NN at IN large JJ . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , the DT human JJ indictment NN brought VVN by IN the DT mid JJ Victorian JJ humanists NNS against IN the DT factory NN system NN of IN their PP$ day NN and CC rejected VVD on IN a DT general JJ survey NN of IN the DT economic JJ situation NN , , might MD be VB validated VVN by IN the DT increased JJ standardisation NN and CC specialisation NN of IN labour NN under IN scientific JJ management NN . SENT For IN though IN the DT division NN of IN labour NN under IN modern JJ capitalism NN in IN all PDT its PP$ branches NNS has VHZ narrowed VVN the DT range NN of IN productive JJ activity NN for IN the DT great JJ bulk NN of IN workers NNS , , a DT survey NN of IN those DT activities NNS shows VVZ that IN within IN their PP$ narrowing VVG range NN there EX may MD and CC does VVZ survive VV a DT certain JJ scope NN for IN skill NN , , judgment NN , , and CC initiative NN , , a DT certain JJ limited JJ amount NN of IN liberty NN in IN detailed JJ modes NNS of IN workmanship NN . SENT Moreover RB , , the DT conditions NNS of IN most JJS organised VVN work NN form NN a DT certain JJ education NN in IN discipline NN and CC responsibility NN . SENT It PP is VBZ only RB a DT small JJ proportion NN of IN the DT workers NNS who WP are VBP converted VVN into IN mere JJ servants NNS of IN the DT machine NN . SENT Though IN large JJ classes NNS are VBP engaged VVN in IN monotonous JJ routine NN , , the DT paces NNS and CC the DT detailed JJ movements NNS are VBP not RB rigidly RB enforced VVN upon IN them PP . SENT Different JJ workmen NNS will MD be VB doing VVG the DT same JJ work NN in IN a DT slightly RB different JJ way NN . SENT Now RB the DT standardisation NN under IN the DT new JJ method NN is VBZ expressly RB designed VVN so RB as IN to TO extirpate VV these DT little JJ personal JJ equations NNS of IN liberty NN and CC to TO reduce VV the DT labour NN of IN the DT ordinary JJ employee NN to TO an DT automatic JJ perfection NN of IN routine NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , indeed RB , , contended VVD by IN Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP that IN the DT knowledge NN of IN each DT man NN that IN he PP is VBZ working VVG at IN his PP$ highest JJS personal JJ efficiency NN will MD be VB a DT satisfaction NN to TO him PP , , that IN the DT attention NN he PP must MD pay VV to TO the DT detailed JJ orders NNS of IN the DT taskmaster NN will MD evoke VV intelligence NN and CC responsibility NN , , and CC that IN his PP$ initiative NN in IN the DT way NN of IN suggesting VVG improvements NNS , , which WDT has VHZ hitherto RB been VBN prized VVN as IN an DT element NN of IN liberty NN and CC a DT source NN of IN industrial JJ progress NN , , can MD be VB conserved VVN under IN scientific JJ management NN . SENT But CC a DT careful JJ examination NN of IN the DT illustrations NNS of IN the DT method NN compels VVZ our PP$ rejection NN of IN these DT claims NNS . SENT The DT knowledge NN of IN a DT routine JJ worker NN that IN he PP is VBZ speeded VVD up RP to TO his PP$ highest JJS pitch NN by IN a DT method NN whose WP$ efficiency NN is VBZ prescribed VVN by IN others NNS , , does VVZ not RB yield VV a DT sense NN of IN personal JJ efficiency NN . SENT Mere JJ meticulous JJ obedience NN is VBZ not RB a DT proper JJ training NN in IN the DT discipline NN of IN a DT person NN , , and CC a DT workman NN operating NN under IN these DT conditions NNS will MD not RB have VH the DT practical JJ liberty NN for IN those DT little JJ experiments NNS in IN trial NN and CC error NN on IN his PP$ own JJ account NN which WDT makes VVZ his PP$ suggestions NNS of IN improvement NN fruitful JJ . SENT Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP , , however RB , , carries VVZ his PP$ defence NN so RB far RB as IN to TO deny VV all DT narrowing VVG effects NNS of IN subdivision NN of IN labour NN on IN the DT worker NN . SENT Admitting VVG that IN the DT workmen NNS frequently RB say VVP when WRB they PP first RB come VVP under IN the DT system NN , , Why WRB , , I PP am VBP not RB allowed VVN to TO think VV or CC move VV without IN someone NN interfering VVG or CC doing VVG it PP for IN me PP , , he PP seems VVZ to TO think VV the DT following VVG answer NN satisfactory JJ . SENT The DT same JJ criticism NN and CC objection NN , , however RB , , can MD be VB raised VVN against IN any DT other JJ modern JJ subdivision NN of IN labour NN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB follow VV , , for IN example NN , , that IN the DT modern JJ surgeon NN is VBZ any DT more RBR narrow JJ or CC wooden JJ a DT man NN than IN the DT early JJ settler NN in IN this DT country NN . SENT The DT frontiersman NN , , however RB , , had VHD to TO be VB not RB only RB a DT surgeon NN , , but CC also RB an DT architect NN , , house NN builder NN , , lumber NN man NN , , farmer NN , , soldier NN , , and CC doctor NN , , and CC he PP had VHD to TO settle VV his PP$ lawsuits NNS with IN a DT gun NN . SENT You PP would MD hardly RB say VV that IN the DT life NN of IN the DT modern JJ surgeon NN is VBZ any DT more JJR narrowing NN or CC that IN he PP is VBZ more JJR of IN a DT wooden JJ man NN than IN the DT frontiersman NN . SENT The DT many JJ problems NNS to TO be VB met VVN and CC solved VVN by IN the DT surgeon NN are VBP just RB as RB intricate JJ and CC difficult JJ and CC as RB developing VVG and CC broadening VVG in IN their PP$ way NN as RB were VBD those DT of IN the DT frontiersman NN . SENT 10 CD Now RB as IN to TO this DT we PP can MD only RB reply VV , , first RB that IN it PP is VBZ untrue JJ that IN the DT surgeon's JJ life NN on IN its PP$ productive JJ side NN the DT issue NN under IN discussion NN is VBZ as RB broad JJ and CC as RB varied VVN as IN that DT of IN the DT frontiersman NN . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , even RB if IN we PP accepted VVD the DT view NN that IN a DT narrow JJ field NN of IN activity NN admitted VVN of IN as IN much JJ variety NN and CC interest NN as IN a DT wider JJR field NN , , provided VVD liberty NN of IN action NN were VBD equal JJ in IN the DT two CD , , that DT view NN is VBZ quite RB inapplicable JJ to TO the DT case NN at IN issue NN . SENT For IN there RB all DT liberty NN of IN action NN in IN the DT subdivided VVN field NN of IN labour NN is VBZ excluded VVN . SENT 5 LS . SENT So RB far RB , , then RB , , as IN initiative NN , , interest NN , , variation NN , , experiment NN , , and CC personal JJ responsibility NN are VBP factors NNS of IN human JJ value NN , , qualifying VVG the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN , , it PP seems VVZ evident JJ that IN Scientific NP Management NP involves VVZ a DT loss NN or CC injury NN to TO the DT workers NNS . SENT Are VBP there RB , , however RB , , any DT personal JJ considerations NNS , , apart RB from IN wages NNS , , that WDT may MD be VB taken VVN as IN an DT offset VVN . SENT Suppose VV that DT workers NNS can MD be VB found VVN of IN a DT dully RB docile JJ character NN with IN a DT large JJ supply NN of IN brute JJ muscular JJ energy NN , , will MD any DT harm NN be VB done VVN them PP by IN utilising VVG them PP to TO carry VV pig NN iron NN or CC to TO shovel NN earth NN under IN scientific JJ supervision NN . SENT Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP has VHZ an DT interesting JJ passage NN bearing NN on IN this DT question NN . SENT Now RB one CD of IN the DT very RB first JJ requirements NNS for IN a DT man NN who WP is VBZ fit JJ to TO handle VV pig NN iron NN as IN a DT regular JJ occupation NN is VBZ that IN he PP shall MD be VB so RB stupid JJ and CC so RB phlegmatic JJ that IN he PP more RBR nearly RB resembles VVZ in IN his PP$ mental JJ make NN up IN the DT ox NN than IN any DT other JJ type NN . SENT 11 CD These DT ox NN like IN men NNS , , it PP may MD be VB held VVN , , do VVP not RB really RB suffer VV any DT injury NN , , undergo VVP any DT human JJ cost NN , , by IN having VHG no DT opportunity NN furnished VVN them PP for IN exercising VVG faculties NNS and CC activities NNS of IN mind NN which WDT they PP do VVP not RB possess VV and CC are VBP unlikely JJ to TO acquire VV . SENT If IN then RB , , in IN every DT grade NN of IN workers NNS , , there EX are VBP to TO be VB found VVN enough JJ men NNS who WP appear VVP destined VVN by IN nature NN for IN a DT rigidly RB mechanical JJ task NN conducted VVN under IN servile JJ conditions NNS , , it PP may MD be VB thoroughly RB sound JJ social JJ economy NN to TO put VV them PP to TO perform VV all DT labour NN of IN such JJ kind NN as RB is VBZ required VVN for IN the DT supply NN of IN human JJ needs NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT problem NN of IN applied VVN psychology NN , , or CC of IN psycho JJ physiology NN . SENT Professor NP M NP nsterberg NP , , in IN a DT recent JJ volume NN , , 12 CD makes NNS a DT contribution NN towards IN its PP$ solution NN , , and CC towards IN a DT finer JJR art NN of IN Scientific NP Management NP than IN that DT which WDT has VHZ been VBN evolved VVN by IN business NN men NNS . SENT For IN since IN all DT industry NN primarily RB involves VVZ the DT voluntary JJ ordered VVN application NN of IN human JJ faculties NNS to TO manual JJ and CC mental JJ actions NNS , , the DT psychologist NN must MD be VB in IN a DT position NN to TO give VV important JJ advice NN in IN all DT economic JJ operations NNS . SENT For IN he PP alone RB is VBZ qualified VVN by IN scientific JJ tests NNS to TO discover VV and CC estimate VV the DT various JJ mental JJ capacities NNS which WDT count VVP for IN success NN in IN industry NN , , to TO ascertain VV how WRB they PP cooperate VVP and CC conflict VVP , , and CC how WRB they PP may MD be VB best RBS applied VVN to TO the DT performance NN of IN the DT various JJ operations NNS in IN each DT process NN . SENT Attention NN , , memory NN , , ideas NNS , , imagination NN , , feeling NN , , volition NN , , suggestibility NN , , ability NN to TO learn VV , , ability NN to TO discriminate JJ , , judgment NN , , space NN sense NN , , time NN sense NN , , and CC other JJ mental JJ qualities NNS , , enter VVP in IN varying VVG measures NNS as IN factors NNS of IN industrial JJ ability NN . SENT Economic JJ psychology NN may MD , , it PP is VBZ contended VVN , , increase VV the DT efficiency NN of IN industry NN in IN three CD ways NNS . SENT We PP ask VVP how WRB we PP can MD find VV the DT men NNS whose WP$ mental JJ qualities NNS make VVP them PP best RBS fitted VVN for IN the DT work NN they PP have VHP to TO do VV . SENT secondly RB , , under IN what WP psychological JJ conditions NNS we PP can MD secure VV the DT greatest JJS and CC most RBS satisfactory JJ output NN of IN work NN from IN every DT man NN . SENT and CC finally RB , , how WRB we PP can MD produce VV most RBS completely RB the DT influences NNS on IN human JJ minds NNS which WDT are VBP desired VVN in IN the DT interests NNS of IN business NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , we PP ask VVP how WRB to TO find VV the DT best RBS possible JJ man NN , , how WRB to TO produce VV the DT best RBS possible JJ work NN , , and CC how WRB to TO secure VV the DT best RBS possible JJ effects NNS . SENT 13 CD The NP first JJ of IN these DT services NNS , , fitting JJ the DT man NN to TO the DT job NN , , involves VVZ a DT double JJ psychological JJ enquiry NN , , first JJ into IN the DT vocational JJ needs NNS , , and CC secondly RB into IN the DT personal JJ ability NN of IN each DT applicant NN to TO meet VV these DT needs NNS . SENT We PP must MD examine VV the DT task NN to TO learn VV what WP combination NN of IN mental JJ qualities NNS in IN the DT employee NN is VBZ required VVN to TO do VV it PP well RB , , and CC we PP must MD examine VV each DT applicant NN for IN such JJ work NN to TO learn VV whether IN he PP possesses VVZ the DT requisite JJ qualities NNS . SENT Two CD illustrations NNS will MD serve VV to TO indicate VV what WP is VBZ meant VVN . SENT The DT problem NN of IN selecting VVG fit JJ motor NN men NNS for IN electric JJ railways NNS was VBD brought VVN to TO Professor NP M NP nsterberg's NNS attention NN . SENT To TO drive VV fast RB and CC at IN the DT same JJ time NN avoid VV accidents NNS were VBD the DT requirements NNS of IN the DT companies NNS . SENT Fitness NN for IN this DT purpose NN he PP found VVD to TO centre VV in IN a DT single JJ mental JJ process NN . SENT I PP found VVD this DT to TO be VB a DT particular JJ complicated JJ act NN of IN attention NN by IN which WDT the DT manifoldness NN of IN objects NNS , , the DT pedestrians NNS , , the DT carriages NNS , , and CC the DT automobiles NNS , , are VBP continuously RB observed VVN with IN reference NN to TO their PP$ rapidity NN and CC direction NN in IN the DT quickly RB changing VVG panorama NN of IN the DT streets NNS . SENT Moving VVG figures NNS come VVN from IN the DT right NN and CC from IN the DT left VVN towards IN and CC across IN the DT track NN , , and CC are VBP embedded VVN in IN a DT stream NN of IN men NNS and CC vehicles NNS which WDT moves VVZ parallel JJ to TO the DT track NN . SENT In IN the DT face NN of IN such JJ manifoldness NN there EX are VBP men NNS whose WP$ impulses NNS are VBP almost RB inhibited VVD and CC who WP instinctively RB desire VVP to TO wait VV for IN the DT movement NN of IN the DT nearest JJS objects NNS . SENT they PP would MD evidently RB be VB unfit JJ for IN service NN , , as IN they PP would MD drive VV the DT electric JJ car NN far RB too RB slowly RB . SENT There EX are VBP others NNS who WP , , even RB with IN the DT car NN at IN full JJ speed NN , , can MD adjust VV themselves PP for IN a DT time NN to TO the DT complex JJ moving VVG situation NN , , but CC whose WP$ attention NN soon RB lapses VVZ , , and CC while IN they PP are VBP fixating VVG a DT rather RB distant JJ carriage NN , , may MD overlook VV a DT pedestrian NN who WP carelessly RB crosses VVZ the DT track NN immediately RB in IN front NN of IN this DT car NN . SENT In IN short JJ , , we PP have VHP a DT great JJ variety NN of IN mental JJ types NNS of IN this DT characteristic JJ unified JJ variety NN which WDT may MD be VB understood VVN as IN a DT particular JJ combination NN of IN attention NN and CC imagination NN . SENT 14 CD An DT apparatus NN was VBD devised VVN , , representing VVG the DT psychological JJ conditions NNS involved VVN in IN the DT actual JJ problem NN , , not RB a DT mere JJ miniature NN , , but CC an DT adaptation NN which WDT should MD call VV out RP and CC test VV the DT same JJ mental JJ qualities NNS . SENT A DT number NN of IN actual JJ motor NN men NNS were VBD then RB carefully RB examined VVN in IN the DT working NN of IN this DT apparatus NN so RB as RB to TO test VV the DT amounts NNS of IN speed NN and CC accuracy NN and CC the DT relation NN between IN the DT two CD . SENT Quantitative JJ estimates NNS were VBD thus RB reached VVN of IN fitness NN in IN working VVG the DT apparatus NN , , values VVZ being VBG assigned VVN respectively RB to TO speed NN and CC accuracy NN . SENT In IN this DT way NN a DT psychological JJ standard NN of IN fitness NN was VBD attained VVN , , such JJ as RB would MD be VB available JJ for IN selecting VVG applicants NNS for IN the DT motor NN service NN . SENT So RB in IN ship NN service NN , , where WRB everything NN may MD turn VV upon IN prompt JJ and CC accurate JJ handling NN of IN a DT sudden JJ complicated JJ emergency NN . SENT Ship NN officers NNS are VBP found VVN whom WP a DT sudden JJ danger NN paralyses NNS , , or CC keeps VVZ vacillating VVG until IN it PP is VBZ too RB late JJ . SENT Others NNS , , feeling VVG only RB the DT urgency NN of IN prompt JJ action NN , , jump VV to TO a DT too RB hasty JJ decision NN . SENT The DT desirable JJ type NN is VBZ the DT men NNS who WP in IN the DT unexpected JJ situation NN quickly RB review VV the DT totality NN of IN the DT factors NNS in IN their PP$ relative JJ importance NN and CC with IN almost RB instinctive JJ certainty NN immediately RB come VVN to TO the DT same JJ decision NN to TO which WDT they PP would MD have VH arrived VVN after IN great JJ thought NN . SENT 15 CD Here RB again RB it PP was VBD possible JJ to TO conduct VV a DT series NN of IN experiments NNS , , testing VVG the DT mental JJ processes NNS and CC measuring VVG the DT degrees NNS of IN rapidity NN , , correctness NN , , and CC constancy NN . SENT Other JJ tests NNS can MD be VB applied VVN for IN the DT qualities NNS desirable JJ in IN such JJ work NN as IN the DT telephone NN service NN , , in IN which WDT memory NN , , attention NN , , intelligence NN , , exactitude NN , , and CC rapidity NN are VBP involved VVN . SENT Sometimes RB the DT mental JJ qualities NNS can MD be VB separately RB tested VVN , , sometimes RB their PP$ inter VV relation NN is VBZ such JJ as RB to TO require VV a DT simultaneous JJ testing NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ equally RB obvious JJ that IN a DT good JJ deal NN can MD be VB done VVN to TO increase VV the DT productive JJ efficiency NN of IN those DT who WP have VHP been VBN selected VVN for IN any DT work NN , , by IN methods NNS of IN teaching NN that WDT involve VVP psychological JJ guidance NN . SENT In IN learning VVG such JJ processes NNS as IN typewriting NN and CC telegraphy NN , , for IN instance NN , , much RB can MD be VB achieved VVN by IN technical JJ adjustments NNS of IN movement NN such JJ as IN we PP have VHP already RB described VVN , , and CC by IN considered VVN adaptations NNS of IN machine NN and CC materials NNS to TO suit VV human JJ faculties NNS . SENT But CC methods NNS of IN improving VVG memory NN and CC securing VVG a DT more RBR regular JJ and CC accurate JJ attention NN , , of IN increasing VVG , , the DT rapidity NN of IN repeated JJ actions NNS with IN the DT least JJS nervous JJ wear NN and CC tear VV , , of IN educating VVG delicacy NN of IN touch NN and CC sight NN for IN specific JJ purposes NNS , , the DT utilisation NN of IN rhythmic JJ tendencies NNS , , the DT proper JJ balance NN of IN intervals NNS of IN work NN and CC rest NN , , the DT influence NN of IN imitation NN and CC social JJ cooperation NN in IN gang NN labour NN , , and CC finally RB the DT effects NNS of IN different JJ quantities NNS and CC modes NNS of IN remuneration NN in IN evoking VVG and CC maintaining VVG the DT various JJ factors NNS of IN efficiency NN all DT such JJ considerations NNS offer VVP a DT fruitful JJ field NN for IN psychological JJ investigation NN . SENT Hence RB psychology NN , , it PP is VBZ urged VVN , , can MD contribute VV greatly RB to TO productivity NN by IN finding VVG the DT best JJS man NN for IN each DT job NN and CC adjusting VVG his PP$ mental JJ equipment NN to TO conditions NNS of IN work NN which WDT in IN their PP$ turn NN can MD be VB modified VVN to TO fit VV his PP$ powers NNS . SENT But CC , , regarding VVG production NN as IN designed VVN to TO satisfy VV human JJ demands NNS , , psychology NN can MD be VB utilised VVN also RB to TO assist VV in IN getting VVG the DT right JJ quantities NNS and CC qualities NNS of IN goods NNS to TO the DT right JJ persons NNS . SENT Commercial JJ organisation NN exists VVZ for IN this DT purpose NN . SENT It PP does VVZ study VV the DT wants VVZ and CC demands VVZ of IN consumers NNS . SENT But CC it PP might MD do VV so RB with IN more JJR science NN . SENT Professor NP M NP nsterberg NP makes VVZ an DT exceedingly RB interesting JJ study NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN advertising NN and CC of IN selling VVG over RP the DT counter NN , , to TO illustrate VV how WRB much RB might MD be VB done VVN by IN substituting VVG experimental JJ laws NNS for IN instinctive JJ and CC traditional JJ practices NNS . SENT One CD comment NN upon IN this DT application NN of IN his PP$ science NN , , however RB , , is VBZ called VVN for IN . SENT Though IN the DT social JJ economic JJ view NN would MD oblige VV the DT psychologist NN to TO approach VV the DT subject NN specifically RB from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT consumer NN and CC the DT psychology NN of IN satisfactions NNS in IN his PP$ standard NN of IN comfort NN , , Professor NP M NP nsterberg NP virtually RB confines VVZ himself PP to TO the DT psychology NN of IN commerce NN and CC of IN marketing NN regarded VVN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT manufacturer NN or CC merchant NN . SENT Thus RB psychology NN can MD be VB made VVN to TO devise VV and CC prescribe VV economies NNS of IN human JJ power NN in IN industry NN , , which WDT , , like IN the DT technical JJ improvements NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP , , would MD seem VV to TO increase VV greatly RB the DT productivity NN of IN industry NN , , turning VVG out RP larger JJR quantities NNS , , and CC perhaps RB better JJR qualities NNS , , of IN goods NNS , , with IN the DT same JJ amount NN of IN labour NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT What WP would MD be VB the DT human JJ valuation NN of IN these DT processes NNS of IN scientific JJ economy NN . SENT Assuming VVG that IN this DT economy NN fructifies VVZ in IN an DT enlarging VVG volume NN of IN wealth NN , , it PP would MD appear VV to TO be VB accompanied VVN by IN an DT increase NN of IN welfare NN , , unless IN the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN were VBD correspondingly RB increased VVN , , or CC the DT distribution NN of IN the DT larger JJR volume NN of IN wealth NN were VBD made VVN so RB much RB more RBR unequal JJ that IN it PP furnished VVN a DT smaller JJR volume NN of IN utility NN in IN its PP$ consumption NN . SENT Neither CC of IN these DT qualifications NNS is VBZ , , indeed RB , , excluded VVN by IN the DT terms NNS of IN the DT economy NN . SENT For IN each DT stroke NN of IN Scientific NP Management NP is VBZ primarily RB justified VVN as IN a DT profit NN making VVG device NN , , advantageous JJ to TO the DT capitalist JJ employer NN in IN a DT particular JJ business NN . SENT It PP enables VVZ him PP to TO turn VV out RP goods NNS at IN a DT lower JJR labour NN cost NN and CC so RB to TO make VV a DT larger JJR margin NN of IN profit NN on IN their PP$ sale NN . SENT If IN we PP suppose VVP this DT economy NN to TO be VB of IN wide JJ or CC general JJ adoption NN , , it PP would MD be VB equivalent JJ to TO an DT all RB round JJ increase NN in IN the DT technical JJ efficiency NN of IN labour NN . SENT Unless IN we PP suppose VVP the DT aggregate JJ quantity NN of IN production NN to TO be VB a DT fixed JJ quantity NN a DT supposition NN not RB in IN accordance NN with IN experience NN , , it PP would MD seem VV to TO follow VV that IN at IN least JJS as RB large JJ a DT quantity NN of IN this DT more RBR efficient JJ labour NN would MD be VB employed VVN in IN turning VVG out RP an DT increased JJ volume NN of IN goods NNS . SENT In IN that DT event NN , , it PP would MD be VB possible JJ that IN the DT workers NNS , , as RB well RB as IN the DT capitalist JJ employers NNS , , should MD enjoy VV a DT higher JJR rate NN of IN remuneration NN . SENT Whether IN they PP would MD do VV so RB , , however RB , , and CC to TO what WP extent NN , , seems VVZ quite RB uncertain JJ . SENT For IN though IN the DT payment NN of IN a DT considerable JJ bonus NN in IN addition NN to TO current JJ wages NNS was VBD necessary JJ in IN the DT experiments NNS described VVN by IN Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP , , in IN order NN to TO evoke VV from IN a DT particular JJ group NN of IN workers NNS submission NN to TO the DT new JJ terms NNS of IN work NN , , it PP does VVZ not RB follow VV that WDT , , once RB adopted VVN by IN all DT employers NNS in IN the DT trade NN , , the DT method NN would MD entail VV or CC even RB permit VV a DT continuance NN of IN this DT higher JJR pay NN . SENT For IN the DT pioneer NN firm NN admittedly RB pays VVZ the DT bonus NN partly RB in IN order NN to TO overcome VV the DT pains NNS and CC scruples NNS of IN workers NNS subjected VVN to TO a DT speeding VVG up RP system NN . SENT If IN it PP did VVD not RB pay VV a DT bonus NN , , the DT workers NNS would MD quit VV this DT employment NN for IN some DT other JJ that WDT was VBD open JJ to TO them PP . SENT But CC if IN no DT other JJ employment NN upon IN the DT old JJ terms NNS were VBD open JJ , , this DT part NN of IN the DT bonus NN might MD be VB unnecessary JJ as IN an DT inducement NN . SENT Even RB that DT part NN of IN the DT bonus NN which WDT seems VVZ to TO be VB directed VVN to TO stimulate VV the DT ambition NN and CC energy NN of IN the DT individual JJ worker NN , , and CC to TO break VV up RP the DT habitual JJ slackness NN of IN the DT group NN and CC its PP$ regulation NN stroke NN , , would MD seem VV to TO stand VV on IN a DT precarious JJ footing NN , , when WRB the DT new JJ method NN of IN work NN was VBD once RB well RB established VVN and CC itself PP became VVD a DT habit NN . SENT Only RB that IN part NN , , if IN any DT , , of IN the DT bonus NN , , or CC higher JJR wage NN , , which WDT was VBD necessary JJ to TO replace VV the DT greater JJR muscular JJ or CC nervous JJ wear NN and CC tear VV of IN the DT speeded VVD up RB and CC more RBR automatic JJ work NN , , would MD necessarily RB survive VV . SENT It PP would MD stand VV as IN a DT necessary JJ cost NN of IN production NN . SENT If IN , , however RB , , as IN Mr NP . SENT Taylor NP and CC Professor NP M NP nsterberg NP appear VVP to TO hold VV , , the DT scientific JJ management NN need MD entail VV no DT such JJ additional JJ wear NN and CC tear VV , , there EX seems VVZ no DT ground NN for IN holding VVG that IN , , after IN the DT method NN became VVD general JJ , , any DT bonus NN to TO the DT workers NNS would MD be VB necessary JJ . SENT And CC if IN it PP were VBD unnecessary JJ , , it PP would MD not RB , , indeed RB under IN competitive JJ terms NNS could MD not RB , , be VB paid VVN . SENT On IN this DT hypothesis NN , , the DT additional JJ wealth NN created VVN by IN the DT improved JJ efficiency NN of IN the DT system NN might MD go VV entirely RB to TO capital NN . SENT Indeed RB , , so RB far RB as IN the DT determination NN were VBD left VVN to TO individual JJ bargaining NN , , this DT result NN would MD appear VV almost RB inevitable JJ . SENT For IN the DT greater JJR average NN efficiency NN of IN labour NN would MD be VB equivalent JJ to TO a DT larger JJR supply NN of IN labour NN though IN it PP might MD also RB mean VV a DT better JJR quality NN , , and CC since IN no DT immediate JJ or CC corresponding JJ increase NN of IN demand NN for IN labour NN need MD accrue VV , , the DT price NN per IN unit NN of IN labour NN would MD fall VV . SENT This DT would MD mean VV that IN the DT labourer NN would MD get VV no DT higher JJR payment NN for IN his PP$ higher JJR productivity NN . SENT Even RB if IN the DT increasing VVG rate NN and CC amount NN of IN profits NNS brought VVD increased JJ saving NN and CC larger JJR masses NNS of IN competing VVG capital NN , , it PP would MD still RB seem VV doubtful JJ whether IN the DT aggregate JJ demand NN for IN labour NN would MD be VB found VVN to TO keep VV pace NN with IN the DT growth NN of IN the DT supply NN which WDT scientific JJ management NN plus CC psychological JJ selection NN would MD yield VV . SENT Though RB , , therefore RB , , the DT aggregate JJ product NN increased VVD , , it PP remains VVZ doubtful JJ whether IN any DT considerable JJ share NN of IN the DT increase NN must MD or CC would MD go VV to TO labour VV . SENT But CC suppose VVP that DT organisation NN of IN labour NN or CC social JJ intervention NN were VBD able JJ to TO secure VV some DT considerable JJ rise NN of IN real JJ wages NNS from IN the DT enlarged JJ product NN , , so RB that IN as IN consumers NNS the DT workers NNS were VBD better RBR off RB , , the DT human JJ value NN of IN the DT process NN is VBZ not RB yet RB established VVN . SENT Two CD related JJ questions NNS still RB remain VVP for IN settlement NN . SENT First NP , , that WDT already RB tentatively RB raised VVN , , the DT question NN whether IN the DT workers NNS may MD not RB suffer VV more RBR from IN increased VVN human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN under IN the DT new JJ scientific JJ r NN gime NN than IN they PP gain VVP in IN human JJ utilities NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT Some DT of IN the DT science NN in IN its PP$ application NN would MD indeed RB appear VV to TO be VB wholly RB beneficial JJ . SENT The DT improved JJ methods NNS of IN selecting VVG and CC of IN training NN labour NN , , so RB as RB to TO get VV the DT best JJS man NN for IN each DT job NN , , and CC to TO enable VV him PP to TO do VV his PP$ work NN in IN the DT best JJS way NN , , is VBZ pure JJ gain NN , , provided VVD that DT best JJS way NN does VVZ not RB unduly RB strain VV his PP$ energy NN or CC dull JJ his PP$ mind NN . SENT Other JJ elements NNS of IN applied VVN psychology NN are VBP more RBR doubtful JJ in IN their PP$ net JJ effect NN . SENT The DT practices NNS of IN scientific JJ advertising NN and CC of IN suggestive JJ selling NN have VHP very RB little RB proved VVN utility NN and CC are VBP nearly RB as RB likely JJ to TO be VB applied VVN to TO force VV the DT wrong JJ articles NNS on IN the DT wrong JJ purchasers NNS as RB to TO distribute VV wealth NN along IN the DT lines NNS of IN its PP$ maximum JJ utility NN for IN consumption NN . SENT The DT persons NNS engaged VVN for IN a DT livelihood NN in IN palming VVG off RP goods NNS on IN a DT public NN irrespective RB of IN any DT intrinsic JJ merits NNS they PP contain VVP , , pay VVP a DT heavy JJ toll NN in IN character NN for IN the DT work NN they PP are VBP called VVN upon RP to TO do VV . SENT 8 CD . SENT But CC , , turning VVG to TO the DT main JJ problem NN , , there EX remains VVZ the DT issue NN of IN the DT increased JJ mechanisation NN , , or CC standardisation NN , , of IN the DT worker NN under IN Scientific NP Management NP . SENT Admitting VVG that IN a DT certain JJ amount NN of IN subdivision NN of IN labour NN , , and CC of IN diminishing VVG variety NN , , interest NN and CC initiative NN , , accruing VVG therefrom RB , , is VBZ justified VVN in IN a DT human JJ sense NN by IN the DT benefits NNS of IN enhanced JJ production NN , , is VBZ there RB any DT limit NN to TO this DT economy NN , , and CC if IN there EX be VB , , is VBZ that DT limit NN transgressed VVN under IN Scientific NP Management NP . SENT The DT question NN does VVZ not RB admit VV perhaps RB of IN any DT general JJ or CC certain JJ answer NN . SENT Suppose VV it PP be VB admitted VVN , , as IN I PP think VVP it PP must MD , , that IN every DT application NN of IN this DT Scientific NP Management NP does VVZ squeeze VV out RP of IN the DT labour NN day NN some DT human JJ interest NN , , some DT call NN upon IN initiative NN , , reason NN , , judgment NN , , responsibility NN , , surviving VVG under IN previous JJ conditions NNS even RB in IN the DT most RBS routine JJ and CC subdivided VVN toil VVP , , must MD we PP necessarily RB regard VVP this DT loss NN as IN a DT heavy JJ increased JJ human JJ cost NN of IN labour NN . SENT Surely RB it PP depends VVZ upon IN the DT particular JJ labour NN in IN question NN . SENT In IN some DT , , perhaps RB most RBS , , branches NNS of IN heavy JJ routine NN toil VVP , , the DT shreds NNS of IN human JJ interest NN , , the DT calls NNS on IN personality NN , , are VBP usually RB so RB trifling JJ that IN it PP seems VVZ absurd JJ to TO take VV them PP into IN much JJ account NN . SENT The DT work NN of IN carrying VVG pig NN iron NN , , or CC of IN shovelling VVG continually RB the DT same JJ material NN , , contains VVZ so RB little JJ scope NN for IN the DT play NN of IN initiative NN , , responsibility NN , , etc FW . SENT , , that IN any DT such JJ regimentation NN as RB is VBZ described VVN can MD hardly RB be VB said VVN to TO damage VV the DT quality NN of IN the DT work NN or CC the DT character NN of IN the DT worker NN as IN affected VVN by IN his PP$ work NN . SENT If IN a DT higher JJR efficiency NN and CC a DT larger JJR output NN can MD enable VV a DT smaller JJR number NN of IN workmen NNS to TO be VB kept VVN on IN labour NN of IN so RB low JJ a DT grade NN , , there EX ought MD to TO be VB a DT net JJ social JJ gain NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ another DT compensation NN possible JJ for IN any DT loss NN of IN liberty NN , , or CC increase NN of IN monotony NN , , involved VVN in IN Scientific NP Management NP . SENT If IN it PP be VB accompanied VVN by IN a DT shortening NN of IN the DT hours NNS of IN labour NN , , the DT damage NN inflicted VVN by IN the DT rigour NN of IN mechanical JJ discipline NN may MD be VB compensated VVN by IN a DT larger JJR leisure NN . SENT This DT compensation NN , , of IN course NN , , is VBZ reduced VVN or CC even RB nullified VVN , , if IN the DT greater JJR intensity NN of IN labour NN in IN the DT shorter JJR day NN takes VVZ more RBR out RB of IN the DT man NN , , as RB often RB happens VVZ , , than IN was VBD taken VVN out RP before RB . SENT But CC , , assuming VVG that IN this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN , , and CC that IN for IN a DT longer RBR dull JJ routine JJ work NN day NN is VBZ substituted VVN a DT shorter JJR but CC even RB more RBR mechanical JJ day NN , , a DT net JJ gain NN for IN labour NN is VBZ still RB possible JJ . SENT I PP am VBP disposed VVN to TO hold VV that IN a DT good JJ case NN might MD be VB made VVN out RP for IN Scientific NP Management NP as RB regards VVZ those DT orders NNS of IN routine JJ labour NN which WDT , , as IN ordinarily RB carried VVN on IN , , contain VV very RB little JJ interest NN or CC humanity NN . SENT Even RB then RB , , however RB , , there EX is VBZ a DT danger NN that WDT deserves VVZ attention NN . SENT If IN this DT regimentation NN can MD reduce VV the DT cost NN per IN unit NN of IN dull JJ , , heavy JJ muscular JJ toil NN , , as IN is VBZ likely JJ , , it PP may MD prevent VV the DT discovery NN and CC application NN of IN wholly RB mechanical JJ substitutes NNS for IN this DT work NN . SENT But CC the DT human JJ economy NN is VBZ far RB more RBR doubtful JJ in IN the DT case NN of IN labour NN which WDT , , though RB subdivided VVN and CC mainly RB of IN a DT routine JJ character NN , , still RB contains VVZ a DT margin NN for IN the DT display NN of IN skill NN , , initiative NN and CC judgment NN . SENT To TO remove VV these DT qualities NNS altogether RB from IN such JJ work NN and CC to TO vest VV them PP , , as IN is VBZ proposed VVN , , not RB even RB in IN the DT overseers NNS , , but CC in IN a DT little JJ clique NN of IN scientific JJ experts NNS , , would MD mean VV the DT conversion NN of IN large JJ bodies NNS of IN skilled JJ , , intelligent JJ workers NNS into IN automatic JJ drudges NNS . SENT The DT life NN and CC character NN of IN these DT men NNS would MD suffer VV as IN an DT inevitable JJ reaction NN of IN this DT drudgery NN , , and CC it PP is VBZ doubtful JJ whether IN a DT somewhat RB shortened VVN work NN day NN and CC somewhat RB higher JJR wages NNS would MD compensate VV such JJ damage NN . SENT While IN we PP may MD recognise VV the DT general JJ desirability NN of IN division NN and CC specialisation NN of IN labour NN , , some DT detailed JJ liberty NN and CC flexibility NN should MD be VB left VVN to TO the DT worker NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT Indeed RB , , were VBD the DT full JJ rigour NN of IN Scientific NP Management NP to TO be VB applied VVN throughout IN the DT staple JJ industries NNS , , not RB only RB would MD the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN labour NN appear VVP to TO be VB enhanced VVN , , but CC progress NN in IN the DT industrial JJ arts NNS itself PP would MD probably RB be VB damaged VVN . SENT For IN the DT whole JJ strain NN of IN progress NN would MD be VB thrown VVN upon IN the DT Scientific NP Management NP and CC the DT consulting NN psychologist NN . SENT The DT large JJ assistance NN given VVN to TO technical JJ invention NN by IN the DT observation NN and CC experiments NNS of IN intelligent JJ workmen NNS , , the DT constant JJ flow NN of IN suggestion NN for IN detailed JJ improvements NNS , , would MD cease VV . SENT The DT elements NNS of IN creative JJ work NN still RB surviving VVG in IN most JJS routine JJ labour NN would MD disappear VV . SENT On IN the DT one CD hand NN , , there EX would MD be VB small JJ bodies NNS of IN efficient JJ taskmasters NNS carefully RB administering VVG the DT orders NNS of IN expert NN managers NNS , , on IN the DT other JJ , , large JJ masses NNS of IN physically RB efficient JJ but CC mentally RB inert JJ executive NN machines NNS . SENT Though IN the DT productivity NN of IN existing VVG industrial JJ processes NNS might MD be VB greatly RB increased VVN by IN this DT economy NN , , the DT future NN of IN industrial JJ progress NN might MD be VB imperilled VVN . SENT For IN not RB only RB would MD the DT arts NNS of IN invention NN and CC improvement NN be VB confined VVN to TO the DT few JJ , , but CC the DT mechanisation NN of IN the DT great JJ mass NN of IN workmen NNS would MD render VV them PP less RBR capable JJ of IN adapting VVG their PP$ labour NN to TO any DT other JJ method NN than IN that IN to TO which WDT they PP had VHD been VBN drilled VVN . SENT Again RB , , such JJ automatism NN in IN the DT workers NNS would MD react VV injuriously RB upon IN their PP$ character NN as IN consumers NNS , , damaging VVG their PP$ capacity NN to TO get VV full JJ human JJ gain NN out IN of IN any DT higher JJR remuneration NN that IN they PP might MD obtain VV . SENT It PP would MD also RB injure VV them PP as IN citizens NNS , , disabling VVG them PP from IN taking VVG an DT intelligent JJ part NN in IN the DT arts NNS of IN political JJ self NN government NN . SENT For IN industrial JJ servitude NN is VBZ inimical JJ to TO political JJ liberty NN . SENT It PP would MD become VV even RB more RBR difficult JJ than IN now RB for IN a DT majority NN of IN men NNS , , accustomed VVN in IN their PP$ work NN day NN to TO mechanical JJ obedience NN , , to TO stand VV up RP in IN their PP$ capacity NN of IN citizens NNS against IN their PP$ industrial JJ rulers NNS when WRB , , as RB often RB happens VVZ upon IN critical JJ occasions NNS , , political JJ interests NNS correspond VV with IN economic JJ cleavages NNS . SENT I PP would MD not RB dogmatise VV upon IN the DT necessity NN of IN these DT human JJ disadvantages NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP . SENT The DT more RBR rigorous JJ routine NN of IN the DT work NN day NN might MD be VB adequately RB compensated VVN by IN shorter JJR hours NNS , , higher JJR wages NNS , , increased VVD opportunities NNS for IN education NN , , recreation NN , , and CC home NN life NN . SENT But CC there EX can MD be VB no DT security NN for IN adequate JJ compensations NNS of IN these DT orders NNS under IN a DT scientific JJ management NN directed VVD primarily RB by IN private JJ profit NN making VVG motives NNS . SENT For IN there EX is VBZ no DT guarantee NN that IN the DT larger JJR profits NNS to TO a DT business NN firm NN do VVP not RB entail VV a DT damage NN to TO its PP$ employees NNS , , not RB offset VVN by IN the DT bonus NN which WDT they PP may MD obtain VV . SENT Nor CC have VH we PP the DT required VVN security NN that IN any DT social JJ gain NN in IN the DT way NN of IN increased JJ product NN and CC lower JJR prices NNS may MD not RB be VB cancelled VVN by IN the DT human JJ injury NN inflicted VVN upon IN large JJ bodies NNS of IN workers NNS and CC citizens NNS by IN the DT more RBR mechanical JJ and CC servile JJ conditions NNS of IN their PP$ labour NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT A DT little JJ reflection NN will MD make VV it PP clear JJ that IN the DT complete JJ success NN of IN such PDT a DT business NN economy NN would MD involve VV a DT corresponding JJ science NN on IN the DT side NN of IN consumption NN . SENT The DT standardised VVN worker NN ought MD also RB to TO be VB a DT standardised VVN consumer NN . SENT For IN the DT regular JJ reliable JJ conformity NN of IN work NN must MD involve VV a DT similar JJ conformity NN in IN diet NN and CC in IN other JJ habits NNS of IN life NN . SENT If IN the DT scientific JJ manager NN were VBD the DT full JJ owner NN of IN his PP$ workmen NNS , , it PP would MD evidently RB be VB a DT function NN of IN his PP$ science NN to TO work VV out RP experimentally RB , , with IN the DT assistance NN of IN the DT bio NN psychologist NN , , the DT cheapest JJS and CC best JJS way NN of IN living VVG for IN each DT particular JJ trade NN and CC type NN of IN worker NN . SENT He PP would MD discover VV and CC prescribe VV the DT precise JJ combination NN of IN foods NNS , , the DT most RBS hygienic JJ clothing NN and CC housing NN , , the DT most RBS appropriate JJ recreations NNS and CC the DT best JJS books NNS for IN each DT class NN , , with IN a DT view NN to TO the DT productive JJ efficiency NN of IN its PP$ members NNS . SENT He PP would MD encourage VV by IN bonuses NNS eugenic JJ , , and CC discourage VV by IN fines NNS dysgenesic JJ marriages NNS among IN his PP$ employees NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN intelligent JJ employers NNS are VBP in IN a DT position NN to TO determine VV or CC to TO influence VV the DT expenditure NN of IN the DT wages NNS they PP pay VVP and CC the DT general JJ conduct NN of IN the DT lives NNS of IN their PP$ employees NNS outside IN the DT working VVG hours NNS , , they PP are VBP disposed VVN to TO practice VV this DT policy NN . SENT Where WRB they PP are VBP the DT owners NNS of IN the DT town NN or CC village NN in IN which WDT the DT workers NNS find VVP it PP most RBS convenient JJ to TO live VV , , they PP can MD often RB do VV so RB with IN considerable JJ effect NN . SENT Philanthropic JJ motives NNS are VBP often RB combined VVN with IN business NN motives NNS , , and CC the DT combination NN may MD often RB be VB genuinely RB conducive JJ to TO the DT human JJ welfare NN of IN the DT community NN . SENT Temperance NN , , sanitation NN , , and CC hygiene NN , , educational JJ and CC recreative JJ opportunities NNS may MD be VB made VVN available JJ . SENT Certain JJ regulations NNS , , chiefly RB of IN a DT prohibitory JJ nature NN , , regarding VVG the DT use NN of IN alcohol NN , , betting VVG , , or CC marriage NN , , are VBP imposed VVN by IN some DT employers NNS as IN conditions NNS of IN employment NN . SENT Such JJ interferences NNS outside IN the DT hours NNS of IN labour NN are VBP , , however RB , , exceptional JJ and CC are VBP generally RB justified VVN on IN special JJ grounds NNS of IN economic JJ safety NN and CC efficiency NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT But CC an DT altogether RB wider JJR issue NN is VBZ opened VVN up RP in IN the DT claims NNS , , not RB of IN the DT particular JJ employer NN but CC of IN industrial JJ society NN to TO impose VV or CC evoke VVP standards NNS of IN consumption NN scientifically RB adjusted VVN to TO the DT various JJ grades NNS of IN industrial JJ efficiency NN . SENT If IN we PP regard VVP a DT nation NN as IN an DT economic JJ society NN , , putting VVG out RP productive JJ energy NN in IN wealth NN creation NN , , it PP becomes VVZ evident JJ that IN science NN has VHZ much RB to TO say VV , , and CC can MD have VH more JJR , , regarding VVG the DT expenditure NN of IN incomes NNS and CC the DT consequent JJ consumption NN of IN wealth NN . SENT The DT science NN of IN scientific JJ management NN , , with IN all PDT its PP$ psycho JJ physical JJ apparatus NN for IN measuring VVG results NNS , , can MD be VB applied VVN to TO standards NNS of IN living VVG for IN individuals NNS and CC families NNS . SENT The DT beginnings NNS of IN this DT idea NN are VBP found VVN in IN the DT distinction NN which WDT figured VVD so RB largely RB in IN the DT classical JJ Political JJ Economy NN between IN productive JJ and CC unproductive JJ consumption NN . SENT The DT discussions NNS of IN Arthur NP Young NP , , Eden NP and CC others NNS , , regarding VVG the DT respective JJ merits NNS of IN wheat NN and CC oatmeal NN , , beer NN and CC tea NN , , as IN ingredients NNS of IN working VVG class NN diet NN , , were VBD directed VVN avowedly RB by IN this DT conception NN of IN economy NN . SENT A DT good JJ food NN was VBD one CD that WDT yielded VVD more JJR muscular JJ energy NN or CC endurance NN per IN penny NN of IN expenditure NN . SENT The DT more RBR enlightened JJ doctrine NN known VVN as IN the DT economy NN of IN high JJ wages NNS was VBD early RB recommended VVN by IN philanthropists NNS like IN Robert NP Owen NP , , or CC business NN men NNS like IN Mr NP . SENT Brassey NP , , on IN the DT score NN of IN experiments NNS relating VVG to TO the DT larger JJR output NN of IN labour NN power NN which WDT higher JJR wages NNS with IN better JJR feeding NN rendered VVD possible JJ . SENT But CC there EX was VBD no DT science NN worth JJ mention NN in IN these DT crude JJ experiments NNS . SENT Only RB within IN recent JJ years NNS , , with IN the DT advance NN of IN organic JJ chemistry NN and CC physiology NN , , has VHZ the DT science NN of IN dietetics NNS begun VVN to TO emerge VV , , analysing VVG the DT various JJ foods NNS and CC assigning VVG them PP their PP$ values NNS as IN producers NNS of IN tissue NN and CC of IN energy NN . SENT We PP are VBP now RB told VVN the DT quantities NNS of IN proteids NNS , , carbohydrates NNS and CC fats NNS contained VVN in IN various JJ foods NNS , , and CC dietaries NNS based VVN upon IN these DT analyses NNS are VBP prescribed VVN for IN different JJ sorts NNS of IN workers NNS , , and CC for IN different JJ ages NNS of IN members NNS of IN a DT family NN . SENT At IN present JJ the DT science NN does VVZ not RB pretend VV to TO any DT large JJ amount NN of IN accuracy NN , , indeed RB wide JJ divergences NNS still RB exist VVP in IN its PP$ very JJ foundations NNS . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO doubt VV that DT further JJR analysis NN and CC experimentation NN may MD be VB able JJ to TO reach VV food NN standards NNS which WDT on IN the DT consumption NN side NN will MD correspond VV to TO the DT economy NN of IN standard JJ methods NNS of IN work NN under IN scientific JJ management NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB quite RB possible JJ to TO lay VV down RP with IN considerable JJ exactitude NN the DT amounts NNS and CC combinations NNS and CC intervals NNS of IN food NN for IN coal NN miners NNS , , weavers NNS , , clerks NNS , , motor NN men NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , together RB with IN estimates NNS of IN the DT amount NN of IN expenditure NN required VVN to TO maintain VV the DT different JJ forms NNS of IN industrial JJ efficiency NN . SENT The DT productive JJ value NN of IN other JJ elements NNS of IN the DT wage NN earner's NN expenditure NN will MD not RB indeed RB admit VV of IN so RB much JJ exactitude NN , , partly RB because IN his PP$ own JJ utility NN obtained VVN from IN such JJ expenditure NN will MD not RB easily RB be VB separable JJ from IN that DT of IN his PP$ family NN . SENT But CC though IN family NN expenditure NN cannot NN thus RB be VB regarded VVN as IN exclusively RB directed VVN by IN productive JJ considerations NNS , , the DT physical JJ efficiency NN which WDT is VBZ its PP$ chief JJ test NN may MD be VB regarded VVN primarily RB as IN an DT industrial JJ asset NN . SENT Indeed RB , , this DT view NN is VBZ implicit JJ in IN most JJS talk NN of IN standards NNS of IN comfort NN and CC in IN most JJS discussions NNS of IN a DT minimum NN or CC living NN or CC subsistence NN wage NN . SENT It PP means VVZ such JJ wage NN as RB , , economically RB expended VVN , , will MD enable VV a DT wage NN earner NN to TO rear NN an DT average JJ family NN in IN that DT measure NN and CC kind NN of IN efficiency NN required VVN to TO do VV work NN of IN a DT sort NN similar JJ to TO that DT by IN which WDT he PP earns VVZ the DT wage NN . SENT No DT doubt NN this DT notion NN is VBZ tempered VVN by IN some DT slight JJ considerations NNS of IN education NN and CC of IN betterment NN . SENT But CC productive JJ efficiency NN is VBZ always RB the DT basic JJ factor NN . SENT Food NN and CC housing NN , , by IN far RB the DT most RBS important JJ elements NNS in IN working VVG class NN expenditure NN , , are VBP clearly RB in IN process NN of IN being VBG standardised VVN by IN hygienics NNS in IN the DT service NN of IN a DT science NN of IN productive JJ consumption NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT Two CD other JJ sciences NNS , , by IN which WDT society NN may MD seek VV to TO standardise VV the DT lives NNS of IN workers NNS , , are VBP eugenics NNS and CC education NN . SENT In IN both DT of IN these DT the DT humanists NNS may MD have VH a DT fierce JJ battle NN to TO fight VV against IN the DT dominion NN of IN the DT industrialists NNS . SENT Eugenics NNS , , if IN it PP can MD get VV recognition NN as IN a DT social JJ art NN , , will MD regulate VV marriage NN for IN the DT purposes NNS of IN good JJ stock NN . SENT But CC good JJ for IN what WP . SENT Perhaps RB for IN industry NN and CC war NN , , if IN some DT specialists NNS should MD have VH their PP$ way NN . SENT So RB too RB with IN education NN . SENT Primary JJ education NN has VHZ already RB been VBN ear NN marked VVN in IN our PP$ towns NNS for IN the DT production NN of IN cheap JJ clerks NNS , , and CC technical JJ and CC professional JJ training NN under IN various JJ guises NNS invade VVP our PP$ citadels NNS of IN higher JJR learning NN . SENT All DT is VBZ part NN of IN the DT same JJ great JJ claim NN of IN society NN to TO economise VV and CC standardise VV the DT body NN and CC the DT mind NN of IN its PP$ citizen NN , , primarily RB in IN order NN that IN he PP may MD do VV more RBR efficiently RB the DT social JJ or CC routine JJ services NNS it PP requires VVZ of IN him PP . SENT This DT economic JJ standardisation NN , , as IN we PP recognise VV , , is VBZ not RB identical JJ in IN motives NNS or CC in IN operation NN as IN it PP bears VVZ respectively RB upon IN the DT productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ functions NNS . SENT On IN its PP$ productive JJ side NN it PP is VBZ regulated VVN by IN considerations NNS of IN private JJ business NN profits NNS . SENT Its PP$ primary JJ aim NN is VBZ to TO get VV men NNS to TO work VV in IN such PDT a DT way NN as RB to TO produce VV the DT largest JJS margin NN between IN the DT wage NN necessary JJ to TO evoke VV full JJ efficiency NN under IN scientific JJ management NN and CC the DT market NN value NN of IN the DT output NN . SENT Indirectly RB , , it PP is VBZ claimed VVN , , this DT policy NN redounds VVZ to TO the DT advantage NN of IN industrial JJ society NN in IN an DT increase NN of IN the DT body NN of IN consumable JJ wealth NN , , some DT considerable JJ share NN of IN which WDT will MD pass VV into IN the DT general JJ store NN . SENT On IN its PP$ consumptive JJ side NN the DT scientific JJ standardisation NN works VVZ differently RB . SENT It PP is VBZ plied VVN more RBR directly RB as IN a DT social JJ economic JJ art NN , , working VVG out RP for IN the DT family NN , , as RB well RB as RB for IN the DT individual JJ workman NN , , a DT standard NN of IN living NN , , physical JJ , , intellectual JJ , , and CC moral JJ , , conducive JJ to TO the DT interests NNS of IN society NN regarded VVN as IN an DT economic JJ or CC wealth NN producing VVG entity NN . SENT 16 CD But CC though IN society NN , , in IN thus RB seeking VVG to TO secure VV standards NNS of IN economic JJ efficiency NN for IN its PP$ family NN units NNS , , is VBZ not RB directly RB concerned VVN in IN furthering VVG the DT profit NN seeking VVG ends NNS of IN private JJ business NN firms NNS , , indirectly RB it PP is VBZ doing VVG so RB . SENT For IN , , so RB long RB as IN expenditure NN of IN income NN , , or CC family NN budgets NNS , , are VBP estimated VVN strictly RB in IN accordance NN with IN the DT economic JJ efficiency NN they PP yield VVP to TO the DT present JJ and CC prospective JJ working VVG members NNS , , the DT process NN is VBZ in IN reality NN supplementary JJ to TO the DT science NN of IN business NN management NN . SENT For IN the DT better JJR birth NN , , better JJR rearing NN , , better JJR health NN and CC education NN which WDT it PP furnishes VVZ , , will MD all RB eventually RB be VB translated VVN into IN larger JJR quantity NN and CC better JJR quality NN of IN labour NN power NN for IN scientific JJ management NN to TO handle VV in IN its PP$ various JJ profit NN making VVG processes NNS . SENT Now RB the DT thoughtful JJ members NNS of IN the DT working JJ classes NNS have VHP always RB half RB instinctively RB regarded VVN with IN some DT suspicion NN the DT endeavours NNS of IN social JJ reformers NNS to TO make VV them PP use VV cheaper JJR foods NNS yielding VVG more JJR nutriment NN for IN the DT money NN , , temperance NN movements NNS to TO keep VV down RP their PP$ conventional JJ necessaries NN , , and CC technical JJ education NN to TO make VV their PP$ labour NN power NN more RBR productive JJ . SENT For IN they PP have VHP doubted VVD whether IN the DT cheaper JJR living NN or CC the DT increased JJ productivity NN would MD necessarily RB come VV home NN to TO them PP in IN improved JJ conditions NNS of IN life NN . SENT Nor CC has VHZ their PP$ suspicion NN been VBN wholly RB groundless JJ . SENT Though RB in IN the DT long JJ run NN , , it PP might MD seem VV to TO follow VV that IN as IN consumers NNS and CC even RB perhaps RB , , though RB less RBR surely RB , , as IN wage NN earners NNS , , they PP would MD get VV some DT gain NN from IN the DT more RBR economical JJ use NN of IN their PP$ labour NN powers NNS , , the DT bulk NN of IN the DT visible JJ gains NNS might MD very RB well RB pass VV into IN the DT hands NNS of IN the DT employing VVG classes NNS in IN higher JJR profits NNS or CC salaries NNS of IN management NN . SENT This DT consideration NN opens VVZ the DT deeper JJR criticism NN which WDT humanism NN and CC Sociology NN are VBP entitled VVN and CC required VVN to TO press VV upon IN the DT policy NN of IN the DT industrial JJ economists NNS . SENT Every DT improvement NN in IN the DT technique NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN or CC of IN consumption NN may MD be VB considered VVN as RB conducive JJ to TO economic JJ progress NN , , yielding VVG an DT increase NN of IN marketable JJ wealth NN . SENT But CC , , if IN such JJ improvements NNS increase VVP the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN , , or CC diminish VV the DT human JJ utilities NNS of IN consumption NN , , as RB may MD happen VV if IN they PP consist VVP largely RB in IN the DT standardising VVG of IN productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ processes NNS , , they PP may MD bring VV no DT increase NN , , possibly RB may MD bring VV a DT decrease NN , , of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT Proposals NNS for IN scientific JJ management NN or CC for IN standardised VVN dietaries NNS are VBP not RB indeed RB to TO be VB condemned VVN , , upon IN the DT general JJ application NN of IN such JJ criticism NN . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ agreed VVN that IN such JJ standardisation NN within IN certain JJ limits NNS is VBZ socially RB advantageous JJ . SENT The DT question NN , , therefore RB , , is VBZ partly RB one CD of IN degree NN , , partly RB as IN to TO the DT security NN there RB exists VVZ that IN the DT economic JJ gains NNS of IN the DT improved JJ economy NN shall MD be VB properly RB apportioned VVN . SENT 13 CD . SENT But CC the DT final JJ test NN would MD not RB consist VV in IN determining VVG whether IN increased JJ costs NNS and CC diminished JJ utilities NNS did VVD or CC did VVD not RB offset VV the DT prima JJ facie NN advantages NNS of IN the DT economic JJ improvements NNS . SENT The DT art NN of IN social JJ welfare NN , , humanism NN , , will MD insist VV upon IN considering VVG the DT reactions NNS of IN the DT standardisation NN of IN work NN and CC consumption NN upon IN other JJ faculties NNS and CC functions NNS than IN the DT economic JJ , , and CC in IN considering VVG prospective JJ as RB well RB as IN present JJ gains NNS . SENT A DT scientific JJ rigour NN in IN economy NN of IN work NN and CC of IN expenditure NN , , which WDT should MD remove VV , , both CC from IN the DT industry NN and CC the DT lives NNS of IN the DT great JJ masses NNS of IN a DT population NN , , all DT opportunities NNS for IN initiative NN , , experiment NN , , risk NN taking NN and CC the DT display NN of IN personality NN , , might MD reduce VV the DT human JJ value NN of IN life NN for IN the DT average JJ man NN , , and CC so RB impair VV the DT worth NN of IN the DT society NN . SENT Humanism NN , , therefore RB , , while IN approving VVG the DT application NN of IN science NN to TO the DT arts NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN , , insists VVZ that IN it PP shall MD be VB shown VVN to TO be VB the DT servant NN not RB the DT master NN of IN humanity NN . SENT Such JJ proof NN is VBZ sought VVN , , because IN the DT assumption NN , , so RB often RB made VVN , , that IN all DT such JJ economic JJ progress NN must MD be VB humanly RB profitable JJ , , is VBZ seen VVN to TO be VB unwarranted JJ . SENT A DT scientific JJ view NN of IN human JJ industry NN would MD establish VV the DT following VVG lines NNS of IN investigation NN . SENT 1 LS The DT productive JJ ability NN of IN each DT producer NN would MD be VB considered VVN in IN relation NN to TO its PP$ technical JJ efficiency NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , the DT best JJS way NN for IN him PP to TO do VV his PP$ job NN . SENT 2 LS His PP$ special JJ productive JJ function NN would MD be VB considered VVN in IN its PP$ reactions NNS a DT upon IN his PP$ general JJ standard NN of IN life NN on IN its PP$ economic JJ side NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , in IN relation NN to TO his PP$ productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ functions NNS . SENT b SYM upon IN his PP$ individual JJ human JJ life NN . SENT 3 LS The DT standard NN of IN consumption NN of IN each DT consumer NN would MD be VB considered VVN in IN relation NN to TO its PP$ technical JJ efficiency NN a DT for IN purposes NNS of IN production NN . SENT b SYM for IN purposes NNS of IN individual JJ welfare NN . SENT 4 CD Industry NN as IN a DT social JJ function NN would MD be VB subjected VVN to TO criticism NN from IN the DT wider JJR standpoint NN of IN social JJ welfare NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , as RB one CD element NN contributing VVG to TO the DT life NN of IN a DT nation NN . SENT Finally RB , , an DT analysis NN of IN the DT human JJ worth NN of IN existing VVG industry NN on IN its PP$ productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ sides NNS would MD not RB suffice VV . SENT For IN such PDT an DT analysis NN merely RB accepts VVZ the DT existing JJ system NN of IN industry NN and CC enquires VVZ into IN the DT best JJS human JJ methods NNS of IN working VVG it PP . SENT But CC humanist NN criticism NN must MD , , of IN course NN , , go VVP behind IN this DT acceptance NN . SENT The DT problem NN of IN industry NN which WDT it PP will MD envisage VV will MD be VB one CD that WDT takes VVZ as IN its PP$ data NNS the DT existing JJ resources NNS of IN the DT nation NN , , natural JJ and CC human JJ , , and CC considers VVZ how WRB these DT resources NNS may MD , , in IN accordance NN with IN present JJ knowledge NN , , be VB best RBS applied VVN for IN the DT provision NN of IN organic JJ welfare NN according VVG to TO the DT best JJS accepted JJ interpretation NN of IN that DT term NN . SENT However RB difficult JJ it PP may MD be VB to TO secure VV , , to TO justify VV and CC to TO apply VV that DT standpoint NN , , this DT is VBZ the DT form NN in IN which WDT the DT economic JJ problem NN must MD present VV itself PP to TO the DT statesman NN , , the DT publicist NN , , and CC the DT social JJ reformer NN , , so RB far RB as IN they PP are VBP clear JJ sighted JJ , , rational JJ and CC disinterested JJ in IN their PP$ work NN . SENT So RB regarded VVN , , each DT individual NN would MD be VB considered VVN as IN a DT complex NN of IN activities NNS and CC wants VVZ , , whose WP$ specialised VVN work NN for IN society NN must MD be VB harmonised VVN with IN that DT freedom NN and CC exercise NN of IN his PP$ non JJ specialised VVN functions NNS needed VVN to TO enable VV him PP to TO realise VV himself PP as IN a DT human JJ personality NN . SENT Due JJ consideration NN would MD be VB given VVN to TO the DT interplay NN of IN his PP$ productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ functions NNS within IN his PP$ economic JJ life NN . SENT His PP$ economic JJ life NN must MD , , however RB , , be VB kept VVN in IN due JJ subordination NN to TO his PP$ wider JJR human JJ life NN , , consisting VVG , , as IN the DT latter NN does VVZ , , mainly RB of IN non JJ economic JJ functions NNS . SENT Finally RB , , his PP$ economic JJ and CC human JJ life NN as IN a DT personality NN must MD be VB harmonised VVN with IN the DT economic JJ and CC human JJ life NN of IN the DT society NN of IN which WDT he PP is VBZ a DT member NN . SENT Such JJ are VBP the DT main JJ implications NNS of IN what WP might MD be VB termed VVN the DT human JJ scientific JJ calculus NN of IN industrial JJ values NNS . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT Principles NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP Harper NP Bros NPS . SENT . SENT 2 LS . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , p NN . SENT 65 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT Principles NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP , , p NN . SENT 74 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT The DT Principles NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP , , p NN . SENT 100 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT While IN one CD who WP is VBZ not RB experienced VVN at IN making VVG his PP$ men NNS really RB enthusiastic JJ in IN their PP$ work NN cannot NN appreciate VV how WRB athletic JJ contests NNS will MD interest VV the DT men NNS , , it PP is VBZ the DT real JJ secret NN of IN the DT success NN of IN our PP$ best JJS superintendents NNS . SENT It PP not RB only RB reduces VVZ costs NNS , , but CC it PP makes VVZ for IN organisation NN and CC thus RB saves VVZ foremen's JJ time NN . SENT F SYM . SENT G NP . SENT Gilbreth NP , , Bricklaying NN System NP , , p NN . SENT 13 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT The DT Principles NNS of IN Scientific NP Management NP , , p NN . SENT 83 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT Taylor NP , , p NN . SENT 85 CD . SENT 8 CD . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , p NN . SENT 103 CD . SENT 9 CD . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , p NN . SENT 37 CD . SENT 10 CD . SENT Taylor NP , , p NN . SENT 1 CD 26 CD . SENT 11 CD . SENT Taylor NP , , p NN . SENT 59 CD . SENT 12 CD . SENT Psychology NN and CC Industrial JJ Efficiency NN . SENT 13 CD . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , p NN . SENT 23 CD . SENT 14 CD . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , p NN . SENT 66 CD . SENT 15 CD . SENT Op NN . SENT cit NNS . SENT , , p NN . SENT 85 CD . SENT 16 CD . SENT This DT rationalisation NN of IN life NN for IN distinctively RB economic JJ purposes NNS , , alike RB on IN its PP$ productive JJ and CC expenditure NN side NN , , has VHZ been VBN carried VVN further RBR by IN the DT Jews NPS than IN by IN any DT other JJ people NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , their PP$ religion NN , , politics NNS , , eugenics NNS and CC education NN have VHP been VBN directed VVN more RBR exclusively RB and CC more RBR rationalistically RB towards IN the DT business NN arts NNS in IN which WDT they PP excel VVP , , those DT of IN the DT financier NN , , undertaker NN , , trader NN , , than IN in IN the DT case NN of IN other JJ peoples NNS . SENT See NP Sombart NP , , The DT Jews NPS and CC Modern NP Capitalism NN , , Chs NP . SENT IX NP and CC X NP . SENT CHAPTER NN XV NP . SENT THE DT DISTRIBUTION NN OF IN WEALTH NN 1 CD . SENT Leisure NN , , regarded VVN as IN an DT economic JJ good NN , , comes VVZ under IN the DT general JJ law NN of IN distribution NN of IN wealth NN . SENT But CC the DT notorious JJ defects NNS of IN its PP$ distribution NN , , and CC their PP$ human JJ consequences NNS , , are VBP such JJ as RB to TO claim VV for IN it PP a DT separate JJ place NN in IN our PP$ enquiry NN . SENT Modern JJ industrialism NN by IN its PP$ large JJ unearned JJ surplus NN has VHZ greatly RB increased VVN the DT size NN of IN the DT leisure NN classes NNS . SENT For IN wherever WRB such JJ surplus NN goes VVZ , , there EX is VBZ the DT possibility NN and CC probability NN of IN a DT life NN of IN leisure NN . SENT In IN our PP$ study NN of IN Consumption NN we PP traced VVD the DT part NN played VVN by IN conspicuous JJ leisure NN as IN an DT element NN of IN pride NN and CC power NN in IN the DT economy NN of IN the DT rich JJ . SENT In IN Great NP Britain NP the DT size NN of IN this DT leisure NN class NN is VBZ by IN no DT means NNS measured VVN by IN the DT number NN of IN those DT who WP stand VVP in IN the DT census NN as IN unoccupied JJ . SENT In IN the DT top JJ stratum NN of IN the DT business NN world NN we PP find VVP considerable JJ numbers NNS of IN the DT directing NN and CC managerial JJ class NN who WP are VBP seldom RB or CC ever RB busy JJ . SENT Their PP$ office NN hours NNS are VBP short JJ and CC irregular JJ , , their PP$ week NN ends VVZ extend VV from IN Friday NP to TO Tuesday NP , , their PP$ holidays NNS are VBP long JJ and CC frequent JJ . SENT Most JJS of IN their PP$ leisure NN is VBZ accompanied VVN by IN profuse JJ consumption NN , , involving VVG thus RB from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN society NN a DT double JJ waste NN , , a DT waste NN of IN time NN and CC of IN substance NN . SENT Where WRB does VVZ all PDT this DT leisure NN come VVN from IN . SENT The DT answer NN to TO this DT question NN seems VVZ tolerably RB simple JJ . SENT It PP has VHZ often RB been VBN observed VVN that IN labour NN saving VVG machinery NN and CC other JJ devices NNS for IN abridging VVG human JJ toil VVP have VH done VVN very RB little JJ to TO lighten VV or CC shorten VV the DT work NN day NN for IN the DT workers NNS . SENT What WP then RB has VHZ become VVN of IN the DT labour NN that WDT is VBZ saved VVN . SENT Most JJS of IN it PP has VHZ gone VVN to TO enlarge VV the DT leisure NN of IN the DT leisured JJ class NN , , or CC perhaps RB we PP should MD say VV , , of IN the DT leisured JJ classes NNS . SENT For IN we PP saw VVD that IN there EX existed VVD a DT lower JJR as IN well RB as IN an DT upper JJ leisure NN class NN , , a DT necessary JJ product NN of IN the DT same JJ mal JJ distribution NN of IN resources NNS as RB sustains VVZ the DT latter NN . SENT For IN an DT industrial JJ system NN that WDT grinds VVZ out RP unproductive JJ surplus NN breaks VVZ down RP the DT physical JJ and CC moral JJ efficiency NN of IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN actual JJ or CC potential JJ workers NNS as IN a DT by IN product NN of IN the DT overdriving VVG and CC underfeeding VVG process NN . SENT The DT reckless JJ breeding NN of IN the DT class NN thus RB broken VVN down RB furnishes VVZ a DT horde NN of IN weaklings NNS , , shirkers NNS and CC nomads NNS , , unassimilated JJ , , unassimilable JJ by IN the DT industrial JJ system NN . SENT These DT beings NNS , , kept VVD alive JJ by IN charity NN and CC poor JJ laws NNS , , have VHP grown VVN with IN modern JJ industrialism NN and CC constitute VV the DT class NN known VVN as IN unemployables NP . SENT They PP are VBP often RB described VVN as IN a DT standing JJ menace NN to TO civilisation NN , , and CC are VBP in IN fact NN the DT most RBS pitiable JJ product NN of IN the DT mal JJ distribution NN of IN wealth NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT But CC the DT irregularities NNS of IN modern JJ production NN and CC consumption NN are VBP also RB responsible JJ for IN a DT vast JJ amount NN of IN involuntary JJ and CC injurious JJ leisure NN among IN the DT genuine JJ working NN classes NNS . SENT That DT leisure NN is VBZ commonly RB termed VVN unemployment NN . SENT it PP is VBZ not RB true JJ leisure NN , , in IN the DT sense NN of IN time NN for IN recreation NN or CC enjoyment NN , , though IN it PP might MD become VV so RB . SENT For IN the DT most JJS part NN it PP is VBZ at IN present JJ wasteful JJ and CC demoralising VVG idleness NN . SENT A DT certain JJ amount NN of IN unemployment NN is VBZ of IN course NN unavoidable JJ in IN any DT organisation NN of IN industry NN . SENT There EX will MD be VB some DT leakage NN of IN time NN between IN jobs NNS and CC unpredictable JJ irregularities NNS of IN weather NN and CC climate NN will MD involve VV some DT idleness NN . SENT Expansions NNS and CC contractions NNS of IN special JJ trades NNS , , changes NNS in IN methods NNS of IN production NN and CC of IN consumption NN , , the DT necessary JJ elasticity NN of IN economic JJ life NN , , will MD continue VV to TO account VV for IN the DT temporary JJ displacement NN of IN groups NNS of IN workers NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , no DT social JJ wastage NN in IN this DT process NN , , if IN it PP is VBZ properly RB safeguarded VVN . SENT But CC hitherto RB it PP has VHZ been VBN a DT great JJ source NN of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ waste NN . SENT Society NP is VBZ only RB beginning VVG to TO realise VV the DT duty NN , , or CC indeed RB the DT possibility NN , , of IN taking VVG active JJ steps NNS to TO reduce VV the DT quantity NN of IN this DT unemployment NN and CC to TO utilise VV what WP is VBZ unavoidable JJ for IN the DT benefit NN of IN the DT unemployed JJ and CC of IN society NN . SENT The DT cultivation NN of IN these DT spare JJ plots NNS of IN time NN in IN the DT normal JJ life NN of IN the DT workers NNS may MD become VV a DT highly RB serviceable JJ art NN . SENT If IN all DT unemployment NN could MD be VB spread VVN evenly RB over IN the DT working VVG year NN , , taken VVN out RP in IN a DT shortening NN of IN the DT ordinary JJ working VVG day NN and CC in IN the DT provision NN of IN periodic JJ and CC sufficient JJ holidays NNS , , an DT immense JJ addition NN would MD be VB made VVN to TO the DT sum NN of IN industrial JJ welfare NN . SENT Thus RB , , without IN any DT reduction NN in IN the DT aggregate NN of IN labour NN time NN , , a DT sensible JJ reduction NN in IN the DT human JJ cost NN of IN labour NN might MD be VB achieved VVN , , if IN law NN , , custom NN , , or CC organised VVD labour NN policy NN made VVD it PP impossible JJ for IN employers NNS to TO vary VV violently RB or CC suddenly RB the DT volume NN of IN employment NN and CC to TO sandwich NN periods NNS of IN over IN time NN with IN periods NNS of IN short JJ time NN . SENT These DT baneful JJ irregularities NNS of IN employment NN appear VVP inevitable JJ so RB long RB as IN they PP remain VVP permissible JJ , , as RB do VVP sweating VVG wages NNS and CC other JJ bad JJ conditions NNS of IN labour NN . SENT When WRB they PP are VBP no RB longer RBR permissible JJ , , the DT organised VVN intelligence NN of IN the DT trade NN will MD adjust VV itself PP to TO the DT new JJ conditions NNS , , generally RB with IN little JJ or CC no DT loss NN , , often RB with IN positive JJ gain NN . SENT If IN there EX are VBP trades NNS upon IN which WDT season NN , , fashion NN , , or CC other JJ uncontrollable JJ factors NNS impose VV great JJ irregularity NN of IN employment NN , , a DT sound JJ social JJ policy NN will MD have VH close JJ regard NN to TO the DT nature NN of IN this DT irregularity NN . SENT Where WRB an DT essentially RB irregular JJ trade NN is VBZ engaged VVN in IN supplying VVG some DT necessary JJ or CC convenience NN of IN life NN , , as RB , , for IN instance NN , , in IN gas NN works NNS and CC certain JJ branches NNS of IN transport NN , , alternative JJ trades NNS may MD be VB found VV whose WP$ fluctuations NNS tend VVP to TO vary VV inversely RB with IN those DT of IN the DT former JJ trades NNS , , and CC which WDT can MD furnish VV work NN suitable JJ in IN kind NN and CC place NN to TO those DT who WP are VBP out RP . SENT Statistics NNS of IN employment NN show NN that IN the DT aggregate NN of IN employment NN during IN any DT given VVN year NN does VVZ not RB vary VV much RB . SENT It PP would MD vary VV less RBR , , if IN every DT man NN engaged VVN in IN an DT essentially RB irregular JJ trade NN had VHD an DT alternative NN , , in IN which WDT he PP was VBD qualified VVN to TO earn VV a DT living NN when WRB employment NN in IN the DT other JJ trade NN was VBD short JJ . SENT For IN there EX is VBZ little JJ truth NN in IN the DT contention NN that IN specialisation NN for IN most JJS manual JJ trades NNS is VBZ carried VVN so RB far RB that IN an DT alternative NN or CC subsidiary NN employment NN spoils VVZ a DT worker NN for IN efficiency NN in IN his PP$ prime JJ trade NN . SENT If IN there EX are VBP any DT necessary JJ trades NNS for IN whose WP$ unavoidable JJ unemployment NN no DT such JJ effective JJ provision NN can MD be VB made VVN , , society NN must MD either RB saddle VV the DT trade NN with IN the DT obligation NN of IN keeping VVG the DT reserve NN of IN labour NN while IN it PP stands VVZ in IN waiting VVG , , or CC it PP must MD itself PP undertake VV the DT administration NN of IN the DT trade NN as IN one CD which WDT cannot NN safely RB be VB left VVN in IN private JJ hands NNS . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN fashion NN or CC luxury NN trades NNS , , which WDT furnish VV many JJ instances NNS of IN greatest JJS irregularity NN , , legal JJ prohibition NN of IN over IN time NN will MD often RB operate VV most RBS beneficially RB . SENT Where WRB much JJ unemployment NN still RB remains VVZ , , a DT high JJ contribution NN to TO an DT unemployed JJ insurance NN fund NN would MD stimulate VV advantageous JJ readjustments NNS . SENT Finally RB , , if IN there EX are VBP trades NNS incapable JJ of IN bearing VVG the DT true JJ costs NNS of IN maintenance NN of IN the DT labour NN they PP employ VVP , , it PP would MD still RB be VB right JJ to TO place VV on IN them PP the DT obligation NN to TO do VV so RB , , for IN their PP$ destruction NN will MD be VB a DT gain NN not RB a DT loss NN to TO a DT society NN that WDT understands VVZ its PP$ human JJ interests NNS . SENT But CC the DT main JJ problem NN of IN leisure NN would MD still RB remain VV unsolved JJ . SENT For IN the DT normal JJ burden NN of IN industrial JJ toil VVP , , imposed VVN by IN our PP$ present JJ economic JJ system NN upon IN most JJS workers NNS , , is VBZ excessive JJ . SENT That DT excess NN consists VVZ primarily RB in IN duration NN of IN the DT work NN day NN , , though RB aggravated VVN in IN many JJ cases NNS by IN intensity NN or CC pace NN of IN working VVG . SENT great JJ numbers NNS of IN workers NNS , , especially RB among IN women NNS , , are VBP employed VVN in IN occupations NNS where WRB neither DT law NN , , custom NN , , nor CC trade NN organisation NN , , imposes VVZ any DT limits NNS . SENT No DT factory NN day NN affects VVZ the DT employees NNS in IN shops NNS or CC offices NNS or CC most JJS warehouses NNS , , or CC in IN most JJS transport NN trades NNS , , or CC in IN domestic JJ service NN departments NNS of IN employment NN which WDT absorb VVP a DT rapidly RB increasing VVG number NN and CC proportion NN of IN the DT employed VVN population NN . SENT There EX are VBP vast JJ numbers NNS of IN domestic JJ workshops NNS and CC home NN trades NNS in IN which WDT men NNS and CC women NNS are VBP employed VVN , , where WRB all DT hours NNS are VBP worked VVN . SENT No DT legal JJ restrictions NNS of IN hours NNS are VBP set VVN upon IN adult JJ male JJ labour NN in IN manufacturing NN and CC other JJ industrial JJ work NN in IN most JJS of IN the DT metal NN and CC other JJ trades NNS which WDT are VBP exclusively RB or CC predominantly RB men's JJ employments NNS , , though RB in IN trades NNS where WRB women NNS also RB are VBP employed VVN restrictions NNS are VBP often RB imposed VVN which WDT in IN fact NN extend VV to TO men NNS the DT factory NN day NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ a DT generally RB recognised VVN feeling NN that IN the DT length NN of IN the DT factory NN day NN is VBZ gravely RB excessive JJ , , that IN 10 CD 1 CD 2 CD , , or CC even RB 9 CD hours NNS per IN diem NN , , under IN modern JJ conditions NNS of IN speeded VVD up RP machinery NN and CC nervous JJ tension NN , , involve VVP too RB heavy JJ a DT human JJ cost NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT growing VVG volume NN of IN feeling NN that WDT has VHZ crystallised VVN in IN the DT demand NN for IN an DT eight CD hours NNS day NN . SENT This DT is VBZ no DT immoderate JJ demand NN . SENT A DT regular JJ contribution NN of IN eight CD hours NNS working VVG energy NN of IN hand NN , , or CC brain NN , , or CC nerves NNS , , to TO some DT narrow JJ routine JJ process NN , , is VBZ as RB much RB as RB , , or CC more RBR than IN , , the DT ordinary JJ man NN or CC woman NN can MD afford VV , , in IN the DT wholesome JJ interest NN of IN his PP$ personality NN , , to TO give VV up RP to TO society NN . SENT For IN we PP have VHP recognised VVN quite RB clearly RB that IN a DT specialisation NN of IN function NN , , a DT division NN of IN labour NN , , growing VVG ever RB finer JJR , , is VBZ required VVN of IN the DT individual NN in IN the DT interests NNS of IN society NN . SENT He PP must MD make VV this DT apparent JJ sacrifice NN of IN his PP$ private JJ tastes NNS , , feelings NNS and CC interests NNS , , for IN the DT good JJ of IN the DT society NN of IN which WDT he PP is VBZ a DT member NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB , , as IN we PP perceive VVP , , a DT real JJ sacrifice NN , , unless IN the DT demand NN made VVD upon IN him PP is VBZ excessive JJ , , for IN the DT good JJ of IN the DT society NN he PP serves VVZ is VBZ his PP$ good JJ , , and CC what WP he PP gives VVZ out RB comes VVZ back RB to TO him PP in IN participation NN of IN the DT common JJ life NN . SENT But CC , , when WRB the DT task NN imposed VVN is VBZ too RB long JJ or CC too RB hard RB , , the DT sacrifice NN becomes VVZ an DT injury NN , , the DT encroachment NN upon IN the DT human JJ life NN of IN the DT worker NN inflicts VVZ grave JJ damage NN , , which WDT damage NN again RB reacts VVZ upon IN society NN . SENT The DT stress NN of IN the DT Labour NN Movement NN upon IN the DT urgency NN of IN shortening VVG the DT work NN day NN to TO day NN is VBZ extremely RB significant JJ . SENT It PP testifies VVZ to TO two CD advances NNS in IN the DT actual JJ condition NN of IN the DT labouring VVG classes NNS . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , it PP indicates VVZ that IN some DT substantial JJ progress NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN towards IN a DT higher JJR level NN of IN material NN standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT For IN workers NNS on IN the DT lower JJR levels NNS of IN poverty NN dare VVP not RB ask VV for IN reduced JJ hours NNS of IN labour NN , , involving VVG , , as RB may MD well RB occur VV , , a DT reduction NN of IN pay NN . SENT Workers NNS struggling VVG for IN a DT bare JJ physical JJ subsistence NN cannot NN afford VV to TO purchase VV leisure NN . SENT Of IN course NN I PP know VVP that IN even RB the DT better RBR to TO do VV workers NNS who WP voice VVP a DT demand NN for IN an DT eight CD hours NNS day NN are VBP not RB ready JJ to TO proclaim VV their PP$ willingness NN to TO pay VV for IN it PP in IN diminished JJ wages NNS . SENT Nor CC need VV they PP in IN all DT cases NNS . SENT Where WRB the DT shorter JJR day NN is VBZ attended VVN by IN improved JJ efficiency NN or CC increased JJ intensity NN of IN labour NN , , or CC merely RB by IN better JJR organisation NN of IN the DT business NN , , there EX may MD be VB nothing NN to TO pay VV . SENT More JJR leisure NN has VHZ been VBN squeezed VVN out RP of IN the DT working VVG day NN . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ cases NNS where WRB this DT can MD be VB done VVN , , for IN the DT working VVG day NN in IN many JJ instances NNS is VBZ wastefully RB prolonged JJ . SENT But CC , , though RB in IN certain JJ trades NNS a DT ten CD hours NNS day NN may MD be VB reduced VVN to TO nine CD , , or CC even RB eight CD , , without IN any DT reduction NN of IN output NN , , this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN in IN other JJ trades NNS , , nor CC even RB in IN the DT former JJ trades NNS could MD the DT process NN be VB carried VVN far RB without IN a DT loss NN of IN output NN . SENT In IN a DT great JJ many JJ employments NNS a DT short JJ working NN day NN will MD involve VV a DT larger JJR economic JJ cost NN of IN labour NN , , and CC where WRB , , as IN is VBZ usual JJ in IN competitive JJ trade NN , , this DT larger JJR cost NN cannot NN be VB made VVN good JJ out RB of IN profits NNS , , labour NN will MD have VH to TO buy VV this DT leisure NN , , in IN part NN at IN any DT rate NN , , by IN reduced VVN wages NNS . SENT For IN even RB if IN he PP can MD get VV it PP shifted VVN on RP to TO the DT consumer NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN higher JJR prices NNS , , as IN consumer NN he PP will MD in IN his PP$ turn NN have VHP to TO bear VV a DT part NN of IN it PP . SENT Where WRB the DT demand NN for IN shorter JJR hours NNS is VBZ genuine JJ , , and CC is VBZ not RB a DT mere JJ cover NN for IN extended VVN over IN time NN , , to TO be VB paid VVN for IN at IN a DT higher JJR rate NN , , it PP must MD be VB taken VVN as RB indicative JJ of IN the DT workers NNS , , willingness NN to TO take VV part NN of IN his PP$ share NN of IN industrial JJ progress NN in IN leisure NN instead RB of IN wages NNS . SENT 4 LS . SENT But CC leisure NN , , as IN an DT economic JJ asset NN , , is VBZ not RB a DT mere JJ question NN of IN hours NNS . SENT A DT shorter JJR work NN day NN might MD be VB dearly RB bought VVN at IN the DT cost NN of IN an DT intensification NN of IN labour NN which WDT left VVD body NN and CC mind NN exhausted VVN at IN the DT end NN of IN each DT day NN . SENT The DT opposition NN of IN workers NNS to TO a DT policy NN of IN speeding VVG up RP , , or CC the DT use NN of IN pace NN setters NNS , , is VBZ usually RB a DT sane JJ act NN of IN self NN defence NN , , and CC not RB the DT fractious JJ obstruction NN to TO industrial JJ progress NN it PP is VBZ sometimes RB represented VVN . SENT No DT considerations NNS of IN human JJ endurance NN limit VV the DT pace NN at IN which WDT machinery NN driven VVN by IN mechanical JJ power NN may MD be VB worked VVN . SENT Unless IN , , therefore RB , , restraints NNS are VBP put VVN by IN law NN , , custom NN or CC bargaining NN , , upon IN the DT speed NN of IN machines NNS , , or CC the DT number NN which WDT a DT worker NN is VBZ called VVN upon RP to TO serve VV , , competition NN may MD impose VV a DT work NN day NN which WDT , , though IN not RB unduly RB long JJ in IN hours NNS , , habitually RB exhausts VVZ the DT ordinary JJ worker NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB always RB realised VVN how WRB great JJ a DT change NN took VVD place VV when WRB the DT weaver NN , , the DT shoemaker NN , , the DT smith NN , , passed VVN from IN the DT workshops NNS , , where WRB the DT pace NN and CC other JJ conditions NNS of IN work NN were VBD mostly RB regulated VVN by IN their PP$ voluntary JJ action NN , , to TO the DT steam NN driven VVN factory NN . SENT The DT shoemaker NN and CC the DT tailor NN under IN the DT old JJ conditions NNS had VHD time NN , , energy NN and CC liberty NN for IN thought NN while IN carrying VVG on IN their PP$ work NN . SENT they PP could MD slacken VV , , break VV off RP or CC speed VV up RP , , their PP$ work NN , , according VVG to TO their PP$ inclination NN . SENT The DT clicker NN or CC heeler NN in IN a DT shoe NN factory NN , , the DT cutter NN out RP in IN a DT clothing NN factory NN , , have VHP no DT such JJ measure NN of IN freedom NN . SENT This DT is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , a DT normal JJ effect NN of IN modern JJ industrialism NN . SENT Closer RBR and CC more RBR continuous JJ attention NN is VBZ demanded VVN during IN the DT working VVG hours NNS . SENT Thus RB the DT real JJ question NN of IN leisure NN is VBZ a DT question NN of IN spare JJ human JJ energy NN rather RB than IN of IN spare JJ hours NNS . SENT The DT shorter JJR working NN day NN is VBZ chiefly RB needed VVN as IN a DT condition NN favourable JJ to TO spare JJ energy NN . SENT Though IN therefore RB , , an DT eight CD hours NNS day NN may MD not RB unreasonably RB be VB taken VVN as IN a DT proximate JJ reform NN , , for IN labour NN in IN general JJ , , there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN why WRB the DT work NN day NN in IN all DT occupations NNS should MD be VB cut VVN to TO this DT or CC any DT other JJ exact JJ measure NN . SENT Such JJ arithmetical JJ equality NN would MD evidently RB work VV out IN most JJS inequitably RB , , as RB between IN trade NN and CC trade NN , , or CC process NN and CC process NN in IN the DT same JJ trade NN . SENT In IN many JJ large JJ departments NNS of IN industry NN , , the DT transport NN and CC distributive JJ trades NNS in IN particular JJ , , numerous JJ interstices NNS of IN leisure NN are VBP inserted VVN in IN a DT day's JJ work NN , , easing VVG the DT burden NN of IN the DT day NN , , and CC sometimes RB affording VVG opportunity NN for IN recreation NN and CC intercourse NN . SENT In IN the DT more JJR arduous JJ processes NNS of IN manufacture NN , , mining NN , , or CC in IN clerical JJ and CC other JJ routine JJ brain NN work NN , , there EX is VBZ little JJ or CC no DT scope NN for IN such JJ relaxation NN . SENT But CC while IN such JJ considerations NNS evidently RB affect VVP the DT detailed JJ policy NN of IN the DT shorter JJR day NN in IN its PP$ pressure NN on IN the DT several JJ occupations NNS , , they PP do VVP not RB affect VV the DT general JJ policy NN . SENT There EX can MD be VB no DT doubt NN that IN an DT excessive JJ and CC injurious JJ amount NN of IN specialised VVN labour NN is VBZ exacted VVN from IN the DT workers NNS by IN the DT ordinary JJ industrial JJ conditions NNS of IN to TO day NN in IN nearly RB all DT industrial JJ processes NNS . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT first JJ plea NN for IN a DT shorter JJR day NN is VBZ one CD which WDT our PP$ analysis NN has VHZ made VVN self NN evident JJ . SENT It PP will MD greatly RB reduce VV the DT human JJ cost NN of IN production NN in IN most JJS processes NNS . SENT For IN , , as IN we PP recognise VV , , the DT strain NN of IN muscular JJ and CC nervous JJ fatigue NN , , both CC conscious JJ and CC unconscious JJ , , gathers VVZ force NN and CC grows VVZ with IN great JJ rapidity NN during IN the DT later JJR hours NNS of IN the DT workday NN , , Though IN the DT curve NN representing VVG the DT variations NNS of IN the DT human JJ cost NN will NN of IN course NN differ VVP in IN every DT sort NN of IN work NN and CC for IN different JJ workers NNS , , their PP$ age NN , , sex NN , , strength NN , , health NN and CC other JJ personal JJ conditions NNS affecting VVG it PP , , the DT last JJ hours NNS of IN each DT shift NN will MD contain VV a DT disproportionate JJ amount NN of IN fatigue NN , , pain NN and CC other JJ costs NNS , , while IN the DT quality NN and CC quantity NN of IN the DT work NN done VVN in IN these DT last JJ hours NNS will MD be VB inferior JJ . SENT If IN out RB of IN any DT stock NN of IN material NN goods NNS , , we PP were VBD able JJ to TO separate VV the DT product NN of IN the DT last JJ hour's NNS work VVP from IN that DT of IN the DT earlier JJR hours NNS in IN the DT work NN day NN , , and CC could MD subject VV it PP to TO the DT analysis NN of IN human JJ cost NN and CC utility NN , , which WDT we PP have VHP endeavoured VVN to TO apply VV to TO the DT general JJ income NN , , what WP should MD we PP find VV . SENT This DT last JJ increment NN of IN the DT product NN would MD contain VV a DT heavier JJR burden NN of IN human JJ cost NN of IN production NN than IN any DT of IN the DT earlier JJR increments NNS . SENT Again RB , , turning VVG to TO the DT consumption NN side NN , , what WP should MD we PP find VV . SENT This DT last JJ increment NN must MD be VB considered VVN as IN furnishing VVG the DT smallest JJS amount NN of IN human JJ utility NN in IN its PP$ consumption NN . SENT Indeed RB , , if IN we PP are VBP right RB in IN holding NN that IN a DT considerable JJ fraction NN of IN each DT supply NN , , even RB of IN what WP are VBP commonly RB classed VVN as IN material NN necessaries NN of IN life NN , , such JJ as IN foods NNS , , clothings NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , is VBZ wastefully RB or CC even RB detrimentally RB consumed VVN by IN the DT well NN to TO do VV , , there EX is VBZ reason NN to TO hold VV that IN this DT last JJ increment NN of IN product NN , , involving VVG the DT largest JJS human JJ cost NN in IN its PP$ production NN , , contains VVZ no DT utility NN but CC some DT amount NN of IN human JJ disutility NN in IN its PP$ consumption NN . SENT If IN this DT analysis NN be VB true JJ , , the DT last JJ hour's NN work NN may MD be VB doubly RB wasteful JJ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT Of IN the DT 2 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD which WDT constitutes VVZ our PP$ income NN it PP may MD very RB likely RB be VB the DT case NN that IN 200 CD , , 000 CD , , 000 CD of IN it PP represents VVZ wealth NN , , which WDT , , from IN the DT human JJ standpoint NN , , is VBZ illth JJ , , alike RB in IN the DT mode NN of IN its PP$ production NN and CC of IN its PP$ consumption NN . SENT If IN it PP had VHD not RB been VBN produced VVN at IN all DT , , the DT nation NN might MD have VH been VBN far RB better JJR off RP , , for IN by IN abstaining VVG from IN the DT production NN of IN this DT sham JJ wealth NN , , it PP would MD have VH produced VVN a DT substantial JJ amount NN of IN leisure NN . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN course NN true JJ that IN the DT particular JJ groups NNS of IN producers NNS , , who WP by IN their PP$ last JJ hour's NNS labour NN made VVD these DT goods NNS , , may MD not RB have VH been VBN losers NNS by IN doing VVG so RB . SENT their PP$ heavy JJ toil NN may MD have VH been VBN compensated VVN by IN the DT enhanced JJ wage NN which WDT they PP could MD not RB otherwise RB have VHP got VVN , , and CC the DT loss NN of IN which WDT would MD have VH injured VVN their PP$ standard NN of IN life NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , indeed RB , , the DT operation NN of IN competition NN upon IN wages NNS that WDT actually RB forces VVZ into IN existence NN this DT sham JJ wealth NN . SENT Drawn VVN out RP of IN over IN wrought JJ workers NNS by IN the DT unequal JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT wage NN bargain NN , , it PP passes VVZ into IN wasteful JJ consumption NN by IN the DT back JJ stroke NN of IN the DT same JJ law NN of IN distribution NN , , which WDT pays VVZ it PP away RP as IN surplus NN or CC unearned JJ wealth NN . SENT It PP is VBZ only RB the DT clear JJ consideration NN of IN its PP$ production NN and CC consumption NN from IN the DT social JJ standpoint NN that WDT exhibits VVZ the DT waste NN of IN the DT last JJ hour's NN product NN . SENT But CC from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT individual JJ worker NN the DT economy NN of IN a DT shorter JJR work NN day NN has VHZ a DT double JJ significance NN . SENT We PP have VHP seen VVN that IN it PP more RBR than IN proportionately RB diminishes VVZ his PP$ personal JJ cost NN , , by IN cancelling VVG the DT last JJ and CC most RBS costly JJ portion NN of IN his PP$ work NN day NN . SENT But CC it PP also RB increases VVZ the DT human JJ utility NN which WDT he PP can MD get VV out RP of IN his PP$ wages NNS . SENT A DT day NN of IN exhausting JJ toil VVP entails VVZ the DT expenditure NN of IN a DT large JJ portion NN of IN his PP$ wage NN in IN mere JJ replacement NN of IN physical JJ wear NN and CC tear VV , , or CC incites VVZ to TO expenditure NN on IN physical JJ excesses NNS , , while IN the DT leisure NN hours NNS are VBP hours NNS of IN idleness NN and CC torpor NN . SENT A DT reduction NN of IN the DT work NN day NN will MD , , by IN the DT larger JJR leisure NN and CC spare JJ energy NN it PP secures VVZ , , reduce VV the DT expenditure NN upon IN mere JJ wear NN and CC tear VV , , and CC increase VV the DT expenditure NN upon IN the DT higher JJR and CC more JJR varied JJ strata NNS of IN the DT standard NN of IN comfort NN . SENT More JJR leisure NN will NN in IN general JJ so RB alter VV the DT mode NN of IN living VVG as RB to TO enable VV the DT worker NN to TO get VV more JJR and CC better JJR utility NN out RP of IN the DT expenditure NN of IN his PP$ wages NNS . SENT Take VV an DT extreme JJ case NN . SENT A DT man NN who WP toils VVZ all DT day NN long RB at IN some DT exhausting JJ work NN , , and CC goes VVZ home NN at IN night NN too RB tired JJ for IN anything NN but CC food NN and CC sleep NN , , so RB as RB to TO enable VV him PP to TO continue VV the DT same JJ round NN to TO morrow NN , , though IN he PP may MD earn VV good JJ wages NNS from IN this DT toil VVP , , can MD get VV little RB out RB of IN them PP . SENT If IN he PP were VBD induced VVN to TO work VV less JJR and CC leave VV himself PP some DT time NN and CC energy NN for IN relaxation NN and CC enjoyment NN , , he PP would MD get VV a DT larger JJR utility NN out RP of IN less JJR money NN income NN . SENT The DT matter NN , , however RB , , does VVZ not RB need VV labouring VVG . SENT It PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN many JJ modes NNS of IN consumption NN depend VVP in IN part NN , , for IN the DT pleasure NN and CC gain VV they PP yield VV , , upon IN the DT amount NN of IN time NN given VVN to TO the DT consuming NN processes VVZ . SENT It PP would MD be VB mere JJ foolishness NN for IN a DT tired JJ worker NN to TO spend VV money NN upon IN improving VVG books NNS which WDT he PP had VHD not RB the DT time NN and CC energy NN to TO digest VV . SENT Shorten VV his PP$ hours NNS , , leave VV him PP more JJR energy NN , , such JJ expenditure NN may MD be VB extremely RB profitable JJ . SENT Even RB the DT enjoyment NN and CC good JJ of IN his PP$ meals NNS will MD be VB increased VVN , , if IN he PP has VHZ more JJR time NN and CC energy NN for IN wholesome JJ processes NNS of IN digestion NN and CC for IN the DT exercise NN which WDT facilitates VVZ digestion NN . SENT And CC what WP is VBZ true JJ of IN his PP$ food NN will MD hold VV also RB of IN most JJS other JJ items NNS in IN his PP$ standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT No DT consumption NN is VBZ purely RB passive JJ . SENT to TO get VV the DT best JJS utility NN or CC enjoyment NN out IN of IN any DT sort NN of IN wealth NN , , time NN and CC energy NN are VBP requisite JJ . SENT The DT greater JJR part NN of IN a DT workman's NN income NN goes VVZ to TO the DT upkeep NN of IN his PP$ home NN and CC family NN . SENT Does VVZ the DT normal JJ work NN day NN in IN our PP$ strenuous JJ age NN permit VV the DT bread NN winner NN to TO get VV the DT full JJ enjoyment NN out IN of IN home NN and CC family NN . SENT He PP belongs VVZ perhaps RB to TO a DT club NN or CC a DT cooperative JJ society NN . SENT Can MD he PP make VV the DT most JJS of IN these DT opportunities NNS of IN education NN and CC of IN comradeship NN , , if IN his PP$ daily JJ toil NN leaves VVZ him PP little JJ margin NN of IN vitality NN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT growing VVG public JJ expenditure NN which WDT the DT modern JJ State NP or CC City NP lays VVZ out RP upon IN the DT amenities NNS of IN social JJ life NN , , the DT apparatus NN of IN libraries NNS , , museums NNS , , parks NNS , , music NN and CC recreation NN , , is VBZ half RB wasted VVN because IN industry NN has VHZ trenched VVN too RB much RB upon IN humanity NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT More JJR leisure NN means VVZ an DT increased JJ fund NN of IN utility NN or CC welfare NN got VVD out RP of IN the DT income NN at IN the DT disposal NN of IN each DT worker NN . SENT This DT introduces VVZ us PP to TO the DT fuller JJR economy NN of IN leisure NN regarded VVN aS IN the DT opportunity NN of IN opportunities NNS the DT condition NN of IN all DT effective JJ social JJ reconstruction NN and CC progress NN . SENT Consider VV it PP first JJ in IN relation NN to TO industrial JJ welfare NN . SENT We PP have VHP seen VVN how WRB society NN enforces VVZ its PP$ claims NNS upon IN the DT worker NN by IN division NN of IN labour NN and CC specialisation NN of IN functions NNS . SENT This DT specialisation NN is VBZ usually RB justified VVN by IN the DT variety NN of IN consumption NN which WDT it PP yields VVZ . SENT But CC will MD not RB this DT more RBR complex JJ and CC refined JJ consumption NN in IN large JJ part NN be VB wasted VVN or CC perverted VVN to TO base NN ends NNS , , if IN the DT producer NN becomes VVZ ever RB narrower JJR in IN his PP$ productive JJ function NN . SENT The DT Organic NP Law NP presses NNS here RB insistently RB . SENT It PP would MD be VB going VVG too RB far RB , , doubtless RB , , to TO assert VV that IN he PP who WP can MD produce VV one CD thing NN can MD only RB consume VV one CD thing NN . SENT But CC everyone NN familiar JJ with IN the DT finer JJR arts NNS of IN Consumption NN will MD admit VV that IN a DT consumer NN who WP is VBZ utterly RB unskilled JJ in IN the DT production NN of IN these DT goods NNS cannot NN extract NN from IN their PP$ consumption NN the DT full JJ enjoyment NN or CC utility NN which WDT they PP contain VVP . SENT A DT true JJ connoisseur NN of IN pictures NNS must MD , , in IN training NN and CC in IN study NN , , be VB a DT good JJ deal NN of IN an DT artist NN . SENT the DT exquisite JJ gourmet NN must MD be VB something NN of IN a DT cook NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , our PP$ industrial JJ civilisation NN offers VVZ a DT dangerous JJ paradox NN , , if IN it PP merely RB presents VVZ man NN exposed VVN to TO two CD opposed VVN forces NNS , , tending VVG on IN the DT one CD hand NN to TO greater JJR narrowness NN of IN production NN , , on IN the DT other JJ , , to TO greater JJR width NN and CC complexity NN of IN consumption NN . SENT To TO solve VV this DT paradox NN is VBZ the DT first JJ service NN of IN the DT large JJ new JJ fund NN of IN leisure NN which WDT , , for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN history NN , , the DT new JJ economies NNS of IN industry NN render VV available JJ not RB for IN a DT little JJ class NN but CC for IN whole JJ peoples NNS . SENT The DT first JJ use NN of IN leisure NN , , then RB , , is VBZ that IN it PP supplies VVZ a DT counterpoise NN to TO specialisation NN by IN the DT opportunity NN it PP gives VVZ for IN the DT exercise NN of IN the DT neglected JJ faculties NNS , , the DT cultivation NN of IN neglected JJ tastes NNS . SENT As IN the DT specialisation NN grows VVZ closer RBR , , this DT urgency NN increases NNS . SENT More JJR leisure NN is VBZ required VVN for IN the DT routine JJ worker NN to TO keep VV him PP human JJ . SENT In IN the DT first JJ place NN , , it PP must MD afford VV him PP relaxation NN or CC recreation NN by IN occupations NNS in IN which WDT the DT spontaneity NN , , the DT liberty NN , , the DT elements NNS of IN novelty NN , , increasingly RB precluded VVN from IN his PP$ work NN day NN , , shall MD find VV expression NN . SENT It PP must MD liberate VV him PP from IN automatism NN , , and CC afford VV him PP opportunity NN for IN the DT creative JJ and CC interesting JJ work NN required VVN to TO preserve VV in IN him PP humanity NN . SENT An DT eight CD hours NNS day NN would MD mean VV that IN thousands NNS of IN men NNS , , who WP at IN present JJ leave VVP the DT factory NN or CC furnace NN , , the DT office NN or CC the DT shop NN , , in IN a DT state NN of IN physical JJ and CC mental JJ lassitude NN , , would MD take VV a DT turn NN at IN gardening NN , , or CC home NN carpentry NN , , would MD read VV some DT serious JJ and CC stimulating JJ book NN , , or CC take VV part NN in IN some DT invigorating VVG game NN . SENT Thus RB each DT man NN would MD not RB merely RB get VV more RBR out RB of IN each DT item NN of IN his PP$ economic JJ consumption NN , , but CC he PP would MD add VV to TO the DT net JJ sum NN of IN his PP$ humanity NN , , and CC incidentally RB of IN his PP$ economic JJ utility NN , , by IN cultivating VVG those DT neglected VVN faculties NNS of IN production NN which WDT yield VV him PP a DT positive JJ fund NN of IN interest NN and CC human JJ benefit NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT So RB far RB I PP have VHP set VVN forth RB the DT economy NN of IN leisure NN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN physical JJ and CC moral JJ health NN . SENT the DT order NN and CC harmony NN of IN human JJ powers NNS . SENT This DT , , however RB , , is VBZ in IN the DT main JJ a DT statical JJ economy NN . SENT Now RB , , Order NP is VBZ chiefly RB valuable JJ as IN the DT means NN of IN Progress NP , , Health NP as IN the DT means NN of IN Growth NN . SENT The DT dynamic JJ economy NN of IN Progress NP demands NNS leisure NN even RB more RBR insistently RB . SENT Everyone NN will MD formally RB admit VV that IN Education NP is VBZ impossible JJ without IN leisure NN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB pointed VVN out RP that IN the DT Greek JJ word NN which WDT has VHZ been VBN converted VVN into IN our PP$ word NN School NP means VVZ Leisure NN . SENT One PP might MD , , therefore RB , , suppose VVP that IN the DT utmost JJ care NN would MD be VB taken VVN to TO get VV the DT fullest JJS use NN out RB of IN the DT leisure NN which WDT child NN life NN affords VVZ , , and CC to TO ensure VV that IN throughout IN life NN there EX should MD remain VV a DT sufficient JJ supply NN of IN this DT raw JJ material NN of IN progress NN the DT surplus NN energy NN beyond IN the DT bare JJ needs NNS of IN existence NN needed VVN for IN organic JJ growth NN . SENT The DT prodigal JJ waste NN of IN this DT sacred JJ store NN of IN leisure NN for IN child NN life NN in IN the DT processes NNS of IN our PP$ Elementary JJ Education NN is VBZ only RB too RB familiar JJ to TO all DT of IN us PP . SENT Mr NP . SENT Stephen NP Reynolds NP 1 CD hardly RB overstates VVZ the DT case NN when WRB he PP says VVZ , , it PP gives VVZ to TO the DT children NNS about IN three CD years NNS , , worth JJ of IN second JJ rate NN education NN in IN exchange NN for IN eight CD or CC nine CD years NNS of IN their PP$ life NN . SENT 2 LS I PP believe VV that IN the DT trained JJ educationalist NN of IN the DT next JJ generation NN , , examining VVG the DT expensive JJ education NN given VVN even RB in IN the DT best RBS equipped VVN of IN our PP$ secondary JJ schools NNS and CC our PP$ universities NNS , , in IN the DT light NN of IN a DT more RBR rational JJ conception NN of IN human JJ progress NN , , will MD find VV at IN least JJS as RB large JJ a DT waste NN of IN opportunity NN in IN these DT seats NNS of IN learning VVG as RB in IN our PP$ elementary JJ schools NNS . SENT Not RB until IN educational JJ standards NNS and CC methods NNS are VBP better RBR adjusted VVN to TO true JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT vital JJ progress NN of IN individuals NNS and CC of IN societies NNS , , will MD the DT chief JJ significance NN of IN leisure NN be VB realised VVN . SENT 8 CD . SENT But CC the DT value NN of IN leisure NN is VBZ by IN no DT means NNS exhausted VVN by IN these DT considerations NNS . SENT The DT finest JJS fruits NNS of IN human JJ life NN come VVN not RB by IN observation NN . SENT To TO lay VV out RP all PDT our PP$ spare JJ time NN and CC energy NN to TO the DT very RB best JJS advantage NN by IN a DT scrupulous JJ seizure NN of IN opportunities NNS is VBZ in IN reality NN a DT false JJ economy NN . SENT Industrialism NN has VHZ undoubtedly RB done VVN much RB both CC to TO discipline NN and CC to TO educate VV the DT powers NNS of IN man NN . SENT But CC it PP has VHZ preached VVN too RB arrogantly RB the DT gospel NN of IN economy NN and CC industry NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB good JJ for IN any DT man NN to TO account VV for IN his PP$ time NN either RB to TO himself PP or CC to TO another DT , , with IN too RB great JJ exactitude NN , , or CC to TO seek VV to TO make VV a DT mosaic NN of IN his PP$ days NNS . SENT The DT Smilesian NP philosophy NN of IN thrift NN and CC industry NN imparts VVZ more JJR calculation NN into IN life NN than IN is VBZ good JJ for IN man NN . SENT We PP should MD not RB be VB so RB terribly RB afraid JJ of IN idleness NN . SENT Dr NP . SENT Watts NP held VVD that DT Satan NN finds VVZ some DT mischief NN still RB for IN idle JJ hands NNS to TO do VV . SENT But CC far RB saner JJR is VBZ Wordsworth's NP view NN , , that WDT we PP can MD feed VV this DT mind NN of IN ours PP in IN a DT wise JJ passiveness NN , , and CC Thoreau's NP demand NN for IN a DT broad JJ margin NN of IN life NN . SENT We PP are VBP not RB yet RB sufficiently RB advanced JJ in IN psychology NN to TO know VV much RB of IN the DT processes NNS within IN the DT mind NN by IN which WDT novel NN thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS seem VVP to TO enter VV of IN their PP$ own JJ accord NN , , starting VVG new JJ impulses NNS to TO action NN , , or CC by IN which WDT the DT unchecked JJ imagination NN works VVZ along IN some DT rapid JJ line NN of IN intuition NN . SENT But CC that IN such JJ seasons NNS of IN vacancy NN and CC reverie NN are VBP essential JJ to TO many JJ of IN the DT finest JJS processes NNS of IN the DT intellect NN and CC heart NN , , is VBZ indisputable JJ . SENT To TO deny VV this DT to TO any DT man NN is VBZ to TO deprive VV him PP of IN a DT part NN of IN his PP$ rightful JJ heritage NN of IN human JJ opportunity NN . SENT The DT inventor NN , , the DT poet NN , , the DT artist NN , , are VBP readily RB allowed VVN such JJ free JJ disposal NN of IN time NN . SENT Everyone NN allows VVZ that DT genius NN must MD have VH ample JJ periods NNS of IN incubation NN . SENT But CC the DT implication NN that IN common JJ men NNS ought MD to TO have VH their PP$ faces NNS kept VVD to TO the DT grindstone NN is VBZ quite RB false JJ . SENT Everybody NN wants VVZ leisure NN for IN his PP$ soul NN to TO move VV about RB in IN and CC to TO grow VV , , not RB by IN some DT closely RB prescribed VVN plan NN of IN education NN , , but CC by IN free JJ experimentation NN of IN its PP$ secret JJ powers NNS . SENT A DT very RB slender JJ harvest NN of IN happy JJ thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS will MD justify VV much JJ apparent JJ idleness NN . SENT In IN the DT narrower JJR investigation NN of IN methods NNS of IN industry NN which WDT we PP essayed VVD , , we PP realised VVD the DT critical JJ part NN played VVN by IN leisure NN in IN the DT art NN of IN invention NN . SENT The DT lack NN of IN leisure NN for IN the DT great JJ majority NN of IN workers NNS is VBZ assuredly RB a DT waste NN of IN inventive JJ power NN . SENT We PP think VVP our PP$ society NN prolific JJ in IN inventions NNS , , especially RB in IN the DT age NN we PP are VBP living VVG in IN , , but CC it PP is VBZ likely JJ that IN the DT pace NN of IN progress NN through IN industrial JJ inventions NNS would MD be VB greatly RB quickened VVN if IN the DT proper JJ play NN time NN of IN the DT mind NN were VBD not RB denied VVN to TO the DT great JJ majority NN of IN men NNS and CC women NNS . SENT Biologists NNS and CC psychologists NNS have VHP made VVN many JJ interesting JJ enquiries NNS into IN the DT motives NNS that IN prompt JJ animals NNS and CC human JJ beings NNS to TO play VV . SENT The DT forms NNS of IN play NN , , the DT rhythm NN or CC patterns NNS into IN which WDT the DT organic JJ cooperations NNS of IN muscular JJ and CC nervous JJ tensions NNS and CC discharges NNS cast VVD themselves PP , , are VBP found VVN to TO have VH some DT direct JJ relation NN to TO the DT serious JJ pursuits NNS of IN adult NN life NN , , the DT protection NN against IN enemies NNS , , the DT pursuit NN of IN prey NN and CC other JJ food NN , , courtship NN , , mating NN and CC the DT care NN of IN the DT young JJ , , and CC the DT corporate JJ movements NNS necessary JJ for IN the DT protection NN of IN the DT horde NN or CC tribe NN . SENT So RB interpreted VVN , , play NN is VBZ an DT instinctive JJ education NN for IN life NN . SENT Nature NN is VBZ full JJ of IN indirectness NN , , and CC a DT great JJ deal NN of IN this DT play NN is VBZ not RB closely RB imitative JJ of IN any DT particular JJ sort NN of IN useful JJ activity NN but CC is VBZ directed VVN to TO general JJ fitness NN . SENT This DT applies VVZ particularly RB to TO the DT higher JJR animals NNS who WP are VBP less RBR exclusively RB directed VVN by IN separate JJ particular JJ instincts NNS and CC are VBP liable JJ to TO have VH to TO meet VV novel NN and CC irregular JJ emergencies NNS that WDT call VVP for IN general JJ adaptability NN of IN body NN and CC of IN mind NN . SENT The DT play NN of IN higher JJR animals NNS and CC especially RB of IN human JJ young JJ will MD thus RB run VV largely RB into IN forms NNS in IN which WDT the DT intellectual JJ and CC emotional JJ powers NNS will MD have VH large JJ scope NN , , where WRB spontaneous JJ variation NN and CC free JJ imagination NN will MD express VV themselves PP , , and CC where WRB the DT more JJR or CC less JJR routine JJ rhythms NNS of IN the DT primitive JJ dance NN or CC song NN or CC mock JJ fight NN will MD pass VV into IN higher JJR forms NNS of IN individual JJ cunning JJ and CC competitive JJ exploit VVP , , having VHG as IN their PP$ main JJ biological JJ and CC social JJ meaning VVG the DT practice NN of IN an DT efficient JJ mental JJ and CC emotional JJ equipment NN . SENT Play VV thus RB considered VVN is VBZ an DT experimentation NN of IN vital JJ powers NNS . SENT Its PP$ utility NN for IN child NN life NN is VBZ commonly RB admitted VVN . SENT In IN fact NN , , there EX is VBZ a DT grave JJ danger NN lest IN the DT spontaneity NN and CC instinctive JJ direction NN which WDT nature NN has VHZ implanted VVN should MD be VB damaged VVN by IN the DT attempts NNS of IN educationalists NNS to TO force VV the DT vital JJ utility NN of IN play NN by IN organising VVG it PP into IN set NN games NNS . SENT Though IN we PP need VVP not RB rudely RB rule VV out RP reasonable JJ regulation NN from IN this DT , , as RB from IN any DT other JJ department NN of IN life NN , , it PP would MD be VB well RB to TO remember VV that DT play NN has VHZ powerful JJ directive NN instincts NNS behind IN it PP in IN child NN life NN which WDT adult JJ notions NNS of IN economy NN may MD gravely RB misconceive VV and CC injure VV by IN over IN regulation NN . SENT Hasty JJ endeavours NNS to TO displace VV instinct NN by IN reason NN in IN child NN life NN are VBP likely JJ to TO prove VV costly JJ to TO human JJ welfare NN in IN the DT long JJ run NN . SENT The DT spontaneous JJ joy NN of IN those DT activities NNS of IN childhood NN that WDT seem VVP most RBS wasteful JJ is VBZ probably RB a DT far RB better JJR index NN to TO welfare NN than IN any DT pedagogic JJ calculations NNS . SENT But CC because IN the DT human JJ utility NN of IN play NN is VBZ great JJ for IN children NNS , , it PP does VVZ not RB follow VV that IN it PP is VBZ small JJ for IN men NNS and CC women NNS . SENT Even RB the DT physiological JJ and CC much RB more RBR the DT psychological JJ utility NN of IN play NN lasts VVZ through IN life NN , , though RB doubtless RB in IN diminishing VVG value NN . SENT For IN adult NN workers NNS mere JJ repose NN never RB exhausts VVZ the DT use NN of IN leisure NN . SENT The DT biological JJ or CC the DT social JJ utility NN of IN his PP$ play NN may MD be VB much RB smaller JJR than IN in IN the DT case NN of IN the DT young JJ . SENT But CC it PP will MD remain VV considerable JJ . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT utility NN chiefly RB expressed VVD in IN the DT relation NN between IN play NN and CC invention NN . SENT The DT chief JJ justification NN for IN leisure NN does VVZ not RB consist VV in IN its PP$ contribution NN to TO the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN but CC rather RB in IN raising VVG the DT banner NN of IN revolt NN against IN the DT tyranny NN of IN industry NN over IN human JJ life NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT We PP have VHP grown VVN so RB accustomed JJ to TO regard VV business NN as IN the DT absorbing VVG occupation NN of IN man NN , , that IN which WDT necessarily RB and CC rightly RB claims VVZ the DT major JJ part NN of IN his PP$ waking VVG hours NNS , , that IN a DT society NN based VVN on IN any DT other JJ scale NN of IN values NNS seems VVZ inconceivable JJ . SENT Though IN history NN has VHZ made VVN us PP familiar JJ with IN civilisations NNS , , such JJ as IN those DT of IN Athens NP and CC of IN Rome NP , , where WRB a DT large JJ body NN of IN free JJ citizens NNS regarded VVN politics NNS , , art NN , , literature NN and CC physical JJ recreations NNS as IN far RB more JJR important JJ occupations NNS , , we PP know VVP that IN such JJ civilisations NNS rested VVD on IN a DT basis NN of IN slave NN labour NN . SENT We PP do VVP not RB seem VV to TO realise VV that IN for IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN history NN two CD conditions NNS are VBP substantially RB attained VVN which WDT make VV it PP technically RB possible JJ for IN a DT whole JJ people NNS to TO throw VV off RP the DT dominion NN of IN toil VV . SENT Machinery NP and CC Democracy NP are VBP these DT two CD conditions NNS . SENT If IN they PP can MD be VB brought VVN into IN effective JJ coordination NN , , so RB that IN the DT full JJ economics NNS of IN machine NN production NN can MD be VB rendered VVN available JJ for IN the DT people NNS as IN a DT whole NN , , the DT domination NN of IN industry NN over IN the DT lives NNS , , the DT thoughts NNS , , and CC the DT hearts NNS of IN men NNS , , can MD be VB overthrown VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT great JJ problem NN of IN social JJ economic JJ reconstruction NN , , to TO make VV industry NN the DT servant NN of IN all DT men NNS , , not RB the DT servants NNS of IN the DT few JJ , , the DT masters NNS of IN the DT many JJ . SENT Its PP$ solution NN demands NNS , , of IN course NN , , that WDT after IN the DT wholesome JJ organic JJ needs NNS are VBP satisfied VVN , , the DT stimulation NN of IN new JJ material NN wants VVZ shall MD be VB kept VVN in IN check NN . SENT For IN if IN every DT class NN continues VVZ constantly RB to TO develop VV new JJ complicated JJ demands NNS , , which WDT strain VVP the DT sinews NNS of IN industry NN even RB under IN a DT socially RB ordered VVN machine NN economy NN , , taking VVG the DT whole NN of IN its PP$ increased JJ control NN of IN Nature NN in IN new JJ demands NNS upon IN Nature NN for IN economic JJ satisfaction NN , , the DT total JJ burden NN of IN industry NN on IN Man NN is VBZ nowise RB lightened VVD . SENT If IN we PP are VBP to TO secure VV adequate JJ leisure NN for IN all DT men NNS , , and CC so RB to TO displace VV the DT tyranny NN of IN the DT business NN life NN by IN the DT due JJ assertion NN of IN other JJ higher JJR and CC more JJR varied JJ types NNS of IN life NN , , we PP must MD manage VV to TO check VV the DT lust NN of IN competitive JJ materialism NN which WDT industrialism NN has VHZ implanted VVN in IN our PP$ hearts NNS . SENT I PP am VBP aware JJ how WRB difficult JJ it PP is VBZ to TO translate VV these DT handsome JJ aspirations NNS into IN practical JJ achievement NN . SENT To TO urge VV the DT working VVG classes NNS of IN this DT country NN , , or CC even RB considerable JJ sections NNS of IN the DT middle JJ classes NNS engaged VVN in IN the DT trades NNS and CC professions NNS , , to TO sacrifice VV some DT immediately RB attainable JJ rise NN in IN their PP$ material NN and CC intellectual JJ standard NN of IN comfort NN , , in IN order NN thereby RB to TO purchase VV more JJR leisure NN , , will MD be VB taken VVN to TO indicate VV a DT blank JJ ignorance NN of IN the DT actual JJ conditions NNS of IN their PP$ lives NNS . SENT I PP shall MD be VB reminded VVN that IN recent JJ statistics NNS of IN wages NNS in IN this DT country NN show NN that IN about RB one CD third NN of IN our PP$ working VVG class NN families NNS are VBP living VVG upon IN precarious JJ weekly JJ incomes NNS amounting VVG to TO less JJR than IN 25 CD s PP . SENT a DT week NN , , and CC that IN this DT computation NN does VVZ not RB take VV into IN account NN a DT large JJ body NN of IN the DT population NN living NN upon IN casual JJ earnings NNS indefinitely RB lower JJR than IN this DT sum NN . SENT Now RB Mr NP . SENT Rowntree NP and CC other JJ searchers NNS into IN working VVG class NN expenditure NN have VHP shown VVN that IN 24 CD s PP . SENT will MD hardly RB purchase VV for IN an DT ordinary JJ family NN in IN any DT English JJ town NN a DT sufficiency NN of IN food NN , , clothing NN , , housing NN , , fuel NN and CC other JJ requisites NNS to TO maintain VV its PP$ members NNS in IN full JJ physical JJ efficiency NN . SENT It PP will MD seem VV idle VV to TO contend VV that IN working VVG people NNS in IN this DT case NN would MD do VV well RB to TO prefer VV a DT shortening NN of IN their PP$ working JJ day NN , , however RB long RB it PP be VB , , to TO an DT increase NN of IN their PP$ wages NNS . SENT None NN of IN the DT considerations NNS I PP have VHP urged VVN relating VVG to TO the DT better JJR utilisation NN of IN their PP$ consumption NN will MD be VB held VVN to TO justify VV so RB obviously RB wasteful JJ a DT policy NN . SENT These DT workers NNS simply RB cannot NN afford VV to TO buy VV more JJR leisure NN at IN so RB high JJ a DT price NN . SENT They PP dare VVP not RB sacrifice VV any DT fraction NN of IN their PP$ current JJ wages NNS to TO procure VV a DT reduction NN of IN hours NNS from IN ten CD hours NNS to TO eight CD , , even RB if IN the DT conditions NNS of IN their PP$ trade NN otherwise RB admitted VVN such PDT a DT change NN . SENT and CC if IN increasing VVG prosperity NN in IN their PP$ trade NN presents VVZ them PP with IN the DT option NN of IN obtaining VVG higher JJR wages NNS or CC shorter JJR hours NNS , , their PP$ pressing VVG demands NNS for IN better JJR food NN and CC housing NN will MD rightly RB compel VV them PP to TO choose VV the DT former JJ of IN the DT two CD alternatives NNS . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT reasoning NN refuted VVD by IN dwelling NN upon IN the DT undeniable JJ facts NNS , , that IN most JJS standards NNS of IN working VVG class NN comfort NN contain VVP elements NNS of IN conventional JJ consumption NN which WDT might MD be VB cut VVN out RP with IN positive JJ advantage NN , , and CC that WDT , , apart RB from IN this DT , , a DT more RBR intelligent JJ housekeeping NN would MD enable VV most RBS of IN them PP to TO do VV much RB better JJR with IN their PP$ actual JJ incomes NNS than IN they PP do VVP . SENT For IN when WRB a DT due JJ allowance NN has VHZ been VBN made VVN for IN such JJ errors NNS or CC extravagance NN , , the DT ordinary JJ labourer's NN wage NN in IN town NN and CC in IN country NN still RB remains VVZ below IN the DT margin NN of IN family NN efficiency NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , in IN almost RB every DT occupation NN there EX will MD be VB a DT considerable JJ number NN of IN workers NNS who WP , , having VHG no DT family NN dependent JJ on IN them PP , , will MD have VH some DT means NN at IN their PP$ disposal NN for IN comforts NNS , , luxuries NNS , , saving NN or CC leisure NN . SENT But CC the DT normal JJ standard JJ wage NN for IN unskilled JJ or CC low JJ skilled JJ labour NN in IN this DT country NN does VVZ not RB appear VV to TO have VH attained VVN a DT height NN at IN which WDT the DT purchase NN of IN a DT shorter JJR working NN day NN is VBZ sound JJ economy NN . SENT We PP must MD always RB bear VV in IN mind NN , , besides IN , , that IN the DT existence NN in IN a DT trade NN of IN even RB a DT considerable JJ minority NN of IN workers NNS who WP could MD afford VV to TO take VV in IN increased JJ leisure NN what WP they PP might MD take VV in IN enhanced JJ wages NNS , , would MD not RB make VV this DT step NN practicable JJ or CC desirable JJ . SENT For IN most JJS trades NNS are VBP now RB so RB organised VVN that IN a DT common JJ standard NN working VVG day NN is VBZ even RB more RBR essential JJ than IN a DT uniform JJ rate NN of IN wages NNS . SENT These DT facts NNS enable VVP us PP to TO realise VV why WRB it PP is VBZ that DT so RB much JJ elasticity NN or CC ambiguity NN attends VVZ the DT actual JJ labour NN movement NN for IN a DT shorter JJR working NN day NN . SENT The DT demand NN is VBZ seldom RB framed VVN in IN such PDT a DT way NN as RB to TO preclude VV the DT common JJ use NN of IN over IN time NN , , though IN such PDT a DT use NN of IN course NN defeats VVZ the DT aim NN for IN leisure NN , , converting VVG it PP into IN an DT aim NN for IN higher JJR wages NNS , , the DT time NN and CC a DT half NN rate NN usually RB paid VVD for IN over IN time NN . SENT But CC , , though IN this DT open JJ or CC secret JJ competition NN between IN more JJR leisure NN and CC more JJR wages NNS continues VVZ to TO take VV place NN in IN trades NNS where WRB general JJ conditions NNS of IN labour NN are VBP improving VVG , , the DT relative JJ strength NN of IN the DT claim NN for IN leisure NN is VBZ advancing VVG . SENT There EX comes VVZ a DT point NN in IN the DT improved JJ conditions NNS of IN each DT working VVG class NN when WRB the DT demand NN for IN liberty NN and CC ease NN and CC recreation NN begins VVZ to TO assert VV itself PP with IN so RB much JJ insistence NN that IN it PP outweighs VVZ some DT part NN of IN the DT chronic JJ demand NN for IN higher JJR wages NNS . SENT Though IN workers NNS are VBP usually RB reluctant JJ to TO admit VV the DT economic JJ necessity NN of IN making VVG a DT wage NN sacrifice NN in IN order NN to TO purchase VV leisure NN , , and CC will MD hardly RB ever RB claim VVP a DT shorter JJR day NN , , if IN they PP know VVP it PP to TO involve VV an DT actual JJ fall NN of IN wages NNS , , they PP will MD sometimes RB risk VV this DT fall NN , , and CC more RBR often RB they PP will MD forego VV a DT portion NN of IN a DT contemplated JJ rise NN of IN wage NN , , so RB as RB to TO get VV a DT shorter JJR day NN . SENT The DT strength NN and CC effectiveness NN of IN this DT demand NN for IN leisure NN in IN comparison NN with IN wages NNS must MD , , of IN course NN , , vary VVP with IN the DT actual JJ standard NN of IN comfort NN that WDT obtains VVZ , , the DT onerousness NN or CC irksomeness NN of IN the DT work NN , , the DT age NN , , sex NN and CC intelligence NN of IN the DT workers NNS , , and CC the DT variety NN and CC sorts NNS of IN opportunities NNS which WDT increased VVD leisure NN will MD place VV at IN their PP$ disposal NN . SENT In IN the DT ordinary JJ English JJ feudal JJ village NN , , or CC even RB in IN the DT small JJ country NN town NN , , leisure NN commonly RB means VVZ torpor NN qualified VVN by IN the DT public JJ house NN . SENT The DT price NN of IN such JJ leisure NN , , in IN terms NNS of IN sacrifice NN of IN wage NN , , would MD be VB very RB low JJ , , for IN the DT utility NN in IN the DT sensational JJ enjoyment NN of IN the DT leisure NN would MD be VB slight JJ as RB compared VVN with IN the DT substantial JJ addition NN to TO the DT material NN standard NN of IN family NN comfort NN which WDT even RB a DT shilling NN would MD afford VV . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , to TO the DT better RBR paid VVN mechanic NN , , compositor NN , , or CC skilled JJ factory NN worker NN , , where WRB the DT family NN wage NN was VBD relatively RB high JJ , , and CC where WRB organised VVN city NN life NN presented VVD many JJ opportunities NNS for IN the DT use NN and CC enjoyment NN of IN leisure NN , , it PP might MD seem VV well RB worth JJ while NN to TO pay VV something NN in IN cash NN for IN the DT advantage NN of IN a DT longer JJR evening NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT This DT problem NN , , of IN course NN , , is VBZ merely RB one CD illustration NN of IN the DT complicated JJ issues NNS which WDT arise VVP in IN any DT orderly JJ study NN of IN the DT human JJ economics NNS of IN class NN and CC individual JJ standards NNS of IN consumption NN . SENT Even RB such PDT a DT merely RB cursory JJ glance NN at IN this DT delicate JJ organic JJ problem NN will MD serve VV to TO expose VV the DT fatuity NN of IN so RB much JJ of IN the DT crude JJ dogmatic JJ criticism NN lavished VVN upon IN working VVG class NN economy NN by IN well RB to TO do VV reformers NNS who WP have VHP not RB sufficient JJ imagination NN or CC discretion NN to TO abstain VV from IN applying VVG the DT standards NNS of IN valuation NN appropriate JJ to TO an DT income NN of IN 1 CD , , 000 CD a DT year NN to TO a DT family NN living VVG upon IN 60 CD a DT year NN . SENT The DT exact JJ income NN point NN where WRB a DT West NP Ham NP worker NN can MD afford VV to TO observe VV the DT legal JJ requirements NNS against IN overcrowding NN by IN hiring VVG another DT room NN , , where WRB he PP can MD join VV a DT Club NP with IN a DT reasonable JJ chance NN of IN keeping VVG up RP the DT subscriptions NNS , , where WRB he PP can MD afford VV to TO keep VV the DT boys NNS or CC girls NNS at IN school NN beyond IN the DT legal JJ age NN limit NN , , such JJ questions NNS cannot NN be VB settled VVN by IN general JJ maxims NNS as RB to TO the DT duty NN of IN thrift NN or CC the DT advantages NNS of IN education NN , , or CC even RB the DT dangers NNS of IN bad JJ sanitation NN . SENT It PP must MD be VB remembered VVN that IN even RB in IN this DT highly RB civilised JJ and CC Christian JJ land NN there EX are VBP still RB some DT millions NNS of IN people NNS who WP cannot NN afford VV to TO set VV aside RP anything NN for IN a DT rainy JJ day NN , , or CC to TO let VV their PP$ children NNS enjoy VVP the DT education NN which WDT the DT State NN freely RB provides VVZ , , or CC even RB to TO obey VV some DT of IN the DT fundamental JJ laws NNS of IN health NN . SENT As IN the DT family NN wage NN rises VVZ beyond IN a DT bare JJ minimum NN of IN current JJ subsistence NN , , a DT point NN will MD emerge VV where WRB each DT of IN these DT and CC many JJ other JJ sound NN practices NNS becomes VVZ economically RB feasible JJ . SENT the DT particular JJ income NN point NN , , of IN course NN , , will MD differ VV with IN each DT family NN according VVG to TO its PP$ composition NN , , its PP$ needs NNS , , and CC the DT opportunities NNS of IN meeting VVG them PP . SENT What WP applies VVZ so RB evidently RB to TO the DT narrow JJ incomes NNS of IN the DT wage NN earners NNS is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , equally RB applicable JJ to TO the DT higher JJR incomes NNS of IN other JJ classes NNS . SENT The DT well NN to TO do VV professional JJ man NN recognises VVZ that IN an DT annual JJ expenditure NN of IN five CD or CC even RB ten CD per IN cent NN of IN his PP$ income NN on IN holidays NNS may MD be VB a DT sound JJ economy NN , , just RB as IN he PP calculates VVZ that IN he PP is VBZ doing VVG better JJR for IN his PP$ son NN by IN spending NN 1 CD , , 000 CD on IN his PP$ professional JJ training NN than IN by IN putting VVG him PP to TO business NN at IN sixteen CD with IN the DT same JJ sum NN for IN capital NN . SENT Not RB only RB is VBZ it PP impossible JJ to TO generalise VV for IN a DT whole JJ people NNS , , or CC for IN all DT families NNS in IN a DT given VVN trade NN or CC of IN a DT given VVN income NN , , but CC there EX will MD be VB no DT two CD cases NNS where WRB a DT rising VVG income NN ought MD to TO be VB laid VVN out RP precisely RB in IN the DT same JJ way NN . SENT This DT is VBZ of IN course NN nothing NN else RB than IN saying VVG that IN , , as IN no DT two CD persons NNS , , or CC families NNS , , are VBP precisely RB alike RB in IN physical JJ and CC moral JJ make VVP up RP , , in IN tastes NNS , , needs NNS , , opportunities NNS , , their PP$ expenditure NN cannot NN rightly RB be VB the DT same JJ . SENT Though IN this DT belongs VVZ to TO the DT most RBS obvious JJ of IN common JJ places NNS , , none NN is VBZ more RBR habitually RB ignored VVN . SENT And CC that DT neglect NN is VBZ largely RB due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN the DT platitudinarian JJ moralist NN has VHZ always RB been VBN allowed VVN to TO have VH a DT free JJ run NN in IN the DT region NN of IN commentary NN on IN expenditure NN . SENT Eulogia NN of IN thrift NN and CC industry NN have VHP been VBN as RB indiscriminate JJ and CC as RB unprofitable JJ as IN diatribes NNS against IN luxury NN and CC idleness NN . SENT What WP is VBZ needed VVN is VBZ a DT flow NN of IN orderly JJ investigation NN into IN the DT real JJ needs NNS and CC capacities NNS of IN the DT individuals NNS and CC groups NNS who WP constitute VVP industrial JJ society NN , , not RB confined VVN to TO the DT hard JJ facts NNS which WDT can MD be VB tabulated VVN and CC plotted VVD in IN curves NNS but CC taking VVG count NN of IN those DT softer JJR and CC more JJR plastic JJ facts NNS which WDT a DT closer JJR study NN of IN human JJ life NN will MD always RB show VV as IN the DT main JJ determinants NNS of IN any DT art NN of IN conduct NN . SENT The DT place NN of IN leisure NN in IN the DT organic JJ standard NN of IN a DT group NN or CC class NN or CC nation NN will MD be VB one CD of IN the DT most RBS delicate JJ problems NNS in IN such PDT a DT study NN . SENT Its PP$ delicacy NN for IN the DT individual JJ economy NN may MD , , indeed RB , , be VB deduced VVN from IN the DT expression NN which WDT we PP used VVD at IN the DT outset NN of IN this DT treatment NN , , in IN describing VVG it PP as IN the DT opportunity NN of IN opportunities NNS . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , its PP$ human JJ utility NN to TO any DT man NN , , and CC , , therefore RB , , its PP$ importance NN , , relative JJ to TO his PP$ wages NNS or CC any DT other JJ good NN he PP gets VVZ from IN them PP , , will MD depend VV upon IN the DT nature NN of IN all PDT the DT opportunities NNS it PP opens VVZ up RP , , and CC that IN in IN its PP$ turn NN depends VVZ upon IN the DT entire JJ sum NN of IN those DT conditions NNS which WDT we PP name VVP his PP$ Nature NN and CC his PP$ Environment NP . SENT The DT progressive JJ achievement NN of IN this DT economy NN of IN leisure NN is VBZ closely RB linked VVN with IN a DT gradual JJ reorganisation NN of IN industry NN so RB as RB to TO eliminate VV the DT large JJ waste NN of IN time NN and CC energy NN which WDT present VVP productive JJ methods NNS involve VVP . SENT With IN science NN and CC humanity NN cooperating VVG in IN the DT art NN of IN social JJ organisation NN it PP ought MD to TO be VB possible JJ to TO effect VV such JJ economies NNS as RB would MD place VV all DT Englishmen NNS in IN private JJ possession NN of IN the DT greater JJR part NN of IN their PP$ waking VVG day NN for IN their PP$ own JJ purposes NNS in IN life NN . SENT It PP requires VVZ , , however RB , , a DT genuine JJ faith NN in IN the DT organic JJ progress NN of IN Human NP Nature NP to TO urge VV with IN confidence NN the DT fuller JJR measure NN of IN such PDT a DT reform NN . SENT We PP need VVP at IN least JJS to TO assume VV that IN the DT normal JJ tendency NN will MD be VB towards IN the DT use NN , , not RB the DT abuse NN , , of IN more JJR leisure NN , , as RB of IN higher JJR wages NNS . SENT That IN some DT waste NN will MD be VB incurred VVN in IN learning VVG to TO use VV leisure NN , , as RB also RB in IN building VVG up RP each DT stage NN in IN a DT rising VVG standard NN of IN expenditure NN , , is VBZ of IN course NN inevitable JJ . SENT Much RB might MD be VB said VVN about IN the DT conditions NNS which WDT facilitate VVP the DT assimilation NN both CC of IN leisure NN and CC of IN wages NNS to TO nourish VV a DT higher JJR human JJ life NN . SENT Race NN , , climate NN , , social JJ traditions NNS and CC surroundings NN , , the DT nature NN of IN the DT work NN , , age NN , , sex NN and CC , , indeed RB , , many JJ other JJ conditions NNS , , must MD help VV to TO determine VV how WRB a DT given VVN shortening NN of IN hours NNS , , or CC enhancement NN of IN wages NNS , , will MD affect VV the DT standard NN of IN life NN . SENT Some DT crude JJ distinctions NNS of IN great JJ significance NN have VHP been VBN observed VVN . SENT The DT Bantu JJ and CC most RBS other JJ Africans NNS , , new JJ to TO processes NNS of IN wage NN labour NN and CC to TO the DT needs NNS of IN civilised JJ life NN , , will MD take VV the DT whole NN of IN a DT sudden JJ rise NN of IN wages NNS in IN increased JJ leisure NN , , but CC that DT leisure NN will MD be VB spent VVN almost RB wholly RB in IN idleness NN . SENT Pushful JJ German JJ traders NNS in IN tropical JJ countries NNS commonly RB complain VVP of IN the DT verdammte NN Bed NN rfnisl NN sigkeit NN accursed JJ wantlessness NN of IN the DT inhabitants NNS . SENT This DT low JJ conservative JJ standard NN of IN living NN impedes VVZ economic JJ processes NNS of IN exchange NN . SENT It PP also RB precludes VVZ the DT fruitful JJ use NN of IN leisure NN , , the DT satisfaction NN of IN the DT non JJ economic JJ needs NNS . SENT Though IN there EX is VBZ no DT reason NN to TO hold VV that IN any DT race NN or CC type NN of IN man NN is VBZ unprogressive JJ , , in IN the DT sense NN that IN his PP$ mind NN is VBZ impervious JJ to TO new JJ wants VVZ and CC is VBZ incapable JJ of IN inciting VVG him PP to TO new JJ efforts NNS for IN their PP$ satisfaction NN , , the DT extent NN and CC pace NN of IN such JJ progress NN vary VVP greatly RB with IN the DT economic JJ environment NN and CC with IN the DT degree NN of IN conscious JJ culture NN hitherto RB attained VVN . SENT The DT stimuli NNS of IN economic JJ needs NNS and CC of IN non JJ economic JJ needs NNS will MD normally RB proceed VV together RB , , and CC in IN the DT masses NNS of IN a DT working VVG population NN will MD manifest VV themselves PP in IN a DT simultaneous JJ demand NN for IN higher JJR wages NNS and CC more JJR leisure NN . SENT But CC as IN wages NNS reach VVP a DT tolerably RB high JJ standard NN of IN economic JJ comfort NN , , it PP might MD be VB expected VVN that IN the DT relatively RB stronger JJR pressure NN of IN the DT non JJ economic JJ needs NNS would MD give VV increasing VVG emphasis NN to TO the DT demand NN for IN a DT shorter JJR and CC easier JJR working JJ day NN . SENT This DT , , indeed RB , , will MD seem VV to TO accord VV with IN the DT general JJ claim NN which WDT socialists NNS as RB well RB as IN individualists NNS make VVP for IN progressive JJ industrialism NN , , that WDT it PP shall MD make VV larger JJR provision NN for IN personal JJ liberty NN and CC self NN development NN . SENT As RB specialised VVN and CC regimented VVN industry NN represents VVZ the DT direct JJ economic JJ service NN each DT must MD render VV to TO society NN , , the DT demands NNS of IN expanding VVG personality NN are VBP held VVN to TO require VV that IN an DT increasing VVG proportion NN of IN each DT man's JJ time NN and CC energy NN shall MD be VB put VVN at IN his PP$ disposal NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT No DT abstract JJ considerations NNS indeed RB , , can MD be VB adduced VVN to TO support VV an DT indefinite JJ reduction NN of IN the DT work NN day NN . SENT As IN a DT high JJ level NN of IN civilisation NN is VBZ attained VVN in IN any DT community NN , , the DT proportion NN of IN energy NN devoted VVN to TO material NN , , as RB compared VVN with IN non JJ material NN Commodities NNS and CC services NNS , , will MD doubtless RB be VB reduced VVN . SENT But CC that WDT does VVZ not RB necessarily RB imply VV a DT corresponding JJ reduction NN of IN economic JJ time NN and CC activity NN . SENT For IN among IN economic JJ goods NNS themselves PP , , those DT which WDT are VBP wholly RB or CC mainly RB non JJ material NN will MD form VV an DT increasing VVG proportion NN of IN the DT whole NN . SENT A DT community NN like IN that DT of IN great JJ Britain NP , , with IN a DT population NN declining VVG in IN its PP$ growth NN , , will MD tend VV to TO take VV a DT continually RB increasing VVG share NN of IN its PP$ real JJ income NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN intellectual JJ , , moral JJ , , aesthetic JJ , , recreative JJ , , and CC other JJ non JJ material NN services NNS . SENT These DT will MD absorb VV an DT ever RB growing VVG share NN of IN the DT productive JJ energy NN of IN the DT people NNS . SENT This DT demand NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN higher JJR economic JJ needs NNS will MD be VB likely JJ to TO put VV a DT check NN upon IN the DT tendency NN towards IN an DT illimitable JJ reduction NN of IN the DT work NN day NN . SENT For IN most JJS of IN these DT higher JJR non JJ material NN goods NNS do VVP not RB admit VV the DT application NN of IN those DT economies NNS of IN capitalist JJ production NN available JJ in IN the DT making NN of IN material NN goods NNS . SENT Take VV one CD example NN , , that WDT of IN education NN . SENT Here RB is VBZ a DT service NN which WDT will MD probably RB absorb VV a DT continually RB increasing VVG percentage NN of IN the DT total JJ time NN and CC energy NN devoted VVN to TO economic JJ services NNS . SENT The DT same JJ is VBZ probably RB true JJ of IN hygienic JJ services NNS . SENT Though IN portions NNS of IN these DT and CC other JJ activities NNS may MD pass VV from IN the DT economic JJ into IN the DT non JJ economic JJ sphere NN , , being VBG undertaken VVN by IN individuals NNS as IN private JJ occupations NNS , , for IN their PP$ leisure NN , , as IN public JJ services NNS they PP will MD certainly RB furnish VV employment NN to TO an DT increasing VVG number NN of IN employees NNS . SENT Thus RB the DT claims NNS of IN a DT growing VVG progressive JJ social JJ organisation NN will MD impose VV some DT necessary JJ limits NNS upon IN the DT demands NNS of IN the DT individual NN for IN larger JJR liberty NN and CC leisure NN . SENT There EX is VBZ , , however RB , , no DT final JJ conflict NN between IN the DT claims NNS of IN personal JJ liberty NN and CC the DT social JJ order NN . SENT Even RB though IN the DT process NN of IN readjustment NN between IN the DT claims NNS of IN industry NN and CC leisure NN should MD incline VV generally RB in IN favour NN of IN more JJR leisure NN , , with IN the DT prime JJ purpose NN of IN nourishing VVG more RBR fully RB the DT private JJ personality NN and CC affording VVG larger JJR scope NN for IN home NN life NN and CC recreation NN , , society NN is VBZ not RB thereby RB the DT loser NN . SENT For IN some DT of IN the DT finest JJS and CC most RBS profitable JJ uses NNS of IN leisure NN will MD consist VV of IN the DT voluntary JJ rendering NN of IN social JJ services NNS of IN a DT non JJ economic JJ order NN . SENT I PP allude VV in IN particular JJ to TO a DT fuller JJR participation NN in IN the DT active JJ functions NNS of IN citizenship NN , , a DT more RBR intelligent JJ interest NN in IN local JJ and CC national JJ politics NNS , , in IN local JJ administration NN and CC in IN the DT numerous JJ forms NNS of IN voluntary JJ association NN which WDT are VBP generally RB social JJ in IN the DT services NNS they PP render VV . SENT More JJR leisure NN is VBZ a DT prime JJ essential JJ of IN democratic JJ government NN . SENT There EX can MD be VB no DT really RB operative JJ system NN of IN popular JJ self NN government NN so RB long RB as IN the DT bulk NN of IN the DT people NNS do VVP not RB possess VV the DT spare JJ time NN and CC energy NN to TO equip VV themselves PP for IN effective JJ participation NN in IN politics NNS and CC to TO take VV a DT regular JJ part NN in IN deliberative JJ and CC administrative JJ work NN . SENT This DT is VBZ equally RB applicable JJ to TO other JJ modes NNS of IN corporate JJ activity NN , , the DT life NN of IN the DT churches NNS , , friendly JJ societies NNS , , trade NN unions NNS , , cooperative JJ societies NNS , , clubs NNS , , musical JJ and CC educational JJ associations NNS , , which WDT go VVP to TO make VV up RP the DT social JJ life NN and CC institutions NNS of IN a DT country NN . SENT Leisure NP , , demanded VVD primarily RB in IN the DT interests NNS of IN the DT individual NN for IN his PP$ personal JJ enjoyment NN , , will MD thus RB yield VV rich JJ nutriment NN to TO the DT organic JJ life NN of IN society NN , , because IN the DT individual NN will MD find VV himself PP drawn VVN by IN the DT social JJ needs NNS and CC desires NNS embedded VVN in IN his PP$ personality NN to TO devote VV portions NNS of IN his PP$ leisure NN to TO social JJ activities NNS which WDT contribute VVP to TO the DT commonwealth NN as IN surely RB as RB do VV the DT economic JJ tasks NNS imposed VVN upon IN him PP in IN his PP$ daily JJ industry NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Times NP , , 23 CD Dec NP . SENT 1912 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT best RBS that RB can MD be VB said VVN for IN this DT education NN has VHZ recently RB been VBN said VVN by IN Mr NP . SENT George NP Peel NP , , who WP writes VVZ of IN London NP children NNS The DT Future NP of IN England NP , , p NN . SENT 96 CD . SENT They PP spend VVP 28 CD hours NNS a DT week NN continuously RB during IN nine CD years NNS under IN fairly RB satisfactory JJ conditions NNS of IN air NN , , warmth NN and CC light NN , , engaged VVN in IN wholesome JJ and CC stimulating JJ pursuits NNS . SENT Considering VVG what WP their PP$ homes NNS often RB are VBP , , this DT itself PP must MD be VB reckoned VVN an DT immense JJ benefit NN . SENT CHAPTER NN XVI NP . SENT THE DT RECONSTRUCTION NN OF IN INDUSTRY NN Part NN I PP . SENT CAPITAL NN AND CC LABOUR VV 1 CD . SENT Since IN industry NN is VBZ a DT great JJ cooperative JJ process NN for IN the DT mutual JJ aid NN of IN members NNS of IN society NN , , it PP is VBZ well RB that IN the DT fact NN should MD be VB held VVN in IN the DT consciousness NN and CC will NN of IN individuals NNS as IN clearly RB as RB possible JJ . SENT For IN this DT conscious JJ realisation NN of IN the DT meaning NN of IN industry NN will MD have VH a DT helpful JJ influence NN on IN their PP$ intelligence NN and CC feelings NNS . SENT Now RB there EX are VBP general JJ related VVN tendencies NNS in IN modern JJ industry NN which WDT are VBP powerful JJ obstacles NNS to TO this DT realisation NN of IN the DT social JJ meaning NN of IN industry NN . SENT The DT first JJ is VBZ the DT growing VVG subdivision NN of IN labour NN with IN the DT related JJ expansion NN of IN markets NNS . SENT When WRB a DT man NN made VVD a DT watch NN or CC a DT pair NN of IN shoes NNS and CC sold VVD them PP to TO a DT neighbour NN , , or CC known VVN customer NN , , his PP$ work NN had VHD for IN him PP a DT distinct JJ human JJ significance NN . SENT For IN , , making VVG the DT whole NN of IN a DT thing NN , , he PP realised VVD its PP$ nature NN and CC utility NN , , while NN , , seeing VVG the DT man NN who WP wore VVD his PP$ watch NN or CC shoes NNS , , he PP realised VVD the DT human JJ value NN of IN his PP$ work NN . SENT Now RB he PP performs VVZ one CD of IN some DT ninety CD processes NNS which WDT go VVP to TO make VV many JJ watches NNS , , or CC he PP trims VVZ the DT heels NNS of IN innumerable JJ shoes NNS . SENT The DT other JJ processes VVZ he PP cannot NN do VVP , , and CC does VVZ not RB accurately RB know VV how WRB they PP are VBP done VVN . SENT His PP$ separate JJ contribution NN has VHZ no DT clear JJ utility NN , , and CC yet RB it PP solely RB occupies VVZ his PP$ attention NN . SENT Not RB only RB does VVZ he PP thus RB lose VVP grasp NN of IN the DT meaning NN of IN his PP$ work NN , , but CC he PP has VHZ no DT opportunity NN of IN realising VVG its PP$ consumptive JJ utility NN . SENT For IN he PP cannot NN know VVP or CC care VVP anything NN about IN the DT unknown JJ person NN in IN some DT distant JJ part NN of IN the DT world NN who WP shall MD wear VV the DT boots NNS or CC watch NN be VB helped VVN to TO make VV . SENT The DT social JJ sympathy NN of IN cooperative JJ industry NN is VBZ thus RB atrophied VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN his PP$ work NN . SENT Division NN of IN labour NN , , in IN its PP$ first JJ intent NN , , thus RB divides VVZ each DT worker NN into IN a DT section NN of IN a DT producer NN , , and CC separates VVZ each DT set NN of IN producers NNS from IN the DT consumers NNS of IN their PP$ products NNS . SENT Though RB , , therefore RB , , this DT division NN of IN labour NN is VBZ in IN itself PP a DT finer JJR mode NN of IN cooperation NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB realised VVN as IN such JJ by IN those DT who WP are VBP subjected VVN to TO it PP . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT second JJ dehumanising VVG and CC derationalising VVG influence NN is VBZ the DT stress NN which WDT the DT operations NNS of IN modern JJ industry NN lay VVD on IN competition NN between IN trade NN and CC trade NN , , business NN and CC business NN , , worker NN and CC worker NN . SENT No DT graver NN injury NN has VHZ been VBN inflicted VVN on IN the DT mind NN of IN man NN , , in IN the DT name NN of IN science NN , , than IN the DT prepotence NN which WDT the DT early JJ science NN of IN Political JJ Economy NN assigned VVN to TO the DT competitive JJ and CC combative JJ aspects NNS of IN industrial JJ life NN . SENT To TO represent VV commerce NN between IN individuals NNS and CC nations NNS as IN a DT competitive JJ system NN , , mainly RB dependent JJ for IN its PP$ successful JJ operation NN upon IN the DT absorption NN of IN each DT man NN in IN seeking VVG his PP$ own JJ gain NN , , and CC in IN getting VVG the DT better JJR of IN others NNS in IN his PP$ trade NN , , was VBD an DT error NN of IN the DT first JJ magnitude NN . SENT Nor CC was VBD this DT error NN sufficiently RB corrected VVN by IN the DT qualifying VVG theory NN that IN from IN this DT pursuit NN by IN each DT of IN his PP$ separate JJ gains NNS the DT greatest JJS good JJ for IN all DT would MD somehow RB emerge VV . SENT For IN , , by IN laying VVG the DT stress NN upon IN the DT competitive JJ aspect NN of IN industry NN , , this DT teaching NN stied VVD the DT growth NN of IN intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ sympathy NN between IN the DT various JJ human JJ centres NNS of IN the DT industrial JJ system NN , , and CC impaired VVN the DT sense NN of IN human JJ solidarity NN which WDT , , apart RB from IN its PP$ spiritual JJ value NN , , is VBZ the DT mainspring NN of IN efficient JJ economic JJ organisation NN . SENT The DT presentation NN of IN industry NN as IN competition NN with IN attendant JJ cooperation NN , , instead RB of IN as IN cooperation NN with IN attendant JJ competition NN , , has VHZ greatly RB contributed VVN to TO the DT popular JJ misunderstanding NN of IN commerce NN , , alike RB upon IN its PP$ domestic JJ and CC its PP$ international JJ scales NNS . SENT 1 CD Competition NN , , if IN defended VVN as IN a DT socially RB useful JJ method NN of IN industry NN , , must MD , , like IN division NN of IN labour NN , , be VB proved VVN to TO contribute VV to TO cooperative JJ ends NNS . SENT The DT general JJ underlying JJ assumption NN , , that WDT it PP will MD do VV so RB , , we PP have VHP seen VVN to TO be VB false JJ . SENT Equally RB unjustified JJ have VHP been VBN the DT accounts NNS of IN actual JJ industry NN which WDT assume VVP the DT general JJ prevalence NN of IN free JJ competition NN . SENT At IN all DT times NNS the DT area NN and CC liberty NN of IN effective JJ competition NN between IN business NN and CC business NN , , worker NN and CC worker NN , , have VHP been VBN limited VVN , , and CC tend VVP in IN recent JJ times NNS to TO closer JJR limitation NN . SENT But CC if IN division NN of IN labour NN and CC competition NN , , apart RB from IN a DT realisation NN of IN their PP$ cooperative JJ values NNS , , are VBP dehumanising VVG and CC antisocial JJ , , so RB likewise RB is VBZ the DT growing VVG anonymity NN of IN modern JJ business NN . SENT Compagnie NP Anonyme NP is VBZ the DT significant JJ French JJ name NN for IN a DT Joint NP Stock NP Company NP with IN its PP$ unknown JJ shareholders NNS . SENT But CC this DT depersonalising VVG process NN is VBZ everywhere RB inseparable JJ from IN the DT magnitude NN and CC intricacy NN of IN modern JJ businesses NNS and CC modern JJ markets NNS . SENT The DT capital NN belonging VVG to TO a DT crowd NN of IN persons NNS , , who WP are VBP strangers NNS to TO one CD another DT , , is VBZ massed VVD into IN an DT effective JJ productive JJ aggregate NN , , and CC is VBZ set VVN to TO cooperate VV with IN masses NNS of IN labour NN power NN whose WP$ owners NNS are VBP divorced VVN from IN all DT direct JJ contact NN , , either CC with IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT tools NNS and CC material NN , , or CC with IN the DT purchasers NNS of IN the DT product NN . SENT An DT effective JJ comradeship NN among IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN workers NNS , , distributed VVN over IN diverse JJ processes NNS and CC often RB severed VVN widely RB in IN their PP$ places NNS of IN work NN , , is VBZ also RB difficult JJ to TO maintain VV . SENT A DT great JJ modern JJ business NN is VBZ in IN its PP$ structure NN less RBR effectively RB human JJ than IN was VBD the DT small JJ workshop NN which WDT it PP displaced VVN . SENT One CD effect NN of IN this DT weaker JJR humanity NN of IN the DT business NN , , especially RB in IN the DT relations NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , employer NN and CC employee NN , , has VHZ been VBN to TO shift VV the DT sentimental JJ attachment NN of IN the DT worker NN from IN his PP$ business NN to TO his PP$ trade NN union NN . SENT He PP is VBZ less RBR a DT member NN of IN a DT business NN firm NN , , serving VVG some DT directly RB productive JJ function NN , , than IN a DT member NN of IN a DT labour NN group NN extending VVG over IN the DT area NN of IN a DT local JJ or CC even RB a DT national JJ trade NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT This DT consideration NN brings VVZ to TO the DT front NN the DT antagonism NN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN which WDT has VHZ in IN modern JJ times NNS assumed VVD ever RB graver JJR dimensions NNS and CC clearer JJR consciousness NN . SENT In IN considering VVG the DT industrial JJ system NN as IN an DT effective JJ economic JJ harmony NN it PP is VBZ not RB easy JJ to TO determine VV whether IN the DT cooperative NN or CC the DT competitive JJ forces NNS are VBP gaining VVG ground NN . SENT On IN the DT one CD hand NN , , the DT competition NN between IN businesses NNS in IN the DT same JJ trade NN is VBZ in IN all DT great JJ staple NN trades NNS giving VVG place NN to TO combinations NNS , , which WDT not RB only RB unite VV the DT formerly RB conflicting JJ businesses NNS , , but CC weld NN into IN close JJ unity NN the DT capital NN of IN various JJ related JJ trades NNS . SENT Trusts NNS , , cartels NNS , , pools NNS , , conferences NNS and CC various JJ experiments NNS in IN federal JJ compacts NNS , , for IN regulating VVG output NN and CC selling NN prices NNS , , are VBP everywhere RB engaged VVN in IN substituting VVG industrial JJ peace NN for IN war NN . SENT Direct JJ and CC conscious JJ harmony NN thus RB grows VVZ among IN formerly RB antagonistic JJ capitalists NNS and CC employers NNS . SENT The DT organisation NN of IN labour NN in IN the DT several JJ trades NNS , , on IN the DT basis NN of IN a DT standard JJ wage NN upheld VVN by IN collective JJ bargaining NN , , marks VVZ a DT similar JJ though IN less JJR close JJ harmony NN on IN the DT side NN of IN labour NN . SENT But CC these DT advances NNS towards IN conscious JJ harmony NN among IN hitherto RB competing VVG capitalists NNS and CC labourers NNS have VHP been VBN attended VVN by IN a DT widening NN and CC intensification NN of IN the DT conscious JJ antagonism NN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN within IN the DT several JJ trades NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , there EX are VBP signs NNS of IN a DT growing VVG extension NN of IN combination NN for IN definitely RB hostile JJ purposes NNS , , a DT ranging VVG of IN capital NN on IN the DT one CD side NN , , labour NN on IN the DT other JJ , , animated JJ by IN a DT broad JJ class NN consciousness NN which WDT is VBZ new JJ in IN the DT history NN of IN industry NN . SENT In IN fact NN , , it PP has VHZ all RB along RB been VBN inevitable JJ that IN the DT combinatory JJ forces NNS , , which WDT appeared VVD to TO make VV for IN social JJ solidarity NN in IN industry NN , , should MD be VB brought VVN up RP at IN what WP appears VVZ to TO be VB an DT impenetrable JJ barrier NN , , the DT class NN hostility NN between IN the DT owners NNS of IN instruments NNS of IN production NN and CC the DT workers NNS . SENT For IN this DT hostility NN is VBZ inherent JJ in IN the DT distribution NN which WDT evokes VVZ an DT Unproductive JJ Surplus NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN economic JJ advantages NNS permit VVP some DT groups NNS of IN capitalists NNS , , landowners NNS and CC owners NNS of IN organising VVG power NN , , to TO take VV for IN themselves PP large JJ masses NNS of IN unearned JJ income NN , , which WDT might MD have VH gone VVN to TO improve VV the DT conditions NNS of IN the DT workers NNS , , had VHD they PP been VBN able JJ to TO divert VV it PP into IN wages NNS , , no DT false JJ platitudes NNS about IN the DT harmony NN of IN capital NN and CC labour NN will MD secure VV industrial JJ peace NN . SENT For IN that DT harmony NN , , as IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , only RB extends VVZ to TO the DT portion NN of IN the DT product NN distributed VVN as IN costs NNS . SENT Now RB , , the DT enormously RB increased VVN productivity NN of IN modern JJ industry NN has VHZ resulted VVN in IN an DT increase NN of IN the DT size NN and CC relative JJ importance NN of IN the DT surplus NN , , and CC the DT large JJ proportion NN of IN that DT surplus NN which WDT is VBZ distributed VVN unproductively RB in IN unearned JJ income NN represents VVZ a DT growing VVG element NN of IN discord VV . SENT This DT real JJ divergence NN of IN economic JJ interests NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN is VBZ not RB then RB to TO be VB bridged VVN by IN an DT economy NN of IN costs NNS based VVN upon IN the DT fact NN that WDT , , since IN each DT factor NN needs VVZ the DT other JJ , , it PP is VBZ interested JJ in IN its PP$ proper JJ remuneration NN . SENT The DT complaints NNS of IN the DT existing JJ system NN made VVN by IN the DT workers NNS not RB merely RB testify VV to TO a DT growing VVG realisation NN of IN their PP$ economic JJ weakness NN and CC a DT growing VVG sensitiveness NN to TO the DT inequitable JJ modes NNS of IN distribution NN . SENT They PP are VBP founded VVN on IN the DT belief NN that IN upon IN the DT whole JJ distribution NN is VBZ becoming VVG more RBR inequitable JJ and CC more RBR wasteful JJ . SENT For IN though IN the DT absolute JJ share NN of IN the DT workers NNS and CC the DT standard NN of IN real JJ wages NNS have VHP been VBN rising VVG in IN most JJS countries NNS , , 2 LS that DT rise NN has VHZ not RB been VBN commensurate JJ with IN the DT aggregate JJ increase NN of IN wealth NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , a DT larger JJR proportion NN of IN the DT total NN is VBZ passing VVG into IN unproductive JJ surplus NN , , the DT factor NN of IN discord VV , , a DT smaller JJR into IN costs NNS , , the DT factor NN of IN harmony NN . SENT If IN this DT is VBZ true JJ , , it PP implies VVZ inevitably RB a DT worsening NN of IN the DT relations NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT For IN , , so RB long RB as IN the DT owners NNS of IN strong JJ or CC scarce JJ factors NNS of IN production NN are VBP rewarded VVN according VVG to TO their PP$ strength NN or CC scarcity NN , , no DT peace NN is VBZ possible JJ . SENT The DT absorption NN of IN the DT unassimilated JJ mass NN of IN wealth NN in IN a DT higher JJR standard NN of IN life NN for IN the DT workers NNS and CC an DT enlargement NN and CC improvement NN of IN the DT public JJ services NNS is VBZ essential JJ to TO secure VV the DT substance NN and CC the DT sense NN of IN social JJ harmony NN in IN industry NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Leaving VVG out RP for IN the DT moment NN the DT claim NN of IN the DT State NN for IN public JJ services NNS , , this DT socially RB sound JJ distribution NN of IN the DT product NN could MD only RB be VB achieved VVN by IN a DT recasting VVG of IN the DT governmental JJ structure NN of IN the DT Business NP , , the DT Trade NP and CC industry NN . SENT Towards IN this DT governmental JJ reform NN many JJ different JJ experiments NNS are VBP afoot RB . SENT Various JJ modifications NNS of IN the DT ordinary JJ wage NN system NN , , by IN way NN of IN bonuses NNS upon IN individual JJ and CC departmental JJ efficiency NN of IN labour NN , , are VBP tried VVN . SENT More RBR direct JJ attempts NNS to TO harmonise VV the DT interests NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN within IN the DT business NN take VV shape NN in IN schemes NNS of IN profit NN sharing NN , , which WDT are VBP sometimes RB carried VVN further JJR into IN the DT closer JJR form NN of IN co NP partnership NN , , by IN which WDT the DT workers NNS own VVP a DT share NN of IN the DT capital NN and CC , , by IN virtue NN of IN this DT ownership NN may MD be VB admitted VVN to TO a DT share NN of IN the DT administration NN . SENT Regarded VVN as IN methods NNS of IN harmonising VVG capital NN and CC labour NN in IN the DT business NN structure NN , , most JJS of IN these DT schemes NNS appear VVP to TO be VB of IN dubious JJ worth NN , , when WRB we PP apply VVP the DT proper JJ test NN , , viz NN . SENT , , the DT ability NN to TO divert VV into IN wages NNS a DT portion NN of IN the DT unproductive JJ surplus NN . SENT For IN , , though IN the DT stimulus NN of IN a DT bonus NN or CC a DT so RB called VVN 3 CD share NN of IN profit NN may MD increase VV the DT absolute JJ wage NN of IN the DT workers NNS in IN the DT business NN , , if IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN it PP proportionately RB increases VVZ the DT dividend NN or CC profit NN , , it PP does VVZ nothing NN to TO reduce VV either CC the DT aggregate NN or CC the DT proportion NN of IN unproductive JJ surplus NN . SENT Moreover RB , , if IN the DT increased JJ productivity NN of IN labour NN under IN such PDT a DT stimulus NN is VBZ attended VVN by IN enhanced JJ intensification NN of IN effort NN in IN muscle NN or CC in IN nerve NN , , with IN accompanying VVG exhaustion NN , , the DT total JJ utility NN of IN the DT process NN to TO the DT worker NN may MD be VB a DT negative JJ quantity NN , , when WRB the DT increased JJ human JJ cost NN of IN production NN has VHZ been VBN set VVN against IN the DT utility NN of IN the DT higher JJR income NN , , less RBR advantageously RB consumed VVN by IN reason NN of IN the DT exhaustion NN . SENT Again RB , , though RB many JJ of IN these DT schemes NNS expressly RB induce VV the DT workers NNS to TO become VV small JJ shareholders NNS in IN the DT business NN , , by IN applying VVG the DT bonus NN or CC profit NN to TO the DT purchase NN of IN shares NNS , , nowhere RB has VHZ this DT ownership NN by IN the DT workers NNS been VBN permitted VVN to TO go VV so RB far RB as IN to TO give VV them PP any DT determinant JJ voice NN in IN the DT administration NN of IN the DT business NN . SENT Finally RB , , many JJ of IN these DT schemes NNS by IN express JJ intention NN , , nearly RB all RB of IN them PP in IN actual JJ tendency NN , , weaken VV the DT attachment NN of IN the DT workers NNS in IN these DT businesses NNS to TO their PP$ fellow JJ workers NNS in IN other JJ businesses NNS belonging VVG to TO the DT trade NN . SENT So RB , , whatever WDT power NN proceeds NNS from IN collective JJ bargaining NN , , for IN raising VVG wages NNS and CC improving VVG the DT other JJ conditions NNS of IN employment NN , , is VBZ diminished VVN by IN these DT attempts NNS to TO harmonise VV the DT capital NN and CC labour NN within IN the DT area NN of IN the DT single JJ business NN . SENT It PP is VBZ significant JJ that IN nearly RB all PDT the DT businesses NNS where WRB co NP partnership NN shows VVZ signs NNS of IN enduring JJ success NN are VBP legal JJ monopolies NNS , , or CC are VBP otherwise RB protected VVN from IN free JJ competition NN , , so RB that IN the DT prices NNS for IN the DT commodities NNS or CC services NNS they PP sell VVP contain VV a DT considerable JJ element NN of IN surplus NN . SENT A DT fraction NN of IN this DT surplus NN is VBZ diverted VVN from IN unproductive JJ into IN productive JJ purposes NNS by IN a DT subsidy NN to TO wages NNS . SENT In IN the DT case NN of IN gas NN works NNS , , the DT most RBS conspicuous JJ example NN , , this DT process NN is VBZ furthered VVN by IN the DT fact NN that IN legal JJ restrictions NNS upon IN dividends NNS make VVP what WP at IN first JJ sight NN appears VVZ a DT policy NN of IN generosity NN to TO labour VV , , costless JJ to TO capital NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT This DT criticism NN of IN the DT defects NNS of IN these DT private JJ experiments NNS in IN industrial JJ peace NN is VBZ reinforced VVN by IN the DT experience NN of IN cooperative JJ movements NNS . SENT Of IN the DT completely RB self NN governing VVG workshop NN or CC other JJ business NN in IN which WDT the DT whole JJ body NN of IN the DT workers NNS are VBP sole JJ owners NNS of IN the DT whole JJ capital NN they PP employ VVP , , there EX have VHP been VBN too RB few JJ examples NNS to TO enable VV any DT conclusion NN to TO be VB drawn VVN . SENT But CC nearly RB all PDT the DT cases NNS where WRB the DT actual JJ full JJ administration NN of IN a DT business NN has VHZ been VBN in IN the DT hands NNS of IN those DT employed VVN have VHP been VBN signal NN failures NNS , , save VV in IN rare JJ instances NNS where WRB the DT possession NN of IN some DT skill NN or CC situation NN endowed VVN with IN a DT scarcity NN value NN has VHZ assisted VVN them PP . SENT Experiments NNS in IN the DT self NN governing VVG workshop NN make VV it PP evident JJ that IN direct JJ government NN by IN the DT workers NNS in IN their PP$ capacity NN of IN producers NNS is VBZ technically RB worse JJR than IN government NN by IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT capital NN . SENT The DT selection NN and CC the DT remuneration NN of IN ability NN of IN management NN are VBP always RB found VVN defective JJ , , and CC the DT employees NNS are VBP often RB unwilling JJ to TO submit VV to TO proper JJ discipline NN , , even RB when WRB they PP have VHP elected VVN the DT persons NNS who WP shall MD exercise VV it PP . SENT A DT few JJ successful JJ experiments NNS conducted VVN in IN favourable JJ circumstances NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , where WRB a DT special JJ market NN is VBZ available JJ , , or CC where WRB only RB a DT section NN of IN the DT employees NNS wield VV the DT power NN of IN administration NN , , afford VV no DT considerable JJ grounds NNS of IN hope NN for IN this DT mode NN of IN cooperative JJ settlement NN . SENT Thus RB there EX seems VVZ no DT ground NN for IN holding NN that IN any DT really RB satisfactory JJ settlement NN of IN the DT conflicts NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN can MD be VB got VVN by IN private JJ arrangements NNS of IN a DT profit NN sharing NN or CC a DT cooperative JJ character NN . SENT Part NP II NP . SENT PRODUCER NN AND CC CONSUMER NN 6 CD . SENT Before IN considering VVG more RBR definitely RB socialistic JJ remedies NNS , , it PP is VBZ best JJS , , however RB , , to TO open VV out RP the DT other JJ conflict NN of IN interest NN , , between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , often RB held VVN , , even RB by IN those DT who WP recognise VV some DT reality NN in IN the DT opposition NN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , that IN the DT supposed VVN opposition NN between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN has VHZ no DT real JJ foundation NN . SENT When WRB producers NNS compete VVP , , the DT gains NNS of IN such JJ competition NN in IN lower JJR prices NNS , , better JJR quality NN , , etc FW . SENT , , drop NN into IN the DT consumer's NNS lap VVP . SENT Even RB where WRB producers NNS combine VVP , , or CC a DT single JJ business NN holds VVZ the DT market NN , , it PP is VBZ supposed VVN that IN the DT monopolist NN will MD generally RB find VV it PP most RBS profitable JJ to TO furnish VV a DT sound JJ article NN at IN a DT moderate JJ price NN . SENT But CC this DT natural JJ harmony NN between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN is VBZ subject JJ to TO precisely RB the DT same JJ qualification NN as RB that IN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT Producer NN and CC consumer NN are VBP necessary JJ to TO one CD another DT , , there EX is VBZ community NN of IN interests NNS up RB to TO a DT limit NN . SENT But CC beyond IN that DT limit NN there EX is VBZ an DT equally RB natural JJ conflict NN . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that IN where WRB producers NNS compete VV freely RB prices NNS are VBP cut VVN down RP for IN the DT consumer NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ by IN no DT means NNS true JJ that IN he PP tends VVZ to TO get VV the DT cheapest JJS goods NNS which WDT current JJ arts NNS of IN production NN render VV possible JJ . SENT For IN the DT expenses NNS of IN competition NN , , which WDT are VBP enormous JJ , , are VBP defrayed VVN by IN him PP in IN the DT price NN he PP pays VVZ . SENT Nor CC does VVZ free JJ competition NN secure JJ quality NN of IN product NN . SENT It PP stimulates VVZ the DT arts NNS of IN adulteration NN and CC deceit NN , , and CC sets VVZ the DT cunning JJ of IN the DT skilled JJ producer NN against IN the DT simplicity NN of IN the DT unskilled JJ purchaser NN . SENT While IN , , therefore RB , , it PP may MD be VB urged VVN that IN where WRB competition NN of IN producers NNS is VBZ effective JJ , , comparatively RB little JJ surplus NN passes VVZ into IN their PP$ hands NNS , , the DT waste NN of IN industrial JJ power NN through IN the DT maintenance NN of IN excessive JJ machinery NN of IN production NN and CC of IN distribution NN is VBZ a DT grave JJ social JJ loss NN . SENT Still RB less RBR can MD it PP be VB admitted VVN , , that IN where WRB combination NN has VHZ displaced VVN competition NN , , the DT consumer's JJ interests NNS are VBP safe JJ . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , it PP is VBZ recognised VVN by IN all DT economists NNS that IN where WRB any DT effective JJ monopoly NN is VBZ established VVN , , the DT selling VVG prices NNS to TO consumers NNS will MD always RB be VB such JJ as RB to TO secure VV a DT surplus NN profit NN to TO the DT producer NN . SENT Prices NNS may MD not RB always RB be VB as RB high JJ as IN , , or CC higher JJR than IN , , they PP would MD have VH been VBN if IN a DT wasteful JJ competition NN were VBD maintained VVN , , but CC they PP will MD always RB be VB such JJ as RB to TO extract VV a DT higher JJR profit NN than IN is VBZ needed VVN for IN the DT remuneration NN of IN capital NN and CC ability NN . SENT Where WRB the DT articles NNS sold VVN are VBP necessaries NN or CC prime JJ conveniences NNS of IN life NN , , and CC do VVP not RB admit VV of IN effective JJ substitutes NNS , , the DT prices NNS will MD be VB indefinitely RB higher JJR than IN under IN competition NN , , and CC the DT conflict NN between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN more RBR acute JJ . SENT Since IN under IN modern JJ capitalism NN an DT ever RB increasing VVG number NN of IN routine JJ requirements NNS , , covering VVG the DT chief JJ necessaries NN of IN large JJ populations NNS , , are VBP passing VVG under IN some DT form NN or CC other JJ of IN effective JJ combination NN , , it PP is VBZ clear JJ that IN the DT problem NN of IN industrial JJ peace NN must MD come VV to TO concern VV itself PP more JJR and CC more JJR with IN the DT conflicts NNS of IN producer NN and CC consumer NN . SENT At IN present JJ the DT consumer NN , , at IN any DT rate NN in IN England NP , , largely RB realises VVZ this DT conflict NN as IN a DT by IN product NN of IN the DT struggle NN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT Though IN the DT strikes NNS and CC lock NN outs NNS , , which WDT express VVP that DT struggle NN , , disastrously RB affect VV his PP$ welfare NN , , he PP is VBZ told VVN that IN they PP are VBP not RB his PP$ business NN , , and CC he PP has VHZ no DT right NN to TO interfere VV . SENT Where WRB a DT settlement NN has VHZ taken VVN place NN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN on IN a DT basis NN of IN higher JJR wages NNS or CC shorter JJR hours NNS , , he PP finds VVZ the DT cost NN of IN this DT settlement NN is VBZ usually RB passed VVN on IN to TO him PP in IN higher JJR rates NNS or CC prices NNS . SENT As IN joint JJ agreements NNS between IN employers NNS , , federations NNS and CC trade NN unions NNS become VVP more RBR common JJ and CC more RBR effective JJ , , as IN methods NNS of IN conciliation NN and CC arbitration NN receive VVP legal JJ sanction NN and CC assistance NN , , as IN wage NN boards NNS extend VVP to TO new JJ fields NNS of IN industry NN , , the DT falsehood NN and CC the DT social JJ wrong NN which WDT underlie VV the DT maxim NN caveat NN emptor NN become VVN more RBR manifest JJ . SENT The DT consumer NN will MD become VV increasingly RB more RBR impotent JJ to TO protect VV himself PP against IN the DT depredations NNS of IN organised VVN groups NNS of IN producers NNS . SENT Indeed RB , , experience NN proves VVZ that IN even RB where WRB combinations NNS are VBP subject JJ to TO the DT sanction NN and CC control NN of IN the DT State NP , , which WDT theoretically RB is VBZ dedicated VVN to TO the DT service NN of IN the DT public NN as IN a DT whole NN , , and CC might MD at IN least JJS be VB expected VVN to TO hold VV the DT balance NN even RB between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN , , producers NNS , , interests NNS are VBP preferred JJ . SENT In IN the DT present JJ policy NN of IN state NN control NN of IN Railways NNS , , and CC in IN the DT various JJ schemes NNS for IN the DT extension NN of IN Wage NP Board NP legislation NN , , there EX is VBZ no DT proper JJ recognition NN of IN the DT interests NNS of IN the DT consumer NN . SENT An DT ill RB devised VVN lopsided JJ Socialism NN is VBZ springing VVG up RP , , the DT likely JJ result NN of IN which WDT appears VVZ to TO be VB to TO set VV up RP groups NNS of IN selected JJ and CC preferred JJ employments NNS , , whose WP$ higher JJR wage NN bill NN will MD in IN reality NN be VB defrayed VVN not RB out RB of IN rents NNS , , surplus NN profits NNS or CC any DT other JJ unearned JJ income NN , , but CC in IN large JJ measure NN out IN of IN the DT reduction NN of IN real JJ wages NNS which WDT arbitrary JJ rises NNS of IN consumers NNS , , prices NNS will MD impose VV upon IN other JJ wage NN earners NNS . SENT A DT flagrant JJ instance NN of IN this DT defective JJ social JJ policy NN is VBZ supplied VVN by IN the DT recent JJ arrangement NN by IN which WDT the DT railways NNS of IN this DT country NN have VHP been VBN empowered VVN by IN government NN to TO raise VV the DT wages NNS of IN their PP$ employees NNS by IN reducing VVG the DT real JJ wages NNS of IN the DT general JJ body NN of IN the DT wage NN earners NNS , , who WP are VBP called VVN upon RP to TO bear VV a DT large JJ part NN of IN the DT cost NN in IN the DT higher JJR prices NNS of IN commodities NNS which WDT follows VVZ upon IN the DT rise NN of IN railway NN rates NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT Now RB , , admitting VVG , , as IN we PP must MD , , that IN a DT real JJ divergence NN of IN interests NNS between IN producers NNS and CC consumers NNS may MD and CC must MD arise VV in IN the DT ordinary JJ course NN of IN industry NN , , what WP remedy NN is VBZ possible JJ . SENT There EX is VBZ one CD large JJ working VVG class NN movement NN which WDT seems VVZ expressly RB designed VVN for IN the DT protection NN of IN the DT consuming NN public NN . SENT I PP allude VV of IN course NN to TO the DT great JJ Cooperative JJ Movement NN on IN the DT Rochdale NP plan NN , , in IN which WDT the DT supreme JJ control NN is VBZ vested VVN in IN the DT consumers NNS and CC their PP$ representatives NNS . SENT How WRB far RB does VVZ this DT scheme NN represent VVP a DT true JJ reconcilement NN of IN producers NNS and CC consumers NNS , , interests NNS . SENT A DT very RB little JJ investigation NN will MD show VV that IN , , however RB excellent JJ the DT other JJ services NNS it PP renders VVZ to TO the DT working VVG classes NNS , , its PP$ conduct NN of IN business NN affords VVZ no DT complete JJ harmony NN of IN the DT interests NNS of IN the DT several JJ factors NNS . SENT For IN its PP$ entire JJ structure NN and CC working NN are VBP motived VVN by IN the DT intention NN to TO absorb VV in IN real JJ wages NNS by IN means NNS of IN dividends NNS on IN purchases NNS the DT profits NNS to TO which WDT in IN ordinary JJ trade NN most JJS of IN the DT unproductive JJ surplus NN seems VVZ to TO adhere VV . SENT By IN dispensing VVG with IN the DT profits NNS of IN various JJ grades NNS of IN middlemen NNS , , by IN reducing VVG the DT expenses NNS of IN management NN , , by IN saving VVG most JJS of IN the DT costs NNS of IN advertising NN and CC other JJ incidental JJ costs NNS of IN distribution NN , , much JJ surplus NN is VBZ diverted VVN into IN real JJ wages NNS . SENT But CC , , regarding VVG this DT scheme NN from IN the DT standpoint NN which WDT immediately RB concerns VVZ us PP , , as IN a DT reconcilement NN of IN capital NN and CC labour NN within IN the DT business NN , , we PP find VVP an DT obvious JJ defect NN . SENT There EX is VBZ nothing NN in IN the DT theory NN , , or CC commonly RB in IN the DT practice NN , , of IN the DT cooperative JJ store NN or CC workshop NN , , to TO evoke VV from IN the DT employees NNS any DT special JJ interest NN in IN its PP$ successful JJ conduct NN . SENT If IN they PP are VBP members NNS , , they PP do VVP indeed RB get VV in IN this DT capacity NN a DT gain NN equal JJ to TO that DT enjoyed VVN by IN other JJ members NNS not RB employed VVN in IN the DT business NN . SENT But CC , , as IN employees NNS , , they PP have VHP no DT voice NN in IN the DT administration NN and CC no DT share NN in IN the DT gains NNS . SENT Where WRB , , as RB in IN the DT Scottish JJ Wholesale NN , , a DT profit NN sharing NN scheme NN is VBZ attached VVN , , this DT scheme NN is VBZ exposed VVN to TO the DT same JJ criticism NN that IN we PP have VHP applied VVN to TO other JJ profit NN sharing VVG schemes NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT security NN afforded VVN by IN this DT cooperative JJ form NN of IN business NN for IN the DT full JJ reconcilement NN of IN the DT claims NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN within IN the DT business NN . SENT But CC , , after IN all DT , , it PP might MD be VB objected VVN , , that WDT does VVZ not RB really RB matter VV . SENT For IN , , if IN the DT worker NN in IN a DT cooperative JJ mill NN or CC store NN is VBZ also RB a DT cooperative JJ consumer NN , , he PP will MD , , as IN such JJ , , enjoy VVP a DT collective JJ gain NN as IN great JJ as IN he PP could MD hope VV to TO gain VV if IN he PP were VBD assigned VVN a DT special JJ lien NN upon IN the DT surplus NN that WDT emerged VVD from IN the DT successful JJ conduct NN of IN the DT particular JJ business NN in IN which WDT he PP worked VVD . SENT It PP will MD be VB his PP$ intelligent JJ interest NN , , as IN consumer NN , , to TO help VV to TO elect VV and CC to TO maintain VV an DT effective JJ administration NN in IN all PDT the DT various JJ productive JJ and CC distributive JJ businesses NNS from IN which WDT are VBP derived VVN the DT half JJ yearly JJ dividend NN on IN purchases NNS which WDT he PP receives VVZ . SENT Now RB if IN the DT working VVG classes NNS of IN the DT nation NN made VVD all PDT their PP$ purchases NNS through IN cooperative JJ stores NNS , , and CC if IN these DT stores NNS , , in IN their PP$ turn NN , , bought VVN what WP they PP sell VVP exclusively RB from IN cooperative JJ productive JJ businesses NNS , , and CC if IN all DT working VVG class NN consumers NNS were VBD employed VVN in IN these DT cooperative JJ businesses NNS , , a DT solution NN of IN the DT social JJ problem NN on IN cooperative JJ lines NNS might MD be VB plausible JJ . SENT For IN any DT surplus NN made VVN at IN any DT stage NN would MD flow VV in IN the DT ordinary JJ course NN of IN events NNS into IN consumers NNS dividends NNS , , forming VVG an DT addition NN to TO the DT real JJ wages NNS which WDT they PP earned VVD as IN producers NNS . SENT Nor CC need VVP it PP matter VVP that IN the DT cooperative JJ consumers NNS were VBD not RB full JJ owners NNS of IN all PDT the DT capital NN they PP needed VVD to TO employ VV , , provided VVD they PP could MD borrow VV it PP in IN a DT free JJ market NN . SENT If IN the DT agricultural JJ and CC mining NN lands NNS , , whose WP$ produce NN they PP required VVD , , did VVD not RB belong VV to TO them PP , , there EX would MD indeed RB remain VV a DT large JJ leakage NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN economic JJ rent NN . SENT But CC the DT nature NN of IN the DT so RB called VVN land NN monopoly NN is VBZ not RB such JJ as RB to TO prevent VV the DT cooperative JJ consumers NNS from IN taking VVG in IN real JJ wages NNS the DT great JJ bulk NN of IN the DT surplus NN which WDT otherwise RB would MD have VH gone VVN to TO capitalists NNS and CC entrepreneurs NNS in IN unearned JJ income NN . SENT Unfortunately RB , , large JJ and CC important JJ as RB is VBZ this DT Cooperative JJ Movement NN , , it PP falls VVZ far RB short JJ of IN the DT full JJ conditions NNS here RB laid VVN down RP . SENT The DT majority NN of IN the DT wage NN earners NNS are VBP not RB members NNS of IN Cooperative JJ Stores NNS . SENT those DT who WP are VBP members NNS only RB purchase VVP certain JJ sorts NNS of IN goods NNS at IN the DT store NN . SENT owing VVG to TO the DT slighter JJR development NN of IN productive JJ cooperation NN , , a DT large JJ proportion NN of IN the DT goods NNS sold VVN in IN the DT stores NNS are VBP bought VVN in IN the DT ordinary JJ markets NNS . SENT comparatively RB few JJ of IN the DT cooperative JJ consumers NNS are VBP employed VVN in IN cooperative JJ businesses NNS . SENT There EX are VBP large JJ tracts NNS of IN industry NN , , such JJ as IN agriculture NN , , mining NN , , transport NN , , building NN , , 4 CD metal NN working NN and CC machine NN making NN , , which WDT the DT Cooperative JJ Movement NN has VHZ hardly RB touched VVN , , nor CC are VBP there RB signs NNS of IN any DT rapid JJ extension NN in IN these DT fields NNS of IN enterprise NN . SENT In IN point NN of IN fact NN , , cooperation NN has VHZ almost RB entirely RB confined VVN itself PP to TO trades NNS and CC industries NNS where WRB competition NN is VBZ normally RB free JJ , , and CC where WRB the DT object NN of IN cooperation NN has VHZ rather RB been VBN to TO save VV and CC secure VV as IN divi NN certain JJ ordinary JJ expenses NNS of IN competitive JJ businesses NNS than IN to TO invade VV the DT strongholds NNS of IN highly RB profitable JJ capitalism NN where WRB unearned JJ surpluses NNS are VBP large JJ . SENT While IN , , then RB , , a DT considerable JJ proportion NN of IN the DT total JJ working VVG class NN income NN is VBZ expended VVN upon IN articles NNS bought VVN in IN the DT stores NNS 5 CD and CC valuable JJ economies NNS are VBP affected VVN , , only RB a DT small JJ proportion NN of IN the DT eleven NN millions NNS paid VVN in IN dividends NNS and CC interest NN to TO consumers NNS can MD be VB taken VVN to TO represent VV unproductive JJ surplus NN absorbed VVN into IN wages NNS . SENT While IN , , therefore RB , , the DT advance NN of IN the DT Cooperative JJ Movement NN in IN recent JJ years NNS , , alike RB in IN membership NN , , in IN volume NN of IN trade NN and CC in IN profits NNS , , has VHZ been VBN rapid JJ , , a DT careful JJ examination NN of IN the DT field NN of IN cooperative JJ progress NN does VVZ not RB indicate VV any DT solution NN of IN the DT main JJ problem NN of IN distribution NN along IN these DT lines NNS . SENT The DT areas NNS of IN really RB profitable JJ private JJ enterprise NN are VBP to TO all DT appearance NN unassailable JJ by IN the DT Cooperative JJ Movement NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT But CC we PP find VVP within IN the DT Cooperative JJ Movement NN some DT experiences NNS which WDT shed VVP light NN upon IN the DT problem NN of IN business NN administration NN . SENT If IN the DT truly RB social JJ nature NN of IN the DT business NN is VBZ to TO be VB expressed VVN in IN its PP$ government NN , , the DT Rochdale NP plan NN , , upon IN which WDT the DT main JJ cooperative JJ structure NN has VHZ been VBN erected VVN , , contributes VVZ an DT element NN of IN really RB vital JJ importance NN . SENT It PP asserts VVZ that IN a DT business NN exists VVZ , , not RB to TO furnish VV profit NN to TO the DT capitalist JJ employer NN or CC wages NNS to TO the DT workers NNS , , but CC commodities NNS to TO consumers NNS . SENT The DT consumer NN , , being VBG the DT end NN and CC furnishing VVG by IN his PP$ purchase NN power NN the DT stimulus NN , , should MD hold VV the DT reins NNS of IN government NN . SENT He PP is VBZ the DT owner NN , , he PP shall MD rule VV , , he PP shall MD receive VV the DT whole JJ gain NN . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT complete JJ reversal NN of IN the DT ordinary JJ idea NN of IN the DT business NN world NN , , to TO which WDT a DT business NN exists VVZ to TO secure VV profits NNS to TO business NN men NNS , , the DT worker NN and CC the DT market NN consumer NN being VBG mere JJ instruments NNS in IN profit NN making NN . SENT Hardly RB less RBR does VVZ it PP counterwork NN the DT ordinary JJ ideas NNS and CC feelings NNS of IN the DT working VVG man NN , , for IN whom WP the DT business NN exists VVZ merely RB as IN a DT means NN of IN remunerative JJ employment NN , , and CC whose WP$ sole JJ idea NN of IN reform NN is VBZ to TO secure VV in IN higher JJR wages NNS and CC improved JJ conditions NNS of IN labour NN as RB much RB of IN the DT profits NNS as IN possible JJ . SENT To TO neither RB does VVZ it PP for IN one CD moment NN seem VVP reasonable JJ that IN the DT consumer NN should MD interfere VV in IN the DT administration NN of IN the DT business NN , , or CC take VV any DT share NN in IN its PP$ gains NNS , , save VV such JJ as RB must MD come VV to TO him PP in IN the DT ordinary JJ course NN of IN trade NN . SENT Thus RB the DT success NN of IN the DT Rochdale NP plan NN is VBZ a DT dramatic JJ assertion NN of IN a DT revolutionary JJ idea NN in IN the DT organisation NN of IN business NN . SENT It PP is VBZ proved VVN that IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN routine JJ businesses NNS can MD be VB conducted VVN by IN and CC for IN consumers NNS . SENT But CC it PP cannot NN be VB assumed VVN that IN this DT concentration NN of IN the DT meaning NN , , the DT utility NN and CC the DT government NN of IN industry NN in IN the DT consumer NN , , has VHZ complete JJ validity NN . SENT It PP may MD be VB called VVN consumers NNS , , socialism NN , , as RB distinguished VVD from IN the DT sort NN of IN producers NNS , , socialism NN which WDT prevails VVZ among IN trade NN unionists NNS . SENT As IN the DT latter NN aims VVZ at IN controlling VVG businesses NNS in IN order NN to TO divert VV directly RB into IN wages NNS all DT surplus NN profit NN , , so RB the DT former JJ aims NNS at IN controlling VVG businesses NNS in IN order NN to TO divert VV the DT same JJ fund NN into IN consumers NNS dividends NNS . SENT Now RB , , if IN the DT producers NNS and CC the DT consumers NNS of IN the DT goods NNS produced VVN in IN any DT business NN were VBD the DT same JJ , , it PP might MD seem VV a DT matter NN of IN indifference NN in IN which WDT capacity NN they PP took VVD the DT gain NN . SENT But CC they PP are VBP not RB . SENT The DT workers NNS in IN a DT particular JJ mill NN or CC store NN buy NN for IN their PP$ own JJ use NN a DT very RB minute JJ fraction NN of IN the DT goods NNS there RB produced VVN . SENT Even RB if IN the DT workers NNS , , by IN means NNS of IN their PP$ unions NNS or CC their PP$ cooperative JJ societies NNS , , could MD capture VV the DT whole JJ industrial JJ machinery NN , , it PP would MD still RB remain VV a DT matter NN of IN importance NN how WRB far RB they PP paid VVD themselves PP in IN higher JJR wages NNS , , how WRB far RB in IN consumers NNS , , dividends NNS . SENT For IN unless IN their PP$ claims NNS as IN producers NNS and CC as IN consumers NNS were VBD properly RB adjusted VVN in IN the DT control NN of IN the DT several JJ businesses NNS , , there EX would MD be VB little JJ or CC nothing NN to TO distribute VV . SENT Few JJ thoughtful JJ cooperators NNS will MD claim VV finality NN and CC all DT sufficiency NN for IN the DT cooperative JJ idea NN as IN embodied VVN in IN the DT present JJ movement NN . SENT The DT persistent JJ struggles NNS in IN the DT movement NN itself PP to TO temper VV the DT absolutism NN of IN the DT consumer NN by IN the DT assertion NN of IN cooperative JJ employees NNS to TO a DT higher JJR rate NN of IN pay NN than IN obtains VVZ in IN the DT outside JJ labour NN market NN and CC to TO a DT share NN of IN the DT profits NNS , , is VBZ an DT interesting JJ commentary NN on IN the DT problem NN of IN social JJ administration NN of IN the DT business NN . SENT It PP is VBZ widely RB felt VVN that IN the DT view NN that IN a DT business NN exists VVZ in IN order NN to TO supply VV utilities NNS to TO consumers NNS is VBZ defective JJ as IN a DT principle NN of IN business NN government NN . SENT The DT claim NN of IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT factors NNS of IN production NN employed VVN in IN the DT business NN to TO some DT voice NN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN that DT business NN is VBZ not RB lightly RB to TO be VB set VVN aside RP by IN asserting VVG that IN the DT factors NNS of IN production NN are VBP mere JJ means NNS to TO the DT consumer's JJ end NN . SENT If IN the DT consumers NNS themselves PP own VVP the DT share NN capital NN or CC borrow VV other JJ capital NN at IN market NN rates NNS with IN good JJ security NN , , the DT issue NN of IN the DT control NN of IN capital NN need VVP not RB arise VV . SENT But CC the DT labour NN employed VVN in IN a DT cooperative JJ business NN has VHZ a DT human JJ interest NN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN the DT business NN separate JJ from IN that DT of IN the DT consumers NNS . SENT In IN virtue NN of IN this DT human JJ interest NN , , these DT workers NNS impugn VV the DT doctrine NN that IN the DT business NN exists VVZ solely RB for IN the DT consumers NNS , , and CC insist VVP that IN their PP$ human JJ interest NN shall MD be VB adequately RB represented VVN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN the DT business NN and CC the DT distribution NN of IN its PP$ gains NNS . SENT 9 CD . SENT Those DT who WP have VHP followed VVN and CC accept VV the DT general JJ principles NNS of IN our PP$ analysis NN of IN industry NN into IN human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN and CC human JJ utilities NNS of IN consumption NN will MD be VB disposed VVN a DT priori NN to TO accept VV the DT view NN that WDT , , in IN the DT equitable JJ control NN of IN every DT business NN , , the DT interests NNS of IN the DT worker NN as IN well RB as RB of IN the DT consumers NNS should MD be VB represented VVN . SENT Regarded VVN from IN the DT social JJ standpoint NN , , it PP is VBZ as RB important JJ that IN good JJ conditions NNS of IN employment NN shall MD prevail VV in IN a DT business NN , , as RB that IN good JJ articles NNS shall MD be VB furnished VVN cheaply RB to TO consumers NNS . SENT Nor CC , , as IN we PP recognise VV , , can MD we PP assume VV that IN an DT enlightened JJ business NN government NN by IN consumers NNS , , any DT more JJR than IN by IN capitalists NNS , , will MD necessarily RB secure VV these DT good JJ conditions NNS for IN employees NNS . SENT Definite JJ and CC not RB inconsiderable JJ instances NNS of IN sweating VVG inside IN the DT cooperative JJ movement NN itself PP testify VVP to TO the DT reality NN of IN this DT need NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ urged VVN not RB merely RB on IN grounds NNS of IN equity NN , , as IN a DT protection NN against IN possible JJ abuses NNS of IN power NN by IN consumers NNS or CC their PP$ representatives NNS , , but CC on IN grounds NNS of IN sound JJ economy NN . SENT For IN if IN it PP be VB admitted VVN that IN the DT employees NNS in IN a DT cooperative JJ business NN have VHP a DT special JJ human JJ interest NN , , it PP is VBZ idle JJ to TO argue VV that IN it PP is VBZ socially RB advantageous JJ to TO leave VV this DT interest NN without IN representation NN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN the DT business NN . SENT The DT cooperation NN which WDT assigns VVZ all DT power NN and CC all DT gain NN to TO the DT consumer NN is VBZ in IN fact NN vitiated VVN by IN the DT same JJ social JJ fallacy NN as IN the DT syndicalism NN which WDT would MD assign VV the DT same JJ monopoly NN to TO the DT employee NN , , or CC as IN the DT capitalism NN which WDT does VVZ assign VV it PP to TO the DT profit NN monger NN . SENT Equity NN and CC economy NN alike RB demand NN that IN the DT interests NNS of IN all DT three CD shall MD be VB adequately RB represented VVN . SENT Social JJ remuneration NN in IN its PP$ application NN to TO the DT business NN unit NN must MD proceed VV upon IN this DT fundamental JJ principle NN . SENT A DT business NN consists VVZ of IN capital NN , , labour NN , , and CC the DT market NN . SENT To TO place VV unlimited JJ control NN in IN the DT hands NNS of IN any DT of IN those DT factors NNS is VBZ wasteful JJ and CC dangerous JJ . SENT The DT human JJ defects NNS of IN uncontrolled JJ capitalism NN have VHP been VBN made VVN sufficiently RB apparent JJ . SENT Any DT adequate JJ experiment NN in IN uncontrolled JJ trade NN unionism NN or CC in IN syndicalism NN would MD disclose VV similar JJ abuses NNS . SENT The DT idea NN of IN the DT miners NNS running VVG the DT mine NN , , or CC the DT factory NN hands VVZ the DT factory NN , , the DT railway NN workers NNS the DT railway NN , , is VBZ not RB so RB much RB unsound JJ in IN the DT sense NN that IN they PP must MD fail VV to TO run VV it PP properly RB . SENT For IN though RB unlikely JJ , , it PP is VBZ at IN least JJS conceivable JJ that IN they PP might MD have VH enough JJ intelligence NN and CC character NN to TO buy VV competent JJ managers NNS and CC carry VV out RP their PP$ detailed JJ instructions NNS . SENT Its PP$ fundamental JJ vice NN consists VVZ in IN ignoring VVG the DT factor NN of IN the DT market NN , , and CC in IN building VVG up RP a DT number NN of IN separate JJ industrial JJ structures NNS in IN which WDT the DT consumers NNS , , interests NNS are VBP unrepresented JJ . SENT It PP may MD appear VV plausible JJ to TO argue VV that IN the DT control NN of IN each DT process NN of IN production NN should MD be VB left VVN to TO the DT producers NNS who WP may MD be VB presumed VVN to TO know VV it PP best JJS . SENT But CC it PP becomes VVZ evident JJ , , even RB to TO the DT syndicalist NN , , that IN no DT business NN could MD be VB conducted VVN upon IN this DT policy NN unmodified JJ . SENT No DT house NN building NN could MD proceed VV , , if IN the DT plasterers NNS , , the DT bricklayers NNS , , the DT carpenters NNS , , had VHD each DT full JJ power NN to TO determine VV when WRB they PP would MD work VV , , at IN what WDT pace NN they PP would MD work VV , , and CC what WDT remuneration NN they PP should MD exact VV . SENT There EX must MD be VB a DT definite JJ arrangement NN between IN the DT groups NNS of IN workers NNS in IN the DT several JJ processes NNS within IN each DT business NN , , which WDT will MD qualify VV the DT control NN of IN plastering VVG by IN the DT plasterers NNS , , bricklaying NN by IN the DT bricklayers NNS , , by IN a DT wider JJR control NN that WDT represents VVZ the DT common JJ . SENT Interests NNS of IN the DT business NN . SENT Not RB merely RB does VVZ the DT syndicalist NN idea NN recognise VV this DT cooperation NN of IN the DT processes NNS within IN a DT business NN , , but CC it PP extends VVZ the DT cooperative JJ character NN of IN the DT control NN to TO the DT trade NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Under IN syndicalism NN the DT building NN trade NN would MD not RB be VB broken VVN into IN a DT number NN of IN businesses NNS in IN each DT of IN which WDT would MD be VB made VVN a DT separate JJ arrangement NN between IN the DT carpenters NNS , , bricklayers NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , employed VVN in IN it PP . SENT The DT arrangements NNS as RB to TO hours NNS and CC pace NN and CC remuneration NN , , etc FW . SENT , , would MD be VB determined VVN by IN representatives NNS of IN the DT various JJ crafts NNS on IN a DT trade NN basis NN . SENT and CC would MD be VB the DT same JJ for IN all DT businesses NNS and CC all DT jobs NNS . SENT But CC the DT organisation NN of IN producers NNS could MD not RB stop VV there RB . SENT Each DT trade NN could MD no RB more RBR be VB entirely RB self NN governing VVG than IN each DT business NN or CC each DT process NN in IN a DT business NN . SENT The DT trade NN organisation NN of IN the DT miners NNS could MD not RB , , having VHG regard NN to TO the DT interests NNS and CC needs NNS of IN other JJ trades NNS , , be VB safely RB entrusted VVN with IN the DT absolute JJ control NN of IN mining NN , , or CC the DT railway NN workers NNS with IN the DT absolute JJ control NN of IN the DT railways NNS . SENT There EX must MD be VB some DT power NN to TO prevent VV the DT miners NNS reducing VVG their PP$ amount NN of IN work NN and CC their PP$ output NN to TO an DT extent NN which WDT will MD cripple VV the DT other JJ trades NNS which WDT need VVP coal NN , , and CC to TO compel VV the DT railway NN workers NNS to TO afford VV reasonable JJ facilities NNS of IN transport NN on IN reasonable JJ terms NNS to TO shippers NNS and CC travellers NNS . SENT For IN , , otherwise RB , , there EX would MD be VB substituted VVN for IN the DT conflict NN of IN capital NN and CC labour NN within IN each DT business NN or CC each DT trade NN , , a DT conflict NN of IN trades NNS , , each DT striving VVG to TO do VV as IN little JJ and CC to TO get VV as RB much RB as RB possible JJ out RB of IN the DT aggregate JJ wealth NN . SENT Nor CC can MD it PP be VB assumed VVN that IN the DT intelligent JJ self NN interest NN or CC social JJ sympathy NN of IN the DT miners NNS , , or CC railwaymen NNS , , or CC other JJ trades NNS , , would MD be VB adequate JJ safeguards NNS against IN such JJ abuses NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ evident JJ when WRB we PP bear VVP in RB mind VV the DT central JJ concrete JJ problem NN before IN us PP , , the DT social JJ distribution NN and CC utilisation NN of IN the DT surplus NN . SENT For IN it PP will MD be VB technically RB possible JJ for IN any DT strongly RB placed VVN special JJ group NN of IN workers NNS , , such JJ as IN the DT miners NNS or CC railway NN workers NNS , , to TO take VV to TO themselves PP , , in IN remuneration NN or CC in IN leisure NN , , an DT excessive JJ proportion NN of IN this DT surplus NN , , leaving VVG very RB little JJ for IN any DT other JJ group NN of IN workers NNS . SENT The DT guild NN feeling NN , , upon IN which WDT syndicalism NN mainly RB relies VVZ , , not RB merely RB supplies VVZ no RB safeguard VV against IN this DT abuse NN of IN power NN , , but CC would MD almost RB certainly RB evoke VVP it PP , , unless IN a DT potent JJ control NN , , representing VVG industry NN in IN general JJ , , were VBD established VVN over IN the DT individual JJ trades NNS or CC guilds NNS . SENT Experience NN of IN cases NNS where WRB local JJ trade NN unions NNS are VBP occasionally RB placed VVN in IN a DT position NN of IN tyranny NN shows NNS that IN they PP will MD play VV for IN their PP$ own JJ hand NN with IN a DT disregard NN to TO the DT interests NNS of IN their PP$ fellow JJ workers NNS in IN other JJ trades NNS as IN callous JJ as IN is VBZ displayed VVN by IN any DT trust NN of IN capitalists NNS . SENT Assuming VVG , , then RB , , that IN it PP were VBD possible JJ for IN guild NN societies NNS to TO develop VV to TO the DT point NN that IN the DT workers NNS in IN each DT trade NN were VBD in IN possession NN of IN all PDT the DT instruments NNS of IN production NN , , and CC were VBD able JJ to TO conduct VV the DT processes NNS efficiently RB , , the DT problem NN of IN distributing VVG the DT surplus NN among IN the DT several JJ trades NNS or CC guilds NNS , , in IN the DT shape NN of IN pay NN or CC leisure NN , , would MD still RB remain VV unsolved JJ . SENT Among IN the DT groups NNS of IN producers NNS , , in IN a DT word NN , , there EX would MD remain VV divergencies NNS of IN interest NN , , which WDT would MD be VB incapable JJ , , upon IN a DT producers NNS policy NN , , of IN solution NN . SENT Syndicalists NNS , , confronted VVN with IN this DT phase NN of IN their PP$ problem NN , , plunge NN into IN vague JJ assurances NNS that IN the DT process NN of IN agreement NN which WDT had VHD taken VVN place NN between IN the DT workers NNS in IN the DT several JJ processes NNS and CC the DT several JJ businesses NNS in IN a DT trade NN , , could MD be VB extended VVN to TO the DT workers NNS grouped VVN in IN the DT larger JJR trade NN units NNS , , and CC that IN the DT real JJ solidarity NN of IN working VVG class NN interests NNS would MD somehow RB instinctively RB express VV itself PP in IN equitable JJ and CC durable JJ arrangements NNS . SENT But CC the DT moment NN one NN passes VVZ from IN the DT region NN of IN phrases NNS to TO that DT of IN concrete JJ facts NNS the DT difficulties NNS thicken VV . SENT An DT elected VVN council NN of IN national JJ workers NNS would MD have VH to TO devise VV some DT practicable JJ method NN of IN comparing VVG units NNS of IN railway NN service NN with IN units NNS of IN mining NN , , bricklaying NN , , doctoring VVG , , acting VVG , , waiting VVG , , etc FW . SENT , , so RB as RB to TO apply VV to TO each DT productive JJ process NN the DT support NN and CC stimulus NN needed VVN to TO induce VV the DT workers NNS engaged VVN in IN it PP to TO do VV their PP$ share NN of IN work NN and CC to TO receive VV their PP$ share NN of IN wealth NN . SENT No DT mere JJ time NN basis NN for IN such JJ competition NN would MD be VB practicable JJ . SENT It PP would MD be VB necessary JJ to TO induce VV a DT body NN of IN labour NN and CC capital NN to TO apply VV itself PP to TO each DT process NN of IN each DT occupation NN , , sufficient JJ in IN quantity NN and CC in IN efficiency NN to TO supply VV the DT requirements NNS of IN the DT working VVG community NN as IN a DT whole NN , , and CC to TO devise VV a DT mode NN of IN remuneration NN , , or CC distribution NN of IN products NNS , , which WDT would MD satisfy VV this DT requirement NN . SENT It PP is VBZ quite RB evident JJ that IN all PDT this DT adjustment NN of IN the DT claims NNS and CC needs NNS of IN individuals NNS within IN a DT process NN in IN a DT business NN , , of IN businesses NNS in IN a DT trade NN , , of IN trades NNS in IN industry NN , , would MD need VV an DT elaborate JJ hierachy NN of IN representative JJ government NN , , with IN a DT supreme JJ legislature NN and CC executive NN , , whose WP$ will NN must MD over RB rule VV the DT will NN of IN the DT national JJ or CC local JJ groups NNS within IN the DT several JJ trades NNS , , as RB to TO the DT quantity NN and CC method NN of IN work NN to TO be VB done VVN in IN each DT concrete JJ process NN , , and CC as RB to TO the DT remuneration NN of IN each DT sort NN of IN work NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , society NN , , as IN a DT whole NN , , would MD have VH imposed VVN its PP$ final JJ control NN upon IN each DT group NN of IN workers NNS , , diminishing VVG to TO that DT extent NN their PP$ power NN to TO determine VV the DT conditions NNS under IN which WDT they PP would MD work VV , , and CC their PP$ effective JJ separate JJ ownership NN of IN the DT instruments NNS of IN production NN . SENT The DT ideal NN of IN the DT self NN governing VVG mine NN , , or CC factory NN , , or CC railway NN would MD thus RB be VB over RB ridden VVN by IN the DT superior JJ ideal NN of IN a DT self NN governing VVG society NN . SENT But CC that DT self NN government NN by IN society NN , , the DT supreme JJ legislation NN of IN industry NN , , could MD not RB perform VV its PP$ work NN by IN confining VVG its PP$ attention NN to TO the DT various JJ productive JJ processes NNS , , and CC the DT businesses NNS and CC trades NNS in IN which WDT they PP were VBD conducted VVN . SENT It PP would MD be VB compelled VVN to TO study VV the DT wants VVZ and CC will MD of IN the DT consumers NNS , , or CC , , if IN it PP be VB preferred JJ , , of IN the DT workers NNS in IN their PP$ capacity NN of IN consumers NNS . SENT For IN , , only RB by IN the DT study NN of IN the DT consumer NN , , or CC the DT market NN , , could MD the DT work NN of IN adjusting VVG the DT application NN of IN productive JJ power NN at IN the DT different JJ productive JJ points NNS , , and CC the DT process NN of IN remuneration NN by IN which WDT that DT distribution NN was VBD achieved VVN , , possibly RB be VB accomplished VVN . SENT Thus RB , , although IN the DT whole JJ body NN of IN this DT syndicalist NN legislature NN might MD have VH been VBN elected VVN to TO represent VV the DT interests NNS of IN separate JJ groups NNS of IN producers NNS , , or CC trades NNS , , it PP would MD be VB compelled VVN to TO give VV equal JJ attention NN to TO the DT wants VVZ and CC the DT will NN of IN the DT consuming NN public NN . SENT But CC it PP would MD discover VV that IN , , just RB in IN proportion NN as IN it PP was VBD accurately RB representative JJ of IN the DT separate JJ interests NNS of IN groups NNS of IN producers NNS , , to TO that WDT extent NN was VBD it PP disqualified VVN for IN safe JJ guarding VVG the DT interests NNS of IN the DT consuming NN public NN , , which WDT in IN each DT concrete JJ problem NN would MD be VB liable JJ to TO cut VV across IN the DT interests NNS of IN special JJ groups NNS of IN producers NNS . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , it PP would MD be VB impossible JJ properly RB to TO regulate VV the DT railway NN service NN without IN direct JJ regard NN to TO the DT interests NNS of IN the DT travelling VVG and CC trading VVG public NN as IN a DT whole NN , , to TO regulate VV the DT mining NN industry NN without IN regard NN to TO the DT local JJ , , seasonal JJ and CC other JJ needs NNS of IN coal NN consumers NNS . SENT But CC these DT consumers NNS , , interests NNS could MD not RB be VB properly RB considered VVN in IN a DT legislature NN chosen VVN entirely RB by IN separate JJ groups NNS of IN producers NNS , , with IN the DT object NN of IN promoting VVG the DT special JJ interests NNS of IN these DT groups NNS . SENT The DT impossibility NN of IN syndicalism NN thus RB turns VVZ upon IN ignoring VVG in IN the DT control NN of IN business NN the DT will NN of IN the DT consumer NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT Thus RB we PP are VBP compelled VVN to TO recognise VV that IN in IN a DT sound JJ social JJ organisation NN of IN the DT industrial JJ system NN , , and CC of IN each DT part NN of IN it PP , , the DT business NN , , the DT trade NN , , or CC the DT group NN of IN trades NNS and CC the DT consumer NN or CC market NN must MD be VB introduced VVN as IN integral JJ factors NNS of IN government NN . SENT We PP cannot NN content VV ourselves PP with IN the DT view NN that IN a DT producer NN , , or CC any DT composite JJ body NN of IN producers NNS , , is VBZ necessarily RB impelled VVN by IN its PP$ self NN interest NN to TO safeguard VV the DT interests NNS of IN the DT consumer NN . SENT Nor CC can MD the DT consumer NN safeguard VV his PP$ interests NNS adequately RB through IN the DT guidance NN or CC stimulus NN he PP brings VVZ to TO bear VV through IN his PP$ separate JJ individual JJ acts NNS of IN demand NN . SENT He PP is VBZ incapable JJ of IN protecting VVG himself PP properly RB , , even RB when WRB producers NNS are VBP not RB combined VVN but CC are VBP competing VVG . SENT When WRB they PP are VBP combined JJ he PP is VBZ helpless JJ . SENT The DT cleavages NNS of IN immediate JJ economic JJ interest NN between IN the DT worker NN and CC the DT consumer NN are VBP so RB numerous JJ that IN no DT abstract JJ identity NN of IN interests NNS in IN a DT community NN where WRB all DT consumers NNS were VBD also RB workers NNS , , all DT parasites NNS being VBG excluded VVN , , would MD suffice VV to TO secure VV the DT requisite JJ economy NN and CC harmony NN . SENT This DT economy NN and CC harmony NN can MD only RB be VB secured VVN by IN giving VVG the DT consumer NN a DT direct JJ voice NN in IN the DT government NN of IN industry NN . SENT Syndicalism NN is VBZ in IN large JJ measure NN a DT reaction NN against IN forms NNS of IN state NN socialism NN which WDT are VBP vitiated VVN by IN a DT defect NN similar JJ to TO that DT which WDT we PP find VVP in IN the DT Rochdale NP cooperative JJ plan NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT public JJ services NNS are VBP honestly RB and CC efficiently RB administered VVN by IN public JJ officials NNS , , the DT public NN which WDT these DT officials NNS represent VVP is VBZ primarily RB the DT citizen NN in IN his PP$ capacity NN of IN consumer NN . SENT The DT municipal JJ services NNS are VBP run VVN , , either CC to TO give VV him PP cheap JJ transport NN or CC lighting NN of IN sound JJ standard JJ quality NN , , or CC else RB to TO enable VV him PP to TO get VV police NNS , , street NN cleaning NN or CC some DT other JJ service NN which WDT he PP could MD not RB otherwise RB have VHP got VVN . SENT But CC this DT bureaucratic JJ socialism NN is VBZ apt JJ to TO neglect NN or CC to TO ignore VV the DT interests NNS of IN its PP$ employees NNS , , and CC to TO deny VV them PP any DT influence NN in IN determining VVG the DT conditions NNS of IN their PP$ employment NN , , other JJ than IN that DT which WDT they PP can MD bring VV to TO bear VV as IN citizen NN consumers NNS . SENT Thus RB are VBP found VVN cases NNS where WRB public JJ departments NNS , , or CC the DT contractors NNS they PP employ VVP , , are VBP allowed VVN to TO pay VV wages NNS so IN low JJ or CC to TO offer VV such JJ irregular JJ employment NN , , as RB to TO contribute VV to TO that DT inefficiency NN and CC destitution NN for IN which WDT the DT same JJ public NN is VBZ subsequently RB called VVN upon RP to TO make VV financial JJ and CC administrative JJ provision NN . SENT This DT is VBZ an DT inevitable JJ defect NN of IN a DT one NN sided VVD or CC consumers NNS , , socialism NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ it PP likely JJ to TO be VB remedied VVN by IN any DT general JJ perfunctory JJ recognition NN of IN the DT duty NN of IN the DT public JJ employer NN to TO observe VV standard JJ conditions NNS . SENT For IN in IN most JJS cases NNS public JJ employment NN will MD , , by IN virtue NN of IN its PP$ monopolistic JJ character NN , , contain VVP features NNS that WDT have VHP no DT precise JJ analogy NN in IN the DT outside JJ business NN world NN , , so RB that IN some DT separate JJ method NN of IN determining VVG the DT application NN of IN standard JJ conditions NNS is VBZ necessary JJ . SENT Unless IN that DT method NN admits VVZ direct JJ representation NN of IN the DT interests NNS of IN the DT employees NNS , , there EX can MD be VB no DT sufficient JJ security NN that IN these DT interests NNS shall MD receive VV proper JJ consideration NN . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB a DT demand NN that IN the DT employees NNS shall MD interfere VV with IN the DT public JJ management NN , , or CC dictate VVP the DT terms NNS of IN their PP$ employment NN . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , it PP is VBZ clear JJ that IN the DT official JJ managers NNS must MD , , in IN the DT ordinary JJ course NN of IN business NN , , secure VV the DT execution NN of IN their PP$ orders NNS . SENT But CC , , considering VVG that IN their PP$ standpoint NN must MD always RB be VB biassed VVN towards IN a DT special JJ interpretation NN of IN the DT public JJ interest NN in IN the DT sense NN of IN efficiency NN and CC economy NN of IN a DT particular JJ output NN , , this DT narrower JJR public JJ interest NN must MD be VB checked VVN by IN reference NN to TO a DT wider JJR public JJ interest NN in IN which WDT the DT human JJ costs NNS of IN production NN shall MD be VB represented VVN . SENT An DT accumulating VVG weight NN of IN recent JJ experience NN in IN various JJ countries NNS makes VVZ it PP evident JJ that IN state NN socialism NN must MD fail VV unless IN adequate JJ provision NN is VBZ made VVN for IN safe JJ guarding VVG the DT interest NN of IN particular JJ groups NNS of IN public JJ employees NNS . SENT This DT safeguard VV cannot NN , , of IN course NN , , be VB given VVN by IN any DT mere JJ concession NN of IN the DT right NN of IN combination NN and CC of IN collective JJ bargaining NN . SENT For IN while IN collective JJ bargaining NN may MD enable VV the DT employees NNS to TO secure VV fair JJ terms NNS where WRB they PP are VBP dealing VVG with IN competing VVG private JJ businesses NNS , , it PP cannot VV where WRB the DT sole JJ employer NN is VBZ the DT State NN or CC Municipality NN . SENT The DT latter NN is VBZ technically RB able JJ to TO impose VV its PP$ terms NNS upon IN any DT group NN of IN workers NNS who WP are VBP specialised VVN for IN the DT work NN it PP offers VVZ . SENT Recognition NN of IN the DT Union NP , , and CC an DT admission NN by IN the DT management NN of IN the DT right NN of IN union NN officials NNS to TO consultation NN and CC discussion NN of IN conditions NNS of IN employment NN , , do VVP not RB really RB furnish VV any DT basis NN of IN settlement NN , , though IN they PP may MD often RB ease VV a DT difficulty NN and CC remove VV misunderstanding NN . SENT What WP is VBZ required VVN is VBZ a DT statutory JJ right NN of IN appeal NN to TO a DT public JJ authority NN , , outside JJ of IN and CC independent JJ of IN the DT particular JJ department NN , , competent JJ to TO take VV that DT wider JJR view NN of IN public JJ interest NN from IN which WDT the DT departmental JJ public JJ official NN is VBZ , , by IN the DT necessity NN of IN his PP$ situation NN , , precluded VVN . SENT That DT claim NN of IN the DT public JJ employee NN is VBZ frequently RB misunderstood VVN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB arise VV from IN any DT real JJ or CC pretended VVN opposition NN of IN interests NNS between IN the DT public NN and CC a DT group NN of IN its PP$ employees NNS , , and CC a DT claim NN on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT latter NN that IN the DT public NN shall MD make VV some DT concession NN or CC sacrifice VV to TO their PP$ particular JJ group NN interest NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT such JJ real JJ opposition NN of IN interests NNS . SENT The DT valid JJ claim NN for IN an DT appeal NN from IN the DT arbitrary JJ decisions NNS of IN the DT public JJ departmental JJ managers NNS is VBZ based VVN upon IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT latter NN are VBP disqualified VVN for IN a DT full JJ impartial JJ view NN of IN the DT public JJ interest NN , , so RB far RB as IN that DT public JJ interest NN is VBZ affected VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN employment NN of IN the DT employees NNS under IN them PP . SENT The DT fact NN that IN the DT employees NNS are VBP often RB likely JJ to TO make VV unreasonable JJ demands NNS and CC to TO claim VV in IN wages NNS , , hours NNS and CC other JJ conditions NNS , , an DT excessive JJ share NN of IN the DT public JJ revenue NN , , does VVZ not RB affect VV the DT validity NN of IN this DT contention NN . SENT For IN practical JJ convenience NN official NN departmentalism NN exists VVZ . SENT But CC this DT departmentalism NN involves VVZ a DT business NN management NN essentially RB defective JJ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN public JJ welfare NN , , inasmuch RB as IN it PP tends VVZ to TO depreciate VV or CC overlook VV the DT interest NN which WDT the DT public NN has VHZ in IN the DT total JJ welfare NN of IN that DT section NN of IN the DT public NN which WDT is VBZ in IN its PP$ direct JJ employment NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT Of IN course NN , , in IN treating VVG the DT issue NN of IN a DT public JJ business NN as IN if IN it PP consisted VVD simply RB in IN reconciling VVG the DT immediate JJ interests NNS of IN the DT consuming NN public NN with IN those DT of IN the DT public JJ employees NNS , , we PP have VHP intentionally RB excluded VVN another DT view NN which WDT may MD often RB be VB more RBR important JJ . SENT State NN socialism NN may MD be VB run VVN primarily RB in IN the DT interests NNS , , neither CC of IN the DT citizen NN consumer NN nor CC of IN the DT employer NN , , but CC of IN the DT bureaucracy NN , , who WP here RB occupy VV the DT place NN of IN the DT capitalist JJ managers NNS under IN private JJ enterprise NN . SENT The DT official NN may MD be VB held VVN to TO be VB naturally RB disposed VVN to TO magnify VV his PP$ office NN and CC to TO abuse VV any DT power NN which WDT can MD be VB made VVN to TO subserve VV his PP$ personal JJ or CC class NN interests NNS . SENT Practical JJ permanency NN of IN tenure NN of IN his PP$ office NN , , and CC the DT special JJ knowledge NN which WDT it PP brings VVZ , , enable VV him PP , , with IN safety NN , , either RB to TO neglect NN his PP$ public JJ duties NNS , , or CC to TO encroach VV upon IN the DT liberties NNS of IN citizens NNS , , according VVG as IN he PP is VBZ lethargic JJ or CC self NN assertive JJ . SENT He PP may MD squander VV the DT resources NNS of IN the DT public NN upon IN ill JJ considered VVN projects NNS , , or CC in IN serving VVG the DT private JJ interests NNS of IN his PP$ friends NNS . SENT Or CC , , he PP may MD practice VV a DT tyrannical JJ or CC a DT niggardly JJ policy NN towards IN his PP$ employees NNS , , not RB through IN a DT narrow JJ interpretation NN of IN public JJ economy NN , , but CC from IN sheer JJ carelessness NN or CC from IN defective JJ sympathy NN . SENT These DT charges NNS against IN officialism NN are VBP too RB familiar JJ to TO need VV expansion NN here RB . SENT However RB carefully RB the DT public JJ service NN is VBZ recruited VVN , , such JJ abuses NNS will MD be VB liable JJ frequently RB to TO occur VV , , and CC the DT structure NN of IN government NN should MD be VB such JJ as RB to TO supply VV effective JJ checks NNS and CC remedies NNS . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Adam NP Smith NP , , by IN opening VVG his PP$ Wealth NN of IN Nations NPS with IN a DT dissertation NN upon IN the DT economy NN of IN division NN of IN labour NN , , without IN explaining VVG that IN this DT economy NN rests VVZ upon IN a DT prior JJ conception NN of IN cooperation NN , , unwittingly RB assisted VVN to TO set VV English JJ Political JJ Economy NN upon IN a DT wrong JJ foundation NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Even RB this DT measure NN of IN working VVG class NN progress NN has VHZ been VBN checked VVN during IN the DT last JJ decade NN . SENT Recent JJ statistics NNS show VVP that IN in IN Great NP Britain NP and CC in IN most JJS other JJ Western JJ civilised JJ countries NNS , , the DT rise NN of IN prices NNS since IN 1896 CD and CC still RB more JJR since IN 1905 CD has VHZ not RB been VBN attended VVN by IN a DT corresponding JJ rise NN of IN wages NNS , , though IN profits NNS and CC rate NN of IN interest NN have VHP risen VVN at IN least JJS equally RB with IN prices NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT ordinary JJ profit NN sharing NN scheme NN is VBZ vitiated VVN , , alike RB in IN theory NN and CC in IN practice NN , , by IN the DT erroneous JJ attribution NN of IN the DT concept NN profit NN to TO that DT which WDT is VBZ shared VVN . SENT This DT is VBZ recognised VVN at IN once RB when WRB the DT experiment NN is VBZ properly RB described VVN . SENT For IN the DT ordinary JJ profit NN sharing VVG scheme NN begins VVZ by IN laying VVG down RP a DT normal JJ rate NN of IN wages NNS and CC of IN profits NNS , , based VVN upon IN current JJ facts NNS of IN commerce NN . SENT The DT provision NN for IN this DT standard JJ wage NN and CC standard JJ profit NN constitutes VVZ a DT first JJ charge NN upon IN the DT takings NNS of IN the DT business NN . SENT Under IN normal JJ conditions NNS this DT would MD absorb VV the DT whole NN . SENT But CC the DT workers NNS are VBP now RB told VVN that IN , , if IN they PP produce VVP an DT additional JJ income NN , , they PP shall MD have VH in IN extra JJ wages NNS half NN of IN it PP . SENT Now RB the DT whole NN of IN this DT additional JJ income NN is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT increased JJ efficiency NN of IN labour NN under IN the DT new JJ stimulus NN . SENT For IN if IN any DT more JJR capital NN than IN before RB is VBZ required VVN , , provision NN for IN its PP$ payment NN at IN the DT normal JJ rate NN is VBZ made VVN before IN account NN is VBZ taken VVN of IN the DT so RB called VVN profit NN that WDT is VBZ shared VVN . SENT No DT more JJR ability NN or CC effort NN of IN superintendence NN is VBZ required VVN . SENT in IN fact NN it PP is VBZ usually RB contended VVN that IN the DT greater JJR care NN taken VVN by IN the DT workers NNS renders VVZ less JJR supervision NN necessary JJ . SENT Thus RB profit NN is VBZ a DT misnomer NN for IN what WP is VBZ shared VVN . SENT For IN this DT so RB called VVN profit NN is VBZ entirely RB produced VVN by IN greater JJR intensity NN , , skill NN or CC care NN on IN the DT part NN of IN labour NN . SENT The DT fact NN that IN labour NN gets VVZ only JJ half NN , , and CC that IN only RB after IN the DT whole NN of IN what WP should MD be VB called VVN the DT deferred JJ wage NN fund NN has VHZ served VVN to TO meet VV any DT deficiency NN in IN the DT sum NN required VVN to TO pay VV the DT normal JJ dividends NNS , , explains VVZ why WRB most JJS of IN these DT schemes NNS fail VVP after IN a DT short JJ trial NN . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN the DT extra JJ product NN evoked VVD entirely RB by IN the DT increased JJ stimulus NN applied VVN to TO labour VV , , that WDT is VBZ actually RB paid VVN to TO labour VV , , is VBZ too RB small JJ to TO maintain VV the DT efficiency NN of IN the DT stimulus NN . SENT When WRB these DT profit NN sharing NN schemes NNS succeed VVP , , the DT success NN is VBZ nearly RB always RB traceable JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN in IN the DT original JJ agreement NN , , the DT benevolent JJ employer NN has VHZ fixed VVN his PP$ rate NN of IN interest NN or CC salary NN , , or CC both CC , , upon IN a DT lower JJR scale NN than IN is VBZ current JJ in IN the DT trade NN , , so RB that IN the DT stimulus NN to TO labour VV is VBZ effective JJ . SENT 4 LS . SENT Building NN Societies NNS are VBP only RB in IN a DT very RB restricted VVN sense NN cooperative NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT In IN 1909 CD the DT aggregate JJ sales NNS at IN the DT Retail NP Stores NPS amounted VVD to TO 70 CD , , 423 CD , , 359 CD , , or CC about IN 10 CD of IN the DT working VVG class NN income NN , , and CC the DT profit NN including VVG interest NN paid VVN on IN shares NNS was VBD 10 CD , , 851 CD , , 739 CD . SENT CHAPTER NN XVII NP . SENT THE DT NATION NN AND CC THE DT WORLD NN 1 CD . SENT We PP have VHP examined VVN the DT chief JJ defects NNS in IN the DT structure NN of IN a DT business NN and CC a DT trade NN , , regarded VVN in IN the DT light NN of IN instruments NNS of IN human JJ welfare NN , , and CC we PP have VHP considered VVN some DT of IN the DT remedies NNS , , applied VVN sometimes RB for IN purposes NNS of IN distinctively RB industrial JJ economy NN , , sometimes RB as IN devices NNS of IN social JJ therapeutics NNS . SENT There EX remains VVZ , , however RB , , one CD other JJ mode NN of IN economic JJ antagonism NN deserving JJ of IN consideration NN . SENT Until IN modern JJ times NNS a DT nation NN was VBD to TO all DT intents NNS and CC purposes NNS not RB only RB a DT political JJ but CC an DT economic JJ area NN , , in IN the DT sense NN that IN almost RB all DT trade NN and CC other JJ economic JJ relations NNS were VBD confined VVN within IN the DT national JJ limit NN . SENT The DT small JJ dimensions NNS of IN foreign JJ , , as RB compared VVN with IN domestic JJ trade NN , , and CC the DT nature NN of IN that DT trade NN , , confined VVN to TO articles NNS not RB produced VVN at IN home NN , , had VHD little JJ tendency NN to TO generate VV a DT feeling NN of IN international JJ rivalry NN . SENT Foreign JJ trade NN was VBD almost RB wholly RB complementary JJ and CC not RB competitive JJ . SENT With IN the DT modern JJ changes NNS , , which WDT have VHP altered VVN this DT condition NN and CC made VVN nations NNS appear VVP to TO be VB hostile JJ competitors NNS in IN world NN commerce NN , , we PP are VBP all RB familiar JJ . SENT The DT development NN of IN capitalist JJ production NN to TO a DT common JJ level NN and CC along IN similar JJ lines NNS in IN a DT number NN of IN Western JJ nations NNS , , the DT tendency NN towards IN an DT increase NN of IN output NN of IN manufactured JJ goods NNS at IN a DT price NN exceeding VVG the DT demands NNS of IN the DT existing JJ markets NNS , , the DT consequent JJ invasion NN of IN the DT markets NNS of IN each DT industrial JJ country NN by IN the DT goods NNS of IN other JJ countries NNS , , and CC the DT growing VVG competition NN of IN the DT groups NNS of IN traders NNS in IN each DT nation NN to TO secure VV and CC develop VV new JJ markets NNS in IN the DT backward RB countries NNS , , with IN the DT assistance NN of IN the DT physical JJ and CC military JJ forces NNS of IN their PP$ respective JJ governments NNS , , have VHP imposed VVN upon IN the DT popular JJ mind NN a DT powerful JJ impression NN of IN economic JJ opposition NN between IN nations NNS . SENT No DT falser JJR and CC more RBR disastrous JJ delusion NN prevails VVZ in IN our PP$ time NN . SENT The DT only JJ facts NNS which WDT seem VVP to TO give VV support VV to TO it PP are VBP the DT Tariffs NP , , Commercial JJ Treaties NNS and CC the DT occasional JJ uses NNS of IN political JJ pressure NN and CC military JJ force NN by IN States NPS for IN the DT benefit NN of IN financiers NNS , , investors NNS , , traders NNS or CC settlers NNS belonging VVG to TO their PP$ nationality NN . SENT This DT intervention NN of IN governments NNS for IN the DT supposed VVN advantage NN of IN their PP$ citizens NNS has VHZ had VHN the DT unfortunate JJ effect NN of IN presenting VVG nations NNS in IN the DT wholly RB false JJ position NN of IN rival JJ business NN firms NNS . SENT Groups NNS of IN private JJ manufacturers NNS , , traders NNS and CC financiers NNS , , using VVG their PP$ government NN to TO secure VV their PP$ private JJ profitable JJ ends NNS , , have VHP thus RB produced VVN grave JJ conflicts NNS of IN international JJ policy NN . SENT The DT worst JJS instrument NN of IN this DT antagonism NN , , because IN the DT most RBS obvious JJ and CC the DT most RBS vexatious JJ , , is VBZ the DT protective JJ Tariff NN , , and CC the DT most RBS singular JJ proof NN of IN its PP$ derationalising VVG efficacy NN is VBZ found VVN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN our PP$ recent JJ fiscal JJ controversy NN . SENT The DT fiercest JJS fight NN in IN all PDT that DT controversy NN has VHZ raged VVN round VV the DT relative JJ size NN , , growth NN and CC profitable JJ character NN of IN the DT foreign JJ trade NN of IN Great NP Britain NP , , Germany NP , , America NP , , etc FW . SENT These DT States NPS are VBP actually RB treated VVN , , not RB merely RB by IN Protectionists NNS but CC by IN many JJ Free NP Traders NNS , , as RB if IN they PP were VBD great JJ trading NN firms NNS , , engaged VVN in IN struggling VVG against IN one CD another DT for IN the DT exclusive JJ possession NN of IN some DT limited JJ economic JJ territory NN , , the DT success NN of IN one CD being VBG attended VVN by IN a DT loss NN to TO the DT others NNS . SENT Now RB , , Great NP Britain NP , , Germany NP and CC America NP are VBP not RB economic JJ entities NNS at IN all DT . SENT they PP are VBP not RB engaged VVN in IN world NN commerce NN , , either CC as IN competitors NNS or CC as IN cooperators NNS . SENT the DT respective JJ advances NNS or CC declines NNS made VVN by IN certain JJ groups NNS of IN merchants NNS within IN their PP$ confines NNS in IN overseas JJ trade NN have VHP no DT net JJ national JJ significance NN at IN all DT . SENT Finally RB , , overseas JJ trade NN , , by IN itself PP , , furnishes VVZ no DT index NN of IN the DT collective JJ prosperity NN of IN each DT nation NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT whole JJ presentation NN of IN the DT case NN under IN the DT head NN of IN Nations NPS is VBZ irrelevant JJ and CC deceptive JJ , , conveying VVG , , as IN it PP is VBZ designed VVN to TO do VV , , the DT false JJ suggestion NN that IN Englishmen NNS , , grouped VVN together RB as IN a DT people NNS , , are VBP somehow RB competing VVG with IN germans NNS grouped VVN together RB as IN another DT nation NN , , and CC Americans NNS as IN a DT third JJ nation NN . SENT Now RB no DT such JJ collective JJ competition NN exists VVZ at IN all DT . SENT So RB far RB as IN trade NN involves VVZ competition NN , , that DT competition NN takes VVZ place NN , , not RB between IN nations NNS , , but CC between IN trading NN firms NNS , , and CC it PP is VBZ much RB keener JJR and CC more RBR persistent JJ between IN trading NN firms NNS belonging VVG to TO the DT same JJ nation NN than IN between IN those DT belonging VVG to TO different JJ nations NNS . SENT Birmingham NP or CC Sheffield NP firms NNS compete VVP with IN one CD another DT for IN machinery NN and CC metal NN contracts NNS far RB more RBR fiercely RB than IN they PP compete VVP with IN Germans NPS or CC Americans NPS in IN the DT same JJ trade NN , , and CC so RB it PP is VBZ in IN every DT other JJ industry NN . SENT The DT production NN of IN import NN and CC export NN figures NNS , , and CC of IN balances NNS of IN trade NN , , under IN national JJ headings NNS , , is VBZ a DT mischievous JJ pandering VVG to TO the DT most RBS dangerous JJ delusion NN of IN the DT age NN . SENT It PP has VHZ done VVN more JJR than IN anything NN else RB to TO hide VV the DT great JJ and CC beneficent JJ truth NN , , that IN the DT harmony NN and CC solidarity NN of IN economic JJ interests NNS among IN mankind NN have VHP at IN last JJ definitely RB transcended VVN national JJ limits NNS , , and CC are VBP rapidly RB binding VVG members NNS of IN different JJ nations NNS in IN an DT ever RB growing VVG network NN of IN cooperation NN . SENT Within IN the DT last JJ generation NN a DT more RBR solid JJ and CC abiding JJ foundation NN for IN this DT cooperation NN than IN ordinary JJ exchange NN of IN goods NNS has VHZ been VBN laid VVN in IN the DT shape NN of IN international JJ finance NN . SENT Though IN certain JJ dangerous JJ abuses NNS have VHP attended VVN its PP$ beginnings NNS , , this DT cooperation NN of IN the DT citizens NNS of IN various JJ countries NNS in IN business NN enterprises NNS in IN all DT parts NNS of IN the DT world NN is VBZ the DT most RBS potent JJ of IN forces NNS making VVG for IN peace NN and CC progress NN . SENT More RBR rapidly RB than IN is VBZ commonly RB conceived VVN , , it PP is VBZ bringing VVG into IN existence NN a DT single JJ economic JJ world NN state NN with IN an DT order NN and CC a DT government NN which WDT are VBP hardly RB the DT less RBR authoritative JJ because IN , , as IN yet RB , , they PP possess VVP a DT slender JJ political JJ support NN . SENT That DT economic JJ world NN state NN consists VVZ of IN all PDT that DT huge JJ area NN of IN industrially RB developed VVN countries NNS in IN regular JJ and CC steady JJ intercourse NN , , linked VVD to TO one CD another DT by IN systems NNS of IN railroads NNS and CC steamship NN routes NNS , , by IN postal JJ and CC telegraphic JJ services NNS , , administered VVN by IN common JJ arrangements NNS , , by IN regular JJ commerce NN , , common JJ markets NNS and CC reliable JJ modes NNS of IN monetary JJ payment NN , , and CC by IN partnerships NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN in IN common JJ business NN transactions NNS . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT actuality NN of IN this DT world NN system NN has VHZ preceded VVN its PP$ conscious JJ realisation NN . SENT But CC the DT growing VVG fact NN is VBZ educating VVG the DT idea NN and CC the DT accompanying JJ sentiment NN in IN the DT minds NNS of IN the DT more JJR enlightened JJ members NNS of IN all DT civilised JJ nations NNS . SENT We PP hear VVP more JJR of IN internationalism NN from IN the DT side NN of IN labour NN . SENT But CC , , in IN point NN of IN fact NN , , the DT corporate JJ unity NN of IN labour NN lags VVZ far RB behind RB that IN of IN capital NN . SENT For IN the DT mobility NN of IN capital NN is VBZ much RB greater JJR , , and CC its PP$ distribution NN is VBZ far RB better RBR organised VVN . SENT But CC , , as IN the DT financial JJ machinery NN for IN the DT collection NN and CC distribution NN of IN industrial JJ power NN over IN the DT whole JJ economic JJ world NN is VBZ further RBR perfected VVN and CC unified VVN , , it PP will MD be VB attended VVN by IN a DT loosening NN of IN those DT local JJ and CC national JJ bonds NNS which WDT have VHP hitherto RB limited VVN the DT free JJ movement NN of IN labour NN . SENT As IN the DT centre NN of IN gravity NN in IN the DT economic JJ system NN shifts NNS from IN land NN , , which WDT is VBZ immovable JJ , , to TO money NN , , the DT most RBS mobile JJ of IN economic JJ factors NNS , , so RB the DT old JJ local JJ attachment NN which WDT kept VVD most JJS labour NN fastened VVN to TO some DT small JJ plot NN of IN the DT earth NN , , its PP$ native JJ village NN , , will MD yield VV place NN to TO liberty NN of IN movement NN accommodated VVN to TO the DT needs NNS and CC opportunities NNS of IN modern JJ profitable JJ business NN . SENT Within IN the DT limits NNS of IN each DT country NN the DT increased JJ mobility NN has VHZ long RB been VBN evident JJ . SENT it PP has VHZ helped VVN to TO break VV up RP parochialism NN and CC provincialism NN of IN ideas NNS and CC feelings NNS , , and CC to TO evolve VV a DT stronger JJR sense NN of IN national JJ unity NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ to TO be VB no RB halting VVG at IN the DT limits NNS of IN the DT nation NN . SENT Already RB large JJ forces NNS of IN international JJ labour NN exist VVP . SENT Not RB merely RB do VV vast JJ numbers NNS of IN workers NNS migrate VV with IN increased JJ ease NN from IN Belgium NP into IN France NP , , from IN Russia NP into IN the DT United NP States NPS , , from IN Germany NP into IN South NP America NP , , for IN settlement NN in IN these DT countries NNS , , but CC large JJ bodies NNS of IN wage NN earners NNS are VBP being VBG organised VVN as IN a DT cosmopolitan JJ labour NN force NN following VVG the DT currents NNS of IN industrial JJ development NN about IN the DT world NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN unskilled JJ labour NN is VBZ concerned JJ , , large JJ tracts NNS of IN China NP , , India NP and CC the DT Straits NP Settlements NP , , form VVP a DT recruiting VVG ground NN in IN Asia NP . SENT while IN Italy NP and CC Austro NP Hungary NP furnish VV a DT large JJ European JJ contingent NN . SENT But CC not RB less RBR significant JJ are VBP the DT higher JJR ranks NNS of IN cosmopolitan JJ labour NN , , the DT British JJ and CC American JJ managers NNS , , overseers NNS and CC workmen NNS in IN the DT engineering NN , , railroad NN , , electrical JJ and CC mining NN industries NNS , , who WP to TO day NN are VBP moving VVG so RB freely RB over IN the DT newly RB developing VVG countries NNS of IN three CD continents NNS , , placing VVG their PP$ business NN and CC technical JJ ability NN at IN the DT service NN of IN the DT economic JJ world NN . SENT The DT new JJ movements NNS in IN the DT economic JJ development NN of IN Asia NP and CC of IN South NP America NP will MD enormously RB accelerate VV this DT free JJ flow NN of IN business NN ability NN and CC technical JJ skill NN from IN the DT more RBR advanced JJ Western JJ nations NNS over IN the DT relatively RB backward RB countries NNS , , and CC will MD also RB bring VV into IN closer JJR cooperation NN at IN a DT larger JJR number NN of IN points NNS the DT capital NN and CC management NN of IN Western JJ peoples NNS . SENT My PP$ object NN in IN referring VVG to TO these DT concrete JJ economic JJ movements NNS of IN our PP$ time NN is VBZ to TO illustrate VV the DT powerful JJ tendencies NNS which WDT are VBP counteracting VVG the DT old JJ false JJ realisation NN of IN industry NN in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ competition NN and CC antagonism NN , , and CC are VBP making VVG for IN a DT conscious JJ recognition NN of IN its PP$ cooperative JJ and CC harmonious JJ character NN . SENT CHAPTER NN XVIII NP . SENT SOCIAL JJ HARMONY NN IN IN ECONOMIC JJ LIFE NN 1 CD . SENT A DT brief JJ summary NN of IN the DT actual JJ tendencies NNS towards IN harmony NN and CC discord VV at IN present JJ visible JJ in IN the DT economic JJ world NN may MD be VB conveniently RB presented VVN here RB . SENT We PP see VVP among IN the DT fundamental JJ industries NNS the DT transformation NN of IN the DT structure NN of IN the DT single JJ business NN . SENT large JJ numbers NNS of IN little JJ rivulets NNS of IN savings NNS from IN innumerable JJ separate JJ personal JJ sources NNS merging VVG to TO form VV a DT single JJ body NN of IN effective JJ capital NN . SENT large JJ numbers NNS of IN workers NNS closely RB welded VVN into IN a DT single JJ body NN of IN effective JJ labour NN power NN . SENT both DT operating NN in IN normal JJ harmony NN under IN the DT direction NN of IN a DT common JJ central JJ management NN , , and CC engaged VVN in IN the DT continuous JJ work NN of IN turning VVG out RP a DT product NN , , the DT price NN of IN which WDT forms VVZ the DT common JJ income NN alike RB for IN capitalists NNS and CC workers NNS . SENT So RB far RB as IN that DT portion NN of IN the DT dividend NN is VBZ concerned JJ which WDT forms VVZ the DT economically RB necessary JJ costs NNS of IN these DT masses NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , there EX exists VVZ a DT harmony NN of IN interests NNS between IN the DT two CD groups NNS of IN claimants NNS , , which WDT is VBZ more RBR clearly RB recognised VVN with IN every DT improvement NN of IN the DT general JJ standard NN of IN intelligence NN and CC information NN . SENT In IN most JJS businesses NNS that IN common JJ area NN of IN interest NN covers VVZ by IN far RB the DT larger JJR part NN of IN the DT business NN dividend NN . SENT Where WRB a DT surplus NN emerges VVZ in IN excess NN of IN these DT economic JJ costs NNS , , an DT initial JJ discord VV arises VVZ between IN the DT claims NNS of IN the DT capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT But CC this RB discord VV may MD be VB resolved VVN in IN two CD ways NNS , , in IN each DT of IN which WDT important JJ experiments NNS , , attended VVD by IN a DT growing VVG measure NN of IN success NN , , are VBP being VBG carried VVN on IN . SENT Large JJ patches NNS of IN the DT area NN of IN discord VV are NN being VBG reclaimed VVN to TO order VV by IN the DT modern JJ State NP , , whose WP$ policy NN is VBZ more JJR and CC more RBR directed VVN to TO absorbing VVG by IN taxation NN , , and CC applying VVG to TO the DT use NN of IN the DT community NN , , great JJ shares NNS of IN these DT business NN surpluses NNS , , as IN they PP emerge VVP in IN incomes NNS and CC inherited VVN properties NNS . SENT As RB regards VVZ the DT surplus NN which WDT is VBZ not RB so RB absorbed VVN , , the DT grouped VVN forces NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN within IN the DT business NN are VBP constantly RB engaged VVN in IN seeking VVG to TO discover VV pacific JJ and CC equitable JJ modes NNS of IN division NN which WDT shall MD reconcile VV , , or CC at IN least JJS mitigate VV , , the DT remaining JJ opposition NN . SENT Though IN this DT remains VVZ at IN present VV the DT sharpest JJS field NN of IN conflict NN , , pacific JJ forces NNS are VBP making VVG more JJR gain NN than IN perhaps RB appears VVZ upon IN the DT surface NN . SENT Some DT of IN those DT industries NNS , , where WRB such JJ discords VVZ have VH been VBN most RBS rife JJ and CC most RBS wasteful JJ , , have VHP been VBN taken VVN over RP by IN the DT State NP or CC the DT Municipality NN . SENT In IN these DT cases NNS such JJ quarrels NNS as RB may MD still RB arise VV in IN connection NN with IN the DT claims NNS of IN labour NN admit VVP of IN settlement NN by IN other JJ means NNS than IN economic JJ force NN . SENT In IN others NNS , , the DT State NP intervenes VVZ on IN behalf NN of IN public JJ order NN by IN assisting VVG to TO promote VV processes NNS of IN arbitration NN or CC conciliation NN . SENT In IN others NNS , , again RB , , the DT organisation NN of IN the DT forces NNS of IN capital NN on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , labour NN on IN the DT other JJ , , over IN the DT whole JJ range NN of IN businesses NNS comprising VVG a DT national JJ trade NN , , has VHZ tended VVN to TO make VV actual JJ conflicts NNS rarer JJR , , and CC presents VVZ a DT machinery NN capable JJ of IN application NN to TO pacific JJ settlements NNS . SENT Grave NN as RB are VBP the DT defects NNS in IN the DT working NN of IN this DT machinery NN of IN Joint NP Boards NNS , , Sliding VVG Scales NP , , Conciliation NN and CC the DT like JJ , , and CC terrible JJ as RB are VBP the DT injuries NNS these DT defects NNS cause VVP , , they PP ought MD not RB to TO blind VV us PP to TO a DT recognition NN of IN the DT fact NN that IN the DT number NN of IN actual JJ conflicts NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN is VBZ constantly RB diminishing VVG . SENT 2 LS . SENT This DT truth NN is VBZ better RBR realised VVN when WRB we PP turn VVP from IN the DT structure NN of IN the DT business NN to TO that DT of IN the DT trade NN or CC market NN . SENT There RB , , though IN keen JJ and CC even RB cut VV throat NN competition NN still RB survives VVZ , , the DT tendency NN is VBZ more JJR and CC more JJR , , especially RB in IN the DT great JJ staple NN industries NNS where WRB large JJ aggregates NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN are VBP employed VVN , , towards IN cooperation NN , , combination NN and CC trade NN agreements NNS . SENT If IN , , for IN the DT moment NN , , we PP ignore VVP the DT dangers NNS which WDT such JJ combinations NNS often RB threaten VVP to TO consumers NNS , , and CC regard VV them PP from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN trade NN structure NN , , we PP cannot NN fail VVP to TO recognise VV the DT enormous JJ advance NN they PP represent VVP in IN the DT cause NN of IN industrial JJ harmony NN . SENT For IN whatever WDT the DT degree NN of IN unity NN attained VVN by IN such PDT a DT Trust NP , , Cartel NN , , Conference NP , , Trade NP Agreement NP , , Federation NP , , it PP means VVZ pro JJ tanto RB a DT saving NN of IN the DT energy NN of IN capital NN and CC labour NN formerly RB expended VVN upon IN conflict NN , , and CC a DT concentration NN of IN the DT thoughts NNS and CC purposes NNS of IN business NN men NNS upon IN the DT best JJS performance NN of IN the DT useful JJ functions NNS of IN production NN which WDT constitute VVP the DT social JJ value NN of IN their PP$ trade NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN a DT trade NN remains VVZ in IN a DT distinctively RB competitive JJ condition NN , , an DT enormous JJ part NN of IN the DT actual JJ energy NN is VBZ consumed VVN not RB in IN production NN but CC in IN warfare NN . SENT The DT thoughts NNS and CC wills NNS of IN the DT controllers NNS of IN the DT several JJ businesses NNS are VBP deflected VVD from IN the DT economical JJ fulfilment NN of IN their PP$ social JJ function NN to TO conscious JJ rivalry NN . SENT Neither CC the DT capital NN nor CC the DT labour NN in IN each DT several JJ business NN enjoys VVZ a DT reasonable JJ measure NN of IN security NN . SENT and CC not RB only RB the DT profits NNS but CC the DT wages NNS of IN each DT firm NN are VBP jeopardised VVN by IN the DT success NN of IN a DT stronger JJR competing JJ firm NN . SENT The DT growing VVG displacement NN of IN this DT condition NN of IN a DT trade NN by IN the DT principle NN and CC practice NN of IN combination NN is VBZ perhaps RB the DT most RBS conspicuous JJ movement NN towards IN industrial JJ peace NN . SENT I PP am VBP aware JJ that IN , , in IN itself PP , , this DT concentration NN and CC combination NN of IN businesses NNS within IN a DT trade NN afford VV no DT sure JJ settlement NN for IN the DT differences NNS between IN capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT They PP may MD even RB aggravate VV those DT differences NNS in IN several JJ ways NNS . SENT For IN , , in IN the DT first JJ place NN , , such JJ combinations NNS are VBP expressly RB and CC chiefly RB designed VVN to TO produce VV a DT larger JJR quantity NN of IN surplus NN profits NNS , , thus RB stimulating VVG conflict NN by IN offering VVG a DT larger JJR object NN of IN attack NN to TO labour VV . SENT In IN the DT second JJ place NN , , such JJ combinations NNS , , if IN at IN all DT complete JJ , , may MD prove VV more RBR clearly RB than IN in IN any DT other JJ way NN the DT superiority NN of IN organised VVN capital NN over IN organised VVN labour NN in IN the DT determination NN of IN wages NNS and CC conditions NNS of IN labour NN . SENT Finally RB , , private JJ ownership NN of IN natural JJ resources NNS , , producing VVG for IN its PP$ owners NNS economic JJ rent NN , , remains VVZ an DT unsolved JJ antagonism NN . SENT Though IN the DT extent NN to TO which WDT the DT surplus NN , , which WDT monopolistic JJ , , protected JJ or CC otherwise RB well RB placed VVN businesses NNS obtain VV , , as IN open JJ or CC concealed VVN rent NN , , is VBZ not RB capable JJ of IN exact JJ estimate NN , , many JJ , , if IN not RB most JJS , , profitable JJ businesses NNS derive VV some DT of IN their PP$ surplus NN from IN the DT possession NN or CC control NN of IN natural JJ resources NNS . SENT Such JJ natural JJ resources NNS are VBP to TO all DT intents NNS and CC purposes NNS capital NN , , so RB far RB as RB relates VVZ to TO issues NNS of IN conflict NN between IN capital NN and CC labour NN . SENT The DT amount NN and CC possibly RB the DT proportion NN of IN surplus NN taking VVG the DT whole JJ industrial JJ world NN into IN consideration NN which WDT is VBZ plain JJ or CC disguised JJ rent NN , , is VBZ probably RB upon IN the DT increase NN . SENT Even RB in IN Great NP Britain NP , , though IN aggregate JJ rents NNS do VVP not RB keep VV pace NN with IN profits NNS and CC other JJ incomes NNS derived VVN from IN business NN capital NN , , they PP probably RB form VVP an DT increasing VVG proportion NN of IN that DT income NN which WDT , , according VVG to TO our PP$ definition NN , , ranks VVZ as IN unproductive JJ surplus NN . SENT Though IN these DT rents NNS , , like IN other JJ unproductive JJ surplus NN , , could MD be VB advantageously RB diverted VVN into IN wages NNS on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , public JJ revenue NN upon IN the DT other JJ , , they PP are VBP kept VVN on IN the DT side NN of IN capital NN by IN the DT full JJ force NN of IN combination NN . SENT Thus RB the DT labour NN in IN any DT trade NN may MD be VB confronted VVN by IN a DT larger JJR body NN of IN wealth NN which WDT it PP would MD like VV to TO secure VV for IN higher JJR wages NNS , , while IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN it PP finds VVZ itself PP less RBR able JJ to TO achieve VV this DT object NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT Equally RB sharp JJ may MD be VB the DT antagonism NN of IN interests NNS set VVN up RP between IN such PDT a DT combine VV and CC the DT general JJ body NN of IN consumers NNS , , by IN means NNS of IN the DT control NN of IN prices NNS which WDT the DT former JJ possesses VVZ . SENT For IN the DT large JJ surplus NN , , which WDT we PP see VVP to TO be VB an DT object NN of IN desire NN to TO the DT workers NNS in IN a DT combination NN or CC trust NN , , represents VVZ to TO the DT Consumer NN an DT excess NN of IN prices NNS . SENT So RB it PP comes VVZ to TO pass VV that IN the DT consumer NN , , unable JJ to TO combine VV in IN his PP$ economic JJ capacity NN , , as IN the DT workers NNS do VVP in IN their PP$ trade NN unions NNS , , combines VVZ as IN citizen NN and CC calls VVZ upon IN the DT government NN to TO safeguard VV him PP against IN monopolies NNS . SENT His PP$ first JJ instinctive JJ demand NN is VBZ , , that IN such JJ combinations NNS shall MD be VB declared VVN illegal JJ bodies NNS , , acting VVG in IN restraint NN of IN trade NN , , and CC broken VVN up RP . SENT But CC nothing NN proves VVZ more RBR plainly RB the DT inherent JJ strength NN of IN the DT cohesive JJ unifying JJ tendencies NNS than IN the DT completeness NN of IN the DT failure NN to TO achieve VV this DT object NN . SENT When WRB business NN men NNS desire VVP to TO combine VV , , it PP is VBZ impossible JJ to TO force VV them PP to TO compete VV . SENT The DT alternatives NNS are VBP , , either CC to TO leave VV the DT consuming NN public JJ to TO the DT tender NN mercies NNS of IN a DT monopoly NN , , which WDT , , from IN mere JJ considerations NNS of IN profit NN , , may MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO raise VV its PP$ prices NNS beyond IN a DT certain JJ limit NN , , or CC else RB to TO impose VV legal JJ regulations NNS , , or CC , , finally RB , , to TO buy VV out RP the DT business NN , , transferring VVG it PP from IN a DT private JJ into IN a DT public JJ monopoly NN . SENT Wherever WRB the DT modern JJ State NN is VBZ driven VVN to TO confront VV this DT problem NN , , it PP is VBZ compelled VVN , , in IN proportion NN as IN public JJ opinion NN is VBZ articulate VV and CC politically RB organised VVN , , to TO fasten VV an DT increasing VVG measure NN of IN public JJ control NN upon IN such JJ powerful JJ combinations NNS , , and CC to TO take VV over RP into IN the DT sphere NN of IN State NP enterprises NNS those DT which WDT cannot NN effectively RB be VB controlled VVN . SENT In IN such JJ ways NNS does VVZ modern JJ society NN seek VV to TO heal VV the DT new JJ discords VVZ generated VVN by IN the DT very JJ processes NNS employed VVN by IN the DT several JJ businesses NNS and CC trades NNS in IN their PP$ search NN after IN an DT internal JJ harmony NN . SENT But CC the DT largest JJS forms NNS of IN capitalistic JJ enterprise NN will MD tend VV more JJR and CC more JJR to TO transcend VV the DT limits NNS of IN any DT single JJ state NN , , not RB only RB in IN their PP$ composition NN but CC in IN the DT powers NNS they PP exercise VVP upon IN subsidiary NN industries NNS , , and CC upon IN the DT general JJ body NN of IN consumers NNS throughout IN the DT industrial JJ world NN . SENT 1 LS The DT privately RB organised VVN apparatus NN of IN economic JJ machinery NN , , which WDT constitutes VVZ the DT fabric NN of IN this DT economic JJ world NN state NN , , has VHZ been VBN described VVN as IN a DT striking JJ example NN of IN the DT expansion NN of IN industrial JJ solidarity NN and CC harmony NN . SENT But CC here RB again RB the DT possibilities NNS , , nay RB , , certainties NNS , , of IN new JJ discord VV between IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , producer NN and CC consumer NN , , cannot NN be VB ignored VVN . SENT Hence RB the DT great JJ social JJ problems NNS of IN the DT future NN will MD to TO a DT less JJR and CC less JJR extent NN lie NN within IN the DT political JJ competence NN of IN single JJ states NNS or CC be VB soluble JJ by IN the DT separate JJ action NN of IN the DT governments NNS of IN those DT states NNS . SENT The DT vast JJ currents NNS of IN international JJ capital NN and CC labour NN cannot NN flow NN without IN great JJ disturbances NNS of IN order NN and CC of IN economic JJ interests NNS often RB affecting VVG several JJ nations NNS . SENT The DT safe JJ , , successful JJ , , profitable JJ , , pursuit NN of IN large JJ foreign JJ enterprises NNS by IN the DT capital NN and CC labour NN of IN persons NNS belonging VVG to TO many JJ nationalities NNS , , will MD more RBR and CC more RBR involve VV common JJ political JJ action NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT We PP are VBP already RB beginning VVG to TO recognise VV that IN our PP$ State NN is VBZ disabled VVN for IN the DT fully RB satisfactory JJ solution NN of IN some DT of IN the DT most RBS pressing JJ of IN our PP$ social JJ problems NNS . SENT The DT immigration NN of IN foreign JJ labour NN complicates VVZ our PP$ treatment NN of IN sweated VVN industries NNS . SENT The DT improvement NN of IN conditions NNS of IN labour NN in IN our PP$ trades NNS may MD be VB rendered VVN more RBR difficult JJ by IN the DT admission NN of IN sweated VVN imports NNS , , or CC our PP$ feelings NNS may MD be VB shocked VVN by IN the DT influx NN of IN the DT products NNS of IN slave NN labour NN . SENT The DT policy NN of IN taxing VVG interests NNS and CC profits NNS may MD be VB thwarted VVN by IN our PP$ inability NN to TO trace VV the DT incomes NNS derived VVN from IN foreign JJ investment NN and CC trade NN . SENT A DT financial JJ crisis NN in IN America NP or CC germany NP may MD deplete VV our PP$ gold NN reserve NN and CC work NN havoc NN on IN our PP$ credit NN . SENT As IN these DT movements NNS gather VVP force NN and CC frequency NN , , the DT impotence NN of IN any DT single JJ State NN to TO exercise VV an DT effective JJ control NN over IN the DT primary JJ economic JJ interests NNS of IN its PP$ people NNS will MD grow VV more RBR apparent JJ . SENT The DT gravest JJS social JJ economic JJ problems NNS will MD be VB found VVN insoluble JJ except IN by IN international JJ arrangement NN . SENT An DT era NN of IN free JJ conferences NNS and CC of IN more JJR or CC less JJR loose JJ agreements NNS between IN States NPS will MD lay VV the DT foundation NN for IN what WP in IN time NN must MD amount VV to TO international JJ regulation NN of IN industry NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , the DT economic JJ internationalism NN , , which WDT I PP have VHP traced VVN , , will MD weave VV for IN itself PP the DT necessary JJ apparel NN of IN political JJ institutions NNS . SENT The DT true JJ germ NN of IN world NN federation NN is VBZ perhaps RB to TO be VB traced VVN to TO day NN less RBR clearly RB at IN the DT Hague NP than IN at IN Bern NP , , where WRB the DT representatives NNS of IN the DT leading JJ industrial JJ nations NNS have VHP already RB met VVN to TO set VV the DT seal NN of IN their PP$ respective JJ governments NNS upon IN undertakings NNS to TO promote VV common JJ policies NNS of IN legislation NN in IN such JJ matters NNS as IN the DT regulation NN of IN night NN labour NN for IN women NNS , , and CC the DT disuse NN of IN poisonous JJ ingredients NNS in IN the DT match NN trade NN . SENT In IN such JJ agreements NNS , , as RB in IN the DT better RBR known VVN Postal NP Union NP which WDT also RB has VHZ its PP$ offices NNS at IN Bern NP , , one PP finds VVZ the DT earliest JJS contributions NNS made VVN by IN modern JJ industrialism NN to TO the DT federal JJ government NN of IN the DT world NN . SENT These DT facts NNS I PP cite VVP , , partly RB to TO enforce VV the DT thesis NN that IN the DT tendencies NNS of IN modern JJ industry NN which WDT make VVP for IN harmony NN and CC cooperation NN are VBP gaining VVG , , both CC in IN the DT smaller JJR and CC the DT larger JJR areas NNS , , over IN those DT which WDT make VVP for IN discord VV and CC for IN competition NN . SENT This DT growing VVG harmony NN of IN fact NN must MD tend VV to TO evoke VV a DT corresponding JJ harmony NN of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN . SENT But CC here RB we PP are VBP retarded JJ by IN a DT set NN of IN psychological JJ obstacles NNS which WDT pervert NN or CC disguise VV the DT truth NN . SENT I PP have VHP alluded VVD to TO the DT damage NN due JJ to TO the DT false JJ representation NN of IN nations NNS as IN rival JJ traders NNS , , contending VVG for IN a DT limited JJ market NN upon IN terms NNS which WDT signify VV that IN the DT gain NN of IN one PP is VBZ the DT loss NN of IN another DT . SENT But CC the DT whole JJ intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ atmosphere NN is VBZ thick JJ with IN similar JJ mistakes NNS of IN fact NN and CC fallacies NNS of IN reasoning NN , , chiefly RB sustained VVN by IN false JJ phrases NNS which WDT evoke VVP false JJ images NNS and CC arouse VV injurious JJ desires NNS and CC passions NNS . SENT Ordinary JJ business NN language NN is VBZ filled VVN with IN selfish JJ , , separatist NN and CC combative JJ phrases NNS , , representing VVG trade NN as IN a DT warfare NN , , in IN which WDT every DT man NN must MD fight VV for IN his PP$ own JJ hand NN , , must MD force VV his PP$ wares NNS upon IN the DT public NN , , outwit VV or CC bludgeon VV his PP$ competitors NNS , , conquer VV new JJ markets NNS , , beat VV down RP the DT prices NNS of IN the DT goods NNS he PP buys VVZ , , or CC in IN finance NN become VVP a DT bull NN or CC a DT bear NN . SENT In IN certain JJ large JJ departments NNS of IN the DT business NN world NN there RB still RB remains VVZ so RB much JJ disorder NN , , insecurity NN and CC competition NN as RB to TO afford VV support NN to TO these DT combative JJ views NNS and CC feelings NNS . SENT But CC they PP are VBP no RB longer RBR representative JJ of IN the DT main JJ normal JJ activities NNS of IN industry NN , , and CC they PP ought MD and CC must MD by IN degrees NNS be VB displaced VVN by IN views NNS and CC feelings NNS accommodated VVN to TO the DT more RBR organic JJ conception NN . SENT It PP is VBZ an DT important JJ task NN of IN economic JJ science NN to TO enforce VV conceptions NNS of IN the DT operation NN of IN economic JJ laws NNS which WDT will MD support VV these DT newer JJR and CC sounder JJR views NNS and CC feelings NNS . SENT For IN only RB with IN this DT growing VVG recognition NN of IN the DT social JJ harmony NN represented VVN by IN industry NN can MD the DT social JJ will MD be VB nourished VVN that WDT is VBZ necessary JJ to TO support VV and CC further VV it PP . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT ordinary JJ business NN man NN or CC worker NN has VHZ his PP$ eyes NNS , , his PP$ mind NN , , his PP$ heart NN and CC will MD , , glued VVN to TO the DT tiny JJ patch NN of IN industry NN to TO which WDT his PP$ own JJ directly RB personal JJ effort NN is VBZ applied VVN , , the DT pulse NN of IN humanity NN beats VVZ feebly RB through IN the DT system NN of IN industry NN . SENT But CC let VV the DT ordinary JJ education NN of IN every DT man NN and CC woman NN impose VV clear JJ images NNS of IN this DT economic JJ order NN as IN a DT great JJ human JJ cooperation NN in IN which WDT each DT bears VVZ an DT essential JJ part NN , , as IN producer NN , , consumer NN and CC citizen NN , , the DT quickened VVN intelligence NN and CC sympathy NN will MD respond VV , , so RB that IN the DT blind JJ processes NNS of IN cooperation NN will MD become VV infused VVN and CC strengthened VVN by IN the DT current JJ of IN a DT conscious JJ will NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT The DT foremost JJ example NN of IN such JJ organisation NN in IN a DT great JJ staple NN industry NN is VBZ the DT International NP Iron NP Steel NP Association NP , , formed VVN in IN July NP 1911 CD by IN representatives NNS of IN Austria NP , , Belgium NP , , Canada NP , , France NP , , Germany NP , , Great NP Britain NP , , Hungary NP , , Russia NP , , Spain NP , , United NP States NPS . SENT The DT objects NNS of IN this DT organisation NN were VBD to TO regulate VV production NN , , so RB as RB to TO control VV profitable JJ prices NNS and CC to TO prevent VV undercutting VVG in IN times NNS of IN depression NN . SENT Cf NP . SENT Chiozza NP Money NP , , Things NNS that IN Matter NP , , Ch NN . SENT XI NN . SENT CHAPTER NN XIX NP . SENT INDIVIDUAL JJ MOTIVES NNS TO TO SOCIAL JJ SERVICE NN 1 CD . SENT Our PP$ examination NN of IN the DT existing JJ industrial JJ system NN discloses VVZ certain JJ discords VVZ of IN interest NN and CC desire NN between IN the DT owners NNS of IN the DT several JJ factors NNS of IN production NN , , on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , between IN producers NNS and CC consumers NNS on IN the DT other JJ . SENT Among IN the DT owners NNS of IN factors NNS of IN production NN the DT sharpest JJS antagonisms NNS are VBP those DT between IN the DT capitalist JJ employer NN and CC the DT wage NN earner NN , , and CC between IN the DT landowner NN and CC the DT owners NNS of IN all DT other JJ factors NNS . SENT Except IN as RB regards VVZ the DT ownership NN of IN land NN , , these DT antagonisms NNS are VBP not RB absolute JJ but CC qualified JJ . SENT The DT interests NNS of IN capital NN and CC labour NN , , of IN producer NN and CC consumer NN , , march VVP together RB up RB to TO a DT certain JJ point NN . SENT There EX they PP diverge VV . SENT These DT discords VVZ of IN interest NN materialise VV in IN what WP we PP term VV the DT surplus NN , , that DT portion NN of IN the DT product NN which WDT , , though IN not RB essential JJ to TO the DT performance NN of IN the DT economic JJ process NN , , passes VVZ to TO capital NN , , labour NN or CC the DT consumer NN , , according VVG to TO the DT economic JJ strength NN which WDT natural JJ or CC artificial JJ conditions NNS assign VVP to TO each DT . SENT The DT humanisation NN and CC rationalisation NN of IN industry NN depend VVP , , as IN we PP recognise VV , , upon IN reforming VVG the DT structure NN of IN businesses NNS and CC industries NNS , , so RB as RB to TO resolve VV these DT discords VVZ , , to TO evoke VV the DT most RBS effective JJ cooperation NN , , in IN fact NN and CC will MD , , between IN the DT several JJ parties NNS , , and CC to TO distribute VV the DT whole JJ product NN , , costs NNS and CC surplus NN , , among IN them PP upon IN terms NNS which WDT secure VVP for IN it PP the DT largest JJS aggregate JJ utility NN in IN consumption NN . SENT The DT operation NN of IN industry NN upon IN this DT truly RB and CC consciously RB cooperative JJ basis NN , , would MD , , it PP is VBZ contended VVN , , evoke VVP increased JJ productive JJ powers NNS , , by IN bringing VVG into IN play VV those DT instincts NNS of IN mutual JJ aid NN that WDT are VBP largely RB inhibited VVD by IN present JJ methods NNS , , and CC by IN distributing VVG the DT increased JJ product NN so RB as RB to TO evoke VV the DT highest JJS personal JJ efficiency NN of IN life NN and CC character NN . SENT But CC it PP would MD be VB foolish JJ to TO ignore VV the DT doubts NNS and CC objections NNS which WDT are VBP raised VVN against IN the DT spiritual JJ assumption NN upon IN which WDT this DT ideal NN of IN human JJ industry NN is VBZ based VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ often RB urged VVN that DT man NN is VBZ by IN nature NN so RB strongly RB endowed VVN with IN selfish JJ and CC combative JJ feelings NNS , , so RB feebly RB with IN social JJ and CC cooperative JJ , , that IN he PP will MD not RB work VV efficiently RB under IN the DT reformed VVN economic JJ structures NNS that WDT are VBP proposed VVN . SENT He PP must MD be VB allowed VVN free JJ scope NN to TO play VV for IN his PP$ own JJ hand NN , , to TO exercise VV his PP$ fighting VVG instincts NNS , , to TO triumph NN over IN his PP$ competitors NNS , , and CC to TO appropriate JJ the DT prizes NNS of IN hazard NN and CC adventure NN , , the DT spoils NNS attesting VVG personal JJ force NN and CC prowess NN , , or CC else RB he PP will MD withhold VV the DT finest JJS and CC most RBS useful JJ modes NNS of IN his PP$ economic JJ energy NN . SENT The DT distinctively RB spiritual JJ issue NN thus RB raised VVN is VBZ exceedingly RB momentous JJ . SENT Suppose VVP that IN the DT business NN life NN can MD be VB set VVN upon IN what WP appears VVZ to TO be VB a DT sound JJ and CC equitable JJ basis NN , , is VBZ human JJ nature NN capable JJ of IN responding VVG satisfactorily RB to TO such PDT an DT environment NN . SENT Putting VVG it PP more RBR concretely RB , , are VBP the DT actual JJ powers NNS of IN human JJ sympathy NN and CC cooperation NN capable JJ of IN being VBG organised VVN into IN an DT effective JJ social JJ will NN . SENT This DT issue NN is VBZ seen VVN to TO underlie VV all PDT the DT doubts NNS and CC difficulties NNS that IN beset VVN the DT proposals NNS to TO apply VV our PP$ organic JJ Law NN of IN Distribution NN for IN purposes NNS of IN practical JJ reform NN . SENT All DT proposals NNS by IN organised VVN public JJ effort NN to TO abolish VV destitution NN give VV rise NN to TO fears NNS lest IN by IN so RB doing VVG we PP should MD sap VV the DT incentives NNS to TO personal JJ effort NN , , and CC so RB impair VV the DT character NN of IN the DT poor JJ . SENT Among IN such JJ critics NNS there EX is VBZ entertained VVN no DT corresponding JJ hope NN or CC conviction NN that IN such PDT a DT policy NN may MD , , by IN the DT better JJR and CC securer JJR conditions NNS of IN life NN and CC employment NN it PP affords VVZ , , sow VVP the DT seeds NNS of IN civic JJ feeling NN and CC of IN social JJ solidarity NN among IN large JJ sections NNS of IN our PP$ population NN whose WP$ life NN hitherto RB had VHD been VBN little JJ else RB than IN a DT sordid JJ and CC unmeaning JJ struggle NN . SENT Proposals NNS to TO secure VV for IN public JJ use NN by IN process NN of IN taxation NN larger JJR shares NNS of IN surplus NN wealth NN are VBP met VVN by IN similar JJ apprehensions NNS lest IN such JJ encroachments NNS upon IN private JJ property NN should MD impair VV the DT application NN of IN high JJ qualities NNS of IN business NN and CC professional JJ ability NN . SENT The DT growing VVG tendency NN of IN States NPS and CC Municipalities NNS to TO engage VV in IN various JJ business NN operations NNS is VBZ strongly RB and CC persistently RB attacked VVN upon IN the DT ground NN that IN sufficient JJ public JJ spirit NN cannot NN be VB evoked VVN to TO secure VV the DT able JJ , , honest JJ management NN and CC efficient JJ working VVG of IN such JJ public JJ concerns NNS . SENT Finally RB , , the DT whole JJ basic JJ policy NN of IN the DT Minimum NP Wage NP and CC the DT Maximum JJ Working NP day NN is VBZ assailed VVN on IN the DT same JJ ground NN as IN a DT levelling VVG down RP process NN which WDT will MD reduce VV the DT net JJ productivity NN of IN industry NN and CC stop VV all DT economic JJ progress NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT To TO such JJ criticism NN two CD replies NNS are VBP possible JJ , , each DT valid JJ within IN its PP$ limits NNS . SENT The DT first JJ consists VVZ in IN showing VVG that IN the DT existing JJ business NN arrangements NNS are VBP extremely RB ill RB adapted VVN for IN offering VVG the DT best JJS and CC most RBS economically RB effective JJ stimuli NNS to TO individual JJ productivity NN . SENT They PP are VBP not RB well RB directed VVN to TO discover VV , , apply VV , , and CC improve VV the DT best JJS and CC most RBS profitable JJ sorts NNS of IN human JJ ability NN and CC labour NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , the DT actual JJ system NN for IN utilising VVG selfishness NN for IN industrial JJ purposes NNS is VBZ wofully RB defective JJ . SENT nine CD tenths NNS of IN the DT power NN remains VVZ unextracted JJ or CC runs VVZ to TO waste VV . SENT Those DT who WP rely VVP upon IN this DT criticism NN base NN their PP$ reform NN policy NN upon IN the DT provision NN of IN better JJR economic JJ opportunities NNS and CC better JJR personal JJ stimuli NNS to TO individuals NNS . SENT But CC such JJ reforms NNS will MD not RB suffice VV . SENT What WP is VBZ needed VVN above IN all DT is VBZ a DT social JJ soul NN to TO inhabit VV the DT social JJ body NN in IN our PP$ industrial JJ system NN . SENT A DT conscious JJ coordinating VVG principle NN an DT industrial JJ government NN , , in IN which WDT the DT consent NN of IN the DT governed VVN shall MD be VB represented VVN in IN their PP$ several JJ wills NNS and CC consciousness NN as IN well RB as RB in IN some DT central JJ organic JJ control NN is VBZ to TO be VB desiderated VVN . SENT Now RB is VBZ this DT condition NN of IN thought NN and CC of IN desire NN really RB attainable JJ . SENT Can MD we PP really RB suppose VVP that IN any DT sort NN of IN education NN is VBZ likely JJ to TO arouse VV and CC maintain VV in IN the DT rank NN and CC file VV of IN employees NNS either CC in IN the DT public JJ services NNS or CC in IN the DT great JJ private JJ industries NNS a DT sense NN of IN public JJ duty NN and CC a DT realisation NN of IN the DT larger JJR industrial JJ harmony NN , , which WDT will MD compensate VV in IN any DT appreciable JJ measure NN for IN the DT dulness NN and CC drudgery NN of IN their PP$ particular JJ job NN , , and CC furnish VV an DT effective JJ check NN upon IN shirking VVG or CC slacking VVG . SENT Suppose VVP that IN a DT salary NN basis NN of IN payment NN , , a DT shortened VVN work NN day NN and CC security NN of IN tenure NN , , with IN adequate JJ insurance NN against IN economic JJ mishaps NNS , , had VHD been VBN obtained VVN in IN all DT regular JJ occupations NNS , , would MD the DT quickened VVN sense NN of IN cooperation NN yield VV a DT productive JJ energy NN adequate JJ to TO the DT requirements NNS . SENT To TO this DT question NN it PP must MD , , I NN think NN , , be VB frankly RB answered VVN , , that IN we PP cannot NN tell VV . SENT We PP have VHP no DT sufficient JJ data NNS for IN a DT confident JJ reply NN . SENT The DT general JJ reply NN of IN business NN men NNS and CC of IN economists NNS would MD , , I NN think NN , , be VB in IN the DT negative JJ . SENT It PP would MD be VB urged VVN that IN the DT greater JJR part NN of IN the DT routine JJ work NN of IN industry NN will MD always RB remain VV so RB dull JJ and CC tiresome JJ , , the DT sense NN of IN public JJ duty NN so IN weak JJ and CC intermittent JJ , , that IN the DT fixed JJ salary NN basis NN of IN remuneration NN will MD not RB prove VV an DT adequate JJ incentive NN for IN the DT required VVN amount NN of IN human JJ effort NN . SENT The DT experience NN of IN existing VVG social JJ services NNS would MD be VB adduced VVN in IN support NN of IN this DT judgment NN . SENT Public JJ employees NNS , , it PP is VBZ complained VVN , , work NN with IN less JJR energy NN than IN private JJ employees NNS . SENT there EX is VBZ more JJR slacking VVG and CC scamping VVG and CC more RBR malingering VVG . SENT the DT government NN stroke NN has VHZ become VVN a DT by IN word NN . SENT The DT dignity NN of IN social JJ service NN does VVZ not RB evoke VVP any DT clear JJ response NN in IN the DT breast NN of IN the DT employee NN . SENT Such JJ is VBZ the DT complaint NN . SENT It PP is VBZ probably RB not RB ill RB founded VVN . SENT The DT great JJ mass NN of IN public JJ employees NNS are VBP certainly RB not RB animated VVN by IN much JJ conscious JJ pride NN and CC satisfaction NN in IN rendering VVG social JJ service NN . SENT But CC , , before IN registering VVG a DT final JJ judgment NN upon IN such JJ evidence NN , , certain JJ qualifying VVG considerations NNS must MD be VB taken VVN into IN account NN . SENT The DT attitude NN of IN a DT worker NN towards IN his PP$ work NN will MD be VB strongly RB affected VVN by IN the DT prevailing JJ attitude NN of IN those DT around IN him PP . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT general JJ economic JJ environment NN is VBZ one CD in IN which WDT the DT interests NNS of IN employer NN and CC employed VVN are NN represented VVN as IN antagonistic JJ , , similar JJ ideas NNS and CC sentiments NNS will MD continue VV to TO affect VV the DT feelings NNS of IN public JJ servants NNS . SENT They PP will MD not RB realise VV that IN they PP are VBP working VVG for IN themselves PP in IN working VVG for IN society NN of IN which WDT they PP are VBP members NNS . SENT they PP will MD treat VV the DT department NN for IN which WDT they PP work VVP rather RB as IN an DT alien NN or CC a DT hostile JJ body NN , , bent NN upon IN getting VVG as RB much RB out RB of IN them PP and CC giving VVG as RB little RB as RB possible JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ just RB here RB that IN we PP touch VVP the DT most RBS sensitive JJ spot NN in IN the DT psychology NN of IN government NN , , the DT best RBS recognised VVN defect NN of IN bureaucracy NN . SENT The DT higher JJR officials NNS , , who WP control VVP and CC manage VVP public JJ businesses NNS , , evoke VVP in IN the DT rank NN and CC file VV of IN the DT public JJ employees NNS very RB much RB the DT same JJ sentiments NNS of IN estrangement NN or CC opposition NN that WDT prevail VVP in IN most JJS private JJ businesses NNS between IN employer NN and CC employee NN . SENT For IN in IN point NN of IN fact NN , , the DT temper NN and CC mental JJ attitude NN of IN higher JJR officials NNS are VBP those DT of IN a DT master NN in IN his PP$ own JJ business NN , , not RB those DT of IN a DT public JJ servant NN . SENT That DT affects VVZ their PP$ dealings NNS not RB only RB with IN the DT rank NN and CC file VV in IN their PP$ department NN , , but CC with IN the DT outside JJ public NN . SENT In IN a DT so RB called VVN democracy NN , , where WRB the DT highest JJS as RB well RB as IN the DT lowest JJS officers NNS of IN state NN are VBP paid VVN by IN the DT people NNS to TO do VV work NN for IN the DT people NNS , , no DT method NN of IN effective JJ popular JJ control NN over IN the DT official JJ services NNS has VHZ yet RB been VBN devised VVN . SENT The DT absence NN of IN any DT such JJ control NN is VBZ clearly RB recognised VVN by IN all DT high JJ officials NNS , , and CC it PP powerfully RB influences VVZ their PP$ mind NN and CC their PP$ behaviour NN . SENT Uncontrolled JJ , , or CC insufficiently RB controlled VVN power NN , , of IN course NN , , affects VVZ differently RB different JJ types NNS of IN men NNS . SENT It PP induces VVZ slackness NN and CC the DT adoption NN of IN a DT slow JJ conservative JJ routine NN in IN those DT of IN torpid JJ disposition NN . SENT Men NNS of IN arbitrary JJ temper NN will MD be VB led VVN to TO despotic JJ treatment NN of IN their PP$ staff NN . SENT Men NNS of IN brains NNS and CC enterprise NN will MD be VB free JJ to TO embark VV upon IN expensive JJ enterprises NNS , , to TO the DT gain NN or CC loss NN of IN their PP$ paymasters NNS . SENT But CC in IN no DT case NN does VVZ the DT actual JJ situation NN favour VV the DT permeation NN of IN the DT public JJ service NN by IN a DT full JJ sense NN of IN social JJ cooperation NN and CC joint JJ responsibility NN . SENT High JJ officials NNS may MD and CC often RB do VVP exhibit NN great JJ energy NN and CC disinterested JJ zeal NN in IN the DT public JJ service NN . SENT But CC the DT sense NN of IN mastery NN , , both CC in IN relation NN to TO the DT lower JJR grades NNS of IN employee NN and CC to TO the DT public NN , , is VBZ always RB discernible JJ . SENT They PP have VHP this DT power NN and CC they PP know VVP it PP . SENT Until IN , , therefore RB , , the DT sense NN of IN public JJ service NN can MD be VB made VVN a DT reality NN among IN the DT higher JJR public JJ officers NNS , , no DT true JJ test NN of IN the DT efficacy NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN is VBZ to TO be VB obtained VVN . SENT This DT reformation NN of IN Bureaucracy NN is VBZ the DT chief JJ crux NN of IN modern JJ democracy NN . SENT For IN unless IN some DT mode NN is VBZ found VVN of IN expelling VVG from IN the DT higher JJR public JJ servants NNS the DT pride NN of IN caste NN , , and CC of IN keeping VVG them PP in IN sympathetic JJ contact NN with IN the DT general JJ current NN of IN popular JJ feeling NN , , the DT mass NN of IN the DT subordinate JJ employees NNS will MD not RB respond VV to TO the DT social JJ claim NN upon IN their PP$ economic JJ energies NNS . SENT Finally RB , , the DT familiar JJ criticism NN of IN the DT inefficiency NN of IN public JJ employees NNS in IN this DT country NN does VVZ not RB take VV proper JJ account NN of IN conditions NNS of IN employment NN . SENT For IN while IN the DT top JJ grade NN of IN officials NNS is VBZ paid VVN more RBR handsomely RB and CC enjoys VVZ more JJR dignity NN and CC security NN than IN in IN other JJ countries NNS , , the DT lower JJR grades NNS are VBP often RB subject JJ to TO conditions NNS of IN pay NN , , hours NNS and CC tenure NN , , not RB appreciably RB better JJR than IN those DT prevailing VVG in IN the DT ordinary JJ labour NN market NN . SENT Until IN these DT conditions NNS are VBP improved VVN , , it PP may MD reasonably RB be VB contended VVN that IN the DT dignity NN of IN public JJ service NN cannot NN be VB expected VVN to TO furnish VV an DT effective JJ economic JJ motive NN . SENT If IN , , however RB , , increased VVD security NN of IN life NN and CC livelihood NN could MD be VB obtained VVN for IN the DT people NNS , , with IN such JJ improvement NN of IN our PP$ educational JJ system NN as IN provided VVN adequate JJ opportunities NNS for IN enabling VVG the DT children NNS of IN the DT poorer JJR classes NNS to TO enter VV all DT grades NNS of IN the DT public JJ services NNS , , the DT beginnings NNS of IN a DT great JJ change NN in IN the DT spirit NN of IN those DT services NNS might MD be VB attained VVN . SENT For IN , , if IN the DT wide JJ gaps NNS of IN dignity NN and CC of IN emoluments NNS , , which WDT divide VVP at IN present VV the DT higher JJR from IN the DT lower JJR grades NNS , , could MD be VB reduced VVN , , while IN at IN the DT same JJ time NN effective JJ publicity NN and CC criticism NN could MD be VB brought VVN to TO bear VV upon IN all DT departments NNS of IN public JJ work NN , , the DT bureaucratic JJ state NN might MD be VB transformed VVN into IN something NN more RBR nearly RB approaching VVG a DT self NN governing VVG society NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT cool JJ practical JJ business NN men NNS will MD , , however RB , , probably RB insist VVP that DT none NN of IN these DT devices NNS for IN improving VVG education NN and CC for IN stimulating VVG public JJ spirit NN will MD enable VV a DT public JJ department NN to TO get VV out RP of IN its PP$ employees NNS so RB large JJ an DT output NN of IN productive JJ energy NN as RB can MD be VB secured VVN by IN the DT stimuli NNS of IN private JJ profit NN seeking VVG enterprise NN . SENT And CC this DT may MD possibly RB be VB true JJ . SENT But CC those DT who WP have VHP accepted VVN the DT general JJ lines NNS of IN our PP$ analysis NN will MD recognise VV that IN such PDT an DT admission NN is VBZ not RB fatal JJ to TO the DT case NN for IN salaried JJ employment NN and CC public JJ service NN . SENT For IN the DT private JJ business NN is VBZ primarily RB concerned VVN with IN one CD side NN of IN the DT human JJ equation NN , , the DT product NN , , and CC is VBZ able JJ in IN large JJ measure NN to TO ignore VV the DT human JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN getting VVG it PP . SENT But CC the DT State NP , , as IN representing VVG the DT human JJ welfare NN of IN its PP$ members NNS , , must MD take VV the DT costs NNS into IN account NN as IN well RB . SENT An DT intelligent JJ Society NP would MD regard VV it PP as IN a DT foolish JJ policy NN to TO attempt VV to TO get VV out RP of IN its PP$ employees NNS the DT amount NN of IN daily JJ toil VVP imposed VVN under IN the DT conditions NNS of IN most JJS profit NN making VVG businesses NNS . SENT While IN , , therefore RB , , it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN a DT public JJ service NN , , run VVN upon IN an DT adequate JJ basis NN of IN fixed JJ salary NN and CC short JJ work NN day NN , , would MD stand VV condemned VVN , , if IN the DT output NN of IN effective JJ energy NN per IN man NN fell VVD greatly RB below IN that DT furnished VVN under IN the DT drive NN of IN ordinary JJ capitalism NN , , a DT slight JJ reduction NN of IN that DT output NN might MD be VB welcomed VVN as IN involving VVG an DT actual JJ gain NN in IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT The DT diminished JJ utility NN of IN the DT product NN might MD be VB more JJR than IN compensated VVN in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ welfare NN by IN the DT diminished JJ human JJ cost NN of IN the DT productive JJ process NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB , , therefore RB , , incumbent JJ upon IN the DT advocates NNS of IN a DT new JJ industrial JJ order NN , , based VVN upon IN a DT closer JJR application NN of IN the DT organic JJ law NN , , to TO show VV that IN such PDT an DT order NN will MD yield VV at IN least JJS as RB large JJ an DT output NN of IN economic JJ energy NN and CC economic JJ product NN as RB can MD be VB got VVN out RP of IN the DT mixed JJ competition NN and CC combination NN which WDT prevail VVP at IN present NN . SENT Applying VVG this DT standard NN of IN human JJ valuation NN , , they PP are VBP entitled VVN to TO set VV off RP against IN any DT reduction NN of IN purely RB economic JJ stimuli NNS that WDT may MD ensue VV from IN their PP$ reforms NNS , , not RB only RB the DT relief NN in IN human JJ costs NNS which WDT accompanies VVZ such JJ reduction NN but CC the DT enlargement NN of IN other JJ human JJ gains NNS . SENT For IN , , though RB in IN this DT endeavour NN to TO value VV industrial JJ activities NNS and CC products NNS in IN terms NNS of IN human JJ welfare NN , , we PP have VHP for IN the DT most JJS part NN confined VVN ourselves PP to TO the DT human JJ costs NNS and CC utilities NNS directly RB connected VVN with IN the DT processes NNS of IN economic JJ production NN and CC consumption NN , , we PP cannot NN ignore VV the DT wider JJR meaning NN of IN these DT processes NNS . SENT Man NN lives NNS not RB by IN bread NN , , or CC economic JJ goods NNS , , alone RB , , but CC by IN admiration NN , , hope NN and CC love NN . SENT Though IN the DT various JJ non JJ economic JJ goods NNS and CC activities NNS do VVP not RB directly RB enter VV into IN our PP$ human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN , , we PP cannot JJ neglect NN the DT interactions NNS between IN the DT economic JJ and CC the DT other JJ human JJ interests NNS involved VVN in IN the DT organic JJ nature NN of IN man NN and CC of IN society NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT The DT wider JJR problem NN of IN human JJ economy NN , , the DT employment NN of IN all DT human JJ powers NNS for IN human JJ welfare NN , , must MD in IN fact NN involve VVP a DT continual JJ readjustment NN between IN the DT respective JJ claims NNS of IN the DT economic JJ and CC the DT non JJ economic JJ activities NNS upon IN our PP$ lives NNS . SENT Most RBS thoughtful JJ critics NNS of IN our PP$ age NN complain VVP that IN this DT adjustment NN is VBZ defective JJ in IN that DT business NN bulks VVZ too RB largely RB in IN our PP$ lives NNS . SENT They PP consider VVP that IN our PP$ modern JJ command NN over IN the DT resources NNS of IN nature NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN our PP$ wants NNS ought MD to TO issue VV not RB so RB much JJ in IN the DT larger JJR supply NN of IN old JJ , , and CC the DT constant JJ addition NN of IN new JJ economic JJ wants VVZ , , as RB in IN the DT increased JJ liberation NN of IN human JJ powers NNS for IN other JJ modes NNS of IN energy NN and CC satisfaction NN . SENT There RB exist VV whole JJ countries NNS even RB in IN our PP$ time NN , , such JJ as IN China NP , , where WRB population NN lies VVZ so RB thick JJ upon IN the DT earth NN , , and CC where WRB the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN remain VVP so RB primitive JJ , , that IN virtually RB the DT whole JJ vital JJ energy NN of IN the DT people NNS must MD be VB absorbed VVN in IN the DT economic JJ processes NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB our PP$ case NN . SENT With IN our PP$ improving VVG arts NNS of IN industry NN and CC our PP$ dwindling VVG growth NN of IN population NN , , we PP can MD afford VV to TO give VV an DT increasing VVG share NN of IN our PP$ interests NNS and CC energies NNS to TO the DT cultivation NN and CC enjoyment NN of IN intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ goods NNS . SENT The DT gradual JJ realisation NN of IN this DT human JJ economy NN is VBZ the DT best JJS measure NN of IN our PP$ civilisation NN . SENT Our PP$ greatest JJS impediment NN in IN this DT progress NN is VBZ the DT superstitious JJ and CC excessive JJ value NN put VVN by IN all DT classes NNS of IN our PP$ people NNS upon IN industry NN and CC property NN . SENT This DT is VBZ almost RB identical JJ with IN a DT charge NN of IN materialism NN , , for IN economic JJ values NNS centre NN round NN material NN forms NNS of IN property NN . SENT Getting VVG and CC spending VVG we PP lay VVD waste VV our PP$ powers NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ a DT literal JJ statement NN of IN our PP$ bad JJ economy NN . SENT Until IN we PP can MD , , as IN a DT nation NN , , throw VV off RP the DT dominion NN of IN the DT economic JJ spirit NN , , we PP cannot NN win VV the DT spiritual JJ liberty NN needed VVN for IN the DT ascent NN of IN man NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN we PP stand VVP , , for IN full JJ six CD sevenths NNS of IN our PP$ time NN and CC more JJR , , with IN hands NNS and CC eyes NNS , , intelligence NN and CC will MD , , dedicated VVN to TO the DT service NN of IN industrialism NN , , we PP cannot NN see VVP , , much RB less RBR realise VV , , better JJR ideals NNS of IN humanity NN . SENT Absorbed VVN in IN earning VVG a DT livelihood NN , , we PP have VHP no DT time NN or CC energy NN to TO live VV . SENT Such JJ sentences NNS as IN these DT , , I PP am VBP well RB aware JJ , , have VHP become VVN commonplaces NNS , , and CC such JJ wisdom NN as IN they PP contain VVP has VHZ so RB become VVN almost RB impotent JJ . SENT This DT drawing NN of IN the DT fangs NNS of IN truth NN by IN reducing VVG it PP to TO truisms NNS is VBZ one CD of IN the DT most RBS serious JJ obstacles NNS to TO intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ progress NN . SENT From IN the DT time NN of IN Wordsworth NP to TO the DT present JJ day NN our PP$ wisest JJS teachers NNS have VHP demanded VVN that IN industry NN and CC property NN shall MD be VB put VVN in IN their PP$ right JJ places NNS as IN servants NNS , , not RB masters NNS , , of IN men NNS , , and CC that IN our PP$ conquest NN over IN nature NN shall MD be VB attended VVN by IN a DT liberation NN of IN all DT sorts NNS and CC conditions NNS of IN men NNS from IN the DT tyranny NN of IN matter NN . SENT In IN no DT adequate JJ degree NN has VHZ this DT liberation NN been VBN achieved VVN . SENT The DT iron NN of IN industrialism NN has VHZ entered VVN so RB deeply RB into IN our PP$ souls NNS that IN we PP are VBP loth JJ to TO use VV our PP$ liberty NN . SENT Why WRB is VBZ this DT so RB . SENT Man NN is VBZ a DT spiritual JJ as RB well RB as IN a DT material NN being VBG . SENT His PP$ ascent NN in IN civilisation NN implies VVZ an DT increasing VVG satisfaction NN of IN his PP$ spiritual JJ needs NNS . SENT In IN this DT higher JJR life NN economic JJ processes NNS and CC market NN values NNS play VVP a DT diminishing VVG part NN . SENT How WRB comes VVZ it PP , , then RB , , that IN the DT vast JJ economies NNS of IN modern JJ industry NN have VHP done VVN so RB little JJ to TO release VV us PP from IN the DT bondage NN of IN the DT economic JJ system NN . SENT Why WRB have VHP industry NN and CC property NN retained VVD so RB dominant JJ a DT grasp NN upon IN our PP$ thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS , , continually RB checking VVG our PP$ aspirations NNS to TO the DT higher JJR life NN , , continually RB encroaching VVG on IN the DT time NN and CC energy NN which WDT by IN rights NNS would MD seem VV to TO belong VV to TO that DT life NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT The DT true JJ answer NN to TO these DT questions NNS is VBZ not RB difficult JJ to TO find VV . SENT We PP have VHP sketched VVN a DT growing VVG order NN , , harmony NN and CC unity NN , , of IN industrial JJ life NN , , concerned VVN with IN the DT regular JJ supply NN of IN economic JJ needs NNS for IN mankind NN . SENT Were VBD such JJ an DT order NN effectively RB achieved VVN , , in IN accordance NN with IN the DT rational JJ and CC equitable JJ application NN of IN our PP$ human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN , , the DT economy NN of IN industrial JJ processes NNS would MD be VB accompanied VVN by IN a DT corresponding JJ economy NN of IN thought NN and CC emotion NN among IN the DT human JJ beings NNS engaged VVN in IN this DT common JJ cooperation NN . SENT This DT social JJ economy NN demands NNS , , as IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , the DT substitution NN of IN social JJ welfare NN for IN private JJ profit NN as IN the DT directing VVG motive NN throughout IN industry NN . SENT But CC it PP does VVZ not RB imply VV a DT completely RB socialistic JJ system NN in IN which WDT each DT productive JJ process NN is VBZ under IN the DT direct JJ and CC exclusive JJ control NN of IN Society NP . SENT For IN that DT assertion NN of IN absolute JJ unity NN would MD contain VV a DT denial NN of IN the DT manifoldness NN of IN desire NN and CC purpose NN involved VVN in IN the DT very JJ concept NN cooperation NN . SENT Scope NN must MD remain VV , , in IN the DT interests NNS of IN society NN itself PP , , for IN the DT legitimate JJ play NN of IN individuality NN . SENT The DT well RB ordered VVN society NN will MD utilise VV the DT energies NNS of IN egoism NN in IN fruitful JJ fields NNS of IN individual JJ activity NN . SENT The DT human JJ ego NN will MD always RB seek VV a DT directly RB personal JJ self NN expression NN in IN the DT free JJ exercise NN of IN artistic JJ instincts NNS and CC other JJ creative JJ or CC adventurous JJ activities NNS that WDT yield VVP the DT glory NN of IN achievement NN . SENT These DT primarily RB self NN regarding VVG impulses NNS are VBP made VVN socially RB profitable JJ by IN allowing VVG them PP free JJ expression NN in IN these DT fields NNS . SENT The DT attempt NN to TO regulate VV and CC direct VV these DT impulses NNS and CC their PP$ productive JJ activities NNS would MD be VB disastrous JJ . SENT This DT play NN of IN unfettered JJ personality NN in IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS , , in IN literature NN , , in IN the DT unsettled JJ and CC experimental JJ section NN of IN each DT profession NN and CC each DT trade NN , , must MD be VB conserved VVN , , not RB as IN an DT inherent JJ right NN of IN individuals NNS but CC as IN a DT sound JJ social JJ economy NN . SENT For IN the DT distinction NN between IN these DT free JJ creative JJ activities NNS and CC the DT ordinary JJ run NN of IN routine JJ work NN in IN the DT trade NN and CC professions NNS is VBZ fundamental JJ . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB that IN the DT former JJ , , the DT free JJ unorganised JJ activities NNS , , are VBP not RB as RB truly RB social JJ as IN the DT latter NN in IN their PP$ ultimate JJ significance NN and CC worth NN . SENT But CC their PP$ social JJ value NN is VBZ best RBS secured VVN by IN leaving VVG them PP to TO the DT stimuli NNS of IN personal JJ interests NNS . SENT The DT creative JJ activities NNS , , including VVG all DT work NN which WDT pleasure NN , , interest NN , , surprise NN or CC personal JJ pride NN , , cause VVP to TO be VB desired VVN upon IN its PP$ own JJ account NN , , need VVP no DT social JJ compulsion NN to TO evoke VV them PP . SENT Their PP$ product NN is VBZ the DT free JJ gift NN which WDT the DT individual NN makes VVZ to TO the DT commonwealth NN out RP of IN the DT riches NN of IN his PP$ active JJ personality NN . SENT As IN their PP$ cost NN to TO him PP is VBZ more JJR than IN compensated VVN by IN the DT pleasures NNS of IN creation NN , , he PP will MD contribute VV them PP freely RB to TO the DT service NN of IN mankind NN . SENT But CC even RB if IN a DT coarser JJR streak NN of IN selfishness NN causes VVZ the DT creative JJ artist NN , , poet NN , , inventor NN , , discoverer NN , , to TO claim VV some DT large JJ share NN of IN the DT marketable JJ value NN of IN his PP$ product NN for IN himself PP , , it PP will MD better RBR serve VV society NN to TO pay VV him PP his PP$ price NN , , than IN to TO attempt VV to TO organise VV creation NN on IN a DT public JJ basis NN . SENT Such JJ sufficient JJ material NN rewards NNS of IN genius NN or CC high JJ talent NN , , if IN they PP are VBP really RB necessary JJ to TO evoke VV the DT creative JJ activity NN , , must MD rightly RB be VB considered VVN costs NNS rather RB than IN surplus NN . SENT There EX will MD remain VV a DT margin NN of IN such JJ unfettered JJ private JJ enterprise NN , , not RB only RB in IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS and CC the DT learned VVN professions NNS , , where WRB the DT creative JJ mind NN seems VVZ most RBS in IN evidence NN , , but CC at IN the DT growing VVG point NN of IN every DT living NN industry NN . SENT For IN the DT distinction NN between IN creation NN and CC imitation NN or CC routine JJ , , as IN we PP have VHP seen VVN , , cannot NN be VB applied VVN in IN a DT wholesale JJ way NN to TO entire JJ trades NNS and CC occupations NNS . SENT Budding JJ and CC experimental JJ industries NNS , , involving VVG large JJ application NN of IN inventive JJ and CC constructive JJ energy NN , , appealing VVG to TO new JJ and CC uncertain JJ tastes NNS , , carrying VVG heavy JJ risks NNS of IN capital NN and CC reputation NN , , are VBP better RBR left VVN to TO individual JJ enterprise NN . SENT The DT same JJ industries NNS , , settled VVN on IN established JJ lines NNS , , with IN smaller JJR risks NNS and CC smaller JJR opportunities NNS of IN useful JJ change NN , , will MD properly RB pass VV under IN direct JJ social JJ control NN . SENT It PP is VBZ hardly RB conceivable JJ that IN the DT development NN of IN the DT motor NN car NN and CC the DT aeroplane NN could MD have VH been VBN so RB rapid JJ , , if IN these DT industries NNS had VHD been VBN at IN the DT outset NN claimed VVD as IN State NP monopolies NNS and CC official NN experts NNS had VHD alone RB been VBN set VVN to TO operate VV them PP . SENT The DT injurious JJ retardation NN of IN electric JJ lighting NN and CC transport NN in IN this DT country NN by IN the DT legal JJ shackles NNS imposed VVN upon IN them PP has VHZ been VBN a DT striking JJ testimony NN to TO the DT social JJ harm NN done VVN by IN premature JJ application NN of IN social JJ control NN to TO an DT industry NN in IN its PP$ early JJ experimental JJ stage NN . SENT On IN the DT other JJ hand NN , , it PP is VBZ equally RB foolish JJ to TO exclude VV from IN effective JJ social JJ regulation NN or CC state NN organisation NN entire JJ professions NNS , , such JJ as IN teaching NN , , law NN , , or CC medicine NN , , on IN the DT ground NN that IN they PP are VBP essentially RB creative JJ . SENT For IN they PP are VBP not RB . SENT The DT very JJ name NN profession NN implies VVZ the DT adoption NN of IN prescribed VVN and CC accepted VVN methods NNS for IN dealing VVG with IN large JJ ordinary JJ classes NNS of IN cases NNS , , that WDT is VBZ to TO say VV routine JJ procedure NN . SENT Though RB , , as IN we PP recognise VV , , such JJ procedure NN may MD never RB reach VV the DT same JJ degree NN of IN mechanical JJ routine NN as RB prevails VVZ in IN ordinary JJ processes NNS of IN manufacture NN , , the DT common JJ factors NNS may MD be VB so RB predominant JJ as RB to TO bring VV them PP properly RB under IN the DT same JJ public JJ regimen NN . SENT Though RB , , for IN example NN , , class NN teaching NN will MD always RB carry VV some DT element NN of IN originality NN and CC personal JJ skill NN , , a DT true JJ regard NN for IN public JJ interests NNS establishes VVZ close JJ public JJ control NN of IN curriculum NN and CC method NN in IN those DT branches NNS of IN instruction NN in IN which WDT it PP is VBZ convenient JJ to TO give VV the DT same JJ teaching NN to TO large JJ numbers NNS of IN children NNS at IN the DT same JJ time NN . SENT In IN education NN , , as RB in IN medicine NN and CC in IN every DT other JJ skilled JJ calling NN , , there EX are VBP grades NNS of IN practice NN rightly RB classed VVN as IN regular JJ or CC routine JJ . SENT Where WRB it PP is VBZ important JJ for IN members NNS of IN the DT public NN to TO be VB able JJ to TO obtain VV such JJ services NNS , , in IN reliable JJ qualities NNS upon IN known JJ and CC reasonable JJ terms NNS , , effective JJ social JJ control NN of IN them PP must MD be VB secured VVN . SENT For IN , , otherwise RB , , a DT power NN of IN private JJ tyranny NN or CC of IN extortion NN or CC neglect NN is VBZ vested VVN in IN the DT producers NNS of IN such JJ services NNS . SENT The DT inadequate JJ public JJ control NN over IN the DT medical JJ and CC legal JJ services NNS in IN this DT country NN is VBZ raising VVG a DT crop NN of IN grave JJ practical JJ problems NNS for IN early JJ solution NN . SENT So RB in IN every DT industry NN or CC occupation NN the DT relatively RB routine JJ work NN requires VVZ direct JJ social JJ organisation NN while IN the DT preponderantly RB creative JJ work NN should MD be VB left VVN to TO private JJ enterprise NN . SENT The DT former JJ class NN contains VVZ the DT great JJ bulk NN of IN those DT industries NNS which WDT , , concentrated VVN in IN large JJ businesses NNS for IN the DT profitable JJ supply NN of IN the DT prime JJ needs NNS and CC conveniences NNS of IN ordinary JJ men NNS and CC women NNS , , breed NN combinations NNS and CC monopolies NNS . SENT Whereas IN in IN the DT creative JJ industries NNS there RB exists VVZ a DT natural JJ harmony NN of IN interests NNS between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN that WDT will MD secure VV to TO society NN the DT best JJS fruits NNS of IN individual JJ effort NN , , this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN in IN the DT routine JJ industries NNS . SENT There RB the DT operation NN of IN the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN can MD only RB be VB secured VVN by IN direct JJ social JJ organisation NN . SENT Only RB thus RB can MD excessive JJ private JJ surplus NN , , involving VVG a DT tyranny NN over IN labour NN on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , the DT consumer NN on IN the DT other JJ , , be VB prevented VVN . SENT In IN no DT other JJ way NN can MD the DT main JJ organs NNS of IN industry NN be VB infused VVN with IN the DT human JJ feelings NNS of IN solidarity NN and CC cooperation NN essential JJ to TO the DT stability NN and CC progress NN of IN social JJ industries NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT For IN to TO this DT vital JJ point NN we PP must MD return VV . SENT The DT substitution NN of IN direct JJ social JJ control NN for IN the DT private JJ profit NN seeking VVG motive NN in IN the DT normal JJ processes NNS of IN our PP$ industries NNS is VBZ essential JJ to TO any DT sound JJ scheme NN of IN social JJ reconstruction NN . SENT For IN not RB otherwise RB can MD we PP get VV the DT social JJ meaning NN of IN industry NN represented VVD consciously RB in IN the DT cooperative JJ will NN of IN the DT human JJ factors NNS of IN production NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB too RB much JJ to TO say VV that IN the DT pace NN of IN civilisation NN for IN nations NNS , , of IN moral JJ progress NN for IN individuals NNS , , depends VVZ upon IN this DT radical JJ reconstruction NN of IN common JJ industry NN . SENT For IN the DT existing JJ structure NN of IN ordinary JJ business NN life NN inhibits VVZ the DT realisation NN of IN its PP$ social JJ meaning NN by IN the DT stress NN it PP lays VVZ upon IN the DT discordant JJ and CC the DT separatist NN interests NNS . SENT The DT struggle NN to TO keep VV or CC to TO improve VV one's NNS hold VV upon IN some DT place NN in IN the DT industrial JJ system NN , , to TO win VV a DT livelihood NN , , to TO make VV some DT gain NN that WDT involves VVZ a DT loss NN to TO someone NN else RB , , derationalises VVZ the DT intelligence NN and CC demoralises VVZ the DT character NN of IN all DT of IN us PP . SENT This DT derationalisation NN and CC demoralisation NN are VBP seen VVN to TO be VB rooted VVN in IN the DT defective JJ structure NN and CC working VVG of IN industrialism NN itself PP . SENT If IN industry NN were VBD fairly RB apportioned VVN among IN all DT , , according VVG to TO the DT capability NN of IN each DT , , if IN Property NP were VBD allotted VVN to TO each DT according VVG to TO his PP$ needs NNS , , by IN some DT natural JJ process NN of IN distribution NN as IN regular JJ and CC certain JJ as IN the DT process NN of IN the DT planets NNS , , persons NNS would MD not RB need VV to TO think VV or CC feel VV very RB keenly RB about IN such JJ things NNS as IN Industry NP and CC Property NP . SENT their PP$ intellects NNS and CC hearts NNS would MD be VB free JJ for IN other JJ interests NNS and CC activities NNS . SENT But CC the DT insecurity NN , , irregularity NN and CC injustice NN of IN economic JJ distribution NN keep VV Industry NP and CC Property NP continually RB in IN the DT foreground NN of IN the DT personal JJ consciousness NN . SENT Here RB comes VVZ into IN terrible JJ relief NN the DT moral JJ significance NN of IN the DT unearned JJ Surplus NN the DT term NN which WDT gathers VVZ all PDT the DT bad JJ origins NNS of IN Property NN into IN the DT focus NN of IN a DT single JJ concept NN . SENT At IN present JJ much JJ industry NN is VBZ conducted VVN , , much JJ Property NN is VBZ acquired VVN , , by IN modes NNS which WDT are VBP unjust JJ , , irrational JJ and CC socially RB injurious JJ . SENT Legal JJ privilege NN , , economic JJ force NN , , natural JJ or CC contrived JJ scarcity NN , , luck NN , , personal JJ favour NN , , inheritance NN such JJ are VBP the DT means NN by IN which WDT large JJ quantities NNS of IN property NN come VVN to TO be VB possessed VVN by IN persons NNS who WP have VHP not RB contributed VVN any DT considerable JJ productive JJ effort NN to TO their PP$ making NN . SENT Such JJ property NN stands VVZ in IN the DT eye NN of IN the DT law NN , , and CC in IN the DT popular JJ regard NN , , upon IN precisely RB the DT same JJ footing NN as IN that DT owned VVN by IN those DT who WP have VHP earned VVN it PP by IN the DT sweat NN of IN their PP$ brow NN , , or CC the DT effort NN of IN their PP$ brain NN . SENT The DT failure NN of IN so RB many JJ thoughtful JJ men NNS and CC women NNS to TO appreciate VV the DT vital JJ bearing NN of IN the DT issue NN of IN origins NNS upon IN the DT validity NN of IN property NN is VBZ the DT supreme JJ evidence NN of IN the DT injurious JJ reactions NNS of IN the DT present JJ property NN system NN upon IN the DT human JJ mind NN . SENT The DT crucial JJ moral JJ fallacy NN which WDT it PP evokes VVZ is VBZ the DT contention NN , , seriously RB put VVN forth RB by IN certain JJ social JJ philosophers NNS , , as RB well RB as RB by IN social JJ reformers NNS , , that DT property NN acquired VVN in IN the DT ways NNS I PP have VHP just RB indicated VVN is VBZ validated VVN in IN reason NN and CC morality NN by IN the DT good JJ uses NNS to TO which WDT it PP may MD be VB put VVN by IN its PP$ owners NNS . SENT Mr NP . SENT Carnegie NP and CC Mr NP . SENT Rockefeller NP have VHP seriously RB propounded VVN the DT theory NN that IN certain JJ individuals NNS are VBP endowed VVN by IN nature NN or CC by IN circumstances NNS with IN the DT opportunity NN and CC power NN of IN accumulating VVG great JJ wealth NN , , but CC that IN their PP$ wealth NN , , though IN legally RB their PP$ private JJ property NN , , is VBZ rightly RB to TO be VB regarded VVN by IN them PP as IN a DT social JJ trust NN to TO be VB administered VVN by IN them PP for IN the DT benefit NN of IN their PP$ fellow JJ men NNS . SENT It PP seems VVZ to TO them PP a DT matter NN of IN indifference NN that IN this DT wealth NN is VBZ unearned JJ , , provided VVN that IN it PP is VBZ productively RB expended VVN . SENT So RB fragments NNS of IN profits NNS , , earned VVN by IN sweating VVG labour NN or CC by IN rack NN renting VVG tenants NNS , , are VBP spent VVN on IN pensions NNS , , public JJ hospitals NNS or CC housing NN reform NN . SENT Fractions NNS of IN the DT excessive JJ prices NNS the DT consuming NN public NN pays VVZ to TO privileged JJ transport NN companies NNS or CC protected JJ manufacturers NNS are VBP given VVN back RB in IN parks NNS or CC universities NNS . SENT Great JJ inheritances NNS , , passing VVG on IN the DT death NN of IN rich JJ bankers NNS , , contractors NNS or CC company NN promoters NNS , , drop VV heavy JJ tears NNS of IN charity NN to TO soften VV the DT fate NN of IN those DT who WP have VHP failed VVN in IN the DT business NN struggle NN . SENT Fortunes NNS , , gained VVN by IN setting VVG nation NN against IN nation NN , , are VBP applied VVN to TO promote VV the DT cause NN of IN international JJ peace NN . SENT This DT humor NN is VBZ inevitable JJ . SENT Unearned JJ property NN can MD find VV no DT social JJ uses NNS more RBR exigent JJ than IN the DT application NN of IN charitable JJ remedies NNS to TO the DT very JJ diseases NNS to TO which WDT it PP owes VVZ its PP$ origin NN . SENT So RB everywhere RB we PP find VVP the DT beneficiaries NNS of IN economic JJ force NN , , luck NN , , favour NN and CC privilege NN , , trying VVG to TO pour VV balm NN and CC oil NN into IN the DT wounds NNS which WDT they PP have VHP made VVN . SENT The DT effect NN of IN the DT process NN , , and CC what WP may MD be VB called VVN its PP$ unconscious JJ intention NN , , is VBZ to TO defend VV the DT irrationality NN and CC injustice NN of IN these DT unearned JJ properties NNS by IN buying VVG off RP clear JJ scrutiny NN into IN their PP$ origins NNS . SENT Sometimes RB , , indeed RB , , the DT intention NN attains VVZ a DT measure NN of IN clear JJ consciousness NN , , as RB in IN the DT cases NNS where WRB rich JJ men NNS or CC firms NNS regard VVP the DT subscriptions NNS given VVN to TO public JJ purposes NNS as IN sound JJ business NN expenditure NN , , applying VVG one CD fraction NN of IN their PP$ gross JJ profits NNS to TO a DT propitiation NN fund NN as IN they PP apply VVP another DT to TO an DT insurance NN fund NN . SENT 7 CD . SENT The DT radical JJ defect NN of IN this DT doctrine NN and CC practice NN of IN the DT social JJ trust NN is VBZ its PP$ false JJ severance NN of IN origin NN from IN use NN . SENT The DT organic JJ law NN of IN industry NN has VHZ joined VVN origin NN and CC use NN , , work NN and CC wealth NN , , production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT It PP affirms VVZ a DT natural JJ and CC necessary JJ relation NN between IN getting VVG and CC spending VVG . SENT A DT man NN who WP puts VVZ no DT effort NN into IN getting VVG , , a DT rent NN receiver NN , , cannot NN put VVD well RB directed VVN effort NN into IN spending NN . SENT He PP is VBZ by IN natural JJ proclivity NN a DT wastrel NN . SENT A DT man NN who WP is VBZ purely RB selfish JJ in IN his PP$ getting VVG , , as IN the DT sweater NN , , gambler NN , , or CC monopolist NN , , cannot NN be VB social JJ in IN his PP$ spending NN . SENT The DT recipient NN of IN unearned JJ income NN is VBZ impelled VVN by IN the DT conditions NNS of IN his PP$ being NN to TO a DT life NN of IN idleness NN and CC luxury NN . SENT this DT is VBZ the DT life NN he PP is VBZ fitted VVN for IN . SENT He PP is VBZ unfitted VVN for IN the DT administration NN of IN a DT social JJ trust NN . SENT These DT obvious JJ truths NNS , , so RB fatally RB neglected VVN , , are VBP no RB vague JJ maxims NNS of IN revolutionary JJ ethics NNS , , but CC are VBP firmly RB rooted VVN in IN physical JJ and CC moral JJ fact NN . SENT We PP have VHP seen VVN that IN there EX is VBZ throughout IN organic JJ life NN a DT quantitative JJ and CC qualitative JJ relation NN between IN function NN and CC nutrition NN , , each DT being NN the DT condition NN of IN the DT other JJ . SENT He PP who WP does VVZ not RB eat VV cannot NN work NN . SENT he PP who WP does VVZ not RB work VV cannot NN eat VV . SENT It PP is VBZ true JJ that IN the DT latter JJ law NN works VVZ less RBR directly RB and CC less RBR immediately RB than IN the DT former JJ . SENT Parasitism NN , , individual JJ or CC social JJ , , continues VVZ to TO exist VV to TO many JJ walks NNS of IN life NN . SENT But CC it PP never RB thrives VVZ , , it PP always RB tends VVZ to TO degeneration NN , , atrophy NN and CC decay NN . SENT Normally RB , , and CC in IN the DT long JJ run NN , , it PP remains VVZ true JJ that IN Whosoever NP will MD not RB work VV , , neither CC can MD he PP eat VV . SENT If IN then RB the DT recipiency NN of IN unearned JJ wealth NN , , parasitism NN , , disables VVZ the DT recipient NN from IN putting VVG his PP$ property NN to TO sound VV personal JJ uses NNS , , is VBZ it PP likely JJ that IN he PP can MD put VV it PP to TO sound VV social JJ uses NNS . SENT Though IN abnormal JJ instances NNS may MD seem VV , , here RB as IN elsewhere RB , , to TO contravene VV the DT natural JJ law NN , , it PP remains VVZ true JJ that IN the DT power NN of IN individual JJ earning NN , , not RB merely RB involves VVZ no DT power NN of IN social JJ spending NN , , but CC negates VVZ that DT power NN . SENT It PP might MD even RB be VB contended VVN that IN there EX will MD be VB a DT natural JJ disposition NN in IN the DT recipient NN of IN unearned JJ wealth NN to TO spend VV that DT wealth NN in IN precisely RB those DT ways NNS in IN which WDT it PP injures VVZ most RBS the DT society NN he PP seeks VVZ to TO serve VV . SENT This DT is VBZ probably RB the DT case NN . SENT It PP is VBZ more RBR socially RB injurious JJ for IN the DT millionaire NN to TO spend VV his PP$ surplus NN wealth NN in IN charity NN than IN in IN luxury NN . SENT For IN by IN spending VVG it PP on IN luxury NN , , he PP chiefly RB injures VVZ himself PP and CC his PP$ immediate JJ circle NN , , but CC by IN spending VVG it PP in IN charity NN he PP inflicts VVZ a DT graver JJR injury NN upon IN society NN . SENT For IN every DT act NN of IN charity NN , , applied VVN to TO heal VV suffering NN arising VVG from IN defective JJ arrangements NNS of IN society NN , , serves VVZ to TO weaken VV the DT personal JJ springs VVZ of IN social JJ reform NN , , alike RB by IN the DT miraculous JJ relief NN it PP brings VVZ to TO the DT individual JJ case NN that WDT is VBZ relieved VVN , , and CC by IN the DT softening VVG influence NN it PP exercises VVZ on IN the DT hearts NNS and CC heads NNS of IN those DT who WP witness NN it PP . SENT It PP substitutes NNS the DT idea NN and CC the DT desire NN of IN individual JJ reform NN for IN those DT of IN social JJ reform NN , , and CC so RB weakens VVZ the DT capacity NN for IN collective JJ self NN help NN in IN society NN . SENT The DT most RBS striking JJ testimony NN to TO the DT justice NN of IN this DT analysis NN is VBZ furnished VVN by IN the DT tendency NN of IN model NN millionaires NNS to TO direct VV all PDT their PP$ charity NN to TO wholesale JJ and CC what WP they PP deem VVP social JJ purposes NNS , , rather RB than IN to TO individual JJ cases NNS . SENT In IN order NN to TO avoid VV the DT errors NNS of IN indiscriminate JJ charity NN , , they PP fasten VV their PP$ munificence NN upon IN society NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN universities NNS , , hospitals NNS , , parks NNS , , libraries NNS and CC other JJ general JJ benefits NNS . SENT Realising VVG quite RB clearly RB , , as IN they PP think VVP , , that IN the DT character NN of IN an DT individual NN is VBZ weakened VVN and CC demoralised VVN by IN a DT charitable JJ donation NN which WDT enables VVZ him PP to TO get VV what WP otherwise RB he PP could MD only RB have VH got VVN by IN his PP$ personal JJ exertion NN , , they PP proceed VVP to TO weaken VV and CC demoralise VV whole JJ cities NNS and CC entire JJ nations NNS , , by IN doing VVG for IN these DT social JJ bodies NNS what WP they PP are VBP quite RB capable JJ of IN doing VVG for IN themselves PP by IN their PP$ own JJ collective JJ exertions NNS . SENT These DT public JJ gifts NNS of IN millionaires NNS debauch VV the DT character NN of IN cities NNS and CC states NNS more RBR effectively RB than IN the DT private JJ gifts NNS of IN unreflecting VVG donors NNS the DT character NN of IN individuals NNS . SENT For IN , , whereas IN many JJ , , if IN not RB most JJS , , of IN the DT private JJ recipients NNS of IN charity NN are VBP victims NNS of IN misfortune NN or CC of IN lack NN of IN opportunity NN , , and CC are VBP not RB fully RB responsible JJ for IN the DT evil JJ plight NN in IN which WDT they PP stand VVP , , this DT is VBZ not RB the DT case NN with IN an DT organised VVN self NN governing VVG community NN , , a DT City NP or CC a DT State NP . SENT Such PDT a DT society NN is VBZ able JJ , , out RB of IN its PP$ own JJ resources NNS , , if IN it PP chooses VVZ to TO secure VV and CC use VV them PP , , to TO supply VV for IN itself PP all DT its PP$ own JJ legitimate JJ needs NNS . SENT It PP has VHZ a DT far RB larger JJR self NN sufficiency NN for IN meeting VVG all DT ordinary JJ emergencies NNS and CC for IN following VVG an DT economy NN of IN self NN development NN and CC progress NN , , than IN has VHZ the DT individual JJ citizen NN . SENT For IN it PP can MD supply VV its PP$ needs NNS out RP of IN the DT social JJ income NN which WDT its PP$ collective JJ life NN is VBZ constantly RB assisting VVG to TO produce VV , , out RB of IN that DT very JJ surplus NN which WDT , , wrongly RB allowed VVN to TO flow VV , , unearned JJ , , into IN the DT coffers NNS of IN rich JJ individuals NNS , , is VBZ the DT very JJ fund NN used VVN for IN this DT debasing VVG public JJ charity NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT The DT clear JJ recognition NN of IN these DT truths NNS is VBZ closely RB germane JJ to TO our PP$ central JJ consideration NN in IN this DT chapter NN , , viz NN . SENT , , the DT question NN whether IN there EX can MD be VB evoked VVN in IN the DT common JJ consciousness NN a DT flow NN of IN true JJ social JJ or CC cooperative JJ feeling VVG strong JJ and CC steady JJ enough RB to TO evoke VV from IN individual JJ citizens NNS a DT sufficient JJ voluntary JJ efficiency NN in IN production NN . SENT No DT absolutely RB convincing JJ answer NN to TO the DT question NN is VBZ at IN present JJ possible JJ . SENT But CC , , if IN any DT such JJ experiment NN is VBZ to TO be VB tried VVN hopefully RB , , it PP can MD only RB be VB done VVN by IN setting VVG Property NN upon IN an DT intelligible JJ moral JJ and CC social JJ basis NN , , so RB that IN it PP passes VVZ into IN the DT possession NN of IN him PP to TO whom WP it PP is VBZ really RB proper JJ , , in IN the DT sense NN that IN he PP has VHZ put VVN something NN of IN himself PP into IN its PP$ making NN . SENT Only RB by IN resolving VVG unearned JJ into IN earned VVN income NN , , so RB that IN all DT Property NN is VBZ duly RB earned VVN either RB by IN individuals NNS or CC by IN societies NNS , , can MD an DT ethical JJ basis NN be VB laid VVN for IN social JJ industry NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN property NN appears VVZ to TO come VV miraculously RB or CC capriciously RB , , irrespective RB of IN efforts NNS or CC requirements NNS , , and CC so RB long RB as IN it PP is VBZ withheld VVN as IN irrationally RB , , it PP is VBZ idle JJ to TO preach VV the DT dignity NN of IN labour NN or CC to TO inculcate VV sentiments NNS of IN individual JJ self NN help NN . SENT When WRB all DT Property NN is VBZ visibly RB justified JJ , , alike RB in IN origin NN and CC use NN , , the DT rights NNS of IN property NN will NN for IN the DT first JJ time NN be VB respected VVN , , for IN they PP will MD be VB for IN the DT first JJ time NN respectable JJ . SENT To TO steal VV , , to TO cheat VV , , to TO sweat VV , , to TO cadge VV or CC beg VV , , will MD be VB considered VVN shameful JJ , , not RB because IN the DT law NN forbids VVZ , , but CC because IN such JJ acts NNS will MD be VB felt VVN by IN all DT to TO be VB assaults NNS upon IN the DT personality NN of IN another DT . SENT For IN the DT first JJ time NN in IN history NN , , also RB , , the DT tax NN dodger NN , , the DT contractor NN who WP puts VVZ up RP his PP$ price NN for IN public JJ works NNS , , the DT sinecurist NN , , the DT jobber NN , , the DT protectionist NN and CC other JJ parasites NNS upon IN the DT public JJ purse NN , , will MD receive VV the DT general JJ reprobation NN due JJ to TO robbery NN . SENT For IN when WRB the DT State NN is VBZ recognised VVN as IN having VHG rights NNS of IN property NN identical JJ in IN origin NN and CC use NN with IN those DT of IN individual JJ citizens NNS , , that DT property NN will MD claim VV and CC may MD receive VV a DT similar JJ respect NN . SENT Property NN , , in IN a DT word NN , , becomes VVZ a DT really RB sacred JJ institution NN when WRB the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN is VBZ applied VVN to TO the DT whole JJ income NN , , surplus NN as IN well RB as IN costs NNS . SENT Such JJ inequalities NNS in IN income NN as RB survive VVP will MD be VB plainly RB justified VVN as IN the DT counterpart NN of IN inequality NN of IN efforts NNS and CC of IN needs NNS . SENT The DT wide JJ contrasts VVZ of IN rich JJ and CC poor JJ , , of IN luxury NN and CC penury NN , , of IN idleness NN and CC toil VVP , , will MD no RB longer RB stagger VV the DT reason NN and CC offend VV the DT heart NN . SENT So IN the DT standard NN of IN sentimental JJ values NNS which WDT affects VVZ the DT conventional JJ modes NNS of IN living VVG of IN all DT classes NNS largely RB by IN snobbish JJ imitation NN and CC rivalry NN will MD be VB transformed VVN . SENT Ostentatious JJ waste NN and CC conspicuous JJ leisure NN , , with IN all PDT their PP$ injurious JJ reactions NNS upon IN our PP$ Education NP , , Recreation NP , , Morals NNS , , and CC AEsthetics NNS , , will MD tend VV to TO disappear VV . SENT The DT illusory JJ factor NN of IN Prestige NN will MD be VB undermined VVN , , so RB that IN the DT valuations NNS , , both CC of IN productive JJ activities NNS and CC of IN consumption NN , , will MD shift VV towards IN a DT natural JJ , , or CC rational JJ , , standard JJ . SENT 9 CD . SENT Not RB merely RB will MD the DT wide JJ gulf NN which WDT severs VVZ mental JJ from IN manual JJ workers NNS disappear VVP , , but CC all PDT the DT elaborate JJ scale NN of IN values NNS for IN different JJ sorts NNS of IN intellectual JJ and CC manual JJ work NN would MD undergo VV a DT radical JJ revision NN . SENT The DT effect NN of IN setting VVG on IN a DT human JJ basis NN the DT industry NN of IN the DT country NN would MD , , of IN course NN , , react VVP upon IN all DT other JJ departments NNS of IN life NN , , Religion NN , , Family NP and CC Civic NP Morality NN , , Politics NP , , Literature NN , , Art NP and CC Science NP . SENT For IN though IN economics NNS alone RB cannot NN mould NN or CC interpret VV history NN , , the DT distinctively RB economic JJ institutions NNS of IN Industry NP and CC Property NP have VHP always RB exercised VVN a DT powerful JJ , , sometimes RB a DT dominant JJ influence NN , , upon IN other JJ institutions NNS . SENT The DT reformation NN of IN economic JJ life NN must MD , , therefore RB , , produce VV equally RB beneficent JJ effects NNS upon IN all DT other JJ departments NNS transforming VVG their PP$ standards NNS and CC feeding VVG the DT streams NNS of IN their PP$ activities NNS with IN new JJ thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS , , drawn VVN no RB longer RBR from IN the DT minds NNS of IN a DT little JJ class NN or CC a DT few JJ original JJ natures NNS , , but CC from IN the DT whole JJ tide NN of IN human JJ life NN flowing VVG freely RB along IN every DT channel NN of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ endeavour NN . SENT The DT security NN and CC rationality NN of IN the DT economic JJ order NN will MD give VV to TO all PDT that DT confidence NN in IN man NN , , and CC that DT faith NN in IN his PP$ future NN , , which WDT are VBP the DT prime JJ conditions NNS of IN safe JJ and CC rapid JJ progress NN . SENT For IN the DT brutal JJ and CC crushing VVG pressure NN of IN the DT economic JJ problem NN in IN its PP$ coarsest JJS shape NN how WRB to TO secure VV a DT material NN basis NN of IN livelihood NN has VHZ of IN necessity NN hitherto RB absorbed VVD nearly RB all PDT the DT energy NN of IN man NN , , so RB that IN his PP$ powers NNS of IN body NN soul NN and CC spirit NN have VHP been VBN mainly RB spent VVN on IN an DT unsatisfactory JJ and CC precarious JJ solution NN of IN this DT personal JJ economic JJ problem NN . SENT Religion NN , , politics NNS , , the DT disinterested JJ pursuits NNS of IN truth NN or CC beauty NN , , have VHP had VHD to TO live VV upon IN the DT leavings NN of IN the DT economic JJ life NN . SENT An DT economic JJ reformation NN which WDT , , by IN applying VVG the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN , , absorbs VVZ the DT unproductive JJ surplus NN , , would MD thus RB furnish VV a DT social JJ environment NN which WDT was VBD stronger JJR and CC better JJR in IN the DT nourishment NN and CC education NN it PP afforded VVN to TO man NN . SENT Every DT organ NN of IN society NN would MD function VV more RBR effectively RB , , supplying VVG richer JJR opportunities NNS for IN healthy JJ all DT round NN self NN development NN to TO all DT . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT economic JJ activities NNS can MD be VB taken VVN into IN separate JJ consideration NN , , it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN this DT justly RB ordered VVN environment NN would MD do VV much RB to TO raise VV the DT physical JJ , , and CC more JJR to TO raise VV the DT moral JJ efficiency NN of IN the DT individual NN as IN a DT wealth NN producer NN and CC consumer NN . SENT But CC its PP$ most RBS important JJ contribution NN to TO the DT value NN and CC the DT growth NN of IN human JJ welfare NN would MD lie VV in IN other JJ fields NNS of IN personality NN than IN the DT distinctively RB economic JJ , , in IN the DT liberation NN , , realisation NN and CC improved JJ condition NN of IN other JJ intellectual JJ and CC spiritual JJ energies NNS at IN present JJ thwarted VVN by IN or CC subordinated VVN to TO industrialism NN . SENT CHAPTER NN XX NP . SENT THE DT SOCIAL JJ WILL MD AS IN AN DT ECONOMIC JJ FORCE NN 1 CD . SENT To TO secure VV by IN education NN and CC reflection NN such JJ a DT revaluation NN of IN human JJ activities NNS , , aims NNS and CC achievements NNS , , as RB will MD set VV economic JJ processes NNS and CC products NNS in IN a DT definitely RB lower JJR place NN than IN that DT which WDT they PP occupy VV at IN present JJ , , is VBZ , , I PP think VVP , , essential JJ to TO safe JJ and CC rapid JJ progress NN . SENT For IN the DT early JJ steps NNS towards IN a DT better RBR industrial JJ order NN will MD very RB likely RB involve VV some DT economic JJ sacrifice NN , , in IN the DT sense NN of IN a DT reduced JJ output NN of IN personal JJ energy NN and CC of IN wealth NN production NN on IN the DT part NN of IN the DT average JJ member NN of IN society NN . SENT Although IN this DT loss NN may MD be VB more JJR than IN compensated VVN by IN the DT elimination NN of IN large JJ wastes NNS of IN competition NN and CC by IN improved JJ organisation NN , , we PP are VBP not RB warranted VVN in IN assuming VVG that IN this DT will NN at IN once RB take VV place NN . SENT We PP need VVP not RB assume VV it PP . SENT For IN even RB if IN we PP do VVP not RB , , our PP$ analysis NN has VHZ shown VVN that IN an DT economic JJ system NN , , thus RB working VVG at IN a DT lower JJR rate NN of IN human JJ costs NNS , , and CC turning VVG out RP a DT smaller JJR quantity NN of IN goods NNS , , may MD nevertheless RB yield VV a DT larger JJR quantity NN of IN human JJ welfare NN , , by IN a DT better JJR distribution NN of IN work NN and CC product NN . SENT But CC the DT great JJ gain NN , , of IN course NN , , will MD consist VV in IN the DT increased JJ amount NN of IN time NN , , interest NN and CC energy NN , , available JJ for IN the DT cultivation NN of IN other JJ human JJ arts NNS outside IN the DT economic JJ field NN . SENT Upon IN the DT capacity NN to TO utilise VV these DT enlarged JJ opportunities NNS the DT actual JJ pace NN of IN human JJ progress NN in IN the DT art NN of IN living NN will MD depend VV . SENT At IN present JJ this DT capacity NN may MD seem VV small JJ . SENT The DT increased VVN opportunities NNS of IN leisure NN , , travel NN , , recreation NN , , culture NN , , and CC comradeship NN , , which WDT have VHP come VVN in IN widely RB different JJ degrees NNS to TO all DT classes NNS , , have VHP often RB been VBN put VVN to TO disappointing JJ uses NNS . SENT But CC a DT great JJ deal NN of IN such JJ waste NN is VBZ evidently RB attributable JJ to TO that DT prevailing VVG vice NN of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN which WDT the DT domination NN of IN industrialism NN has VHZ stamped VVN upon IN our PP$ minds NNS , , the DT crude JJ desires NNS for IN physical JJ sensations NNS and CC external JJ display NN . SENT Not RB until IN a DT far RB larger JJR measure NN of IN release NN from IN our PP$ economic JJ bonds NNS has VHZ been VBN acquired VVN , , shall MD we PP enjoy VV the DT detachment NN of IN mind NN requisite JJ for IN the DT larger JJR processes NNS of IN revaluation NN and CC realisation NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT One CD word NN remains VVZ , , however RB , , to TO be VB said VVN upon IN the DT all DT important JJ subject NN of IN motives NNS and CC incentives NNS . SENT We PP have VHP seen VVN that IN , , in IN so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ possible JJ to TO displace VV the DT competitive JJ system NN of IN industry NN , , with IN its PP$ stimulation NN of IN individual JJ greed NN and CC combativeness NN , , by IN a DT more RBR consciously RB cooperative JJ system NN , , the DT will NN of IN the DT individual NN engaged VVN upon IN industrial JJ processes NNS will MD be VB affected VVN in IN some DT measure NN by IN the DT social JJ meaning NN of IN the DT work NN he PP is VBZ doing VVG , , and CC will NN desire NN to TO forward VV it PP . SENT The DT efficacy NN of IN this DT social JJ will NN is VBZ not RB , , however RB , , adequately RB realised VVN so RB long RB as IN it PP is VBZ regarded VVN merely RB as IN a DT feeling NN for IN the DT public JJ good NN originating VVG from IN a DT number NN of IN separate JJ centres NNS of IN enlightened JJ personality NN . SENT The DT growing VVG recognition NN on IN the DT part NN of IN individual JJ workers NNS , , that IN the DT structure NN of IN society NN establishes VVZ a DT strong JJ community NN of IN interests NNS , , will MD no RB doubt VV supply VV some DT incentive NN to TO each DT to TO do VV his PP$ fair JJ share NN to TO the DT necessary JJ work NN . SENT But CC this DT personal JJ incentive NN may MD not RB go VV very RB far RB towards IN overcoming VVG the DT selfishness NN or CC sluggishness NN of IN feebler JJR personalities NNS . SENT If IN , , then RB , , the DT social JJ will MD be VB taken VVN merely RB to TO mean VV the DT aggregate NN of IN feeling VVG for IN the DT public JJ good NN thus RB generated VVD in IN the DT separate JJ wills NNS , , it PP may MD not RB suffice VV to TO support VV the DT commonweal NN . SENT But CC if IN our PP$ organic JJ conception NN of IN society NN has VHZ any DT validity NN , , the DT social JJ will NN means VVZ more RBR than IN this DT addition NN of IN separately RB stimulated VVN individual JJ wills NNS . SENT The DT individual JJ soldier NN may MD have VH a DT patriotic JJ feeling NN expressing VVG his PP$ individual JJ love NN of IN his PP$ country NN , , which WDT has VHZ a DT certain JJ fighting NN value NN . SENT But CC , , as IN his PP$ attachment NN to TO his PP$ profession NN grows VVZ , , another DT feeling NN of IN wider JJR origin NN and CC more JJR enduring JJ force NN fuses NNS with IN the DT narrower JJR feeling NN , , enhancing VVG greatly RB its PP$ effectiveness NN . SENT That DT feeling NN is VBZ esprit NN de FW corps FW , , a DT corporate JJ spirit NN of IN the DT service NN , , capable JJ of IN overcoming VVG personal JJ defects NNS , , the DT cowardice NN , , apathy NN or CC greed NN of IN the DT individual NN , , and CC of IN evoking VVG an DT enormous JJ volume NN of IN united VVN effort NN . SENT I PP have VHP no DT intention NN of IN suggesting VVG that IN the DT routine NN of IN ordinary JJ industry NN can MD yield VV scope NN for IN displays NNS of IN this DT esprit NN de FW corps FW comparable JJ in IN intensity NN with IN the DT dramatic JJ examples NNS of IN great JJ military JJ achievements NNS . SENT But CC I PP do VVP affirm VV that IN every DT conscious JJ corporate JJ life NN is VBZ accompanied VVN and CC nourished VVN by IN some DT common JJ consciousness NN of IN will NN and CC purpose NN which WDT feeds VVZ and CC fortifies VVZ the DT personal JJ centres NNS , , stimulating VVG those DT that WDT are VBP weaker JJR and CC raising VVG them PP to TO a DT decent JJ level NN of IN effort NN , , reducing VVG dissension NN , , and CC imparting VVG conscious JJ unity NN of IN action NN into IN complex JJ processes NNS of IN cooperation NN . SENT The DT power NN of IN this DT social JJ will NN as IN an DT economic JJ motive NN force NN ought MD not RB to TO be VB ignored VVN . SENT As IN the DT processes NNS of IN industrial JJ cooperation NN grow VV closer JJR , , more RBR numerous JJ , , more RBR regular JJ in IN their PP$ operation NN , , this DT cooperation NN and CC coordination NN , , representing VVG a DT unity NN of IN will NN and CC purpose NN far RB transcending VVG the DT vision NN and CC the DT purpose NN even RB of IN the DT most RBS enlightened JJ and CC altruistic JJ member NN , , will MD form VV a DT powerful JJ current NN of IN industrial JJ consciousness NN , , influencing VVG and CC moulding VVG the DT will NN and CC purposes NNS of IN individuals NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT force NN , , emanating VVG from IN the DT social JJ whole NN , , will NN of IN necessity NN not RB be VB clearly RB comprehensible JJ to TO the DT individuals NNS who WP feel VVP its PP$ influence NN and CC respond VV to TO it PP . SENT They PP are VBP the DT many JJ , , while IN it PP flows VVZ from IN their PP$ union NN , , which WDT must MD always RB be VB imperfectly RB mirrored VVD in IN the DT mind NN of IN each DT . SENT Yet RB this DT direct JJ social JJ will NN only RB works VVZ through IN its PP$ power NN to TO stimulate VV and CC direct VV the DT will NN of IN each DT , , so RB as RB to TO produce VV a DT more RBR effective JJ harmony NN . SENT Vague JJ theory NN this DT will MD seem VV to TO some DT , , utterly RB remote JJ from IN the DT hard JJ facts NNS of IN life NN . SENT The DT problem NN is VBZ how WRB to TO induce VV public JJ or CC other JJ salaried JJ employees NNS to TO do VV a DT fair JJ day's NN work NN , , when WRB they PP might MD shirk VV it PP without IN loss NN of IN pay NN . SENT Well RB , , we PP suggest VVP that IN when WRB that DT fair JJ day's NN work NN is VBZ not RB unduly RB long JJ or CC onerous JJ , , when WRB it PP is VBZ fairly RB paid VVN , , and CC when WRB each DT sees VVZ that IN all PDT the DT others NNS are VBP called VVN upon RP to TO do VV their PP$ proper JJ share NN , , the DT general JJ sense NN of IN fairness NN in IN the DT arrangement NN will MD come VV to TO exercise VV a DT compelling JJ influence NN on IN each DT man NN to TO keep VV his PP$ output NN up RP to TO a DT decent JJ level NN . SENT This DT power NN of IN the DT social JJ will NN has VHZ never RB yet RB been VBN tested VVN . SENT For IN a DT society NN with IN arrangements NNS based VVN on IN manifest JJ principles NNS of IN justice NN and CC reason NN has VHZ never RB yet RB been VBN set VVN in IN operation NN . SENT But CC though IN our PP$ organic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN may MD never RB attain VV a DT perfect JJ application NN , , so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ applied VVN it PP may MD surely RB be VB expected VVN to TO act VV in IN the DT way NN here RB described VVD , , appealing VVG to TO the DT springs VVZ of IN honour NN , , equity NN , , comradeship NN and CC respect NN for IN public JJ opinion NN , , with IN a DT force NN immeasurably RB greater JJR than IN is VBZ possible JJ in IN a DT system NN of IN industry NN and CC property NN where WRB reason NN and CC fair JJ play NN in IN the DT apportionment NN of IN work NN and CC its PP$ rewards NNS are VBP so RB imperfectly RB apparent JJ . SENT 3 LS . SENT These DT conditions NNS of IN organic JJ welfare NN in IN the DT apportionment NN of IN work NN and CC wealth NN do VVP not RB imply VV a DT conception NN of IN industrial JJ society NN in IN which WDT the DT individual NN and CC his PP$ personal JJ desires NNS and CC ends NNS are VBP impaired VVN or CC sacrificed VVN to TO the DT interests NNS of IN the DT community NN . SENT They PP do VVP imply VV a DT growth NN of IN the DT social JJ economic JJ structure NN in IN which WDT the DT impulses NNS of IN mutual JJ aid NN , , which WDT from IN the DT earliest JJS times NNS have VHP been VBN civilising VVG mankind NN , , shall MD work VV with IN a DT clearer JJR consciousness NN of IN their PP$ human JJ value NN . SENT As IN the DT individual NN perceives VVZ more RBR clearly RB how WRB intimately RB his PP$ personal JJ efforts NNS and CC effects NNS are VBP , , in IN process NN and CC in IN product NN , , linked VVN with IN those DT of IN all PDT the DT other JJ members NNS of IN society NN , , that DT perception NN must MD powerfully RB influence VV his PP$ feelings NNS . SENT He PP will MD come VV consciously RB to TO realise VV his PP$ personal JJ freedom NN in IN actions NNS that WDT are VBP a DT willing JJ contribution NN to TO the DT common JJ good NN . SENT This DT consciousness NN will MD make VV it PP more RBR difficult JJ for IN him PP to TO defend VV in IN himself PP or CC others NNS economic JJ conduct NN or CC institutions NNS in IN which WDT individual JJ , , class NN or CC national JJ conflicts NNS are VBP involved VVN . SENT Thus RB a DT better RBR social JJ consciousness NN and CC a DT better RBR economic JJ environment NN will MD react VV on IN one CD another DT for IN further JJR mutual JJ betterment NN . SENT The DT unity NN of IN this DT social JJ industrial JJ life NN is VBZ not RB a DT unity NN of IN mere JJ fusion NN in IN which WDT the DT individual NN virtually RB disappears VVZ , , but CC a DT federal JJ unity NN in IN which WDT the DT rights NNS and CC interests NNS of IN the DT individual NN shall MD be VB conserved VVN for IN him PP by IN the DT federation NN . SENT The DT federal JJ government NN , , however RB , , conserves VVZ these DT individual JJ rights NNS , , not RB , , as IN the DT individualist NN maintains VVZ , , because IN it PP exists VVZ for IN no DT other JJ purpose NN than IN to TO do VV so RB . SENT It PP conserves VVZ them PP because IN it PP also RB recognises VVZ that IN an DT area NN of IN individual JJ liberty NN is VBZ conducive JJ to TO the DT health NN of IN the DT collective JJ life NN . SENT Its PP$ federal JJ nature NN rests VVZ on IN a DT recognition NN alike RB of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ ends NNS , , or CC , , speaking VVG more RBR accurately RB , , of IN social JJ ends NNS that WDT are VBP directly RB attained VVN by IN social JJ action NN and CC of IN those DT that WDT are VBP realised VVN in IN individuals NNS . SENT I PP regard VVP such PDT a DT federation NN as IN an DT organic JJ union NN because IN none NN of IN the DT individual JJ rights NNS or CC interests NNS is VBZ absolute JJ in IN its PP$ sanction NN . SENT Society NN in IN its PP$ economic JJ as RB in IN its PP$ other JJ relations NNS is VBZ a DT federal JJ state NN not RB a DT federation NN of IN states NNS . SENT The DT rights NNS and CC interests NNS of IN society NN are VBP paramount JJ . SENT they PP override VV all DT claims NNS of IN individuals NNS to TO liberties NNS that WDT contravene VV them PP . SENT 4 LS . SENT So RB far RB as IN industry NN is VBZ concerned VVN , , we PP perceive VVP how WRB this DT harmony NN between IN individual JJ and CC social JJ rights NNS and CC interests NNS is VBZ realised VVN in IN the DT primary JJ division NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS into IN Art NP and CC Routine JJ . SENT The DT impulses NNS and CC desires NNS which WDT initiate VVP , , sustain VV and CC direct VV what WP we PP term NN art NN , , including VVG all PDT the DT creative JJ activities NNS in IN industry NN , , flow NN freely RB from IN the DT individual JJ nature NN . SENT We PP recognise VV that IN productive JJ activities NNS in IN which WDT these DT elements NNS are VBP of IN paramount JJ importance NN form NN an DT economic JJ field NN which WDT society NN , , guided VVN by IN its PP$ intelligent JJ self NN interest NN , , will MD safely RB and CC profitably RB leave VV to TO individuals NNS and CC private JJ enterprise NN . SENT Industries NNS which WDT are VBP essentially RB of IN a DT routine JJ character NN , , affording VVG little JJ scope NN for IN creative JJ activities NNS of IN individuals NNS , , must MD pass VV under IN direct JJ social JJ administration NN . SENT For IN free JJ individual JJ initiative NN and CC desires NNS will MD not RB support VV them PP . SENT They PP can MD only RB be VB worked VVN under IN private JJ enterprise NN on IN condition NN that IN great JJ gains NNS are VBP procurable JJ for IN the DT entrepreneurs NNS and CC an DT unfree JJ body NN of IN proletarian JJ labour NN is VBZ available JJ for IN compulsory JJ service NN . SENT The DT routine JJ services NNS of IN society NN cannot NN properly RB be VB secured VVN by IN appeals NNS to TO the DT separate JJ self NN interests NNS of IN individuals NNS . SENT So RB administered VVN , , they PP involve VVP the DT waste NN of IN vast JJ unearned JJ gains NNS accruing VVG to TO a DT private JJ caste NN of IN masters NNS , , the DT injury NN and CC degradation NN of IN economic JJ servitude NN in IN the DT workers NNS , , and CC a DT growing VVG insecurity NN and CC irregularity NN of IN service NN to TO the DT consumers NNS . SENT The DT only JJ volume NN of IN free JJ will NN and CC voluntary JJ enterprise NN that WDT can MD support VV those DT routine JJ industries NNS is VBZ the DT free JJ will NN and CC enterprise NN of IN Society NP . SENT If IN we PP can MD bring VV ourselves PP to TO regard VV the DT great JJ normal JJ currents NNS of IN routine JJ industry NN , , engaged VVN in IN supplying VVG the DT common JJ daily JJ needs NNS , , from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN a DT real JJ live JJ Society NP , , we PP shall MD recognise VV that IN to TO that DT Society NP this DT industrial JJ activity NN and CC its PP$ achievements NNS are VBP full JJ of IN interest NN and CC variety NN . SENT What WP to TO the DT individual NN is VBZ dull JJ routine NN is VBZ to TO Society NP creative JJ art NN , , the DT natural JJ employment NN of IN social JJ productive JJ energies NNS for IN the DT progressive JJ satisfaction NN of IN social JJ needs NNS . SENT Though IN the DT individual NN will MD soon RB flags NNS before IN demands NNS for IN work NN so IN irksome JJ and CC repellent JJ to TO its PP$ nature NN , , the DT social JJ will NN gladly RB responds VVZ to TO work VV in IN which WDT that DT will NN finds VVZ its PP$ free JJ natural JJ expression NN . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT ultimate JJ argument NN in IN favour NN of IN the DT socialisation NN of IN the DT routine JJ industries NNS , , viz NN . SENT , , the DT release NN of IN the DT individual JJ will NN from IN work NN that WDT is VBZ costly JJ , , repellent JJ and CC ill RB done VVN , , in IN order NN to TO enable VV the DT social JJ will NN to TO find VV in IN that DT work NN its PP$ healthy JJ , , interesting JJ , , educative JJ self NN realisation NN . SENT For IN once RB conceive VV Society NP as IN a DT being NN capable JJ of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN , , these DT processes NNS have VHP an DT interest NN for IN it PP . SENT They PP are VBP social JJ art NN , , part NN of IN the DT collective JJ life NN in IN which WDT Society NP realises VVZ itself PP , , just RB as IN the DT individual NN realises VVZ himself PP in IN individual JJ art NN . SENT Once RB accept VV the DT view NN of IN Society NP not RB as IN a DT mere JJ set NN of IN social JJ institutions NNS , , or CC a DT network NN of IN relations NNS , , but CC as IN a DT collective JJ personality NN , , the DT great JJ routine JJ industrial JJ processes NNS become VVP the DT vital JJ functions NNS of IN this DT collective JJ being NN , , interesting JJ to TO that DT being NN alike RB in IN their PP$ performance NN and CC their PP$ product NN . SENT That DT subdivision NN of IN labour NN and CC that DT apparent JJ contradiction NN of IN interests NNS between IN producer NN and CC consumer NN which WDT seem VVP designed VVN to TO feed VV personal JJ antagonisms NNS and CC to TO thwart VV individuality NN , , now RB acquire VV rational JJ justification NN as IN the DT complex JJ adaptive JJ play NN of IN healthy JJ vital JJ functions NNS in IN Society NP . SENT 5 LS . SENT Labour NN , , thus RB interpreted VVN , , becomes VVZ a DT truly RB social JJ function NN , , the DT orderly JJ half NN instinctive JJ half NN rational JJ activity NN by IN which WDT society NN helps VVZ itself PP and CC satisfies VVZ its PP$ wants VVZ , , a DT common JJ tide NN of IN productive JJ energy NN which WDT pulses VVZ through IN the DT veins NNS of IN humanity NN , , impelling VVG the DT individual JJ members NNS of IN society NN to TO perform VV their PP$ part NN as IN contributors NNS to TO the DT general JJ life NN . SENT Whether IN those DT individual JJ actions NNS are VBP strictly RB voluntary JJ , , pleasurable JJ and CC interesting JJ in IN themselves PP to TO those DT who WP perform VVP them PP , , as RB in IN the DT finer JJR arts NNS , , or CC are VBP compulsory JJ in IN their PP$ main JJ incidence NN upon IN the DT individual NN , , and CC accompanied VVN by IN little JJ interest NN or CC social JJ feeling NN on IN his PP$ part NN , , is VBZ a DT matter NN of IN quite RB secondary JJ importance NN as IN viewed VVN from IN the DT social JJ standpoint NN . SENT As IN labour NN is VBZ social JJ , , so RB is VBZ capital NN . SENT The DT other JJ apparent JJ discrepancy NN , , that WDT between IN the DT interests NNS of IN present JJ and CC future JJ , , spending NN and CC saving NN , , also RB disappears VVZ when WRB we PP consider VVP the DT social JJ significance NN of IN saving NN . SENT For IN society NN secretes VVZ capital NN by IN the DT same JJ half NN instinctive JJ half NN rational JJ process NN by IN which WDT it PP generates VVZ , , directs VVZ and CC distributes VVZ , , its PP$ supply NN of IN labour NN . SENT Only RB by IN a DT hypothesis NN which WDT thus RB assigns VVZ a DT central JJ industrial JJ purpose NN to TO society NN can MD we PP possibly RB understand VVP the DT life NN of IN industry NN and CC the DT complex JJ cooperation NN it PP displays VVZ . SENT Take VV for IN a DT single JJ instance NN the DT wheat NN supply NN of IN the DT world NN or CC the DT cotton NN industry NN of IN Lancashire NP . SENT We PP see VVP large JJ rhythmic JJ actions NNS , , elaborate JJ in IN their PP$ complicated JJ flows NNS , , responsive JJ to TO innumerable JJ stimuli NNS of IN world NN markets NNS , , a DT nervous JJ system NN of IN affluent JJ and CC effluent JJ currents NNS , , directed VVN by IN the DT desires NNS and CC beliefs NNS of IN innumerable JJ producers NNS and CC consumers NNS , , each DT consciously RB actuated JJ by IN his PP$ own JJ particular JJ motives NNS and CC yet RB cooperating VVG towards IN large JJ social JJ ends NNS . SENT We PP can MD neither RB grasp VV , , intellectually RB or CC emotionally RB , , the DT human JJ or CC social JJ significance NN of IN these DT processes NNS , , if IN we PP persist VVP in IN resolving VVG them PP into IN the DT ideas NNS , , feelings NNS and CC actions NNS of IN individual JJ persons NNS . SENT The DT harmony NN becomes VVZ either RB fortuitous JJ or CC purely RB mystical JJ . SENT But CC , , if IN we PP regard VVP Society NP as IN having VHG a DT large JJ life NN of IN its PP$ own JJ , , the DT cooperative JJ harmony NN of IN individual JJ aims NNS and CC activities NNS becomes VVZ a DT corporate JJ organic JJ process NN . SENT The DT social JJ life NN does VVZ not RB suffer VV from IN division NN of IN labour NN and CC specialisation NN of IN function NN , , but CC gains NNS , , as RB in IN the DT animal JJ organism NN . SENT The DT social JJ life NN is VBZ not RB oppressed VVN , , degraded VVN or CC injured VVN by IN the DT routine NN of IN the DT smaller JJR working NN lives NNS , , any DT more JJR than IN the DT animal JJ organism NN by IN the DT regularity NN and CC repetition NN of IN the DT respiratory JJ , , circulating VVG and CC other JJ routine JJ operations NNS of IN its PP$ organs NNS and CC their PP$ cells NNS . SENT 6 CD . SENT But CC , , it PP will MD be VB objected VVN , , even RB if IN we PP are VBP justified VVN in IN pushing VVG the DT organic JJ analogy NN so RB far RB as IN to TO claim VV the DT existence NN of IN a DT real JJ social JJ life NN with IN a DT meaning NN and CC end NN of IN its PP$ own JJ , , superior JJ to TO that DT of IN the DT individual NN , , as IN the DT life NN of IN every DT organism NN is VBZ superior JJ to TO that DT of IN its PP$ organs NNS and CC cells NNS , , that IN larger JJR social JJ being NN can MD only RB remain VV a DT shadowy JJ or CC hypothetical JJ being NN to TO actual JJ men NNS and CC women NNS . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ the DT aims NNS , , ideas NNS , , feelings NNS and CC activities NNS of IN these DT little JJ units NNS that WDT , , after IN all DT , , will MD always RB absorb VV our PP$ attention NN and CC occupy VV our PP$ hearts NNS and CC minds NNS . SENT Here RB is VBZ the DT final JJ quintessence NN of IN individualism NN surviving VVG in IN many JJ professing VVG socialists NNS , , the DT denial NN of IN the DT existence NN of IN a DT rational JJ moral JJ society NN . SENT Yet RB such PDT a DT society NN exists VVZ . SENT The DT earliest JJS beginnings NNS of IN animal JJ gregariousness NN , , sexual JJ feelings NNS , , and CC other JJ primary JJ instincts NNS of IN association NN , , with IN the DT mutual JJ aid NN they PP give VVP rise VV to TO , , are VBP a DT first JJ testimony NN to TO the DT existence NN , , even RB at IN the DT opening NN of IN the DT human JJ era NN , , of IN a DT real JJ though IN rudimentary JJ society NN , , physical JJ and CC psychical JJ in IN its PP$ nature NN . SENT Civilisation NN has VHZ its PP$ chief JJ meaning NN in IN the DT extension NN and CC growing VVG realisation NN of IN this DT unity NN of IN Society NP , , by IN utilising VVG these DT secret JJ threads NNS of IN social JJ feeling NN for IN the DT weaving VVG of IN the DT fabric NN of IN social JJ institutions NNS . SENT Thus RB , , through IN these DT instruments NNS of IN common JJ social JJ life NN , , language NN , , art NN , , science NN , , industry NN , , politics NNS , , religion NN , , society NN gathers VVZ a DT larger JJR , , more RBR solid JJ and CC various JJ life NN . SENT Race NN , , Nationality NN , , Church NP , , the DT bond NN of IN some DT common JJ interest NN in IN a DT science NN , , an DT art NN , , a DT philanthropic JJ purpose NN , , often RB present JJ intense JJ examples NNS of IN genuinely RB common JJ life NN and CC purpose NN . SENT These DT are VBP not RB mere JJ social JJ contracts NNS of IN free JJ individuals NNS , , seeking VVG by IN cooperation NN to TO forward VV their PP$ individual JJ ends NNS . SENT Such PDT a DT conception NN of IN mutual JJ aid NN is VBZ as RB false JJ for IN religion NN , , science NN , , art NN or CC industry NN , , as RB for IN politics NNS . SENT The DT statement NN that IN man NN is VBZ a DT social JJ animal NN cannot NN merely RB signify VV that IN among IN man's JJ equipment NN of IN feelings NNS and CC ideas NNS there RB exists VVZ a DT feeling NN and CC idea NN of IN sympathy NN with IN other JJ men NNS . SENT That DT is VBZ only RB how WRB it PP looks VVZ from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT cell NN . SENT It PP means VVZ that DT humanity NN in IN all PDT its PP$ various JJ aggregations NNS is VBZ a DT social JJ stuff NN , , and CC that IN whatever WDT forms NNS of IN coalescence NN it PP assumes VVZ , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , a DT nation NN , , caste NN , , church NN , , party NN , , etc FW . SENT , , there EX will MD exist VV a DT genuinely RB organic JJ unity NN , , a DT central JJ or CC general JJ life NN , , strong JJ or CC weak JJ , , but CC , , so RB far RB as IN it PP goes VVZ , , to TO be VB considered VVN as RB distinct JJ from IN and CC dominant JJ over IN the DT life NN and CC aim NN of IN its PP$ members NNS . SENT This DT central JJ life NN , , though RB distinguishable JJ from IN the DT lives NNS of IN its PP$ members NNS , , as IN an DT object NN of IN thought NN and CC will MD , , is VBZ yet RB only RB lived VVN in IN and CC through IN the DT life NN of IN the DT organs NNS and CC cells NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT subtle JJ nature NN of IN the DT organic JJ bond NN . SENT We PP are VBP told VVN indeed RB that IN Society NP only RB exists VVZ in IN individuals NNS . SENT This DT , , however RB , , is VBZ only RB true JJ in IN the DT same JJ restricted JJ sense NN in IN which WDT it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN an DT animal JJ organism NN only RB exists VVZ in IN the DT life NN of IN its PP$ cells NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ nothing NN but CC the DT cells NNS plus IN their PP$ organic JJ cooperation NN . SENT But CC I PP should MD rather RB say VV that IN the DT organism NN exists VVZ in IN the DT cooperation NN of IN the DT cells NNS . SENT So RB I PP should MD say VV that IN Society NP exists VVZ in IN the DT cooperation NN of IN individuals NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ not RB a DT matter NN of IN theoretic JJ accuracy NN of IN statement NN , , but CC of IN immense JJ practical JJ significance NN . SENT For IN the DT future JJ progress NN of IN the DT arts NNS of IN social JJ conduct NN , , especially RB of IN industry NN and CC politics NNS , , must MD largely RB depend VV upon IN the DT measure NN and CC manner NN of IN acceptance NN of IN this DT view NN of IN the DT nature NN of IN Society NP . SENT It PP must MD , , indeed RB , , to TO the DT individual JJ mind NN always RB remain VVP as IN a DT hypothesis NN , , incapable JJ of IN full JJ and CC exact JJ verification NN . SENT For IN such JJ verification NN would MD imply VV an DT absolute JJ merging VVG of IN individual JJ personality NN in IN the DT social JJ unity NN . SENT Such PDT a DT public JJ spirit NN can MD never RB absorb VV and CC displace VV private JJ spirits NNS . SENT But CC the DT hypothesis NN may MD , , for IN all PDT that DT , , possess VVP both DT intellectual JJ and CC emotional JJ validity NN . SENT Its PP$ clear JJ provisional JJ acceptance NN will MD not RB only RB explain VV many JJ of IN the DT difficulties NNS and CC reconcile VV many JJ of IN the DT discrepancies NNS in IN those DT tendencies NNS , , industrial JJ and CC political JJ , , which WDT are VBP generally RB accepted VVN as IN making VVG for IN human JJ progress NN , , but CC will MD afford VV increased JJ economy NN of IN direction NN and CC of IN motive NN . SENT For IN once RB let VV us PP realise VV Society NP as IN possessing VVG a DT unity NN and CC a DT life NN of IN its PP$ own JJ , , to TO the DT furtherance NN of IN which WDT each DT of IN us PP contributes VVZ in IN the DT pursuance NN of IN the DT particular JJ life NN we PP call VVP our PP$ own JJ , , the DT so RB called VVN sacrifices NNS we PP are VBP called VVN upon RP to TO make VV for IN that DT larger JJR life NN will MD be VB considered VVN no RB longer JJR encroachments NNS on IN but CC enlargements NNS of IN our PP$ personality NN . SENT We PP shall MD come VV in IN larger JJR measure NN to TO identify VV our PP$ aims NNS and CC ends VVZ willingly RB with IN the DT aims NNS and CC ends VVZ we PP impute VV to TO society NN , , and CC every DT step NN in IN that DT public JJ conduct NN will MD enrich VV or CC strengthen VV that DT social JJ sympathy NN which WDT we PP shall MD recognise VV to TO be VB the DT very JJ life NN of IN society NN flowing VVG in IN our PP$ veins NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT spirit NN of IN social JJ reform NN , , as RB distinguished VVD from IN the DT concrete JJ measures NNS of IN reform NN . SENT Upon IN the DT creation NN and CC recognition NN of IN this DT spirit NN the DT possibility NN , , the DT usefulness NN , , the DT durability NN of IN every DT one NN of IN the DT institutions NNS and CC policies NNS , , which WDT are VBP evolved VVN by IN modern JJ civilisation NN , , depend VVP . SENT It PP is VBZ , , therefore RB , , of IN supreme JJ and CC critical JJ importance NN to TO obtain VV the DT widest JJS possible JJ acceptance NN of IN the DT conception NN of IN Society NP as IN a DT living VVG being NN to TO which WDT each DT of IN us PP belongs VVZ , , a DT being NN capable JJ of IN thinking VVG and CC feeling VVG through IN us PP for IN itself PP , , and CC of IN desiring VVG , , pursuing VVG and CC attaining VVG ends NNS which WDT are VBP its PP$ ends NNS , , and CC which WDT we PP are VBP capable JJ of IN helping VVG to TO realise VV . SENT So RB long RB as IN Society NP is VBZ spoken VVN of IN and CC thought VVD of IN as IN an DT abstraction NN , , no DT social JJ conduct NN can MD be VB sound JJ or CC safe JJ . SENT For IN an DT abstraction NN is VBZ incapable JJ of IN calling VVG forth RB our PP$ reverence NN , , regard NN or CC love NN . SENT And CC until IN we PP attribute VVP to TO Society NP such JJ a DT form NN and CC degree NN of IN personality NN as RB can MD evoke VV in IN us PP those DT interests NNS and CC emotions NNS which WDT personality NN alone RB can MD win VV , , the DT social JJ will NN will MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO perform VV great JJ works NNS . SENT The DT final JJ claim NN we PP make VVP for IN the DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN presented VVN here RB is VBZ that IN it PP helps VVZ to TO bring VV into IN clear JJ relief NN a DT set NN of IN human JJ problems NNS which WDT , , from IN the DT conception NN of IN society NN as IN a DT mere JJ arrangement NN for IN securing VVG individual JJ ends NNS , , are VBP perceived VVN to TO be VB insoluble JJ , , but CC for IN which WDT reason NN and CC emotion NN alike RB demand VVP a DT satisfactory JJ solution NN . SENT Only RB by IN substituting VVG for IN the DT attainment NN of IN individual JJ welfare NN the DT ideal NN and CC the DT standard NN of IN social JJ welfare NN , , are VBP we PP able JJ to TO obtain VV a DT method NN of IN analysis NN and CC valuation NN which WDT furnishes VVZ satisfactory JJ solutions NNS to TO the DT problems NNS that IN industry NN presents NNS . SENT CHAPTER NN XXI NP . SENT PERSONAL JJ AND CC SOCIAL JJ EFFICIENCY NN 1 CD . SENT What WP light NN does VVZ our PP$ human JJ valuation NN of IN economic JJ processes NNS throw VVP upon IN the DT conditions NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ progress NN . SENT Our PP$ examination NN of IN industry NN has VHZ shown VVN us PP the DT ways NNS in IN which WDT the DT actual JJ production NN and CC consumption NN of IN wealth NN affect VV the DT personal JJ efficiency NN and CC welfare NN of IN individuals NNS . SENT The DT organic JJ law NN of IN distribution NN clearly RB indicates VVZ personal JJ efficiency NN , , alike RB for IN purposes NNS of IN economic JJ productivity NN and CC for IN the DT wider JJR art NN of IN life NN , , to TO depend VV primarily RB upon IN the DT maintenance NN of IN sound JJ relations NNS between IN the DT output NN of IN economic JJ activities NNS and CC the DT income NN of IN economic JJ satisfactions NNS . SENT A DT healthy JJ system NN of IN industry NN will MD demand VV from IN each DT producer NN an DT amount NN and CC kind NN of IN costly JJ labour NN accommodated VVN to TO his PP$ natural JJ and CC acquired JJ powers NNS . SENT By IN such PDT a DT distribution NN of IN the DT socially RB useful JJ work NN which WDT is VBZ not RB in IN itself PP agreeable JJ to TO its PP$ performers NNS , , the DT common JJ economic JJ needs NNS of IN society NN are VBP supplied VVN with IN the DT smallest JJS aggregate JJ amount NN of IN human JJ cost NN . SENT Similarly RB , , we PP see VVP how WRB , , by IN a DT distribution NN of IN wealth NN according VVG to TO the DT needs NNS of IN each DT member NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , according VVG to TO his PP$ power NN as IN consumer NN , , the DT largest JJS aggregate JJ amount NN of IN human JJ utility NN is VBZ got VVN out RP of IN the DT wealth NN distributed VVN . SENT But CC this DT burden NN of IN costly JJ work NN , , required VVN of IN the DT producer NN and CC adjusted VVN to TO his PP$ powers NNS , , is VBZ not RB the DT only JJ work NN that IN he PP can MD do VV . SENT The DT main JJ object NN of IN the DT shorter JJR work NN day NN and CC the DT better JJR apportionment NN of IN costly JJ labour NN , , as IN we PP have VHP already RB recognised VVN , , is VBZ to TO liberate VV the DT individual NN so IN that WDT he PP has VHZ time NN and CC energy NN for IN the DT voluntary JJ performance NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS that WDT are VBP costless JJ , , interesting JJ and CC beneficial JJ to TO his PP$ personal JJ life NN . SENT Some DT of IN these DT voluntary JJ activities NNS will MD be VB economic JJ in IN the DT sense NN that IN they PP may MD produce VV goods NNS or CC services NNS which WDT have VHP an DT exchange NN value NN . SENT Such JJ is VBZ the DT gardening NN or CC the DT wood NN carving NN which WDT a DT man NN may MD do VV in IN his PP$ spare JJ time NN . SENT Though IN it PP may MD bring VV him PP a DT direct JJ return NN of IN personal JJ gain NN and CC satisfaction NN that WDT is VBZ non JJ economic JJ , , it PP may MD also RB be VB a DT supplementary JJ means NN of IN income NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT reason NN why WRB a DT man NN whose WP$ hobby NN is VBZ his PP$ garden NN should MD not RB be VB able JJ to TO exchange VV some DT of IN the DT fruit NN and CC flowers NNS , , which WDT it PP has VHZ been VBN a DT pleasure NN for IN for IN him PP to TO grow VV , , for IN the DT photographs NNS or CC the DT book NN bindings NNS on IN which WDT his PP$ neighbours NNS may MD prefer VV to TO spend VV a DT portion NN of IN their PP$ leisure NN . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT spare JJ energy NN or CC leisure NN , , however RB , , won VVD for IN the DT worker NN by IN a DT fair JJ distribution NN of IN costly JJ labour NN , , will MD , , of IN course NN , , usually RB be VB applied VVN to TO personal JJ employments NNS , , to TO the DT arts NNS of IN home NN life NN and CC of IN society NN , , which WDT , , though IN highly RB conducive JJ to TO personal JJ efficiency NN , , lie VVP outside IN the DT range NN of IN economics NNS . SENT Each DT person NN would MD apply VV this DT free JJ time NN and CC energy NN differently RB , , his PP$ voluntary JJ work NN having VHG some DT natural JJ relation NN as IN relief NN or CC variety NN to TO the DT sort NN of IN costly JJ or CC routine JJ labour NN which WDT earned VVD his PP$ livelihood NN . SENT Thus RB on IN this DT true JJ equalitarian JJ basis NN there EX would MD arise VV an DT immense JJ variety NN of IN freely RB active JJ personalities NNS . SENT Each DT person NN would MD have VH what WP may MD be VB called VVN a DT personal JJ standard NN of IN production NN , , an DT orderly JJ application NN of IN his PP$ productive JJ energies NNS , , which WDT , , though IN partly RB imposed VVN by IN his PP$ status NN as IN a DT member NN of IN society NN bound VVN to TO do VV his PP$ share NN in IN social JJ work NN , , would MD largely RB represent VV his PP$ personal JJ tastes NNS , , choices NNS and CC interests NNS , , selfish JJ or CC altruistic JJ , , according VVG to TO his PP$ temperament NN . SENT 2 LS . SENT Turning VVG to TO the DT other JJ side NN of IN industry NN , , the DT distribution NN of IN wealth NN to TO each DT according VVG to TO his PP$ needs NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , capacities NNS of IN use NN , , personality NN would MD impress VV itself PP similarly RB upon IN an DT immense JJ variety NN of IN actual JJ standards NNS of IN consumption NN , , or CC modes NNS of IN applying VVG income NN to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN desires NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ , , however RB , , an DT important JJ distinction NN to TO be VB noted VVN between IN standards NNS of IN consumption NN and CC of IN production NN . SENT Whereas IN in IN modern JJ industry NN the DT earning NN of IN income NN is VBZ normally RB an DT individual JJ art NN , , its PP$ consumption NN is VBZ normally RB a DT family NN act NN . SENT While IN the DT family NN , , except IN in IN some DT agricultural JJ societies NNS , , is VBZ very RB rarely RB a DT unit NN of IN production NN , , it PP remains VVZ usually RB a DT unit NN of IN consumption NN . SENT It PP would MD appear VV , , then RB , , that IN our PP$ human JJ distribution NN would MD affect VV personal JJ efficiency NN differently RB upon IN the DT two CD sides NNS of IN its PP$ application NN . SENT As IN producer NN his PP$ standard NN of IN production NN , , or CC of IN use NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS , , would MD appear VV to TO be VB directed VVN by IN a DT balance NN between IN the DT social JJ requirements NNS of IN labour NN and CC his PP$ personal JJ proclivities NNS , , whereas IN on IN the DT side NN of IN consumption NN the DT balance NN would MD be VB between IN the DT social JJ requirements NNS and CC the DT family NN . SENT Society NP must MD secure VV for IN the DT standard NN of IN family NN comfort NN such PDT an DT expenditure NN as RB will MD sustain VV the DT working VVG numbers NNS of IN the DT family NN in IN full JJ economic JJ efficiency NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , a DT proper JJ economy NN of IN what WP the DT classical JJ economists NNS called VVD productive JJ consumption NN must MD take VV place NN . SENT But CC , , outside IN this DT limit NN , , the DT particular JJ requirements NNS and CC conditions NNS , , not RB of IN the DT earner NN alone RB , , but CC of IN the DT family NN as IN a DT whole NN , , must MD determine VV the DT expenditure NN that WDT makes VVZ for IN efficiency NN . SENT This DT discrepancy NN , , however RB , , is VBZ not RB really RB so RB great JJ as IN it PP appears VVZ at IN first JJ sight NN . SENT The DT direct JJ interest NN of IN society NN in IN the DT productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ life NN of IN its PP$ individual JJ members NNS lies VVZ in IN their PP$ performance NN of IN this DT proper JJ share NN of IN costly JJ or CC social JJ service NN and CC their PP$ use NN of IN a DT proper JJ portion NN of IN their PP$ income NN for IN consumption NN adjusted VVN to TO maintain VV their PP$ efficiency NN for IN this DT social JJ service NN . SENT The DT rest NN of IN their PP$ productive JJ energy NN , , the DT rest NN of IN their PP$ consumptive JJ wealth NN , , lie VVP under IN their PP$ own JJ control NN for IN their PP$ personal JJ life NN . SENT The DT fact NN that IN this DT personal JJ life NN may MD be VB more RBR narrowly RB personal JJ on IN the DT productive JJ side NN , , more JJR of IN a DT family NN life NN on IN the DT consumptive JJ side NN , , does VVZ not RB seriously RB affect VV the DT issue NN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT discrepancy NN almost RB wholly RB disappears VVZ when WRB we PP look VVP a DT little RB closer JJR at IN the DT liberties NNS which WDT a DT better RBR social JJ economy NN of IN production NN secures VVZ for IN the DT worker NN . SENT The DT better JJR life NN which WDT a DT slackening VVG of IN the DT industrial JJ strain NN will MD bring VV to TO the DT producer NN will MD consist VV in IN the DT cultivation NN of IN interests NNS and CC activities NNS which WDT , , precisely RB because IN they PP are VBP voluntary JJ and CC in IN themselves PP desired VVD , , cannot NN rightly RB be VB classified VVN as IN either DT production NN or CC consumption NN but CC unite VV the DT qualities NNS of IN both DT . SENT We PP have VHP seen VVN that IN this DT is VBZ the DT characteristic NN of IN all DT art NN , , or CC all DT work NN which WDT is VBZ good JJ and CC pleasant JJ in IN itself PP . SENT Any DT activity NN that WDT carries VVZ a DT surplus NN of IN human JJ utility NN over IN human JJ cost NN is VBZ at IN once RB function NN and CC nutrition NN , , production NN and CC consumption NN . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , it PP is VBZ an DT increase NN of IN life NN . SENT So RB it PP comes VVZ about RB that IN the DT human JJ distribution NN feeds VVZ personal JJ efficiency NN equally RB on IN its PP$ productive JJ and CC consumptive JJ sides NNS . SENT A DT healthy JJ application NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS will MD contribute VV as RB much JJ to TO individual JJ progress NN as IN a DT healthy JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT It PP remains VVZ to TO recognise VV that IN the DT organic JJ treatment NN of IN our PP$ problem NN does VVZ not RB permit VV society NN to TO adopt VV a DT separatist NN view NN of IN the DT distribution NN of IN work NN and CC its PP$ product NN . SENT A DT distribution NN of IN work NN according VVG to TO the DT powers NNS of IN workers NNS is VBZ conceivable JJ on IN terms NNS which WDT would MD cause VV heavy JJ damage NN to TO society NN through IN ignoring VVG the DT reactions NNS of IN work NN upon IN consumption NN . SENT It PP might MD appear VV superficially RB a DT sound JJ human JJ economy NN to TO place VV all PDT the DT burden NN of IN the DT heaviest JJS and CC most RBS repellent JJ muscular JJ toil NN upon IN classes NNS or CC races NNS of IN men NNS whose WP$ powerful JJ bodies NNS and CC insensitive JJ minds NNS seemed VVD to TO indicate VV that IN they PP were VBD best RBS fitted VVN by IN nature NN for IN such JJ work NN . SENT 1 CD But CC if IN the DT effect NN of IN such PDT an DT economy NN were VBD , , as IN it PP would MD be VB , , to TO keep VV considerable JJ bodies NNS of IN population NN in IN a DT low JJ grade NN of IN animalism NN , , as RB represented VVN in IN coarse JJ modes NNS of IN living NN and CC brutal JJ recreations NNS , , this DT one NN sided VVD view NN , , by IN neglecting VVG these DT organic JJ reactions NNS , , would MD injure VV the DT personality NN of IN these DT lower JJR grades NNS of IN citizens NNS , , and CC through IN them PP damage VV the DT efficiency NN of IN the DT society NN of IN which WDT they PP were VBD members NNS . SENT Or CC , , taking VVG an DT opposite JJ instance NN , , a DT Society NP which WDT enabled VVD classes NNS of IN artistic JJ or CC literary JJ folk NN to TO escape VV all DT share NN of IN costly JJ social JJ labour NN , , so RB as RB to TO cultivate VV exclusively RB their PP$ individual JJ activities NNS and CC tastes NNS , , would MD incur VV a DT similar JJ social JJ danger NN through IN the DT presence NN of IN highly RB stimulating VVG personalities NNS , , unchecked JJ by IN any DT adequate JJ sense NN of IN social JJ responsibilities NNS , , who WP by IN their PP$ example NN and CC influence NN might MD undermine VV the DT routine JJ activities NNS which WDT are VBP the DT feeders NNS of IN social JJ life NN . SENT So RB far RB , , then RB , , as IN economic JJ reforms NNS are VBP aiming VVG at IN personal JJ efficiency NN , , they PP must MD take VV simultaneously RB into IN consideration NN the DT effects NNS which WDT each DT reform NN will MD have VH upon IN the DT production NN and CC the DT consumption NN of IN wealth NN . SENT For IN example NN , , a DT shortening NN of IN the DT workday NN ought MD to TO be VB accompanied VVN by IN improved JJ opportunities NNS of IN education NN and CC of IN recreation NN as IN an DT integral JJ part NN of IN the DT reform NN . SENT 4 LS . SENT Our PP$ setting NN of IN the DT problem NN , , which WDT brings VVZ into IN contrast NN the DT routine JJ social JJ production NN that WDT is VBZ costly JJ to TO individuals NNS and CC the DT creative JJ or CC individual JJ production NN which WDT is VBZ costless JJ , , might MD seem VV to TO involve VV the DT view NN that IN social JJ progress NN , , as RB distinct JJ from IN individual JJ , , would MD involve VV an DT increasing VVG total JJ burden NN of IN routine JJ work NN under IN direct JJ social JJ control NN . SENT Thus RB an DT antagonism NN between IN the DT conscious JJ interests NNS of IN the DT individual NN and CC the DT social JJ interests NNS might MD appear VV to TO remain VV . SENT For IN , , though IN a DT better RBR social JJ will NN , , operating VVG upon IN the DT individual NN , , might MD dispose VV him PP to TO accept VV his PP$ duty NN of IN serving VVG society NN in IN the DT performance NN of IN his PP$ share NN of IN routine JJ work NN , , it PP would MD still RB be VB true JJ that IN such JJ service NN was VBD less RBR desirable JJ to TO him PP and CC less JJR nourished VVD his PP$ personal JJ life NN than IN the DT free JJ personal JJ activities NNS upon IN which WDT it PP encroached VVD . SENT This DT opens VVZ up RP an DT exceedingly RB important JJ issue NN in IN social JJ economy NN . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN assumed VVN that IN a DT really RB enlightened JJ society NN will MD so RB administer VV industry NN that IN a DT light JJ day's NN labour NN shared VVN among IN all DT will MD suffice VV to TO win VV the DT wealth NN necessary JJ for IN the DT support NN of IN society NN and CC the DT satisfaction NN of IN the DT common JJ material NN needs VVZ of IN its PP$ members NNS . SENT Thus RB an DT increasing VVG proportion NN of IN human JJ energy NN will MD be VB liberated JJ for IN the DT performance NN of IN those DT activities NNS which WDT are VBP pleasant JJ and CC interesting JJ to TO those DT who WP engage VVP in IN them PP . SENT A DT diminishing VVG amount NN of IN time NN and CC energy NN will MD be VB applied VVN to TO the DT mechanical JJ processes NNS of IN getting VVG food NN and CC other JJ materials NNS from IN the DT earth NN , , and CC of IN fashioning VVG them PP and CC carrying VVG them PP about RB . SENT Thus RB there EX will MD be VB more JJR time NN and CC energy NN for IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS and CC crafts NNS , , which WDT depend VVP less JJR upon IN quantity NN of IN materials NNS and CC more JJR upon IN the DT skilled JJ application NN of IN personal JJ powers NNS . SENT From IN the DT standpoint NN of IN human JJ welfare NN such JJ an DT economy NN is VBZ obvious JJ . SENT It PP means VVZ , , on IN the DT productive JJ side NN , , a DT progressive JJ increase NN of IN activity NN that WDT is VBZ humanly RB costless JJ and CC pleasurable JJ , , a DT progressive JJ decrease NN of IN that DT which WDT is VBZ costly JJ and CC unpleasurable JJ . SENT On IN the DT consumptive JJ side NN , , it PP means VVZ the DT substitution NN of IN non JJ material NN wealth NN , , such JJ as IN books NNS , , pictures NNS , , poetry NN , , science NN , , which WDT are VBP virtually RB infinite JJ in IN the DT human JJ utility NN that IN they PP are VBP capable JJ of IN yielding VVG , , for IN material NN wealth NN which WDT is VBZ mostly RB consumed VVN in IN a DT single JJ act NN of IN appropriation NN . SENT The DT higher JJR kind NN of IN goods NNS thus RB brings VVZ a DT minimum NN of IN costs NNS and CC a DT maximum NN of IN utilities NNS , , and CC that IN upon IN each DT side NN of IN the DT organic JJ equation NN . SENT In IN most JJS advanced JJ nations NNS of IN our PP$ time NN this DT gain NN in IN the DT relative JJ importance NN of IN the DT arts NNS and CC professions NNS engaged VVN in IN artistic JJ , , professional JJ , , recreative JJ , , educational JJ , , scientific JJ and CC other JJ creative JJ activities NNS , , is VBZ recognised VVN as IN being VBG an DT evidence NN and CC a DT measure NN of IN advancing VVG civilization NN , , and CC some DT offset VVN to TO the DT advance NN of IN material NN luxury NN . SENT 5 LS . SENT If IN , , however RB , , there EX is VBZ to TO be VB a DT continuous JJ increase NN in IN the DT proportion NN of IN time NN and CC energy NN available JJ for IN the DT production NN and CC consumption NN of IN the DT higher JJR grades NNS of IN non JJ material JJ economic JJ goods NNS and CC for IN other JJ activities NNS of IN a DT non JJ economic JJ nature NN , , some DT limitation NN must MD take VV place NN of IN the DT demand NN and CC supply NN of IN material JJ economic JJ goods NNS . SENT If IN in IN any DT country NN , , or CC throughout IN the DT industrial JJ world NN , , the DT growth NN of IN population NN were VBD such JJ as IN , , in IN the DT old JJ phrase NN , , to TO press VV upon IN the DT means NN of IN subsistence NN , , the DT amount NN of IN productive JJ energy NN needed VVN for IN the DT arts NNS of IN agriculture NN , , mining NN , , and CC the DT staple JJ branches NNS of IN manufacture NN and CC transport NN would MD be VB such JJ as RB to TO defeat VV the DT economy NN of IN social JJ progress NN just RB indicated VVD . SENT Even RB if IN the DT population NN did VVD not RB advance VV , , but CC were VBD chiefly RB engaged VVN in IN seeking VVG fuller JJR satisfaction NN of IN an DT increasing VVG number NN of IN distinctively RB physical JJ wants VVZ , , the DT same JJ result NN would MD follow VV . SENT Larger JJR drafts NNS must MD continually RB be VB made VVN upon IN the DT natural JJ resources NNS of IN the DT soil NN , , by IN means NNS of IN industries NNS subject JJ to TO what WP political JJ economy NN calls VVZ the DT law NN of IN diminishing VVG returns NNS , , and CC an DT increasing VVG proportion NN of IN labour NN must MD be VB engaged VVN in IN these DT industries NNS . SENT Though IN mechanics NNS and CC the DT division NN of IN labour NN in IN the DT manufactures VVZ , , and CC even RB in IN agriculture NN , , temper VV the DT tyranny NN of IN matter NN , , enabling VVG a DT given VVN amount NN of IN routine JJ toil VVP to TO achieve VV an DT increasing VVG output NN of IN goods NNS , , this DT policy NN of IN human JJ liberation NN is VBZ impeded VVN and CC may MD be VB entirely RB frustrated VVN by IN a DT constant JJ preference NN among IN large JJ populations NNS for IN a DT strictly RB quantitative JJ satisfaction NN of IN new JJ material NN wants VVZ . SENT The DT root NN issue NN of IN social JJ progress NN from IN the DT economic JJ standpoint NN is VBZ here RB disclosed VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT question NN of IN the DT relative JJ importance NN of IN quantity NN of IN matter NN in IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN wants VVZ . SENT In IN urging VVG that DT social JJ progress NN requires VVZ a DT progressive JJ diminution NN of IN the DT part NN played VVN by IN matter NN and CC the DT industries NNS in IN which WDT quantity NN of IN matter NN is VBZ a DT chief JJ determinant JJ factor NN , , I PP do VVP not RB merely RB mean VV that DT civilisation NN implies VVZ an DT increasing VVG valuation NN of IN the DT intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ faculties NNS and CC of IN their PP$ activities NNS . SENT Most JJS of IN the DT fine JJ arts NNS require VVP some DT matter NN for IN their PP$ manipulation NN and CC for IN their PP$ instruments NNS . SENT every DT branch NN of IN the DT intellectual JJ life NN needs VVZ some DT material NN equipment NN . SENT But CC in IN these DT occupations NNS and CC in IN their PP$ products NNS quantity NN of IN matter NN is VBZ of IN an DT importance NN that WDT is VBZ slight JJ , , often RB wholly RB negligible JJ . SENT A DT fine JJ art NN , , a DT skilled JJ craft NN , , a DT machine NN industry NN , , may MD each DT handle VV the DT same JJ sort NN of IN material NN , , metal NN , , stone NN or CC wood NN , , but CC the DT quantity NN of IN this DT material NN will MD have VH a DT rapidly RB increasing VVG importance NN , , as IN one PP descends VVZ from IN the DT manipulation NN of IN the DT artist NN to TO the DT craftsman NN and CC from IN the DT craftsman NN to TO the DT manufacturer NN . SENT If IN , , then RB , , we PP are VBP to TO secure VV an DT economy NN of IN social JJ progress NN in IN which WDT relatively RB less JJR importance NN is VBZ to TO be VB given VVN to TO those DT industries NNS which WDT are VBP less JJR humanly RB desirable JJ , , alike RB in IN the DT work NN they PP involve VVP and CC in IN the DT satisfaction NN their PP$ products NNS yield VV , , we PP must MD have VH a DT society NN which WDT becomes VVZ increasingly RB qualitative JJ in IN its PP$ tastes NNS and CC interests NNS and CC in IN its PP$ human JJ constitution NN . SENT A DT larger JJR proportion NN of IN its PP$ real JJ income NN must MD take VV shape NN in IN non JJ material NN goods NNS , , or CC in IN material NN goods NNS which WDT depend VVP more JJR for IN the DT satisfaction NN they PP yield VVP upon IN their PP$ quality NN . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , there EX must MD be VB a DT tendency NN to TO keep VV life NN simple JJ in IN regard NN to TO material NN consumption NN . SENT But CC when WRB one PP says VVZ that DT society NN itself PP must MD grow VV more RBR qualitative JJ in IN its PP$ constitution NN , , a DT more RBR difficult JJ consideration NN emerges VVZ . SENT In IN the DT discussion NN regarding VVG the DT bearing NN of IN the DT growth NN of IN population NN upon IN general JJ welfare NN too RB much JJ attention NN was VBD formerly RB accorded VVN to TO the DT merely RB quantitative JJ question NN . SENT Too RB little RB is VBZ now RB accorded VVN . SENT Under IN the DT title NN of IN eugenics NNS the DT population NN question NN threatens VVZ to TO become VV entirely RB qualitative JJ . SENT Now RB this DT is VBZ evidently RB a DT mistake NN . SENT For IN whatever WDT interpretation NN we PP accord VV to TO social JJ welfare NN , , some DT consideration NN as RB to TO the DT desirable JJ number NN and CC rate NN of IN growth NN of IN the DT population NN is VBZ evidently RB of IN importance NN . SENT Though IN it PP may MD be VB agreed VVN that IN vital JJ values NNS in IN their PP$ spiritual JJ and CC even RB in IN the DT physical JJ meanings NNS are VBP distinctly RB qualitative JJ , , and CC that WDT , , as IN far RB as RB possible JJ , , a DT society NN should MD set VV itself PP to TO maintain VV conditions NNS of IN sex NN selection NN favourable JJ to TO admittedly RB finer JJR and CC healthier JJR types NNS , , this DT issue NN of IN quality NN must MD not RB be VB detached VVN from IN the DT issue NN of IN quantity NN . SENT As RB in IN the DT economy NN of IN the DT individual JJ life NN a DT proper JJ allowance NN of IN attention NN must MD be VB secured VVN for IN physical NN wants VVZ and CC for IN the DT material NN production NN and CC consumption NN they PP involve VVP , , so RB in IN a DT society NN the DT size NN of IN its PP$ physical JJ structure NN , , the DT number NN of IN cooperating VVG human JJ cells NNS through IN which WDT it PP lives VVZ , , is VBZ a DT consideration NN that WDT inheres VVZ in IN the DT art NN of IN social JJ life NN . SENT Ruskin NP was VBD surely RB right JJ in IN his PP$ general JJ setting NN of IN the DT social JJ question NN How WRB can MD society NN consciously RB order VV the DT lives NNS of IN its PP$ members NNS so RB as RB to TO maintain VV the DT largest JJS number NN of IN noble JJ and CC happy JJ human JJ beings NNS . SENT 2 CD How WRB much JJ consciousness NN or CC calculation NN can MD advantageously RB be VB brought VVN to TO bear VV upon IN the DT regulation NN of IN the DT play NN of IN the DT sexual JJ and CC related JJ instincts NNS and CC desires NNS , , is VBZ a DT highly RB controversial JJ question NN into IN which WDT we PP need VVP not RB enter VV here RB . SENT But CC so RB far RB as IN social JJ reform NN can MD make VV good JJ any DT claim NN to TO regulate VV the DT growth NN of IN the DT population NN , , its PP$ regulation NN should MD clearly RB have VH regard NN to TO quantity NN as RB well RB as IN quality NN . SENT A DT large JJ number NN of IN physically RB sound JJ and CC happy JJ human JJ beings NNS must MD be VB taken VVN as IN a DT prime JJ condition NN of IN social JJ welfare NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB easy JJ to TO defend VV the DT prosperity NN of IN a DT people NNS who WP shall MD seem VV to TO purchase VV a DT fuller JJR and CC even RB a DT more RBR spiritually RB complex JJ life NN for IN some DT or CC all DT their PP$ members NNS by IN a DT continuous JJ reduction NN of IN their PP$ numbers NNS . SENT Where WRB life NN is VBZ valued VVN and CC valuable JJ the DT natural JJ disposition NN to TO extend VV its PP$ values NNS as IN widely RB as RB is VBZ consistent JJ with IN their PP$ maintenance NN is VBZ a DT natural JJ instinct NN difficult JJ to TO impugn VV . SENT If IN it PP be VB contended VVN that IN this DT is VBZ in IN some DT sense NN an DT admission NN of IN the DT social JJ validity NN of IN the DT tendency NN to TO multiply VV so RB as RB to TO press VV on IN the DT means NN of IN subsistence NN , , I PP might MD admit VV the DT interpretation NN , , provided VVD it PP were VBD understood VVN that IN means NNS of IN subsistence NN included VVD all PDT the DT essentials NNS of IN spiritual JJ as IN well RB as RB of IN physical JJ life NN . SENT I PP do VVP not RB , , however RB , , wish VVP to TO dogmatise VV upon IN a DT difficult JJ and CC exceedingly RB debateable JJ matter NN , , but CC only RB to TO insist VV that IN a DT conscious JJ art NN of IN social JJ progress NN can MD no RB more RBR ignore VV quantity NN than IN quality NN of IN population NN in IN any DT general JJ calculus NN of IN human JJ welfare NN . SENT 6 CD . SENT The DT greater JJR equalisation NN of IN incomes NNS which WDT would MD follow VV from IN the DT absorption NN of IN unproductive JJ surplus NN into IN public JJ income NN and CC into IN remuneration NN of IN labour NN , , would MD be VB favourable JJ to TO the DT two CD conditions NNS of IN social JJ progress NN here RB laid VVD down RP , , a DT restriction NN upon IN the DT growth NN of IN material NN consumption NN and CC a DT reasonable JJ regulation NN of IN the DT growth NN of IN population NN . SENT For IN , , as IN luxury NN and CC material NN waste NN are VBP seen VVN largely RB to TO arise VV as IN instruments NNS for IN the DT display NN of IN individual JJ prowess NN in IN competitive JJ industry NN , , the DT removal NN of IN that DT competition NN from IN fields NNS which WDT yield VVP large JJ means NNS for IN such JJ display NN would MD necessarily RB quench VV the DT zest NN which WDT it PP exhibits VVZ , , as RB well RB as RB stop VV the DT sources NNS of IN such JJ extravagant JJ expenditure NN . SENT For IN when WRB profuse JJ display NN of IN material NN apparatus NN is VBZ no DT longer RBR possible JJ , , the DT natural JJ desire NN for IN personal JJ distinction NN , , which WDT is VBZ the DT deepest JJS rooted VVN of IN all DT personal JJ desires NNS , , will MD tend VV more JJR and CC more JJR to TO find VV expression NN in IN those DT arts NNS of IN refined JJ living NN which WDT are VBP more JJR truly RB personal JJ in IN that WDT they PP cause VVP the DT more RBR intellectual JJ and CC spiritual JJ qualities NNS of IN personality NN to TO shine VV forth RB . SENT If IN , , for IN the DT quantitative JJ display NN of IN material NN goods NNS , , there EX can MD gradually RB be VB substituted VVN a DT qualitative JJ display NN of IN spiritual JJ goods NNS , , this DT change NN will MD be VB attended VVN by IN a DT corresponding JJ change NN in IN economic JJ activities NNS . SENT There EX will MD be VB a DT reduction NN in IN the DT coarser JJR forms NNS of IN productive JJ energy NN making VVG large JJ drafts NNS upon IN the DT material NN resources NNS of IN nature NN , , and CC an DT increase NN of IN the DT higher JJR forms NNS of IN energy NN whose WP$ drafts NNS on IN these DT material NN resources NNS are VBP relatively RB small JJ . SENT The DT proportion NN of IN non JJ material NN to TO material NN wealth NN will MD increase VV , , and CC there EX will MD be VB a DT corresponding JJ increase NN in IN the DT proportion NN of IN productive JJ activities NNS that WDT contain VVP large JJ factors NNS of IN creative JJ interest NN . SENT Every DT enlargement NN of IN the DT scope NN for IN free JJ individual JJ expression NN through IN economic JJ demand NN , , even RB for IN purely RB material NN goods NNS , , will MD have VH a DT necessary JJ effect NN in IN curbing VVG the DT dominion NN of IN machinery NN and CC of IN routine JJ labour NN . SENT For IN social JJ arrangements NNS which WDT enable VVP and CC incite VV each DT consumer NN to TO seek VV a DT more RBR personal JJ satisfaction NN of IN his PP$ individual JJ needs NNS will MD force VV producers NNS to TO study VV these DT individual JJ needs NNS and CC satisfy VV them PP . SENT This DT cannot NN be VB done VVN by IN mere JJ machine NN economy NN , , which WDT rests VVZ upon IN the DT opposite JJ hypothesis NN that IN large JJ numbers NNS of IN consumers NNS will MD consent VV to TO sink VV their PP$ individual JJ differences NNS of IN need NN and CC taste NN accepting VVG certain JJ routine JJ forms NNS of IN goods NNS which WDT do VVP not RB exactly RB meet VV the DT requirements NNS of IN any DT one NN of IN them PP . SENT It PP is VBZ , , therefore RB , , reasonable JJ to TO expect VV that IN a DT more RBR equal JJ and CC equitable JJ distribution NN of IN income NN will MD evoke VV in IN the DT masses NNS of IN population NN , , who WP now RB consent NN to TO consume VV common JJ routine JJ goods NNS because IN they PP cannot NN afford VV to TO consult VV their PP$ particular JJ tastes NNS and CC preferences NNS , , a DT more RBR personal JJ and CC discriminative JJ demand NN , , which WDT will MD set VV strict JJ limits NNS upon IN the DT machine NN economy NN and CC call NN for IN a DT larger JJR application NN of IN individual JJ skill NN in IN the DT various JJ crafts NNS . SENT Or CC if IN , , valuing VVG more RBR highly RB as IN fields NNS for IN personal JJ expression NN the DT less JJR material NN elements NNS in IN their PP$ standard NN of IN living NN , , they PP still RB consent VV to TO utilise VV routine JJ industry NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN their PP$ common JJ physical JJ needs NNS , , they PP will MD apply VV an DT increasing VVG proportion NN of IN their PP$ interests NNS and CC their PP$ incomes NNS to TO the DT acquisition NN and CC enjoyment NN of IN those DT goods NNS , , artistic JJ , , intellectual JJ , , emotional JJ , , which WDT are VBP more RBR ennobling VVG alike RB in IN their PP$ production NN and CC their PP$ consumption NN . SENT 7 CD A NP final JJ word NN upon IN population NN . SENT Is VBZ there RB not RB reason NN to TO believe VV and CC hope VV that IN this DT sounder JJR distribution NN of IN work NN and CC wealth NN will MD contribute VV to TO a DT satisfactory JJ solution NN both CC of IN the DT quantitative JJ and CC the DT qualitative JJ population NN question NN . SENT if IN women NNS were VBD no RB longer RBR forced VVN by IN economic JJ pressure NN into IN marriages NNS for IN which WDT they PP had VHD no DT natural JJ inclination NN , , much JJ unfit JJ parentage NN and CC much JJ incompetent JJ nurture NN would MD be VB averted VVN . SENT If IN they PP were VBD free JJ to TO live VV unmarried JJ , , or CC to TO choose VV the DT father NN of IN their PP$ children NNS and CC the DT size NN of IN their PP$ family NN , , the DT normal JJ current NN of IN those DT instincts NNS making VVG for IN the DT preservation NN and CC instinct NN of IN the DT race NN , , obstructed VVN by IN artificial JJ barriers NNS of IN economic JJ circumstances NNS , , would MD be VB restored VVN to TO their PP$ natural JJ course NN . SENT If IN the DT support NN of IN a DT young JJ family NN were VBD no RB longer RB a DT heavy JJ and CC injurious JJ strain NN upon IN the DT economic JJ resources NNS of IN the DT parents NNS and CC their PP$ future JJ career NN a DT grave JJ anxiety NN , , the DT human JJ love NN of IN children NNS and CC the DT attractions NNS of IN a DT complete JJ home NN life NN would MD probably RB check VV that DT rapid JJ decline NN of IN the DT birth NN rate NN which WDT to IN many JJ is VBZ one CD of IN the DT darkest JJS features NNS of IN our PP$ present JJ order NN . SENT It PP would MD not RB , , indeed RB , , restore VV the DT reckless JJ propagation NN of IN former JJ times NNS which WDT imposed VVD on IN parents NNS , , and CC chiefly RB upon IN the DT mother NN , , a DT burden NN injurious JJ in IN its PP$ private JJ incidence NN and CC detrimental JJ to TO society NN . SENT But CC while IN the DT better RBR economic JJ order NN would MD stop VV compulsory JJ marriages NNS and CC undesired JJ and CC therefore RB undesirable JJ offspring NN , , it PP would MD restore VV the DT play NN of IN the DT normal JJ philoprogenitive JJ instincts NNS . SENT The DT net JJ effect NN would MD seem VV to TO be VB some DT retardation NN of IN the DT decline NN of IN birth NN rate NN in IN those DT types NNS of IN families NNS where WRB the DT conditions NNS , , physical JJ and CC psychical JJ , , appear VVP favourable JJ to TO good JJ nature NN and CC good RB nurture VV for IN children NNS , , and CC a DT positive JJ elimination NN of IN certain JJ types NNS of IN union NN unfavourable JJ to TO sound VV offspring NN . SENT The DT total JJ effect NN upon IN the DT quantitative JJ issue NN would MD of IN course NN depend VVP upon IN the DT balance NN between IN this DT freer JJR play NN of IN the DT philoprogenitive JJ instinct NN and CC the DT other JJ influences NNS , , not RB directly RB affected VVN by IN economic JJ causes NNS , , which WDT make VVP for IN smaller JJR families NNS . SENT But CC that IN the DT quality NN or CC character NN of IN the DT population NN must MD be VB improved VVN by IN the DT more RBR natural JJ play NN of IN the DT rejective JJ and CC selective JJ influences NNS here RB indicated VVD can MD hardly RB admit VV of IN controversy NN . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP may MD well RB be VB urged VVN that IN the DT crowning VVG testimony NN to TO the DT validity NN of IN the DT human JJ law NN of IN distribution NN will MD consist VV in IN the DT higher JJR quality NN of IN human JJ life NN it PP will MD evoke VVP by IN liberating VVG and CC nourishing VVG the DT natural JJ art NN of IN eugenics NNS in IN society NN . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT Ruskin NP had VHD a DT curious JJ notion NN of IN this DT sort NN cf NN . SENT Time NP and CC Tide NP , , par NN . SENT 107 CD , , Munera NP Pulveris NP , , par NN . SENT 109 CD , , Fors NP Clavigera NP , , Letter NP lxxxii NP , , and CC the DT recent JJ American NP Scientific NP Management NP appears VVZ to TO endorse VV it PP . SENT 2 LS . SENT Time NP and CC Tide NP , , par NN . SENT 123 CD . SENT CHAPTER NN XXII NP . SENT SOCIAL JJ SCIENCE NN AND CC SOCIAL JJ ART NN 1 CD . SENT The DT task NN of IN a DT human JJ valuation NN of IN industry NN involved VVN at IN the DT outset NN the DT arbitrary JJ assumption NN of IN a DT standard NN of IN value NN . SENT That DT standard NN consisted VVD in IN a DT conception NN of IN human NN well RB being VBG applicable JJ to TO the DT various JJ forms NNS of IN human JJ life NN , , man NN as IN individual NN , , as IN group NN or CC nation NN , , as IN humanity NN . SENT Starting VVG from IN that DT conception NN of IN the DT health NN , , physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ , , of IN the DT individual JJ human JJ organism NN , , which WDT is VBZ of IN widest JJS acceptance NN , , we PP proceeded VVD to TO apply VV the DT organic JJ metaphor NN to TO the DT larger JJR groupings NNS , , so RB as RB to TO build VV up RP an DT intelligible JJ standard NN of IN social JJ well NN being VBG . SENT This DT standard NN , , at IN once RB physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ , , static JJ and CC progressive JJ , , was VBD assumed VVN to TO be VB of IN such PDT a DT kind NN as RB to TO provide VV a DT harmony NN of IN individual JJ welfares NNS when WRB the DT growing VVG social JJ nature NN of IN man NN was VBD taken VVN into IN due JJ account NN . SENT With IN the DT standard NN of IN human JJ well NN being VBG we PP then RB proceeded VVD to TO assign VV values NNS to TO the DT productive JJ and CC the DT consumptive JJ processes NNS of IN which WDT industry NN consists VVZ , , examining VVG them PP in IN their PP$ bearing NN upon IN the DT welfare NN of IN the DT individuals NNS and CC the DT societies NNS engaging VVG in IN them PP . SENT Now RB this DT mode NN of IN procedure NN , , the DT only RB possible JJ , , of IN course NN involved VVD an DT immense JJ petitio NP principii NNS . SENT The DT assumption NN of IN any DT close JJ agreement NN as RB to TO the DT nature NN of IN individual JJ well NN being VBG , , still RB more JJR of IN social JJ well NN being NN , , was VBD logically RB quite RB unwarranted JJ . SENT Economic JJ values NNS have VHP , , indeed RB , , an DT agreed VVD , , exact JJ and CC measurable JJ meaning NN , , derived VVN from IN the DT nature NN of IN the DT monetary JJ standard NN in IN which WDT they PP are VBP expressed VVN . SENT Now RB , , no DT such JJ standard NN of IN the DT human JJ value NN of IN economic JJ goods NNS or CC processes NNS can MD be VB established VVN . SENT Yet CC we PP pretended VVD to TO set VV up RP a DT standard NN of IN social JJ value NN and CC to TO apply VV a DT calculus NN based VVN upon IN it PP , , claiming VVG to TO assess VV the DT human JJ worth NN which WDT underlies VVZ the DT economic JJ costs NNS and CC utilities NNS that WDT enter VVP into IN economic JJ values NNS . SENT Has VHZ this DT procedure NN proved VVD utterly RB illicit JJ . SENT I PP venture NN to TO think VV not RB . SENT Though RB at IN the DT outset NN our PP$ standard NN was VBD only RB a DT general JJ phrase NN committing VVG nobody NN to TO anything NN , , the DT process NN of IN concrete JJ application NN , , in IN testing VVG the DT actual JJ forms NNS of IN work NN and CC wealth NN which WDT make VVP up RP industry NN , , gave VVD to TO it PP a DT continual JJ increase NN of IN meaning NN . SENT While IN the DT widest JJS divergence NN would MD be VB found VVN in IN the DT formal JJ definitions NNS of IN such JJ terms NNS as IN human JJ welfare NN or CC social JJ progress NN , , a DT large JJ and CC growing VVG body NN of IN agreement NN would MD emerge VV , , when WRB a DT sufficient JJ number NN of IN practical JJ issues NNS had VHD been VBN brought VVN up RP for IN consideration NN . SENT The DT truth NN of IN our PP$ standard NN and CC the DT validity NN of IN our PP$ calculus NN are VBP established VVN by IN this DT working VVG test NN . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB wonderful JJ that IN this DT should MD be VB so RB , , for IN the DT nature NN and CC circumstances NNS of IN mankind NN have VHP so RB much RB in IN common JJ , , and CC the DT processes NNS of IN civilisation NN are VBP so RB powerfully RB assimilating VVG them PP , , as RB to TO furnish VV a DT continually RB increasing VVG community NN of IN experience NN and CC feeling NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , this DT fund NN of IN common JJ sense NN that WDT constitutes VVZ the DT true JJ criterion NN . SENT The DT assumption NN that IN common JJ sense NN is VBZ adequate JJ for IN a DT task NN at IN once RB so RB grave JJ and CC delicate JJ may MD , , indeed RB , , appear VVP very RB disputable JJ . SENT Granting VVG that DT human JJ experience NN has VHZ so RB much RB in IN common JJ , , can MD it PP be VB claimed VVN that IN the DT reasoning NN and CC the DT feeling NN based VVN on IN this DT experience NN will MD be VB so RB congruous JJ and CC so RB sound VV as RB to TO furnish VV any DT reliable JJ guide NN for IN conduct NN . SENT Surely RB common JJ sense NN in IN its PP$ broadest JJS popular JJ sense NN can MD go VV a DT very RB little JJ way NN towards IN such PDT a DT task NN as IN a DT human JJ interpretation NN of IN industry NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT doubt NN a DT good JJ deal NN of IN force NN in IN this DT objection NN . SENT If IN we PP are VBP to TO invoke VV common JJ sense NN for IN the DT purposes NNS of IN an DT interpretation NN or CC a DT valuation NN , , it PP must MD evidently RB be VB what WP is VBZ termed VVN an DT enlightened JJ common JJ sense NN . SENT And CC here RB at IN once RB we PP are VBP brought VVN into IN danger NN lest IN enlightenment NN should MD not RB supply VV what WP is VBZ required VVN , , viz NN . SENT , , a DT clearer JJR or CC more RBR fully RB conscious JJ mode NN of IN common JJ sense NN , , but CC a DT distorted JJ or CC sophisticated JJ mode NN . SENT How WRB real JJ this DT danger NN is VBZ , , especially RB in IN the DT conduct NN of IN public JJ affairs NNS , , may MD be VB recognised VVN from IN the DT excessive JJ part NN played VVN by IN certain JJ highly RB conscious JJ and CC over IN vocal JJ interests NNS of IN the DT commercial JJ and CC intellectual JJ classes NNS in IN the DT art NN of IN government NN . SENT The DT most RBS pressing JJ task NN of IN Civilisation NN in IN the DT self NN governing VVG nations NNS of IN our PP$ time NN is VBZ so RB to TO spread VV the DT area NN of IN effective JJ enlightenment NN as RB to TO substitute VV the DT common JJ sense NN of IN the DT many JJ for IN that DT of IN the DT few JJ , , and CC to TO make VV it PP prevail VV . SENT It PP is VBZ this DT common JJ sense NN , , more JJR or CC less RBR enlightened JJ , , that IN the DT disinterested JJ statesman NN takes VVZ for IN the DT sanction NN of IN his PP$ reading NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN which WDT he PP endeavours VVZ to TO express VV in IN the DT conduct NN of IN public JJ affairs NNS . SENT That IN it PP is VBZ never RB at IN any DT time NN a DT certain JJ , , a DT perfectly RB coherent JJ , , a DT precise JJ criterion NN , , will MD be VB readily RB admitted VVN . SENT But CC that IN it PP is VBZ sufficiently RB intelligible JJ , , sufficiently RB sound JJ , , is VBZ the DT necessary JJ presupposition NN of IN all DT democratic JJ statecraft NN . SENT And CC , , so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ thus RB serviceable JJ , , it PP supplies VVZ a DT valid JJ standard NN and CC a DT valid JJ calculus NN of IN social JJ values NNS . SENT Though IN the DT reading NN of IN this DT standard NN and CC the DT application NN of IN this DT calculus NN will MD always RB be VB subject JJ to TO some DT bias NN of IN personal JJ idiosyncrasy NN , , the DT weight NN of IN the DT general JJ judgment NN commonly RB prevails VVZ in IN the DT more JJR important JJ processes NNS of IN social JJ valuation NN . SENT But CC , , in IN pinning VVG our PP$ faith NN to TO enlightened JJ common JJ sense NN for IN an DT interpretation NN or CC valuation NN of IN industry NN , , we PP must MD not RB allow VV ourselves PP to TO be VB deceived VVN as RB to TO the DT amount NN of IN scientific JJ accuracy NN which WDT attends VVZ such PDT a DT procedure NN . SENT While IN this DT standard NN can MD and CC must MD supply VV the DT rules NNS and CC measurements NNS which WDT we PP apply VVP in IN the DT processes NNS of IN detailed JJ analysis NN and CC comparison NN by IN which WDT we PP estimate VVP the DT costs NNS and CC utilities NNS and CC the DT net JJ human JJ values NNS of IN the DT various JJ industrial JJ activities NNS and CC products NNS , , we PP must MD not RB put VV into IN this DT standard NN a DT stability NN it PP does VVZ not RB possess VV , , or CC into IN the DT quantitative JJ methods NNS it PP uses VVZ an DT authority NN for IN social JJ conduct NN which WDT they PP are VBP inherently RB disqualified VVN from IN yielding VVG . SENT 2 LS . SENT The DT science NN and CC art NN of IN soCiety NN have VHP suffered VVN so RB much RB from IN want VV of IN exact JJ and CC measured JJ information NN that IN it PP is VBZ only RB right JJ and CC natural JJ for IN immense JJ importance NN to TO be VB attached VVN to TO the DT collection NN of IN masses NNS of IN ordered VVN and CC measured VVN social JJ facts NNS . SENT If IN a DT sufficient JJ number NN of IN trained JJ investigators NNS could MD be VB set VVN to TO work VV to TO gather VV , , measure VV , , sift VV and CC tabulate VV , , the DT various JJ orders NNS of IN crude JJ fact NN relating VVG to TO the DT employment NN , , wages NNS , , housing NN , , expenditure NN , , health NN , , thrift NN , , education NN , , and CC other JJ concrete JJ conditions NNS of IN the DT poorer JJR grades NNS of IN town NN and CC country NN dwellers NNS , , it PP seems VVZ as RB if IN a DT number NN of IN accurate JJ and CC valid JJ generalisations NNS would MD emerge VV by IN clear JJ induction NN upon IN which WDT could MD be VB constructed VVN an DT absolutely RB scientific JJ treatment NN of IN poverty NN . SENT Or CC , , again RB , , to TO take VV a DT narrower JJR and CC more RBR distinctively RB economic JJ issue NN , , that WDT of IN the DT shorter JJR working NN day NN . SENT If IN a DT careful JJ series NN of IN observations NNS and CC experiments NNS could MD be VB made VVN in IN a DT number NN of IN representative JJ businesses NNS , , as RB to TO the DT effect NN upon IN the DT size NN , , cost NN and CC quality NN of IN output NN produced VVN by IN given VVN reductions NNS in IN the DT hours NNS of IN labour NN among IN various JJ classes NNS of IN workers NNS , , it PP might MD appear VV as RB if IN an DT accurately RB graded VVN social JJ economy NN of IN the DT working VVG day NN could MD be VB attained VVN by IN calculations NNS . SENT But CC though IN statesmen NNS , , philanthropists NNS and CC reformers NNS are VBP more JJR and CC more RBR influenced VVN in IN their PP$ judgments NNS and CC policies NNS by IN these DT measured VVN facts NNS , , no DT safe JJ mechanical JJ rules NNS for IN the DT guidance NN of IN their PP$ conduct NN in IN any DT social JJ problem NN can MD be VB based VVN upon IN them PP . SENT The DT facts NNS and CC figures NNS which WDT appear VVP so RB hard RB and CC so RB reliable JJ are VBP often RB very RB soft JJ and CC ineffective JJ tools NNS for IN the DT social JJ practitioner NN . SENT There EX are VBP several JJ defects NNS in IN them PP regarded VVD as IN instruments NNS of IN social JJ progress NN . SENT It PP is VBZ hardly RB ever RB possible JJ to TO prove VV causation NN by IN means NNS of IN them PP . SENT You PP may MD obtain VV the DT most RBS exact JJ statistics NNS of IN housing NN conditions NNS and CC of IN death NN rates NNS for IN the DT population NN of IN a DT group NN of IN towns NNS , , but CC you PP cannot NN prove VV to TO what WP extent NN back RB to TO back VV houses NNS affect VV infant JJ mortality NN . SENT No DT figures NNS professing VVG to TO measure VV the DT causal JJ connection NN between IN drink NN and CC crime NN or CC insanity NN , , income NN and CC birth NN rate NN , , or CC any DT other JJ two CD social JJ phenomena NNS , , possess VVP the DT degree NN of IN validity NN they PP claim VVP . SENT Why WRB . SENT Because IN you PP can MD never RB isolate VV the DT factors NNS completely RB in IN any DT organic JJ or CC social JJ problem NN , , and CC you PP can MD never RB know VV how WRB far RB you PP have VHP failed VVN to TO isolate VV them PP . SENT You PP may MD , , indeed RB , , by IN varying VVG the DT conditions NNS of IN your PP$ experiments NNS or CC observations NNS sufficiently RB , , obtain VV practical JJ proof NN of IN organic JJ causation NN , , but CC you PP can MD seldom RB express VV this DT causation NN in IN terms NNS of IN any DT quantitative JJ accuracy NN . SENT Still RB more JJR is VBZ this DT true JJ of IN psychological JJ and CC social JJ problems NNS . SENT A DT purely RB descriptive JJ science NN of IN society NN may MD attain VV a DT considerable JJ degree NN of IN quantitative JJ accuracy NN , , but CC the DT laws NNS expressing VVG the DT causal JJ relations NNS of IN these DT measured VVN facts NNS will MD always RB lack VVP the DT certainty NN of IN operation NN and CC the DT measurability NN of IN action NN belonging VVG to TO the DT laws NNS of IN chemistry NN and CC physics NN . SENT Now RB the DT chief JJ facts NNS with IN which WDT the DT statesman NN and CC the DT social JJ reformer NN are VBP concerned VVN in IN forming VVG judgments NNS and CC policies NNS are VBP these DT laws NNS of IN causal JJ relation NN , , and CC not RB the DT crude JJ measured JJ facts NNS that WDT constitute VVP the DT raw JJ material NN of IN statistics NNS . SENT This DT comparative JJ inexactitude NN or CC lack NN of IN rigidity NN in IN the DT laws NNS of IN social JJ science NN constitutes VVZ the DT . SENT first JJ difficulty NN in IN applying VVG the DT science NN to TO the DT art NN of IN social JJ conduct NN with IN the DT same JJ amount NN of IN confidence NN with IN which WDT the DT laws NNS of IN physics NN and CC chemistry NN are VBP applied VVN to TO the DT mechanical JJ arts NNS . SENT But CC another DT difficulty NN quite RB as RB grave JJ as IN this DT want VVP of IN rigidity NN in IN social JJ facts NNS is VBZ the DT instability NN of IN the DT standard NN . SENT In IN all DT processes NNS of IN physical JJ measurement NN it PP is VBZ customary JJ to TO make VV allowances NNS for IN errors NNS due JJ to TO what WP is VBZ called VVN the DT personal JJ equation NN , , abnormalities NNS of IN observation NN in IN the DT experimenter NN . SENT But CC the DT standard NN of IN human JJ valuation NN , , the DT enlightened JJ common JJ sense NN of IN a DT community NN , , applied VVN to TO interpret VV social JJ phenomena NNS in IN terms NNS of IN utility NN or CC welfare NN , , will MD evidently RB be VB subject JJ to TO much RB wider JJR variations NNS , , and CC the DT interpretation NN of IN this DT standard NN by IN statesmen NNS , , or CC other JJ individual JJ agents NNS of IN society NN , , will MD be VB subject JJ again RB to TO wide JJ errors NNS of IN personal JJ bias NN . SENT Illustrating VVG from IN the DT economic JJ sphere NN which WDT is VBZ our PP$ concern NN , , that DT specialisation NN of IN industrial JJ life NN which WDT has VHZ made VVN three CD quarters NNS of IN our PP$ population NN town NN dwellers NNS and CC is VBZ making VVG our PP$ nation NN continually RB more RBR dependent JJ upon IN foreign JJ supplies NNS of IN food NN , , will MD have VH a DT very RB different JJ value NN set VVN on IN it PP by IN the DT narrower JJR nationalism NN which WDT believes VVZ the DT interests NNS and CC ambitions NNS of IN nations NNS to TO be VB irreconcilable JJ , , and CC by IN the DT wider JJR political JJ outlook NN which WDT conceives VVZ the DT economic JJ interdependence NN of IN nations NNS as IN in IN itself PP desirable JJ and CC as IN the DT best JJS guarantee NN of IN national JJ security NN . SENT Or CC again RB , , a DT difference NN of IN view NN or CC sentiment NN regarding VVG the DT relative JJ worth NN of IN the DT personal JJ qualities NNS of IN enterprise NN and CC self NN reliance NN on IN the DT one CD hand NN , , of IN plodding VVG industry NN and CC sociality NN upon IN the DT other JJ , , must MD materially RB affect VV the DT values NNS given VVN to TO such JJ phenomena NNS as IN emigration NN , , public JJ provision NN against IN unemployment NN , , copartnership NN , , taxation NN of IN high JJ incomes NNS or CC inheritances NNS . SENT Indeed RB it PP is VBZ quite RB manifest JJ that IN with IN every DT difference NN of IN the DT range NN of IN sympathy NN and CC imagination NN the DT meaning NN which WDT enlightened JJ common JJ sense NN will MD give VV to TO social JJ welfare NN , , and CC to TO every DT fact NN submitted VVN to TO this DT test NN , , will MD vary VV . SENT These DT considerations NNS may MD seem VV at IN first JJ sight NN to TO invalidate VV the DT entire JJ purpose NN of IN this DT book NN , , the DT endeavour NN to TO apply VV a DT social JJ calculus NN for IN the DT valuation NN of IN industry NN . SENT So RB long RB as IN the DT cost NN and CC utility NN of IN economic JJ material NN and CC process NN is VBZ expressed VVN in IN terms NNS of IN money NN , , you PP have VHP a DT fixed JJ standard NN capable JJ of IN yielding VVG exact JJ valuations NNS . SENT Endeavour NN to TO resolve VV this DT cost NN and CC utility NN into IN terms NNS of IN human JJ welfare NN or CC desirability NN , , you PP appear VVP to TO have VH adopted VVN a DT fluctuating VVG standard NN that WDT can MD give VV no DT serviceable JJ information NN . SENT 3 LS . SENT The DT truth NN , , of IN course NN , , is VBZ that IN a DT scientific JJ valuation NN of IN anything NN can MD only RB proceed VV by IN way NN of IN quantitative JJ analysis NN . SENT A DT standard NN of IN valuation NN which WDT should MD regard VV qualitative JJ differences NNS as IN ultimate JJ would MD not RB be VB scientific JJ at IN all DT . SENT It PP might MD be VB aesthetic JJ or CC hygienic JJ or CC ethical JJ , , according VVG to TO the DT nature NN of IN the DT qualitative JJ differences NNS involved VVN . SENT A DT strictly RB scientific JJ valuation NN of IN wealth NN , , or CC of IN cost NN or CC of IN utility NN , , or CC of IN life NN itself PP , , must MD apply VV a DT single JJ standard NN of IN measurement NN to TO all PDT the DT various JJ objects NNS it PP seeks VVZ to TO value NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , it PP must MD reduce VV all PDT the DT different JJ objects NNS to TO terms NNS of IN this DT common JJ denominator NN . SENT It PP can MD measure VV and CC value VV all DT forms NNS of IN purchasable JJ goods NNS or CC services NNS , , however RB various JJ in IN nature NN , , through IN the DT market NN processes NNS which WDT reduce VVP them PP to TO a DT single JJ monetary JJ equivalent NN . SENT It PP can MD measure VV and CC value NN labour NN costs NNS of IN different JJ sorts NNS , , either CC by IN a DT monetary JJ standard NN or CC by IN some DT measure NN of IN fatigue NN or CC vital JJ expenditure NN . SENT It PP can MD measure VV the DT utility NN of IN various JJ sorts NNS of IN food NN or CC of IN fuel NN , , by IN comparing VVG the DT quantities NNS of IN working VVG power NN or CC output NN which WDT upon IN an DT average NN they PP yield VVP . SENT It PP can MD ascertain VV the DT vital JJ values NNS of IN different JJ towns NNS and CC occupations NNS , , incomes NNS , , races NNS , , in IN terms NNS of IN longevity NN , , fertility NN , , susceptibility NN to TO diseases NNS , , etc FW . SENT This DT method NN , , essential JJ to TO scientific JJ analysis NN , , rests VVZ on IN an DT assumption NN that IN 1 CD worth NN of IN bad JJ books NNS is VBZ of IN the DT same JJ value NN as IN 1 CD worth NN of IN good JJ books NNS . SENT This DT assumption NN is VBZ true JJ for IN the DT purpose NN to TO which WDT it PP is VBZ applied VVN , , that IN of IN a DT market NN valuation NN . SENT It PP assumes VVZ that IN a DT year's JJ life NN of IN an DT imbecile NN or CC a DT loafer NN is VBZ worth IN the DT same JJ as IN a DT year's JJ life NN of IN a DT saint NN or CC a DT genius NN , , and CC so RB it PP is VBZ for IN the DT purpose NN of IN vital JJ statistics NNS . SENT This DT is VBZ of IN course NN universally RB admitted VVN . SENT Science NN proceeds NNS by IN abstraction NN . SENT it PP does VVZ not RB pretend VV to TO describe VV or CC explain VV the DT individuality NN or CC particular JJ qualities NNS of IN individual JJ cases NNS , , but CC to TO discover VV common JJ attributes NNS of IN structure NN or CC composition NN or CC behaviour NN among IN numbers NNS of IN cases NNS , , and CC to TO explain VV them PP in IN terms NNS of IN these DT common JJ characters NNS . SENT So RB far RB , , then RB , , as IN the DT so RB called VVN value NN of IN anything NN , , or CC any DT happening NN , , consists VVZ in IN its PP$ uniqueness NN or CC idiosyncrasy NN , , this DT value NN necessarily RB evades VVZ scientific JJ analysis NN . SENT It PP is VBZ only RB the DT common JJ properties NNS , , the DT regularities NNS , , the DT conformities NNS , , that WDT count VVP for IN scientific JJ valuation NN . SENT Nay RB , , more JJR . SENT So RB far RB as IN science NN takes VVZ account NN of IN individual JJ qualities NNS , , it PP is VBZ in IN the DT capacity NN of IN eccentricities NNS , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , it PP measures VVZ the DT amount NN of IN their PP$ variation NN from IN the DT average JJ or CC normal JJ . SENT It PP cannot NN entertain VV the DT notion NN that IN there EX is VBZ any DT sort NN of IN difference NN which WDT is VBZ inherently RB immeasurable JJ , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , that IN there EX is VBZ difference NN in IN kind NN as IN well RB as RB in IN degree NN . SENT 1 CD 4 CD . SENT A DT scientific JJ analysis NN treats VVZ all DT differences NNS as IN differences NNS of IN degree NN . SENT So RB called VVN difference NN of IN quality NN or CC kind NN it PP either RB ignores VVZ , , or CC it PP seeks VVZ to TO reduce VV them PP to TO and CC express VV them PP in IN differences NNS of IN quantity NN . SENT This DT endeavour NN to TO reduce VV qualitative JJ to TO quantitative JJ difference NN is VBZ the DT great JJ stumbling JJ block NN in IN all DT organic JJ science NN , , but CC particularly RB in IN the DT departments NNS of IN psychology NN and CC sociology NN . SENT The DT difficulty NN is VBZ best RBS illustrated VVN in IN the DT recent JJ extension NN of IN quantitative JJ analysis NN into IN economics NNS by IN the DT method NN of IN marginal JJ preferences NNS . SENT Not RB content JJ with IN the DT assumption NN that IN the DT particular JJ costs NNS , , consumable JJ qualities NNS , , etc FW . SENT , , of IN any DT two CD articles NNS selling VVG for IN 1 CD each DT may MD be VB disregarded VVD , , and CC the DT single JJ property NN of IN their PP$ market NN value NN abstracted VVN for IN consideration NN , , the DT mathematical JJ economists NNS now RB insist VVP that IN the DT study NN of IN marginal JJ preferences NNS discloses VVZ important JJ laws NNS of IN the DT psychology NN of IN individuals NNS and CC societies NNS . SENT The DT whole JJ process NN of IN expenditure NN of IN income NN appears VVZ to TO be VB replete JJ with IN instances NNS of IN the DT capacity NN of IN the DT human JJ mind NN to TO measure VV and CC apply VV a DT quantitative JJ comparison NN to TO things NNS which WDT seem VVP to TO be VB different JJ in IN kind NN . SENT It PP might MD seem VV as RB if IN my PP$ desire NN to TO help VV the DT starving VVG population NN of IN India NP in IN a DT famine NN , , and CC my PP$ desire NN to TO attend VV a DT Queen's NP Hall NP concert NN this DT evening NN were VBD feelings NNS , , not RB merely RB of IN different JJ intensity NN , , but CC of IN such JJ widely RB different JJ nature NN that IN they PP could MD not RB be VB accurately RB measured VVN against IN each DT other JJ . SENT And CC yet RB this DT miracle NN is VBZ said VVN to TO be VB actually RB performed VVN , , when WRB I PP decide VVP upon IN due JJ consideration NN to TO divide VV the DT 7 CD s NN 6 CD d SYM in IN my PP$ purse NN so RB as RB to TO give VV 5 CD s NN to TO the DT Famine NN Fund NN and CC to TO buy VV a DT 2 CD s NN 6 CD d SYM ticket NN for IN the DT concert NN , , instead RB of IN the DT more RBR expensive JJ ticket NN I PP should MD have VH bought VVN had VHD I PP not RB been VBN lured VVN to TO the DT Famine NN meeting NN . SENT I PP might MD have VH given VVN the DT whole JJ 7 CD s NN 6 CD d SYM to TO the DT Famine NN Fund NN , , and CC missed VVD the DT concert NN . SENT Why WRB did VVD I PP not RB . SENT I PP must MD have VH performed VVN the DT very RB delicate JJ spiritual JJ operation NN of IN reducing VVG my PP$ humanitarian JJ feeling NN to TO common JJ terms NNS with IN my PP$ love NN of IN music NN , , and CC to TO have VH struck VVN a DT balance NN which WDT can MD only RB mean VV that IN I PP consider VVP the DT additional JJ satisfaction NN I PP would MD have VH got VVN from IN giving VVG another DT 2 CD s NN 6 CD d SYM to TO the DT Famine NN Fund NN to TO be VB a DT little RB less JJR than IN the DT satisfaction NN I PP would MD get VV from IN the DT concert NN . SENT But CC this DT , , of IN course NN , , is VBZ a DT single JJ crude JJ instance NN of IN a DT far RB more RBR elaborate JJ process NN of IN comparison NN which WDT underlies VVZ the DT whole JJ expenditure NN of IN my PP$ income NN . SENT After IN the DT routine JJ expenditure NN upon IN necessaries NN and CC comforts NNS , , which WDT may MD be VB said VVN to TO represent VV my PP$ habitual JJ standard NN of IN consumption NN , , has VHZ been VBN defrayed VVN , , there EX are VBP various JJ attractive JJ uses NNS to TO which WDT every DT other JJ sovereign JJ and CC shilling NN may MD be VB put VVN . SENT All DT sorts NNS of IN different JJ appeals NNS of IN pleasure NN , , duty NN , , pride NN , , press VV their PP$ claims NNS through IN a DT thousand CD different JJ channels NNS . SENT In IN order NN to TO apportion VV my PP$ expenditure NN as IN I PP do VVP , , I PP must MD be VB conceived VVN as IN reducing VVG all PDT these DT claims NNS to TO some DT common JJ standard NN of IN desirability NN , , and CC deciding VVG how WRB much JJ to TO lay VV out RP on IN this DT , , how WRB much RB on IN that DT . SENT That IN physical JJ satisfactions NNS can MD be VB compared VVN with IN one CD another DT , , by IN the DT application NN of IN some DT standard NN of IN pleasure NN may MD appear VV intelligible JJ enough NN . SENT But CC that IN a DT sense NN of IN moral JJ duty NN can MD be VB brought VVN into IN direct JJ comparison NN with IN a DT physical JJ pleasure NN , , or CC that IN various JJ duties NNS can MD be VB compared VVN in IN size NN or CC strength NN with IN one CD another DT , , would MD seem VV almost RB impossible JJ . SENT Yet CC this DT is VBZ done VVN incessantly RB and CC quickly RB , , if IN not RB easily RB . SENT Even RB when WRB it PP is VBZ claimed VVN that IN some DT duties NNS are VBP so RB paramount JJ that IN a DT good JJ man NN will MD refuse VV to TO weigh VV any DT other JJ claim NN against IN them PP , , assigning VVG them PP a DT value NN which WDT , , he PP says VVZ , , is VBZ infinite JJ , , the DT marginal JJ economist NN will MD not RB admit VV the DT claim NN to TO exemption NN . SENT This DT only RB means VVZ that IN to TO him PP the DT total JJ difference NN between IN the DT command NN of IN things NNS in IN the DT circle NN of IN exchange NN that IN he PP already RB enjoys VVZ , , and CC an DT indefinite JJ , , or CC unlimited JJ command NN of IN them PP , , does VVZ not RB weigh VV as RB heavy JJ in IN his PP$ mind NN as IN the DT dishonour NN or CC the DT discomfort NN of IN the DT specific JJ thing NN he PP is VBZ required VVN to TO do VV . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB mean VV that IN his PP$ objection NN is VBZ infinite JJ . SENT it PP merely RB means VVZ that IN it PP is VBZ larger JJR than IN his PP$ estimate NN of IN all PDT the DT satisfaction NN that IN he PP could MD derive VV from IN unlimited JJ command NN of IN articles NNS in IN the DT circle NN of IN exchange NN , , and CC this DT is VBZ a DT strictly RB , , perhaps RB narrowly RB , , limited JJ quantity NN . SENT 2 CD But CC though RB there EX are VBP men NNS whose WP$ honour NN is VBZ so RB incorruptible JJ as IN always RB to TO outweigh VV other JJ considerations NNS , , the DT ethics NNS of IN bribery NN make VVP it PP clear JJ that IN a DT weaker JJR sense NN of IN honour NN can MD be VB measured VVN against IN material NN satisfaction NN , , and CC that DT is VBZ all PDT that DT seems VVZ necessary JJ to TO support VV the DT view NN that IN such JJ qualitative JJ distinctions NNS can MD be VB reduced VVN to TO questions NNS of IN quantity NN . SENT Nor CC is VBZ it PP merely RB a DT matter NN of IN the DT monetary JJ valuation NN through IN expenditure NN of IN incomes NNS . SENT Precisely RB the DT same JJ problem NN arises VVZ in IN the DT disposal NN of IN one's JJ time NN or CC energy NN . SENT How WRB much RB shall MD be VB given VVN to TO the DT performance NN of IN this DT or CC that DT personal JJ or CC family NN duty NN , , to TO recreation NN , , or CC to TO study VV . SENT In IN what WP proportions NNS shall MD we PP combine VV these DT activities NNS . SENT If IN a DT curtailment NN of IN money NN or CC of IN time NN is VBZ necessary JJ , , how WRB much RB shall MD be VB taken VVN from IN this DT , , how WRB much RB from IN that DT employment NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ needless JJ to TO multiply VV examples NNS . SENT When WRB any DT scientific JJ valuation NN is VBZ taken VVN , , all DT qualities NNS are VBP abstracted VVN and CC quantities NNS only RB are VBP compared VVN and CC estimated VVN . SENT As RB in IN economics NNS , , so RB in IN ethics NNS . SENT The DT moral JJ struggle NN to TO resist VV a DT temptation NN is VBZ nearly RB always RB set VVN in IN scientific JJ psychology NN as IN a DT mechanical JJ problem NN , , for IN when WRB the DT ethicist NN professes VVZ to TO introduce VV some DT imponderable NN freedom NN of IN the DT will NN he PP has VHZ to TO throw VV overboard RB his PP$ science NN . SENT A DT conflict NN of IN duties NNS , , as IN Mr NP . SENT Wicksteed NP recognises VVZ , , implies VVZ that DT duty NN itself PP is VBZ a DT quantitative JJ conception NN . SENT 3 CD 5 CD . SENT Similarly RB with IN the DT scientific JJ politician NN who WP seeks VVZ to TO make VV full JJ use NN of IN quantitative JJ analysis NN . SENT He PP too RB is VBZ compelled VVN to TO visualise VV and CC represent VV the DT psychological JJ operation NN through IN which WDT a DT political JJ judgment NN is VBZ reached VVN as IN a DT mechanical JJ one CD , , conceived VVN in IN terms NNS of IN size NN , , weight NN , , strain NN or CC intensity NN . SENT In IN his PP$ Human NP Nature NP in IN Politics NP Mr NP . SENT Graham NP Wallas NP gives VVZ a DT very RB interesting JJ example NN of IN the DT scientific JJ valuation NN of IN a DT process NN of IN political JJ thinking NN , , viz NN . SENT , , the DT process NN by IN which WDT Mr NP . SENT Gladstone NP , , in IN the DT autumn NN and CC winter NN of IN 1885 CD 6 CD , , must MD be VB conceived VVN to TO have VH arrived VVN at IN his PP$ Home NP Rule NN policy NN , , thinking VVG incessantly RB about IN the DT matter NN and CC preparing VVG myself PP by IN study NN and CC reflection NN . SENT After IN describing VVG , , with IN the DT aid NN of IN Lord NP Morley's NP Life NP , , the DT various JJ studies NNS and CC courses NNS of IN reflection NN employed VVN , , the DT calculations NNS of IN the DT state NN of IN feeling NN in IN England NP and CC Ireland NP , , the DT examination NN of IN various JJ types NNS of IN federation NN , , as RB found VVN in IN past JJ and CC current JJ history NN , , the DT statistical JJ reports NNS upon IN finance NN , , law NN and CC other JJ concrete JJ issues NNS , , considerations NNS of IN the DT time NN and CC opportunity NN , , the DT play NN of IN the DT emotional JJ valuations NNS , , the DT irresistible JJ attraction NN for IN him PP of IN all PDT the DT grand JJ and CC external JJ commonplaces NNS of IN liberty NN and CC self NN government NN , , Mr NP . SENT Wallas NP sees VVZ the DT results NNS of IN all PDT this DT acquisition NN of IN knowledge NN and CC reflection NN gathering NN and CC being VBG coordinated VVN into IN a DT problem NN in IN which WDT the DT factors NNS are VBP quantities NNS and CC the DT solution NN a DT quantitative JJ solution NN , , a DT delicate JJ adjustment NN between IN many JJ varying VVG forces NNS . SENT 4 LS A DT large JJ part NN of IN this DT work NN of IN complex JJ coordination NN was VBD apparently RB in IN Mr NP . SENT Gladstone's NP case NN unconscious JJ , , an DT operation NN he PP declares VVZ , , rather RB of IN art NN than IN of IN science NN . SENT Now RB , , since IN the DT history NN of IN human JJ progress NN consists VVZ in IN the DT gradual JJ and CC partial JJ substitution NN of IN science NN for IN art NN , , it PP is VBZ desirable JJ to TO bring VV out RP with IN clearer JJR consciousness NN , , and CC fortify VV with IN greater JJR accuracy NN of IN knowledge NN , , the DT processes NNS of IN political JJ thinking NN . SENT Quantitative JJ method NN must MD spread VV in IN politics NNS and CC must MD transform VV the DT vocabulary NN and CC the DT associations NNS of IN that DT mental JJ world NN into IN which WDT the DT young JJ politician NN enters VVZ . SENT Fortunately RB , , such PDT a DT change NN seems VVZ at IN least JJS to TO be VB beginning VVG . SENT Every DT year NN larger JJR and CC more JJR exact JJ collections NNS of IN detached VVN political JJ facts NNS are VBP being VBG accumulated VVN . SENT and CC collections NNS of IN detached VVN facts NNS , , if IN they PP are VBP to TO be VB used VVN at IN all DT in IN political JJ reasoning NN , , must MD be VB used VVN quantitatively RB . SENT 5 CD Since IN the DT problems NNS of IN political JJ conduct NN are VBP thus RB essentially RB quantitative JJ , , they PP can MD , , in IN theory NN at IN any DT rate NN , , be VB solved VVN by IN science NN . SENT The DT final JJ decisions NNS which WDT will MD be VB taken VVN either RB by IN the DT Commons NPS or CC by IN Parliament NP in IN questions NNS of IN administrative JJ policy NN and CC electoral JJ machinery NN must MD therefore RB involve VV the DT balancing NN of IN all PDT these DT and CC many JJ more JJR considerations NNS by IN an DT essentially RB quantitative JJ process NN . SENT 6 CD 6 CD . SENT Now RB how WRB far RB is VBZ it PP true JJ that IN any DT political JJ problem NN is VBZ essentially RB quantitative JJ and CC soluble JJ by IN a DT quantitative JJ process NN . SENT it PP is VBZ of IN course NN to TO be VB admitted VVN at IN once RB that IN the DT science NN of IN statistics NNS will MD feed VV a DT statesman's JJ mind NN with IN a DT variety NN of IN ordered VVN and CC measured VVN facts NNS . SENT But CC will MD this DT mind NN , , working VVG either RB scientifically RB or CC artistically RB , , consciously RB or CC subconsciously RB , , go VVP through IN a DT distinctively RB mechanical JJ process NN of IN balancing VVG and CC measuring VVG and CC register VV a DT quantitative JJ judgment NN . SENT A DT scientific JJ setting NN of IN the DT process NN must MD indeed RB so RB present VV it PP . SENT But CC , , then RB , , a DT scientific JJ setting NN of IN any DT process NN whatsoever RB sets VVZ it PP thus RB in IN purely RB quantitative JJ form NN . SENT The DT real JJ issue NN is VBZ how WRB far RB this DT scientific JJ setting NN is VBZ competent JJ to TO interpret VV and CC explain VV the DT facts NNS , , and CC to TO deliver VV a DT judgment NN which WDT shall MD be VB authoritative JJ for IN the DT conduct NN of IN an DT individual NN or CC a DT society NN . SENT In IN order NN to TO test VV the DT scientific JJ claim NN let VV us PP take VV what WP seems VVZ to TO be VB a DT very RB different JJ sort NN of IN action NN from IN that DT of IN the DT politician NN or CC the DT business NN man NN , , that WDT of IN the DT artist NN . SENT Follow VV the DT mind NN of IN the DT painter NN as IN he PP plies VVZ his PP$ art NN . SENT Each DT of IN his PP$ operations NNS too RB involves VVZ considerations NNS of IN quantity NN and CC measurement NN , , scope NN and CC focus NN , , adjustment NN , , coordination NN , , balance NN , , the DT application NN of IN definite JJ blends NNS of IN colours NNS . SENT optics NNS , , anatomy NN , , and CC other JJ sciences NNS feed VVP his PP$ mind NN with IN exact JJ knowledge NN . SENT A DT delicate JJ adjustment NN of IN quantities NNS in IN line NN and CC colour NN is VBZ involved VVN in IN every DT part NN of IN his PP$ artistic JJ operations NNS . SENT But CC does VVZ the DT operation NN consist VVP of IN these DT quantitative JJ arrangements NNS and CC can MD it PP be VB understood VVN or CC appreciated VVN by IN analysing VVG them PP . SENT Evidently RB not RB . SENT Why WRB not RB . SENT Because IN in IN such PDT an DT analysis NN or CC explanation NN the DT essentially RB qualitative JJ or CC creative JJ action NN of IN the DT artist NN , , which WDT gives VVZ unity NN and CC artistic JJ value NN to TO the DT whole JJ operation NN , , escapes NNS notice VVP . SENT Science NP kills VVZ in IN order NN to TO dissect VV . SENT So RB in IN the DT case NN of IN every DT other JJ art NN . SENT A DT poem NN involves VVZ certain JJ ordered VVN arrangements NNS of IN sound NN which WDT may MD be VB expressed VVN in IN quantitative JJ terms NNS of IN rhythm NN and CC prosody NN . SENT But CC any DT attempt NN to TO resolve VV it PP into IN these DT forms NNS loses VVZ its PP$ spirit NN , , its PP$ unity NN , , its PP$ value NN as IN a DT poem NN . SENT Students NNS of IN the DT drama NN have VHP sometimes RB explained VVN or CC interpreted VVN a DT tragedy NN of IN Sophocles NP or CC Shakespeare NP in IN terms NNS of IN the DT gradation NN of IN intensity NN of IN the DT various JJ emotions NNS involved VVN , , the DT length NN of IN pauses NNS of IN suspense NN , , the DT balancing NN , , relief NN and CC interlacing VVG of IN the DT plots NNS or CC episodes NNS , , the DT relative JJ strength NN or CC height NN of IN the DT climaxes NNS and CC subclimaxes NNS , , the DT growing VVG rapidity NN of IN movement NN towards IN the DT catastrophe NN . SENT But CC can MD it PP be VB pretended VVN that IN this DT mechanics NNS of IN the DT drama NN can MD furnish VV a DT standard NN of IN appreciation NN , , or CC supply NN laws NNS according VVG to TO which WDT a DT good JJ drama NN may MD be VB constructed VVN or CC appreciated VVN . SENT No UH . SENT An DT artistic JJ operation NN is VBZ essentially RB organic JJ , , creative JJ and CC qualitative JJ . SENT None NN of IN these DT characters NNS can MD really RB be VB reduced VVN to TO quantity NN . SENT Science NN by IN quantitative JJ analysis NN can MD only RB deal VV with IN the DT skeleton NN not RB with IN the DT life NN that WDT informs VVZ it PP . SENT I PP think VVP this DT eternal JJ inability NN of IN science NN adequately RB to TO interpret VV value NN , , or CC explain VV a DT work NN of IN art NN , , will MD be VB generally RB admitted VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ due JJ to TO the DT fact NN that IN this DT work NN and CC its PP$ value NN are VBP inherently RB incapable JJ of IN being VBG reduced VVN to TO quantities NNS . SENT The DT difference NN between IN one CD picture NN and CC another DT , , one CD poem NN and CC another DT is VBZ a DT difference NN of IN quality NN . SENT It PP is VBZ of IN course NN true JJ that IN by IN a DT merely RB linguistic JJ necessity NN we PP often RB speak VVP of IN a DT picture NN as IN being VBG much RB finer JJR than IN another DT , , and CC compare VV the DT greatness NN of IN one CD poet NN with IN that DT of IN another DT . SENT But CC we PP are VBP aware JJ all PDT the DT time NN that IN we PP are VBP really RB comparing VVG unlikes NNS , , dealing VVG with IN qualitative JJ differences NNS . SENT On IN no DT other JJ supposition NN indeed RB can MD we PP understand VV the DT valuation NN set VVN upon IN a DT work NN of IN genius NN as IN compared VVN with IN one CD of IN talent NN . SENT Oh UH the DT little RB more RBR , , how WRB much JJ it PP is VBZ , , And CC the DT little JJ less CC what WP worlds NNS away RB . SENT What WP then RB do VVP economists NNS mean VV when WRB they PP insist VVP that IN qualitative JJ differences NNS , , the DT desires NNS and CC satisfactions NNS which WDT have VHP such JJ widely RB diverse JJ origins NNS and CC natures NNS , , can MD be VB weighed VVN and CC measured VVN against IN one CD another DT , , and CC that IN problems NNS of IN industry NN are VBP essentially RB and CC ultimately RB quantitative JJ . SENT Our PP$ examination NN of IN artistic JJ activities NNS has VHZ shown VVN that IN in IN each DT case NN quantities NNS are VBP involved VVN , , but CC that IN in IN no DT case NN do VVP quantities NNS constitute VVP the DT problem NN of IN action NN . SENT But CC how WRB , , it PP may MD be VB said VVN , , do VVP you PP dispose VV of IN the DT admitted VVN facts NNS that IN by IN means NNS of IN monetary JJ valuations NNS these DT diverse JJ desires NNS and CC satisfactions NNS are VBP reduced VVN to TO a DT common JJ standard NN , , are VBP compared VVN , , and CC that IN a DT course NN of IN conduct NN is VBZ apparently RB based VVN upon IN these DT quantitative JJ considerations NNS . SENT The DT answer NN is VBZ that IN this DT is VBZ an DT entirely RB illusory JJ account NN of IN the DT psychical JJ process NN by IN which WDT a DT man NN lays VVZ out RP his PP$ money NN , , or CC his PP$ time NN , , or CC his PP$ energy NN . SENT He PP does VVZ not RB take VV the DT several JJ uses NNS to TO which WDT he PP might MD apply VV the DT means NN at IN his PP$ disposal NN , , reduce VV them PP , , in IN thought NN or CC in IN feeling NN , , to TO some DT common JJ term NN , , and CC so RB measure VV the DT amount NN he PP will MD expend VV upon IN each DT object NN that IN the DT marginal JJ or CC final JJ portion NN of IN each DT use NN shall MD be VB exactly RB equal JJ in IN the DT utility NN it PP yields VVZ . SENT The DT marginalist JJ 7 CD is VBZ correct JJ in IN saying VVG that IN the DT utility NN imputed VVD to TO the DT last JJ sovereign JJ I NN expend VV on IN bread NN during IN the DT year NN must MD be VB considered VVN to TO be VB neither RB greater JJR nor CC less JJR than IN that DT imputed VVN to TO the DT last JJ sovereign's NNS worth JJ of IN tobacco NN , , or CC books NNS , , holiday NN or CC charitable JJ subscriptions NNS . SENT In IN precisely RB the DT same JJ sense NN it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN the DT last JJ brushful NN of IN green JJ and CC brown JJ and CC Turkey NP red NN expended VVN on IN a DT picture NN has VHZ the DT same JJ art NN value NN to TO the DT painter NN . SENT Perhaps RB the DT issue NN can MD be VB made VVN clearer JJR by IN reference NN to TO an DT art NN usually RB considered VVN less RBR fine JJ and CC more RBR closely RB affected VVN by IN quantitative JJ considerations NNS than IN painting NN , , the DT culinary JJ art NN . SENT The DT composition NN of IN a DT dish NN is VBZ here RB expressed VVN in IN proportions NNS of IN its PP$ various JJ ingredients NNS , , so RB much JJ flour NN , , so IN many JJ ounces NNS of IN raisins NNS , , so RB many JJ eggs NNS , , so RB much JJ sugar NN , , etc FW . SENT The DT marginalist NN would MD dwell VV upon IN the DT crucial JJ fact NN that IN the DT last JJ pennyworth NN of IN the DT flour NN , , raisins NNS , , eggs NNS and CC sugar NN , , taken VVN severally RB , , had VHD an DT equal JJ value NN for IN the DT pudding NN , , and CC that IN these DT marginal JJ or CC final JJ increments NNS were VBD in IN some DT way NN causal JJ determinants NNS of IN the DT composition NN of IN the DT pudding NN , , because RB in IN using VVG the DT ingredients NNS the DT cook NN took VVD care NN to TO use VV just RB so RB much JJ of IN each DT , , and CC neither DT more JJR nor CC less JJR . SENT And CC it PP is VBZ quite RB true JJ that IN the DT delicacy NN of IN the DT culinary JJ art NN will NN in IN fact NN be VB displayed VVN in IN deciding VVG whether IN to TO put VV in IN another DT handful NN of IN raisins NNS , , another DT egg NN , , or CC a DT spoonful NN more JJR sugar NN . SENT But CC , , from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN trying VVG to TO appreciate VV the DT virtue NN or CC worth NN of IN the DT dish NN as IN a DT culinary JJ creation NN , , it PP cannot NN be VB admitted VVN that IN any DT special JJ importance NN or CC causal JJ determination NN attaches VVZ to TO the DT last JJ increments NNS of IN the DT several JJ ingredients NNS . SENT For IN it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN the NP how WRB much RB and CC therefore RB the DT margin NN of IN each DT ingredient NN is VBZ itself PP determined VVD by IN the DT conception NN of IN the DT tout VV ensemble NN in IN the DT mind NN of IN the DT creator NN or CC inventor NN . SENT And CC this DT evidently RB applies VVZ to TO every DT form NN of IN composition NN embodying VVG some DT unity NN of IN design NN or CC purpose NN , , whether IN the DT treatment NN of IN a DT subject NN in IN pictorial JJ or CC dramatic JJ art NN , , the DT making NN of IN a DT new JJ dish NN , , the DT construction NN of IN a DT machine NN , , the DT arrangement NN of IN a DT business NN , , or CC the DT laying VVG out RP of IN a DT garden NN or CC a DT fortune NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN an DT economical JJ use NN is VBZ made VVN of IN materials NNS or CC means VVZ of IN any DT kind NN for IN the DT attainment NN of IN any DT end NN this DT marginal JJ equivalence NN is VBZ implied VVN . SENT The DT scientific JJ analysis NN of IN any DT composite JJ arrangement NN , , mechanical JJ , , organic JJ , , conscious JJ , , involves VVZ this DT marginal JJ assumption NN . SENT It PP is VBZ an DT axiom NN of IN all DT economy NN whatsoever RB . SENT But CC it PP explains VVZ nothing NN . SENT Nay RB , , in IN dealing VVG with IN any DT organic JJ being NN on IN any DT plane NN of IN action NN , , it PP darkens VVZ counsel NN . SENT It PP does VVZ so RB in IN several JJ ways NNS . SENT First JJ by IN assuming VVG or CC asserting VVG that IN the DT human JJ mind NN can MD and CC does VVZ get VV rid JJ of IN qualitative JJ differences NNS by IN referring VVG them PP to TO a DT quantitative JJ standard NN . SENT secondly RB , , by IN assuming VVG or CC asserting VVG that DT organic JJ unity NN can MD be VB broken VVN up RP into IN its PP$ constituent NN parts NNS and CC explained VVD in IN terms NNS of IN these DT measured VVN parts NNS . SENT thirdly RB , , by IN assuming VVG or CC asserting VVG a DT uniformity NN of IN nature NN which WDT conflicts NNS with IN the DT novelties NNS in IN which WDT creative JJ energy NN expresses VVZ itself PP . SENT All PDT these DT fallacies NNS are VBP just RB as RB much RB involved VVN in IN the DT attempt NN to TO explain VV the DT expenditure NN of IN an DT income NN as IN a DT purely RB quantitative JJ problem NN , , as RB in IN the DT attempt NN to TO explain VV the DT art NN value NN of IN a DT picture NN in IN terms NNS of IN the DT respective JJ quantities NNS of IN line NN and CC colour NN . SENT In IN each DT case NN the DT root NN fallacy NN is VBZ the DT same JJ , , the DT illicit JJ substitution NN of IN the DT abstract JJ quantity NN for IN the DT actual JJ stuff NN , , which WDT is VBZ always RB qualitative JJ and CC is VBZ never RB identical JJ in IN any DT two CD cases NNS , , or CC at IN any DT two CD times NNS . SENT 7 CD . SENT In IN laying VVG out RP my PP$ income NN , , I PP do VVP not RB in IN fact NN compare VV all PDT my PP$ several JJ needs NNS or CC tastes NNS , , and CC having VHG assigned VVN so IN much JJ utility NN or CC desirability NN to TO each DT , , plan VVP my PP$ expenditure NN so RB as RB to TO spend VV on IN each DT just RB as RB much JJ as IN it PP is VBZ worth JJ , , equalising VVG all DT expenditure NN at IN the DT margins NNS so RB as RB to TO maximise VV the DT aggregate NN . SENT Even RB Benjamin NP Franklin NP or CC Samuel NP Smiles NP would MD not RB really RB do VV this DT , , though IN they PP might MD think VV they PP did VVD , , and CC perhaps RB draw VV up RP schedules NNS to TO enforce VV the DT notion NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN I PP act VVP like IN a DT free JJ , , rational JJ being NN , , not RB a DT creature NN of IN blind JJ custom NN or CC routine JJ , , I PP employ VVP all PDT my PP$ personal JJ resources NNS of IN knowledge NN , , taste NN , , affection NN , , energy NN , , time NN , , and CC command NN of IN material NN resources NNS , , in IN trying VVG to TO realise VV my PP$ ideal NN of IN a DT good JJ or CC desirable JJ life NN . SENT In IN the DT execution NN of IN this DT design NN , , however RB it PP be VB regarded VVN , , self NN realisation NN or CC career NN , , I PP utilise VV my PP$ various JJ resources NNS in IN a DT manner NN strictly RB analogous JJ to TO that DT in IN which WDT the DT artist NN employs VVZ the DT materials NNS and CC instruments NNS of IN his PP$ art NN . SENT Upon IN the DT canvas NN of IN time NN I PP paint VVP myself PP , , using VVG all PDT the DT means NN at IN my PP$ disposal NN to TO realise VV my PP$ ideal NN . SENT Among IN these DT means NN is VBZ my PP$ money NN income NN . SENT Its PP$ expenditure NN goes VVZ into IN the DT execution NN of IN my PP$ design NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN I PP am VBP justified VVN in IN separating VVG my PP$ expenditure NN of IN money NN from IN the DT expenditure NN of IN my PP$ time NN and CC other JJ resources NNS , , and CC in IN regarding VVG the DT design NN as IN an DT economic JJ picture NN , , I PP can MD readily RB perceive VVP that IN the DT unity NN of IN my PP$ artistic JJ purpose NN involves VVZ and CC determines VVZ the DT expenditure NN of IN my PP$ income NN in IN definite JJ proportions NNS upon IN the DT various JJ objects NNS whose WP$ consumption NN contributes VVZ to TO the DT design NN . SENT But CC these DT proportions NNS are VBP not RB determined VVN by IN a DT calculation NN of IN the DT separate JJ values NNS of IN the DT various JJ items NNS . SENT For IN , , strictly RB speaking VVG , , they PP have VHP no DT separate JJ value NN , , any DT more RBR than IN have VHP the DT lines NNS or CC colours NNS in IN a DT picture NN . SENT Only RB by IN consideration NN of IN what WP we PP may MD term VV indifferently RB the DT artistic JJ or CC organic JJ purpose NN of IN the DT whole NN can MD a DT true JJ appreciation NN or CC valuation NN be VB attained VVN . SENT The DT full JJ absurdity NN of IN suggesting VVG that DT anything NN is VBZ learned VVN , , either CC in IN the DT way NN of IN valuation NN or CC of IN guidance NN , , by IN the DT quantitative JJ analysis NN , , or CC the DT wonderful JJ discovery NN of IN equivalence NN of IN value NN at IN the DT margins NNS , , will MD now RB be VB apparent JJ . SENT This DT mathematical JJ analysis NN can MD do VV no RB more RBR towards IN explaining VVG the DT expenditure NN of IN income NN than IN explaining VVG the DT expenditure NN of IN paint NN . SENT Of IN course NN , , the DT expenditure NN at IN the DT margins NNS appears VVZ to TO produce VV an DT equal JJ utility NN . SENT that DT truth NN is VBZ obviously RB contained VVN in IN the DT very JJ logic NN of IN the DT quantitative JJ analysis NN . SENT But CC that DT quantitative JJ analysis NN , , necessarily RB ignoring VVG , , as IN it PP does VVZ , , the DT qualitative JJ character NN which WDT the DT organic JJ unity NN of IN the DT whole NN confers VVZ upon IN its PP$ parts NNS , , fails VVZ to TO perform VV the DT psychological JJ interpretation NN claimed VVD for IN it PP . SENT So RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ true JJ that IN the DT last JJ sovereign JJ of IN my PP$ expenditure NN in IN bread NN equals VVZ in IN utility NN the DT last JJ sovereign JJ of IN my PP$ expenditure NN in IN books NNS , , that IN fact NN proceeds NNS not RB from IN a DT comparison NN , , conscious JJ or CC unconscious JJ , , of IN these DT separate JJ items NNS at IN this DT margin NN , , but CC from IN the DT parts NNS assigned VVN respectively RB to TO bread NN and CC books NNS in IN the DT organic JJ plan NN of IN my PP$ life NN . SENT Quantitative JJ analysis NN , , inherently RB incapable JJ of IN comprehending VVG qualitative JJ unity NN or CC qualitative JJ differences NNS , , can MD only RB pretend VV to TO reduce VV the DT latter NN to TO quantitative JJ differences NNS . SENT What WP it PP actually RB does VVZ is VBZ to TO ignore VV alike RB the DT unity NN of IN the DT whole NN and CC the DT qualitativeness NN of IN the DT parts NNS . SENT Nor CC is VBZ this DT all RB . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB even RB true JJ that IN an DT application NN of IN quantitative JJ analysis NN does VVZ find VV exact JJ equivalence NN of IN values NNS at IN the DT margins NNS . SENT Taking VVG a DT concrete JJ instance NN , , it PP is VBZ not RB true JJ that IN the DT last JJ sovereign JJ of IN my PP$ expenditure NN in IN books NNS equals VVZ , , or CC even RB tends VVZ exactly RB to TO equal VV , , in IN utility NN , , that WDT of IN my PP$ last JJ sovereign's NNS expenditure NN on IN bread NN . SENT This DT would MD be VB the DT case NN if IN the DT future NN tended VVD precisely RB to TO repeat VV the DT past NN . SENT In IN that DT event NN my PP$ experience NN of IN the DT economy NN of IN last JJ year's NNS expenditure NN would MD progressively RB correct VV any DT errors NNS , , and CC I PP should MD come VV to TO employ VV my PP$ resources NNS with IN greater JJR economy NN or CC exactitude NN to TO the DT attainment NN of IN the DT same JJ design NN . SENT But CC I PP am VBP not RB the DT same JJ this DT year NN as IN last JJ , , my PP$ environment NN is VBZ not RB the DT same JJ , , my PP$ resources NNS are VBP not RB the DT same JJ , , and CC the DT plan NN of IN life NN I PP make VVP will MD not RB be VB the DT same JJ . SENT This DT awkward JJ factor NN of IN Novelty NN , , involved VVN in IN organic JJ nature NN , , belongs VVZ to TO every DT creative JJ art NN , , being VBG indeed RB of IN the DT very JJ essence NN alike RB of IN art NN and CC of IN creation NN , , and CC impairs VVZ to TO an DT incalculable JJ extent NN the DT quantitative JJ calculus NN and CC its PP$ marginal JJ interpretation NN . SENT An DT addition NN of IN 100 CD to TO my PP$ income NN this DT year NN cannot NN be VB laid VVN out RP by IN calculation NN so RB as RB to TO increase VV each DT sort NN of IN expenditure NN to TO an DT extent NN which WDT will MD secure VV marginal JJ equivalence NN of IN utility NN . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV , , I PP cannot NN tell VV what WP will MD be VB the DT best JJS employment NN of IN my PP$ larger JJR income NN , , until IN I PP have VHP tried VVN . SENT The DT larger JJR income NN will MD produce VV nowhere RB a DT strictly RB proportionate JJ increase NN of IN expenditure NN on IN a DT number NN of IN several JJ objects NNS . SENT It PP would MD shift VV my PP$ economic JJ plan NN of IN life NN , , making VVG a DT new JJ kind NN of IN life NN , , and CC involving VVG all DT sorts NNS of IN changes NNS in IN the DT items NNS , , which WDT follow VVP as IN consequences NNS from IN the DT changed JJ organic JJ plan NN . SENT This DT new JJ plan NN I NN cannot NN accurately RB calculate VVP or CC forecast VVP . SENT It PP will MD work VV itself PP out RP as IN I PP proceed VVP . SENT Its PP$ execution NN involves VVZ no DT doubt NN elements NNS of IN forethought NN and CC even RB calculation NN , , but CC the DT central JJ and CC essential JJ change NN will MD proceed VV from IN some DT novelty NN of IN conception NN , , some DT qualitative JJ change NN of IN purpose NN . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , it PP is VBZ the DT creative JJ power NN of IN man NN , , the DT artist NN , , inspiration NN , , faith NN and CC that DT is VBZ ever RB at IN work NN , , and CC the DT art NN faculties NNS of IN adventure NN will MD lead VV him PP to TO experiment NN anew RB with IN his PP$ resources NNS . SENT As IN a DT man NN gains VVZ more JJR intelligence NN , , undergoes VVZ some DT new JJ critical JJ experience NN of IN his PP$ outer JJ or CC his PP$ inner JJ life NN , , encounters VVZ some DT new JJ personal JJ influence NN , , his PP$ entire JJ mode NN of IN living NN will MD change VV , , and CC innumerable JJ alterations NNS in IN the DT outlay NN of IN his PP$ income NN will MD take VV place NN . SENT Some DT articles NNS of IN earlier JJR expenditure NN will MD disappear VV , , new JJ articles NNS will MD take VV their PP$ place NN , , and CC the DT respective JJ importance NN of IN many JJ articles NNS remaining VVG in IN the DT expenditure NN will MD be VB shifted VVN . SENT A DT change NN of IN residence NN from IN country NN to TO town NN , , a DT conversion NN , , religious JJ or CC dietetic JJ , , a DT transfer NN from IN an DT outdoor JJ manual JJ to TO an DT indoor JJ sedentary JJ employment NN , , marriage NN , , or CC any DT other JJ critical JJ event NN , , must MD bring VV about IN some DT such JJ large JJ complex JJ organic JJ alteration NN . SENT A DT comparison NN of IN the DT items NNS of IN expenditure NN before IN and CC after IN will MD shed VV interesting JJ light NN upon IN the DT results NNS of IN the DT psycho JJ economic JJ change NN of IN which WDT they PP afford VVP a DT quantitative JJ register NN , , but CC it PP cannot NN be VB regarded VVN as IN an DT explanation NN of IN the DT change NN of IN heart NN or CC of IN outlook NN which WDT is VBZ the DT determinant JJ act NN from IN which WDT these DT shifts NNS of IN values NNS flow NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT The DT life NN of IN a DT society NN presents VVZ this DT same JJ problem NN on IN a DT larger JJR scale NN . SENT On IN the DT plane NN of IN economic JJ conduct NN which WDT directly RB concerns VVZ us PP , , every DT one NN of IN the DT innumerable JJ and CC incessant JJ alterations NNS in IN methods NNS of IN production NN and CC consumption NN ranks NNS as IN an DT organic JJ novelty NN , , and CC , , in IN so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ novel JJ , , necessarily RB baffles VVZ quantitative JJ analysis NN and CC scientific JJ prediction NN . SENT It PP would MD , , of IN course NN , , be VB incorrect JJ , , either CC in IN the DT case NN of IN an DT individual JJ or CC of IN a DT society NN , , to TO represent VV any DT change NN as IN entirely RB novel JJ . SENT Organic JJ growth NN itself PP is VBZ largely RB a DT quantitative JJ conception NN . SENT the DT changes NNS are VBP proportionate JJ in IN size NN to TO former JJ changes NNS , , and CC are VBP in IN definite JJ quantitative JJ relations NNS to TO one CD another DT . SENT The DT doctrine NN of IN continuity NN thus RB enables VVZ us PP to TO go VV far RB in IN calculating VVG the DT character NN of IN future JJ changes NNS . SENT So RB far RB the DT scientific JJ interpretation NN of IN uniformity NN of IN nature NN carries VVZ us PP . SENT But CC quantitative JJ growth NN , , or CC any DT other JJ set NN of IN quantitative JJ changes NNS , , however RB calculable JJ , , always RB carries VVZ some DT qualitative JJ and CC essentially RB incalculable JJ elements NNS of IN change NN . SENT These DT are VBP what WP we PP signify VV by IN novelty NN . SENT It PP is VBZ their PP$ occurrence NN in IN evolution NN that WDT baffles VVZ the DT clean JJ logic NN of IN the DT geologist NN , , still RB more JJR of IN the DT biologist NN , , and CC far RB more RBR of IN the DT psychologist NN . SENT Whether IN they PP show VVP themselves PP as IN faults NNS or CC sports NNS or CC mutations NNS , , they PP represent VVP the DT disability NN of IN past JJ experience NN to TO furnish VV laws NNS for IN their PP$ calculation NN , , and CC the DT practical JJ importance NN which WDT attaches VVZ to TO these DT incalculable JJ or CC qualitative JJ changes NNS is VBZ very RB considerable JJ . SENT Though IN they PP may MD be VB comparatively RB infrequent JJ and CC may MD appear VV on IN first JJ inspection NN almost RB negligible JJ breaks NNS in IN the DT otherwise RB calculable JJ continuity NN of IN the DT evolutionary JJ process NN , , their PP$ determinant JJ importance NN is VBZ receiving VVG ever RB greater JJR recognition NN . SENT In IN human JJ conduct NN , , individual JJ or CC social JJ , , these DT mutations NNS seem VVP to TO play VV a DT larger JJR part NN , , chiefly RB by IN reason NN of IN the DT operation NN of IN the DT so RB called VVN freedom NN of IN the DT human JJ will NN . SENT For IN whatever WDT philosophic JJ view NN be VB held VVN regarding VVG the DT determination NN of IN the DT acts NNS of IN the DT will NN , , its PP$ operation NN scatters VVZ mutations NNS thickly RB over IN the DT realm NN of IN human JJ conduct NN . SENT Hence RB it PP remains VVZ true JJ that IN science NN can MD do VV so RB much RB less RBR in IN explaining VVG and CC predicting VVG human JJ history NN than IN in IN any DT other JJ department NN of IN nature NN . SENT No DT doubt NN here RB , , as IN elsewhere RB , , science NN hopes VVZ to TO apply VV quantitative JJ analysis NN of IN such JJ increasing VVG accuracy NN as RB to TO enable VV it PP to TO determine VV and CC predict VV a DT larger JJR number NN of IN such JJ mutations NNS . SENT Since IN there EX doubtless RB exist VVP quantitative JJ conditions NNS for IN every DT qualitative JJ change NN , , it PP may MD seem VV theoretically RB possible JJ for IN science NN some DT day NN to TO catch VV up RP with IN the DT art NN of IN creation NN . SENT This DT supposition NN , , however RB , , assumes VVZ that IN the DT number NN of IN permutations NNS and CC combinations NNS in IN nature NN is VBZ limited VVN , , and CC that WDT , , therefore RB , , in IN some DT extensive JJ run NN history NN does VVZ repeat VV itself PP . SENT The DT final JJ victory NN of IN science NN thus RB seems VVZ to TO depend VV upon IN the DT adoption NN of IN a DT cyclical JJ view NN of IN the DT history NN of IN the DT universe NN . SENT But CC , , for IN all DT present JJ practical JJ purposes NNS of IN social JJ processes NNS , , science NN is VBZ so RB far RB removed VVN from IN this DT perfection NN that IN the DT economist NN and CC the DT sociologist NN are VBP continually RB compelled VVN to TO allow VV for IN unpredictable JJ changes NNS of IN such JJ frequency NN and CC of IN such JJ determinant JJ importance NN that IN their PP$ claim NN to TO direct VV the DT general JJ will NN and CC to TO mould VV the DT conscious JJ policy NN of IN a DT society NN must MD be VB very RB modestly RB expressed VVN . SENT Such JJ laws NNS of IN causation NN as IN they PP derive VV from IN past JJ observation NN and CC experiment NN must MD usually RB be VB conceived VVN as IN laws NNS of IN tendencies NNS , , seldom RB endowed VVN with IN any DT rigorous JJ authority NN of IN close JJ determination NN , , and CC still RB more RBR seldom RB with IN accuracy NN of IN quantitative JJ prediction NN . SENT 9 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ sometimes RB supposed VVN that IN this DT hampering VVG effect NN of IN the DT uniqueness NN , , irregularity NN , , novelty NN and CC freedom NN of IN the DT individual JJ and CC social JJ organisms NNS can MD be VB got VVN rid JJ of IN by IN a DT process NN of IN multiplication NN in IN which WDT particular JJ eccentricities NNS will MD cancel VV . SENT To TO economists NNS , , in IN particular JJ , , there EX is VBZ a DT strong JJ temptation NN to TO fall VV back RB upon IN the DT average JJ man NN , , in IN the DT belief NN that IN scientific JJ determinism NN justifies VVZ itself PP through IN averages NNS . SENT Now RB the DT radical JJ defect NN of IN measurement NN by IN averages NNS , , as IN a DT mode NN of IN social JJ valuation NN , , has VHZ already RB been VBN disclosed VVN . SENT The DT ascertained VVN fact NN that IN the DT average JJ money NN income NN , , or CC even RB the DT average JJ real JJ income NN , , of IN the DT British JJ people NNS may MD have VH risen VVN 10 CD within IN the DT last JJ decade NN , , disables VVZ itself PP , , by IN the DT very JJ process NN of IN averaging NN , , from IN informing VVG us PP as IN to TO the DT effect NN of IN this DT increase NN of IN national JJ wealth NN upon IN national JJ welfare NN . SENT For IN this DT effect NN depends VVZ upon IN the DT distribution NN of IN the DT increase NN , , and CC the DT process NN of IN averaging NN consists VVZ in IN ignoring VVG this DT vital JJ fact NN of IN distribution NN . SENT This DT defect NN of IN averages NNS for IN purposes NNS of IN interpretation NN , , of IN course NN , , involves VVZ a DT consequent JJ defect NN for IN purposes NNS of IN guidance NN in IN economic JJ conduct NN . SENT The DT calculation NN that IN a DT given VVN course NN of IN national JJ conduct NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , the DT expenditure NN of IN so RB many JJ millions NNS upon IN improved JJ transport NN , , will MD raise VV the DT national JJ or CC average JJ income NN by IN so RB much JJ , , loses VVZ all PDT the DT worth NN of IN its PP$ superficial JJ exactitude NN unless IN we PP know VVP how WRB much RB of IN the DT increase NN is VBZ going VVG to TO the DT landlord NN in IN rising VVG rent NN , , how WRB much JJ to TO the DT labourer NN in IN rising VVG wages NNS . SENT This DT , , of IN course NN , , involves VVZ no DT repudiation NN of IN the DT true JJ utility NN of IN averages NNS , , but CC only RB of IN the DT spurious JJ accuracy NN which WDT their PP$ forms NNS suggest VVP . SENT The DT exact JJ statement NN that IN the DT average JJ income NN of IN an DT English JJ family NN has VHZ risen VVN 10 CD in IN the DT last JJ decade NN does VVZ imply VV a DT reasonable JJ probability NN that IN an DT increase NN of IN total JJ national JJ welfare NN has VHZ taken VVN place NN . SENT 8 CD But CC it PP gives VVZ no DT information NN as RB to TO the DT amount NN of IN that DT increase NN , , and CC is VBZ consistent JJ with IN the DT fact NN that IN there EX may MD have VH been VBN a DT decrease NN , , owing VVG to TO a DT worsening NN of IN the DT distribution NN of IN the DT growing VVG income NN , , or CC of IN the DT labour NN and CC other JJ costs NNS involved VVN in IN its PP$ production NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT So RB far RB upon IN the DT supposition NN that IN welfare NN is VBZ a DT quantity NN . SENT It PP will MD occur VV to TO statisticians NNS that IN the DT information NN to TO be VB got VVN from IN averages NNS of IN income NN may MD be VB justified VVN by IN nicer JJR discrimination NN . SENT If IN , , in IN addition NN to TO learning VVG that IN the DT average JJ income NN of IN all DT families NNS has VHZ risen VVN 10 CD , , we PP discovered VVD the DT different JJ percentages NNS which WDT had VHD been VBN added VVN to TO rent VV , , interest NN , , profits NNS and CC wages NNS , , or CC , , better RBR still RB , , the DT ratio NN of IN increase NN for IN the DT different JJ income NN levels NNS , , we PP should MD surely RB then RB , , by IN this DT extended JJ use NN of IN averages NNS , , get VV nearer JJR towards IN a DT quantitative JJ estimate NN of IN the DT increase NN of IN welfare NN that WDT had VHD been VBN achieved VVN . SENT This DT must MD certainly RB be VB admitted VVN . SENT By IN the DT nicer JJR and CC more RBR complex JJ application NN of IN these DT measures NNS , , we PP should MD approach VV a DT more RBR accurate JJ account NN of IN welfare NN , , so RB far RB as IN it PP is VBZ ultimately RB expressible JJ in IN terms NNS of IN quantity NN . SENT If IN we PP discovered VVD that IN a DT proposed VVN course NN of IN national JJ policy NN would MD not RB only RB increase VV the DT average JJ income NN by IN 10 CD but CC would MD increase VV the DT lower JJR incomes NNS of IN the DT population NN in IN a DT higher JJR ratio NN , , we PP should MD seem VV to TO have VH got VVN a DT scientific JJ warrant NN for IN the DT policy NN . SENT But CC even RB this DT degree NN of IN scientific JJ authority NN would MD be VB purchased VVN to TO some DT extent NN by IN an DT artificial JJ simplification NN of IN the DT actual JJ problem NN of IN social JJ economy NN . SENT To TO the DT statesman NN no DT problem NN of IN actual JJ finance NN is VBZ capable JJ of IN being VBG set VVN in IN such JJ distinctively RB quantitative JJ terms NNS . SENT Not RB merely RB cannot VV an DT earthly JJ Chancellor NP of IN the DT Exchequer NP know VV how WRB much RB can MD be VB added VVN to TO the DT incomes NNS of IN the DT several JJ classes NNS by IN the DT expenditure NN of IN so RB many JJ millions NNS upon IN transport NN , , or CC upon IN any DT other JJ single JJ service NN , , but CC , , if IN he PP could MD , , he PP would MD not RB be VB much RB nearer JJR to TO the DT standard NN he PP requires VVZ . SENT There EX are VBP many JJ different JJ ways NNS of IN raising VVG the DT revenue NN in IN question NN and CC an DT infinite JJ number NN of IN combinations NNS of IN these DT ways NNS . SENT The DT same JJ holds VVZ of IN expenditure NN . SENT To TO take VV the DT simplest JJS case NN . SENT the DT ten CD millions NNS that IN he PP raises VVZ may MD be VB applied VVN to TO transport VV , , or CC to TO education NN , , or CC to TO defence NN , , all PDT the DT sum NN or CC any DT proportion NN , , to TO each DT . SENT Each DT expenditure NN claims VVZ to TO be VB beneficial JJ , , an DT outlay NN for IN public JJ welfare NN . SENT But CC the DT benefit NN in IN the DT several JJ outlays NNS is VBZ not RB equally RB presentable JJ in IN terms NNS of IN money NN income NN , , and CC , , so RB far RB as IN definitely RB economic JJ gains NNS accrue VV , , they PP are VBP not RB equally RB immediate JJ or CC equally RB assured VVN . SENT It PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN no DT amount NN of IN possession NN of IN statistical JJ knowledge NN can MD possibly RB reduce VV the DT problem NN entirely RB , , or CC even RB mainly RB , , to TO one CD of IN quantitative JJ calculation NN . SENT It PP is VBZ equally RB true JJ that IN when WRB the DT problem NN is VBZ solved VVN , , its PP$ solution NN will MD appear VV in IN quantitative JJ shape NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , so RB much JJ money NN for IN transport NN , , so RB much RB for IN education NN , , so RB much RB for IN defence NN . SENT It PP will MD seem VV to TO have VH been VBN worked VVN out RP by IN reducing VVG the DT three CD forms NNS of IN desired VVN benefits NNS to TO common JJ terms NNS , , and CC then RB dividing VVG the DT ten CD millions NNS among IN them PP so RB as RB to TO secure VV an DT equivalence NN of IN gains NNS at IN the DT margins NNS . SENT Economists NNS will MD point VV out RP triumphantly RB the DT alleged JJ fact NN that IN the DT last JJ 100 CD spent VVD on IN education NN produces VVZ a DT national JJ return NN of IN welfare NN exactly RB equal JJ to TO that DT obtained VVN by IN the DT last JJ 100 CD spent VVD on IN gunboats NNS , , though IN his PP$ assertion NN remains VVZ inherently RB insusceptible JJ of IN proof NN . SENT In IN truth NN , , the DT Chancellor's NP mind NN does VVZ not RB work VV in IN this DT way NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN his PP$ statecraft NN is VBZ disinterested JJ , , or CC even RB allowing VVG for IN every DT form NN of IN bias NN , , his PP$ mind NN forms VVZ an DT ideal NN of IN social JJ progress NN , , of IN a DT happier JJR or CC better JJR state NN of IN things NNS , , and CC allots VVZ the DT outlay NN of IN his PP$ ten CD millions NNS in IN an DT endeavour NN to TO assist VV in IN realising VVG this DT ideal NN . SENT Now RB the DT ideal NN itself PP is VBZ not RB chiefly RB a DT product NN of IN quantitative JJ calculus NN , , but CC of IN his PP$ more JJR or CC less RBR informed JJ imagination NN , , and CC his PP$ more JJR or CC less JJR wholesome JJ sympathies NNS . SENT His PP$ views NNS as RB to TO the DT means NN of IN realising VVG this DT ideal NN can MD never RB be VB purely RB scientific JJ , , though IN science NN may MD here RB be VB of IN considerable JJ assistance NN . SENT If IN , , treating VVG expenditure NN more RBR widely RB as IN an DT act NN of IN public JJ policy NN , , we PP consider VVP it PP as IN an DT operation NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN of IN the DT community NN , , a DT true JJ act NN of IN political JJ economy NN , , the DT problem NN remains VVZ essentially RB the DT same JJ . SENT When WRB looked VVD at IN through IN scientific JJ spectacles NNS , , it PP is VBZ a DT purely RB quantitative JJ and CC mechanically RB ordered VVN act NN , , because IN the DT scientific JJ method NN by IN its PP$ very JJ modus NN operandi NNS ignores VVZ the DT qualitative JJ factors NNS . SENT So IN the DT nation NN is VBZ supposed VVN to TO balance VV this DT gain NN against IN another DT , , and CC to TO lay VV out RP its PP$ revenue NN so RB as RB to TO get VV the DT largest JJS aggregate NN of IN some DT common JJ homogeneous JJ stuff NN called VVD welfare NN , , in IN such PDT a DT way NN that IN the DT last JJ 100 CD spent VVD on IN education NN is VBZ equivalent JJ in IN its PP$ yield NN of IN this DT welfare NN to TO the DT last JJ 100 CD spent VVD on IN the DT latest JJS super JJ dreadnaught NN , , or CC the DT last JJ lot NN of IN old JJ age NN pensions NNS . SENT In IN truth NN , , the DT common NN will MD no DT more JJR functions NNS in IN this DT fashion NN than IN the DT personal JJ will NN of IN the DT Chancellor NP . SENT In IN each DT case NN Statecraft NN is VBZ an DT Art NN , , and CC the DT financial JJ policy NN is VBZ an DT artistic JJ or CC creative JJ work NN in IN which WDT quantities NNS are VBP used VVN but CC do VVP not RB direct VV or CC dominate VV . SENT By IN this DT line NN of IN argument NN it PP may MD appear VV as RB if IN we PP had VHD repudiated VVN the DT entire JJ utility NN of IN a DT scientific JJ calculus NN . SENT This DT , , however RB , , is VBZ not RB the DT case NN . SENT For IN though RB all PDT the DT determinant JJ acts NNS of IN policy NN or CC welfare NN , , performed VVN by IN an DT individual NN or CC a DT society NN , , involve VVP organic JJ unity NN of IN design NN , , and CC the DT qualitative JJ considerations NNS appertaining VVG thereto RB , , important JJ and CC indeed RB necessary JJ assistance NN is VBZ rendered VVN by IN the DT quantitative JJ analysis NN of IN past JJ acts NNS expressed VVN in IN the DT form NN of IN scientific JJ generalisations NNS . SENT A DT clearer JJR understanding NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC extent NN of IN this DT cooperation NN between IN science NN and CC art NN in IN the DT conduct NN of IN life NN enforces VVZ this DT truth NN . SENT 11 CD . SENT Science NP takes VVZ its PP$ stand NN upon IN a DT twofold JJ application NN of IN the DT assumption NN of IN the DT uniformity NN of IN Nature NP , , first RB , , that IN all DT differences NNS of IN composition NN can MD be VB treated VVN as IN differences NNS of IN quantity NN or CC degree NN , , secondly RB , , that DT history NN repeats VVZ itself PP . SENT Now RB , , just RB so RB far RB as IN these DT assumptions NNS fit VVP the DT facts NNS , , Science NP is VBZ valid JJ for IN interpretation NN and CC for IN guidance NN . SENT This DT explains VVZ why WRB astronomy NN , , physics NN and CC chemistry NN are VBP more RBR exact JJ sciences NNS than IN biology NN or CC psychology NN , , and CC why WRB they PP are VBP able JJ to TO give VV more RBR reliable JJ and CC authoritative JJ rules NNS for IN the DT arts NNS of IN navigation NN , , engineering NN and CC drug NN making NN , , than IN the DT latter JJ can NN for IN medicine NN , , for IN breeding VVG or CC for IN education NN . SENT Edward NP Carpenter NP has VHZ remarked VVN that DT astronomy NN is VBZ the DT most RBS exact JJ of IN the DT applied VVN sciences NNS , , because IN we PP know VVP least JJS about IN it PP , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , because IN we PP treat VVP its PP$ subject JJ matter NN almost RB entirely RB from IN the DT single JJ quantitative JJ standpoint NN of IN space NN relations NNS . SENT In IN all DT arts NNS dealing VVG entirely RB or CC mainly RB with IN inorganic JJ matter NN science NN occupies VVZ a DT seat NN of IN high JJ authority NN , , because IN of IN the DT high JJ relative JJ uniformity NN of IN this DT matter NN and CC the DT comparative JJ regularity NN of IN its PP$ behaviour NN . SENT In IN physics NN or CC in IN inorganic JJ chemistry NN the DT individual JJ differences NNS or CC eccentricities NNS of IN the DT material NN are VBP so RB trivial JJ that IN they PP can MD usually RB be VB disregarded VVD , , and CC history NN repeats VVZ itself PP with IN so RB much JJ regularity NN that IN quantitative JJ laws NNS apply VVP . SENT The DT passage NN from IN the DT inorganic JJ to TO the DT organic JJ involves VVZ , , as IN we PP recognise VV , , a DT double JJ assertion NN of IN the DT qualitative JJ . SENT first RB , , in IN respect NN of IN the DT unity NN and CC uniqueness NN of IN the DT organic JJ structure NN , , and CC secondly RB , , by IN reason NN of IN the DT novelty NN that WDT attends VVZ each DT act NN of IN organic JJ change NN , , vital JJ movement NN , , assimilation NN , , growth NN , , reproduction NN or CC decay NN . SENT The DT uniqueness NN of IN the DT individual JJ organism NN and CC the DT novelty NN of IN each DT of IN its PP$ changes NNS are VBP an DT assertion NN of IN the DT qualitative JJ nature NN of IN the DT subject JJ matter NN . SENT So RB far RB as IN this DT qualitative JJ nature NN prevails VVZ and CC counts VVZ for IN conduct NN , , scientific JJ analysis NN is VBZ impotent JJ for IN interpretation NN and CC advice NN . SENT When WRB organic JJ matter NN attains VVZ the DT character NN of IN consciousness NN and CC the DT still RB higher JJR character NN of IN self NN consciousness NN , , the DT qualitative JJ considerations NNS reach VVP a DT maximum NN , , and CC the DT interpretation NN and CC directive NN power NN of IN science NN a DT minimum NN . SENT But CC that DT minimum NN must MD not RB be VB disparaged VVD . SENT It PP is VBZ not RB inconsiderable JJ . SENT The DT assistance NN which WDT scientific JJ laws NNS can MD render VV to TO the DT finest JJS arts NNS of IN human JJ conduct NN is VBZ very RB important JJ and CC is VBZ capable JJ of IN constant JJ augmentation NN . SENT For IN so RB far RB as IN human JJ nature NN is VBZ uniform JJ and CC stable JJ among IN the DT units NNS which WDT constitute VVP the DT life NN whose WP$ conduct NN and CC welfare NN are VBP in IN question NN , , the DT interpretation NN and CC direction NN of IN science NN has VHZ validity NN . SENT To TO this DT extent NN a DT utilitarian JJ calculus NN , , based VVN upon IN analysis NN of IN past JJ experience NN , , can MD aid VV the DT statesman NN or CC the DT philanthropist NN in IN working VVG out RP his PP$ design NN . SENT In IN the DT region NN of IN industry NN the DT extent NN of IN this DT scientific JJ service NN will MD be VB even RB greater JJR than IN in IN the DT arts NNS of IN conduct VV whose WP$ material NN is VBZ more RBR exclusively RB organic JJ or CC psychical JJ . SENT For IN industry NN , , considered VVN as IN an DT art NN of IN human JJ welfare NN , , will MD consist VV largely RB in IN the DT orderly JJ and CC progressive JJ adaptation NN of IN inorganic JJ matter NN , , or CC of IN organic JJ matter NN whose WP$ organic JJ differences NNS can MD be VB ignored VVN , , to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN those DT needs NNS of IN mankind NN in IN which WDT men NNS are VBP similar JJ . SENT That DT is VBZ to TO say VV , , in IN industry NN there RB exists VVZ and CC will MD remain VV a DT great JJ deal NN of IN work NN and CC of IN consumption NN which WDT is VBZ essentially RB of IN a DT uniform JJ or CC routine JJ character NN , , requiring VVG to TO be VB done VVN by IN measured JJ rules NNS , , and CC depending VVG for IN its PP$ utility NN upon IN the DT exclusion NN of IN all DT individuality NN or CC quality NN . SENT This DT applies VVZ , , not RB only RB to TO those DT industrial JJ processes NNS which WDT we PP term VV strictly RB mechanical JJ , , but CC to TO a DT great JJ many JJ others NNS where WRB quality NN is VBZ a DT matter NN of IN comparative JJ indifference NN . SENT In IN the DT progressive JJ economy NN of IN human JJ welfare NN mechanical JJ or CC routine JJ production NN will MD even RB frequently RB displace VV an DT art NN in IN which WDT quality NN was VBD once RB displayed VVN . SENT So RB home RB baking VVG , , into IN which WDT no DT small JJ degree NN of IN culinary JJ skill NN could MD go VV , , has VHZ given VVN way NN to TO machine NN baking VVG in IN which WDT the DT element NN of IN personal JJ skill NN plays VVZ a DT diminished JJ part NN , , and CC on IN which WDT the DT individual JJ taste NN of IN the DT consumer NN exerts VVZ little JJ directive NN influence NN . SENT This DT may MD be VB taken VVN as IN a DT typical JJ example NN of IN the DT displacement NN of IN qualitative JJ art NN by IN quantitative JJ mechanism NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , of IN course NN , , of IN very RB wide JJ extension NN , , being NN , , in IN fact NN , , commensurate JJ with IN the DT application NN of IN scientific JJ methods NNS in IN the DT world NN of IN industry NN . SENT Indeed RB , , the DT sciences NNS of IN chemistry NN and CC physics NN , , botany NN and CC biology NN , , are VBP everywhere RB invading VVG the DT arts NNS of IN industry NN and CC imposing VVG rules NNS upon IN industrial JJ processes NNS . SENT Even RB more RBR significant JJ is VBZ the DT application NN of IN the DT still RB infantile JJ science NN of IN psychology NN to TO the DT arts NNS of IN business NN organisation NN and CC enterprise NN and CC of IN marketing NN . SENT How WRB can MD psychology NN assist VV in IN the DT delicate JJ art NN of IN recommending VVG goods NNS to TO possible JJ purchasers NNS . SENT Only RB on IN the DT supposition NN that IN there EX is VBZ sufficient JJ uniformity NN and CC stability NN in IN human JJ nature NN to TO enable VV the DT measured VVN rules NNS of IN past JJ experiment NN upon IN other JJ men NNS to TO hold VV of IN this DT man NN . SENT Only RB so RB far RB as IN men NNS are VBP really RB the DT same JJ sort NN of IN stuff NN , , or CC so RB far RB as IN any DT differences NNS are VBP measurable JJ and CC calculable JJ . SENT Novelty NN alone RB can MD baffle VV applied VVN science NN . SENT If IN it PP were VBD true JJ , , as IN some DT appear VVP to TO think VV , , that IN machinery NN and CC routine JJ method NN were VBD destined VVN continually RB to TO absorb VV a DT larger JJR and CC larger JJR proportion NN of IN human JJ work NN , , and CC to TO direct VV a DT larger JJR and CC larger JJR share NN of IN human JJ life NN , , economic JJ science NN with IN its PP$ quantitative JJ calculus NN would MD acquire VV a DT continual JJ increase NN of IN exactitude NN , , and CC a DT growing VVG capacity NN for IN direction NN in IN the DT art NN of IN social JJ conduct NN . SENT But CC if IN , , as RB seems VVZ more RBR reasonable JJ , , progressive JJ industry NN must MD serve VV to TO feed VV a DT richer JJR liberty NN and CC novelty NN of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ life NN , , the DT domain NN of IN quantitative JJ calculus NN , , though IN absolutely RB enlarging VVG , , may MD be VB relatively RB shrinking VVG . SENT We PP now RB seem VVP able JJ to TO get VV a DT more RBR accurate JJ understanding NN of IN what WP a DT scientific JJ calculus NN can MD do VV for IN the DT assistance NN of IN the DT art NN of IN social JJ welfare NN . SENT It PP can MD do VV for IN that DT art NN what WP it PP can MD do VV for IN every DT other JJ art NN , , viz NN . SENT , , furnish VV rules NNS for IN the DT regular JJ . SENT So RB far RB as IN the DT stuff NN which WDT constitutes VVZ or CC composes VVZ human JJ welfare NN is VBZ uniform JJ , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , so RB far RB as IN men NNS are VBP alike RB in IN their PP$ needs NNS , , and CC the DT material NN for IN the DT satisfaction NN of IN these DT needs NNS is VBZ similar JJ , , it PP can MD supply VV rules NNS of IN social JJ economy NN which WDT will MD have VH a DT high JJ degree NN of IN validity NN . SENT Though IN no DT two CD human JJ organisms NNS are VBP identical JJ in IN structure NN , , all DT human JJ organisms NNS within IN a DT wide JJ range NN of IN environment NN are VBP so RB similar JJ in IN the DT kinds NNS of IN food NN , , air NN and CC other JJ material NN goods NNS which WDT they PP require VVP , , that IN it PP is VBZ sound JJ social JJ policy NN to TO ignore VV their PP$ differences NNS and CC to TO treat VV them PP as RB identical JJ in IN the DT qualities NNS of IN their PP$ demands NNS and CC dissimilar JJ only RB in IN the DT quantities NNS . SENT The DT practical JJ economy NN of IN markets NNS stands VVZ upon IN this DT basis NN , , and CC the DT quantitative JJ treatment NN finds VVZ its PP$ true JJ justification NN in IN the DT utility NN of IN markets NNS . SENT There EX can MD be VB no DT market NN for IN the DT single JJ or CC singular JJ consumer NN . SENT A DT market NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , a DT practical JJ instrument NN for IN measurement NN of IN economic JJ wants VVZ , , implies VVZ a DT standardisation NN of IN the DT desires NNS of IN buyers NNS and CC sellers NNS . SENT Just RB so RB far RB as IN the DT members NNS of IN an DT economic JJ community NN are VBP thus RB standardised VVN in IN their PP$ preferences NNS , , are VBP economic JJ laws NNS applicable JJ . SENT Thus RB , , for IN the DT scientific JJ interpretation NN of IN such PDT a DT community NN , , much RB depends VVZ upon IN the DT relative JJ strength NN and CC importance NN of IN the DT standardising VVG and CC the DT individualising VVG forces NNS . SENT In IN a DT society NN where WRB the DT so RB called VVN arts NNS of IN industry NN and CC of IN consumption NN have VHP alike RB passed VVN by IN imitation NN or CC tradition NN into IN firm NN conventions NNS from IN which WDT the DT least JJS transgression NN is VBZ branded VVN as IN an DT impiety NN or CC a DT wickedness NN , , economic JJ laws NNS , , based VVN upon IN a DT sufficient JJ study NN of IN the DT past JJ and CC present JJ , , will MD enable VV one PP to TO predict VV the DT future NN with IN considerable JJ accuracy NN . SENT Primitive JJ or CC backward RB communities NNS are VBP usually RB in IN this DT conservative JJ condition NN . SENT Moreover RB , , as IN they PP advance VVP and CC become VVP economically RB progressive JJ , , it PP is VBZ observable JJ that IN the DT most RBS conservative JJ and CC most RBS calculable JJ wants VVZ and CC activities NNS are VBP those DT relating VVG to TO the DT satisfaction NN of IN the DT primary JJ material NN needs NNS . SENT Hence RB it PP is VBZ evident JJ that IN scientific JJ predictions NNS , , based VVN either RB upon IN general JJ considerations NNS of IN human JJ nature NN or CC upon IN past JJ measurements NNS , , will MD come VV nearest IN to TO fulfilment NN , , according VVG as IN they PP relate VVP to TO the DT production NN and CC consumption NN of IN those DT articles NNS most RBS deeply RB embedded VVN in IN the DT standard NN of IN living NN . SENT Conveniences NNS and CC comforts NNS are VBP more RBR changeable JJ than IN necessaries NN , , and CC luxuries NNS most RBS changeable JJ of IN all DT . SENT Now RB the DT marginal JJ or CC least RBS useful JJ portion NN of IN those DT supplies NNS , , which WDT in IN the DT earlier JJR or CC most RBS useful JJ increments NNS satisfy VV some DT prime JJ need NN , , are VBP often RB luxuries NNS . SENT The DT marginal JJ portion NN of IN the DT wheat NN supply NN goes VVZ for IN cakes NNS , , or CC is VBZ thrown VVN into IN the DT dust NN bin NN as IN waste NN bread NN . SENT the DT marginal JJ oil NN goes VVZ into IN motor NN rides NNS . SENT Taking VVG expenditure NN in IN general JJ , , we PP find VVP the DT last JJ ten CD per IN cent NN of IN every DT income NN most RBS incalculable JJ in IN its PP$ outlay NN , , because IN it PP represents VVZ those DT purchases NNS in IN which WDT custom NN is VBZ weakest JJS and CC individual JJ taste NN or CC opportunity NN the DT strongest JJS . SENT In IN a DT word NN , , it PP is VBZ precisely RB in IN those DT economic JJ actions NNS which WDT express VVP marginal JJ preferences NNS , , the DT pivot VV of IN the DT mechanical JJ calculus NN , , that WDT we PP find VVP the DT maximum NN of IN instability NN and CC incalculability NN . SENT For IN each DT of IN these DT nice JJ marginal JJ preferences NNS proceeds NNS directly RB from IN the DT changing VVG nature NN of IN the DT organic JJ personality NN . SENT Whereas IN fifty CD per IN cent NN of IN a DT man's JJ expenditure NN may MD express VV the DT common JJ satisfaction NN of IN the DT fixed JJ physical NN needs VVZ which WDT custom NN has VHZ embedded VVN in IN a DT standard NN of IN subsistence NN , , thirty CD per IN cent NN the DT lighter JJR but CC fairly RB stable JJ comforts NNS belonging VVG to TO his PP$ class NN , , the DT last JJ twenty CD per IN cent NN is VBZ the DT part NN in IN which WDT he PP expresses VVZ his PP$ individual JJ character NN and CC his PP$ cravings NNS for IN personal JJ distinction NN and CC variety NN of IN enjoyment NN . SENT The DT formal JJ invalidity NN of IN the DT marginalist NN method NN has VHZ already RB been VBN disclosed VVN . SENT The DT considerations NNS just RB adduced VVD indicate VV its PP$ practical JJ futility NN as IN a DT means NN of IN guidance NN for IN economic JJ art NN . SENT Neither CC as IN a DT deductive JJ nor CC as IN an DT inductive JJ science NN can MD Economics NP furnish VV accurate JJ rules NNS for IN calculating VVG or CC directing VVG future JJ economic JJ events NNS . SENT It PP can MD only RB prophesy VV within IN such JJ limits NNS as RB are VBP set VVN by IN the DT assumptions NNS of IN the DT stability NN of IN human JJ nature NN and CC of IN its PP$ environment NN . SENT Its PP$ rules NNS or CC laws NNS will MD best RBS interpret VV and CC predict VV those DT economic JJ actions NNS which WDT are VBP most RBS remote JJ from IN the DT margin NN , , i NP . SENT e SYM . SENT , , those DT which WDT are VBP most RBS conservative JJ or CC regular JJ . SENT Marginal JJ preferences NNS will MD therefore RB be VB precisely RB those DT which WDT it PP is VBZ precluded VVN from IN interpreting VVG or CC predicting VVG by IN the DT necessary JJ defect NN of IN the DT intellectual JJ instrument NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT Thus RB the DT final JJ futility NN of IN the DT mechanical JJ method NN of IN marginalism NN lies VVZ in IN its PP$ insistence NN upon IN applying VVG a DT quantitative JJ method NN of IN interpretation NN to TO the DT most RBS qualitative JJ portion NN of IN the DT subject JJ matter NN , , that DT portion NN where WRB the DT organic JJ conditions NNS of IN personality NN and CC novelty NN are VBP of IN paramount JJ significance NN . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP is VBZ for IN this DT reason NN that IN economic JJ science NN , , though RB able JJ to TO supply VV relevant JJ and CC important JJ evidence NN , , can MD never RB solve VV conclusively RB any DT social JJ economic JJ problem NN , , even RB in IN that DT field NN of IN action NN where WRB her PP$ authority NN is VBZ most RBS strongly RB asserted VVN . SENT A DT given VVN rise NN or CC fall NN of IN price NN can MD never RB produce VV the DT same JJ effect NN upon IN demand NN twice RB running VVG . SENT Why WRB . SENT Because IN the DT desires NNS and CC beliefs NNS of IN the DT more RBR unsettled JJ section NN of IN buyers NNS , , the DT marginal JJ buyers NNS , , will MD have VH changed VVN . SENT Nor CC can MD this DT alteration NN in IN effect NN upon IN demand NN be VB calculated VVN . SENT Why WRB not RB . SENT Because IN the DT changes NNS in IN desires NNS and CC beliefs NNS are VBP organic JJ qualitative JJ changes NNS . SENT Observations NNS of IN past JJ price NN movements NNS and CC laws NNS based VVN upon IN them PP are VBP not RB thereby RB rendered VVN useless JJ . SENT For IN these DT organic JJ changes NNS will MD often RB be VB negligible JJ so RB far RB as IN the DT bulk NN of IN the DT market NN is VBZ concerned VVN . SENT But CC they PP negate VV the DT possibilities NNS of IN exact JJ prediction NN , , and CC often RB of IN approximate JJ predictions NNS on IN the DT margin NN . SENT This DT is VBZ why WRB the DT great JJ business NN man NN often RB prefers VVZ to TO act VV by IN intuition NN than IN by IN express JJ calculation NN . SENT He PP recognises VVZ that IN , , so RB far RB as IN the DT more JJR delicate JJ judgments NNS are VBP concerned VVN , , his PP$ feeling NN of IN how WRB things NNS will MD go VV is VBZ more RBR trustworthy JJ than IN any DT estimate NN . SENT He PP does VVZ not RB act VV blindly RB . SENT He PP feeds VVZ and CC forties NNS his PP$ mind NN with IN facts NNS and CC figures NNS , , until IN he PP is VBZ steeped VVN in IN familiarity NN with IN the DT subject JJ matter NN . SENT But CC he PP does VVZ not RB deliberately RB balance VV against IN one PP another DT these DT measured VVN forces NNS and CC commit VV himself PP to TO the DT resultant JJ . SENT For IN he PP is VBZ aware JJ that IN the DT problem NN is VBZ not RB one CD of IN mere JJ mechanics NNS , , a DT counting VVG house NN proposition NN , , but CC one CD involving VVG for IN its PP$ solution NN sympathy NN and CC imagination NN . SENT But CC the DT crucial JJ instance NN of IN the DT organic JJ and CC spiritual JJ nature NN of IN a DT distinctly RB economic JJ problem NN is VBZ in IN the DT case NN of IN credit NN . SENT The DT mathematical JJ mechanical JJ treatment NN claims NNS to TO find VV its PP$ supreme JJ justification NN in IN the DT part NN played VVN by IN money NN , , the DT most RBS abstract JJ of IN economic JJ phenomena NNS . SENT Credit NN , , in IN its PP$ objective JJ sense NN , , is VBZ the DT economic JJ plenipotentiary NN , , the DT absolute JJ representative NN of IN economic JJ power NN . SENT For IN he PP who WP has VHZ credit NN has VHZ the DT command NN of IN land NN , , capital NN , , labour NN , , ability NN of IN every DT sort NN , , at IN any DT time NN and CC in IN any DT place NN . SENT Credit NN is VBZ productive JJ power NN and CC purchasing NN power NN , , for IN he PP who WP possesses VVZ it PP can MD convert VV it PP into IN any DT sort NN of IN supply NN or CC demand NN he PP chooses VVZ . SENT It PP is VBZ absolutely RB quantitative JJ , , fluid JJ , , divisible JJ and CC measurable JJ . SENT Such JJ is VBZ credit NN , , treated VVN objectively RB by IN economic JJ science NN . SENT But CC credit NN is VBZ also RB the DT heart NN and CC brains NNS of IN the DT industrial JJ system NN . SENT Subjectively RB regarded VVN , , it PP is VBZ an DT essentially RB spiritual JJ thing NN , , a DT delicate JJ , , sensitive JJ creature NN of IN human JJ beliefs NNS and CC desires NNS . SENT Its PP$ volume NN and CC its PP$ power NN for IN practical JJ work NN are VBP affected VVN by IN this DT spiritual JJ nature NN . SENT For IN its PP$ springs NNS are VBP fear NN , , hope NN , , prestige NN , , superstition NN , , sympathy NN and CC understanding NN . SENT Its PP$ true JJ basis NN is VBZ neither DT gold NN , , nor CC goods NNS , , but CC credibility NN . SENT And CC that DT quality NN of IN credibility NN is VBZ fluctuating VVG all PDT the DT time NN for IN every DT individual NN , , every DT business NN , , every DT state NN . SENT New JJ unpredictable JJ events NNS are VBP constantly RB affecting VVG it PP . SENT No DT one NN can MD therefore RB say VV with IN any DT assurance NN of IN correctness NN a DT Bank NP should MD keep VV 20 CD of IN its PP$ resources NNS in IN reserve NN or CC at IN call NN , , or CC put VVD any DT such JJ rigid JJ limit NN for IN the DT operations NNS of IN any DT Bank NP . SENT If IN we PP do VVP set VV any DT such JJ quantitative JJ limit NN , , we PP should MD realise VV that IN it PP is VBZ only RB a DT rough JJ practical JJ rule NN , , which WDT , , if IN interpreted VVN with IN automatic JJ rigour NN , , leads VVZ to TO waste VV and CC error NN in IN the DT actual JJ working NN of IN finance NN . SENT For IN by IN no DT plotting VVG of IN curves NNS can MD you PP reckon VV the DT future JJ flow NN of IN human JJ credibility NN , , or CC the DT application NN of IN a DT given VVN amount NN of IN concrete JJ credit NN to TO the DT ever RB changing VVG gains NNS and CC risks NNS of IN human JJ industry NN . SENT Take VV the DT critical JJ case NN of IN a DT collapse NN of IN credit NN and CC the DT run NN upon IN a DT Bank NP . SENT To TO predict VV with IN even RB approximate JJ accuracy NN the DT course NN of IN such PDT a DT run NN , , or CC to TO check VV it PP by IN calculations NNS , , based VVN upon IN past JJ experience NN of IN similar JJ crises NNS applied VVN to TO the DT records NNS of IN present JJ assets NNS and CC liabilities NNS , , would MD be VB impossible JJ . SENT Why WRB . SENT Chiefly RB because IN of IN the DT psycho JJ physical JJ factors NNS , , the DT play NN of IN organic JJ forces NNS . SENT You PP can MD calculate VV with IN close JJ exactitude NN the DT strain NN imposed VVN upon IN a DT bridge NN of IN a DT given VVN size NN , , material NN and CC structure NN by IN a DT given VVN weight NN , , distribution NN and CC pace NN of IN traffic NN . SENT You PP cannot NN calculate VVP with IN equal JJ exactitude NN the DT strain NN which WDT a DT given VVN quantity NN of IN liabilities NNS , , however RB carefully RB analysed VVN and CC graded VVN , , will MD impose VV upon IN a DT Bank NP reserve NN of IN a DT given VVN size NN . SENT The DT incalculable JJ element NN consists VVZ of IN organic JJ novelty NN , , the DT changes NNS due JJ to TO having VHG to TO deal VV with IN matter NN not RB dead JJ and CC homogeneous JJ but CC living JJ and CC organised VVN . SENT The DT citation NN of IN such JJ instances NNS is VBZ not RB designed VVN to TO prove VV that IN monetary JJ and CC other JJ statistics NNS are VBP practically RB useless JJ for IN the DT prediction NN and CC solution NN of IN social JJ economic JJ problems NNS . SENT On IN the DT contrary NN , , they PP are VBP exceedingly RB useful JJ . SENT But CC the DT formal JJ exactitude NN which WDT they PP carry VVP in IN their PP$ method NN can MD never RB be VB conveyed VVD into IN the DT work NN they PP are VBP required VVN to TO assist VV in IN doing VVG . SENT The DT most RBS abundant JJ supply NN of IN the DT most RBS accurate JJ statistics NNS , , utilised VVN by IN the DT most RBS approved VVN methods NNS of IN economic JJ science NN , , can MD only RB afford VV results NNS of IN a DT rude JJ approximate JJ validity NN , , expressed VVN in IN tendencies NNS . SENT The DT practical JJ man NN in IN business NN , , in IN politics NNS , , in IN every DT mode NN of IN social JJ conduct NN , , will MD supplement VV and CC correct VV the DT application NN of IN the DT scientific JJ rule NN by IN the DT play NN of IN private JJ judgment NN and CC intuition NN . SENT 13 CD If IN this DT is VBZ true JJ as RB regards VVZ all DT predictions NNS of IN future JJ economic JJ happenings NNS , , it PP is VBZ till IN more RBR true JJ of IN the DT conscious JJ purposive JJ guidance NN of IN these DT happenings NNS by IN the DT application NN of IN a DT human JJ standard NN of IN values NNS . SENT The DT practical JJ statesman NN or CC social JJ reformer NN , , confronted VVN with IN a DT concrete JJ social JJ problem NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , the DT demand NN for IN a DT state NN enforcement NN of IN a DT national JJ minimum NN of IN wages NNS , , local JJ option NN for IN the DT closure NN of IN public JJ houses NNS , , or CC a DT referendum NN for IN constitutional JJ changes NNS , , will MD find VV himself PP paying VVG attention NN and CC giving VVG weight NN to TO a DT number NN of IN diverse JJ and CC opposing JJ considerations NNS . SENT How WRB will MD the DT selection NN and CC the DT weighing VVG of IN these DT considerations NNS be VB brought VVN about RB . SENT Not RB directly RB and CC consciously RB by IN the DT application NN of IN what WP may MD be VB termed VVN his PP$ social JJ ideal NN , , the DT image NN in IN his PP$ soul NN of IN the DT society NN which WDT seems VVZ to TO him PP absolutely RB the DT most RBS desirable JJ . SENT The DT relation NN of IN that DT ultimate JJ ideal NN to TO the DT particular JJ scheme NN under IN consideration NN , , e NN . SENT g NN . SENT , , a DT national JJ minimum JJ wage NN , , may MD be VB too RB distant JJ and CC too RB dubious JJ to TO afford VV valuation NN and CC direction NN . SENT The DT operative JJ ideal NN will MD be VB derivative JJ , , one CD of IN a DT related JJ set NN of IN possible JJ desirables NNS , , limited JJ and CC practicable JJ ideals NNS which WDT form VVP the DT most RBS potent JJ instruments NNS of IN his PP$ statecraft NN . SENT Such PDT an DT operative JJ ideal NN for IN an DT Englishman NN at IN the DT present JJ time NN might MD be VB the DT vision NN of IN the DT State NP , , as IN the DT collective JJ will NN , , securing VVG by IN law NN a DT clearly RB conceived JJ standard NN of IN sound JJ efficient JJ life NN for IN the DT ordinary JJ working VVG class NN family NN . SENT This DT present JJ practical JJ ideal NN , , derived VVN from IN a DT wider JJR conception NN of IN the DT duty NN of IN the DT State NN in IN relation NN to TO the DT individual JJ members NNS of IN a DT civilised JJ society NN , , would MD itself PP be VB a DT far RB wider JJR scheme NN than IN the DT particular JJ proposal NN , , that WDT of IN national JJ minimum JJ wage NN , , which WDT it PP was VBD invoked VVN to TO assess VV . SENT The DT statesman NN , , enlightened VVN by IN this DT derivative JJ ideal NN , , would MD apply VV it PP as IN a DT test NN and CC standard JJ to TO the DT particular JJ proposal NN . SENT He PP would MD consider VV it PP , , not RB merely RB upon IN its PP$ own JJ merits NNS but CC as RB incorporated VVN in IN the DT more RBR complex JJ organic JJ plan NN of IN his PP$ national JJ minimum NN . SENT This DT organic JJ plan NN and CC purpose NN would MD determine VV the DT value NN he PP gave VVD to TO the DT various JJ pros NNS and CC cons NNS , , as RB for IN instance NN to TO the DT consideration NN how WRB far RB legal JJ intervention NN might MD weaken VV the DT private JJ organisation NN of IN workmen NNS in IN their PP$ trade NN unions NNS , , so RB damaging VVG other JJ benefits NNS of IN trade NN unionism NN , , or CC the DT consideration NN how WRB far RB it PP was VBD better RBR to TO wait VV and CC secure VV a DT more RBR democratically RB administered VVN State NP before IN entrusting VVG it PP with IN the DT delicate JJ function NN of IN adjusting VVG pecuniary JJ arrangements NNS between IN workmen NNS and CC employers NNS . SENT This DT plan NN or CC purpose NN of IN a DT national JJ minimum NN , , as IN a DT possible JJ desirable JJ , , will MD of IN course NN not RB remain VVP quite RB stable JJ in IN his PP$ mind NN , , will MD not RB be VB a DT rigid JJ standard NN . SENT It PP will MD change VV somewhat RB in IN pattern NN , , and CC in IN definiteness NN of IN outline NN , , as IN some DT fresh JJ outer JJ or CC inner JJ experience NN makes VVZ any DT part NN of IN it PP , , or CC the DT whole NN , , seem VVP more RBR or CC less RBR desirable JJ , , or CC more RBR or CC less RBR possible JJ , , than IN formerly RB . SENT 14 CD . SENT But CC the DT important JJ point NN to TO note VV is VBZ that WDT it PP is VBZ this DT larger JJR organic JJ plan NN or CC vision NN , , the DT character NN and CC changes NNS of IN which WDT are VBP essentially RB qualitative JJ , , that WDT furnishes VVZ the DT standard NN and CC stamps NNS with IN their PP$ respective JJ values NNS the DT various JJ considerations NNS which WDT are VBP said VVN to TO determine VV the DT practical JJ value NN of IN the DT proposal NN and CC its PP$ acceptance NN or CC rejection NN . SENT No DT social JJ economic JJ proposal NN , , however RB distinctively RB quantitative JJ it PP appears VVZ , , can MD be VB humanly RB valued VVN in IN any DT other JJ way NN . SENT It PP is VBZ for IN this DT reason NN that IN a DT mere JJ economist NN is VBZ always RB disabled JJ from IN giving VVG practical JJ advice NN in IN any DT course NN of IN conduct NN . SENT Take VV two CD examples NNS . SENT Political JJ economy NN can MD legitimately RB apply VV laws NNS of IN value NN so RB as RB to TO show VV that IN , , under IN competitive JJ conditions NNS , , a DT nation NN must MD produce VV a DT larger JJR quantity NN of IN marketable JJ goods NNS under IN a DT policy NN of IN free JJ imports NNS than IN under IN any DT sort NN of IN Tariff NN . SENT But CC that DT proof NN in IN itself PP can MD never RB be VB sufficient JJ ground NN for IN rejecting VVG either CC a DT Tariff NN for IN revenue NN , , or CC even RB a DT Tariff NN for IN protection NN . SENT For IN the DT Statesman NN can MD never RB take VV the DT maximum NN of IN marketable JJ values NNS as IN his PP$ final JJ and CC sufficient JJ test NN . SENT If IN it PP could MD be VB shown VVN that IN national JJ security NN were VBD involved VVN in IN a DT protective JJ system NN which WDT kept VVD all DT necessary JJ industries NNS within IN the DT national JJ limits NNS , , he PP might MD plead VV defence NN is VBZ more JJR than IN opulence NN . SENT Or CC , , if IN it PP could MD be VB shown VVN that IN a DT protective JJ tariff NN could MD be VB operated VVN so RB as IN to TO distribute VV a DT slightly RB reduced VVN aggregate NN of IN wealth NN in IN a DT manner NN more RBR conducive JJ to TO the DT popular JJ welfare NN and CC that IN this DT consideration NN was VBD not RB offset VVN by IN fear NN of IN corruption NN or CC of IN impaired JJ industrial JJ efficiency NN , , or CC other JJ disadvantages NNS , , the DT Statesman NN might MD rightly RB adopt VV a DT Tariff NN in IN the DT teeth NNS of IN economic JJ laws NNS . SENT 9 CD Or CC , , take VVP another DT example NN , , the DT proposal NN for IN an DT eight CD hours NNS day NN , , secured VVN by IN law NN . SENT A DT purely RB economic JJ enquiry NN might MD , , by IN considering VVG the DT elasticity NN of IN labour NN in IN various JJ employments NNS , , arrive VVP at IN the DT conclusion NN that IN a DT general JJ shortening NN of IN the DT work NN day NN would MD involve VV a DT present JJ reduction NN of IN the DT product NN by IN so RB much JJ percentage NN in IN different JJ trades NNS , , and CC that IN it PP might MD involve VV a DT reduction NN of IN profits NNS and CC of IN wages NNS and CC a DT probable JJ loss NN of IN so RB much JJ export NN trade NN in IN various JJ industries NNS . SENT It PP might MD even RB present VV some DT tentative JJ estimates NNS as RB to TO the DT effects NNS of IN the DT pressure NN of IN this DT new JJ cost NN of IN production NN in IN stimulating VVG improved JJ economies NNS in IN mines NNS , , factories NNS or CC railways NNS . SENT Such JJ information NN would MD be VB useful JJ and CC relevant JJ , , but CC not RB authoritative JJ upon IN the DT judgment NN of IN the DT Statesman NN . SENT For IN the DT social JJ value NN of IN a DT shorter JJR work NN day NN would MD depend VV mainly RB upon IN the DT organic JJ reactions NNS of IN increased JJ leisure NN upon IN the DT whole JJ standard NN of IN life NN of IN the DT working VVG family NN , , how WRB it PP affected VVD his PP$ expenditure NN of IN his PP$ wages NNS , , its PP$ effect NN upon IN his PP$ health NN , , education NN and CC recreations NNS , , the DT cultivation NN of IN family NN affection NN , , the DT better JJR performance NN of IN neighbourly JJ and CC civic JJ duties NNS , , and CC all DT that WDT is VBZ involved VVN in IN more JJR liberty NN and CC a DT larger JJR outlook NN upon IN life NN . SENT It PP is VBZ evident JJ , , in IN the DT first JJ place NN , , that IN these DT essential JJ considerations NNS lie VVP outside IN the DT calculations NNS of IN the DT economist NN , , and CC , , secondly RB , , that IN the DT actual JJ value NN set VVN on IN each DT of IN them PP will MD depend VV upon IN and CC be VB derived VVN from IN the DT whole JJ faith NN and CC social JJ vision NN of IN the DT statesman NN in IN question NN . SENT This DT social JJ or CC human JJ valuation NN of IN a DT so RB called VVN economic JJ process NN or CC good JJ , , involves VVZ then RB two CD departures NNS from IN a DT quantitative JJ calculus NN . SENT first RB , , the DT reduction NN of IN the DT particular JJ economic JJ factors NNS themselves PP from IN financial JJ or CC other JJ quantitative JJ terms NNS to TO vital JJ or CC subjective JJ terms NNS . SENT secondly RB , , the DT restoration NN of IN this DT artificially RB severed VVN economic JJ process NN to TO the DT larger JJR integrated JJ process NN of IN human JJ life NN from IN which WDT it PP was VBD abstracted VVN by IN the DT scientific JJ specialism NN of IN the DT economist NN . SENT The DT economist NN can MD find VV the DT facts NNS , , but CC he PP cannot NN find VV their PP$ human JJ importance NN or CC value NN , , because IN assigning VVG human JJ value NN means VVZ referring VVG to TO an DT extra JJ economic JJ standard NN . SENT It PP means VVZ more JJR than IN this DT . SENT It PP means VVZ a DT reference NN to TO an DT extra JJ scientific JJ standard NN , , one CD whose WP$ distinctive JJ character NN consists VVZ in IN its PP$ being VBG the DT expression NN and CC operation NN of IN the DT organic JJ complex NN of IN forces NNS composing VVG the DT social JJ personality NN as RB mirrored VVD in IN the DT conscious JJ or CC unconscious JJ efforts NNS of IN the DT individuals NNS and CC of IN the DT Society NP who WP make VVP the DT valuations NNS and CC frame VV their PP$ conduct NN upon IN them PP . SENT 15 CD . SENT In IN conclusion NN it PP is VBZ necessary JJ to TO enforce VV an DT exceedingly RB important JJ distinction NN in IN the DT conception NN of IN social JJ or CC human JJ valuation NN . SENT The DT term NN means VVZ two CD things NNS , , the DT attribution NN of IN human JJ or CC social JJ value NN by IN an DT individual JJ and CC by IN a DT society NN . SENT In IN most JJS of IN our PP$ illustrations NNS we PP have VHP taken VVN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT Statesman NN or CC the DT reformer NN , , or CC of IN some DT other JJ person NN , , and CC regarded VVN social JJ values NNS from IN his PP$ eyes NNS . SENT We PP have VHP taken VVN his PP$ ideal NN as IN a DT social JJ ideal NN . SENT So RB it PP is VBZ in IN the DT sense NN of IN being VBG his PP$ ideal NN of IN a DT society NN . SENT But CC it PP is VBZ essential JJ also RB to TO consider VV society NN as IN seeking VVG to TO realise VV its PP$ own JJ ideal NN . SENT The DT whole JJ succession NN of IN men NNS during IN many JJ ages NNS , , said VVD Pascal NP , , should MD be VB considered VVN as IN one CD Man NN , , ever RB living VVG and CC constantly RB learning VVG . SENT This DT is VBZ the DT true JJ organic JJ view NN of IN humanity NN , , regarded VVN either RB as IN a DT single JJ whole NN or CC in IN its PP$ several JJ races NNS , , nations NNS or CC communities NNS . SENT The DT apophthegm NN is VBZ not RB primarily RB of IN political JJ or CC of IN ethical JJ significance NN , , but CC a DT statement NN of IN natural JJ history NN . SENT It PP is VBZ corroborated VVN in IN a DT striking JJ manner NN by IN modern JJ biological JJ teaching NN , , with IN its PP$ continuity NN of IN the DT germ NN plasm NN , , its PP$ embryonic JJ recapitulation NN and CC its PP$ specific JJ evolution NN . SENT But CC not RB until IN natural JJ history NN is VBZ rescued VVD from IN the DT excessive JJ domination NN of IN a DT purely RB physical JJ biology NN , , and CC is VBZ read VVN in IN the DT language NN of IN collective JJ psycho JJ physics NNS , , do VVP we PP grasp VVP the DT full JJ bearing NN of IN the DT organic JJ conception NN in IN its PP$ application NN to TO a DT society NN . SENT For IN this DT conception NN of IN mankind NN as IN working VVG out RP the DT human JJ career NN by IN the DT operation NN of IN its PP$ original JJ supply NN of IN faculties NNS and CC feelings NNS , , in IN which WDT instinctive JJ physical JJ motives NNS take VVP an DT increasing VVG admixture NN of IN conscious JJ rational JJ guidance NN , , is VBZ the DT key NN to TO an DT understanding NN of IN the DT ascent NN of IN man NN . SENT There EX is VBZ no DT clear JJ evidence NN of IN the DT continuous JJ ascent NN of IN man NN regarded VVN as IN individual NN , , at IN any DT rate NN within IN historic JJ times NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ evidence NN of IN the DT ascent NN of IN human JJ society NN towards IN a DT larger JJR and CC closer JJR complexity NN of IN human JJ relations NNS and CC a DT clearer JJR intellectual JJ and CC moral JJ consciousness NN . SENT This DT means VVZ that DT mankind NN , , as IN a DT whole NN , , and CC its PP$ several JJ societies NNS , , is VBZ becoming VVG more RBR capable JJ of IN a DT human JJ valuation NN and CC of IN a DT collective JJ conduct NN of IN affairs NNS guided VVN by IN this DT conscious JJ process NN . SENT In IN politics NNS , , regarded VVN in IN its PP$ wider JJR meaning NN , , this DT truth NN has VHZ taken VVN shape NN in IN the DT modern JJ conception NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN , , which WDT in IN popularly RB governed VVN States NP functions NNS through IN public JJ opinion NN and CC representative NN institutions NNS . SENT Following VVG our PP$ examination NN of IN the DT limits NNS of IN science NN or CC rationalism NN in IN the DT processes NNS of IN valuation NN and CC of IN conduct NN on IN the DT part NN of IN individuals NNS , , we PP shall MD expect VV to TO find VV some DT corresponding JJ limits NNS in IN collective JJ man NN . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , the DT general JJ will NN of IN a DT people NNS cannot NN be VB regarded VVN , , either CC in IN its PP$ estimates NNS or CC its PP$ determinations NNS , , as IN a DT merely RB or CC a DT mainly RB calculative JJ process NN , , working VVG out RP the DT respective JJ values NNS of IN existing JJ circumstances NNS , , or CC proposed VVN changes NNS , , in IN terms NNS of IN clearly RB defined VVN utility NN . SENT It PP does VVZ not RB even RB with IN fuller JJR information NN , , wider JJR education NN and CC firmer JJR self NN control NN , , tend VVP towards IN this DT scientific JJ politics NNS . SENT Collective JJ self NN government NN , , like IN individual JJ self NN government NN , , will MD always RB remain VV essentially RB an DT art NN , , its PP$ direction NN and CC determinant JJ motives NNS being VBG creative JJ , , qualitative JJ , , and CC rooted VVN in IN the DT primal JJ instincts NNS of IN man NN . SENT 16 CD . SENT It PP is VBZ upon IN this DT conception NN of IN the DT collective JJ instincts NNS of IN society NN regarded VVN as IN an DT organism NN that IN a DT rational JJ faith NN in IN democracy NN is VBZ based VVN . SENT The DT animal NN organism NN , , itself PP a DT society NN of IN cells NNS , , is VBZ endowed VVN with IN energy NN of IN body NN and CC mind NN , , operating VVG through IN an DT equipment NN of IN instinctive JJ channels NNS towards IN its PP$ own JJ survival NN and CC development NN and CC the DT survival NN and CC development NN of IN its PP$ species NNS . SENT Where WRB there EX is VBZ danger NN lest IN too RB much JJ of IN this DT energy NN should MD be VB consumed VVN upon IN individual JJ ends NNS , , too RB little JJ on IN specific JJ ends NNS , , the DT social JJ or CC self NN sacrificing VVG instincts NNS are VBP strengthened VVN in IN the DT individual NN , , and CC are VBP reinforced VVN by IN the DT herd NN or CC specific JJ feelings NNS of IN other JJ individuals NNS , , as RB where WRB plunderers NNS of IN the DT common JJ stock NN or CC shirkers NNS in IN the DT common JJ tasks NNS are VBP destroyed VVN by IN the DT hive NN or CC herd NN . SENT The DT instinct NN for IN the DT survival NN and CC development NN of IN the DT hive NN , , herd NN or CC species NN , , cannot NN be VB satisfactorily RB explained VVN as IN belonging VVG only RB to TO the DT psycho JJ physical JJ equipment NN of IN the DT individual JJ members NNS . SENT On IN this DT basis NN , , viz NN . SENT , , that IN of IN attributing VVG a DT social JJ nature NN only RB to TO the DT individual JJ members NNS of IN a DT society NN , , the DT acts NNS of IN devotion NN and CC self NN sacrifice NN , , and CC still RB more JJR the DT acts NNS of IN preparatory JJ skill NN , , the DT elaborate JJ performance NN of IN deeds NNS that WDT are VBP means NNS to TO the DT survival NN and CC well RB being VBG of IN a DT future JJ generation NN , , become VVN mere JJ haphazard JJ miracles NNS . SENT Take VV the DT familiar JJ example NN of IN the DT Hunting NP Wasp NP . SENT The DT larvae NNS of IN the DT various JJ Hunting NP Wasps NNS demand VVP a DT motionless JJ prey NN who WP will MD not RB , , by IN defensive JJ movements NNS , , endanger VV the DT delicate JJ egg NN and CC , , afterwards RB , , the DT tiny JJ grub NN fixed VVN to TO a DT part NN of IN the DT prey NN In IN addition NN , , it PP is VBZ necessary JJ that IN this DT inert JJ prey NN shall MD be VB nevertheless RB alive JJ . SENT for IN the DT grub NN would MD not RB accept VV a DT corpse NN as IN food NN . SENT Its PP$ victuals NN must MD be VB fresh JJ meat NN and CC not RB preserved VVN provisions NNS . SENT These DT two CD antagonistic JJ conditions NNS of IN immobility NN and CC life NN the DT Hymenoptera NP realises VVZ by IN means NNS of IN paralysis NN , , which WDT destroys VVZ movement NN and CC leaves VVZ the DT organic JJ principle NN of IN life NN intact JJ . SENT With IN a DT skill NN which WDT our PP$ most RBS famous JJ vivisectors NNS would MD envy NN , , the DT insect NN drives VVZ its PP$ poison NN sting NN into IN the DT nerve NN centres VVZ , , the DT seat NN of IN muscular JJ stimulation NN . SENT The DT operator NN either RB confines VVZ himself PP to TO a DT single JJ stroke NN of IN the DT lancet NN , , or CC else RB gives VVZ two CD , , or CC three CD or CC more JJR , , according VVG to TO the DT structure NN of IN the DT particular JJ nervous JJ system NN and CC the DT number NN and CC grouping NN of IN the DT nerve NN centres VVZ . SENT The DT exact JJ anatomy NN of IN the DT victim NN guides NNS the DT needle NN . SENT 10 CD Such JJ conduct NN is VBZ not RB made VVN intelligible JJ by IN any DT other JJ hypothesis NN than IN that DT of IN a DT collective JJ life NN of IN the DT species NN , , the DT individual JJ lives NNS being NN , , in IN fact NN , , parts NNS of IN a DT common JJ specific JJ life NN towards IN which WDT they PP contribute VVP in IN a DT manner NN similar JJ to TO that DT in IN which WDT the DT cells NNS , , with IN their PP$ particular JJ lives NNS , , contribute VVP to TO the DT life NN of IN their PP$ organism NN . SENT Only RB by IN this DT application NN or CC extension NN of IN the DT organic JJ metaphor NN to TO the DT relations NNS between IN members NNS of IN an DT existing JJ generation NN , , and CC between IN successive JJ generations NNS , , can MD we PP construct VV an DT intelligible JJ sequence NN of IN causation NN between IN these DT preparatory JJ acts NNS of IN individual JJ insects NNS of IN one CD generation NN and CC the DT results NNS accruing VVG to TO other JJ individuals NNS of IN another DT generation NN . SENT This DT general JJ will NN may MD we PP not RB call VVP it PP so RB . SENT , , urging VVG the DT individuals NNS to TO the DT fulfilment NN of IN a DT purpose NN which WDT is VBZ but RB slightly RB theirs JJ , , and CC is VBZ not RB mainly RB that IN of IN the DT existing JJ generation NN , , but CC which WDT embodies VVZ the DT general JJ purpose NN of IN the DT species NN or CC some DT wider JJR purpose NN of IN a DT still RB larger JJR organic JJ whole NN , , can MD only RB be VB realised VVN for IN thought NN and CC feeling NN as IN a DT single JJ current NN of IN will NN implying VVG and CC conferring VVG unity NN of IN life NN upon IN the DT species NN or CC the DT larger JJR unity NN . SENT In IN lower JJR animal NN spheres NNS we PP recognise VV this DT fact NN . SENT But CC there EX is VBZ a DT tendency NN to TO hold VV that DT man NN , , subject JJ to TO some DT such JJ specific JJ urge NN or CC instincts NNS in IN his PP$ primitive JJ stages NNS , , has VHZ become VVN more JJR and CC more RBR individualised VVN and CC has VHZ done VVN so RB largely RB by IN becoming VVG more RBR rational JJ . SENT The DT gradual JJ displacement NN of IN instinct NN by IN reason NN , , it PP is VBZ contended VVN , , has VHZ made VVN man NN more JJR self NN sufficient JJ , , his PP$ life NN more RBR of IN the DT nature NN of IN an DT end NN , , less JJR of IN a DT means NN towards IN the DT life NN of IN his PP$ tribe NN or CC nation NN , , or CC even RB towards IN that IN of IN humanity NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT Is VBZ this DT so RB . SENT There EX are VBP two CD issues NNS that WDT open VVP here RB . SENT In IN the DT process NN of IN civilisation NN a DT man NN certainly RB becomes VVZ more RBR individual JJ . SENT He PP differs VVZ in IN character NN more RBR from IN his PP$ fellows NNS than IN in IN earlier JJR times NNS . SENT he PP is VBZ able JJ to TO devote VV , , and CC does VVZ devote VV , , a DT larger JJR share NN of IN his PP$ energies NNS of IN body NN and CC mind NN to TO activities NNS which WDT are VBP primarily RB self NN regarding VVG . SENT Moreover RB , , he PP tends VVZ to TO rely VV less RBR exclusively RB or CC predominantly RB upon IN what WP would MD be VB called VVN his PP$ instincts NNS and CC more JJR upon IN his PP$ reason NN . SENT 17 CD . SENT The DT general JJ will NN , , which WDT through IN forms NNS of IN tribal JJ custom NN and CC of IN gregarious JJ instinct NN pulsed VVD so RB vigorously RB and CC so RB insistently RB in IN tribal JJ life NN , , seems VVZ to TO have VH weakened VVN with IN every DT expansion NN of IN social JJ area NN and CC with IN the DT advancing VVG complexity NN of IN social JJ relations NNS . SENT The DT economy NN of IN human JJ energy NN allows VVZ individuals NNS to TO apply VV a DT larger JJR share NN of IN the DT life NN force NN that WDT flows VVZ through IN them PP to TO what WP appear VVP to TO them PP their PP$ private JJ purposes NNS , , a DT smaller JJR to TO the DT protection NN and CC development NN of IN the DT society NN or CC species NNS . SENT If IN we PP were VBD to TO assign VV any DT final JJ validity NN to TO the DT opposition NN of IN individual NN and CC society NN , , this DT change NN might MD be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT shrinkage NN of IN the DT dominion NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN , , the DT specific NN as IN contrasted VVN with IN the DT individual JJ purpose NN . SENT But CC though IN the DT narrow JJ intense JJ tribal JJ will NN may MD thus RB appear VV to TO have VH yielded VVN to TO a DT broader JJR , , feebler JJR and CC less RBR imperative JJ form NN of IN national JJ or CC social JJ will NN , , it PP by IN no DT means NN follows VVZ that IN this DT latter NN works VVZ less RBR effectively RB for IN the DT common JJ good NN . SENT As IN man NN becomes VVZ more RBR intelligent JJ and CC more RBR reflective JJ , , and CC has VHZ fortified VVN himself PP with IN larger JJR and CC more JJR reliable JJ records NNS and CC better JJR methods NNS of IN controlling VVG his PP$ environment NN , , the DT instinctive JJ operations NNS of IN the DT will NN of IN groups NNS of IN tribal JJ animals NNS give VVP place NN to TO more RBR conscious JJ , , more RBR rational JJ , , purposes NNS . SENT The DT change NN must MD not RB indeed RB be VB overstressed VVN . SENT The DT validity NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN does VVZ not RB depend VV upon IN the DT degree NN of IN conscious JJ rational JJ purpose NN it PP has VHZ attained VVN . SENT It PP remains VVZ to TO day NN in IN the DT most RBS highly RB civilised JJ communities NNS what WP it PP was VBD in IN primitive JJ tribal JJ life NN , , an DT organic JJ instinct NN . SENT The DT rationalisation NN of IN this DT blind JJ faculty NN of IN organic JJ self NN protection NN and CC advancement NN has VHZ not RB yet RB gone VVN very RB far RB . SENT Indeed RB , , it PP is VBZ exceedingly RB important JJ to TO recognise VV that IN an DT organic JJ instinct NN of IN conservation NN and CC of IN progress NN underlies VVZ the DT wisdom NN of IN the DT people NNS . SENT Those DT who WP consider VVP politics NNS a DT rightful JJ monopoly NN of IN the DT educated VVN classes NNS doubly RB err VVP . SENT first RB , , in IN ignoring VVG the DT instinctive JJ wisdom NN of IN the DT people NNS , , secondly RB in IN claiming VVG for IN education NN a DT higher JJR value NN for IN political JJ direction NN than IN it PP possesses VVZ . SENT The DT political JJ wisdom NN of IN the DT Roman NP or CC the DT germanic JJ peoples NNS partakes VVZ far RB more JJR of IN a DT natural JJ sagacity NN than IN of IN a DT reasoned VVN process NN . SENT If IN this DT applies VVZ to TO the DT great JJ statesman NN , , it PP is VBZ still RB more RBR applicable JJ to TO the DT body NN of IN the DT people NNS whose WP$ consent NN or CC active JJ cooperation NN contributes VVZ to TO the DT evolution NN of IN a DT stable JJ and CC a DT progressive JJ state NN . SENT It PP is VBZ impossible JJ to TO understand VV or CC to TO explain VV any DT long JJ and CC complex JJ movement NN in IN national JJ history NN by IN piecing VVG together RB the DT conscious JJ rational JJ designs NNS of IN the DT individuals NNS or CC groups NNS of IN men NNS who WP executed VVD the DT several JJ moves NNS of IN which WDT the DT movement NN seemed VVD to TO consist VV . SENT Such PDT a DT structure NN as IN the DT British NP Constitution NP , , such PDT an DT episode NN as IN the DT French JJ Revolution NN , , cannot NN be VB otherwise RB regarded VVN , , in IN its PP$ organic JJ unity NN , , than IN as IN a DT product NN of IN energies NNS of IN common JJ will NN and CC purpose NN , , wider JJR , , deeper JJR and CC obscurer JJR in IN their PP$ working NN than IN the DT particular JJ intelligible JJ motives NNS and CC aims NNS which WDT appeared VVD on IN the DT stage NN of IN parliamentary JJ debates NNS , , military JJ campaigns NNS or CC mob NN violence NN . SENT Every DT student NN of IN the DT spirit NN of IN one CD of IN these DT great JJ national JJ dramas NN is VBZ driven VVN to TO recognise VV some DT moulding VVG or CC directing VVG influence NN , , some DT urge NN of IN events NNS , , by IN which WDT they PP seem VVP to TO unfold VV themselves PP in IN a DT larger JJR and CC more RBR complex JJ pattern NN or CC consistency NN than IN is VBZ perceived VVN by IN any DT of IN the DT agents NNS . SENT There EX is VBZ sometimes RB a DT tendency NN to TO give VV a DT mystical JJ interpretation NN to TO this DT truth NN . SENT So IN Victor NP Hugo NP writes VVZ of IN the DT French JJ Revolution NN . SENT tre JJS un NP membre NP de FW la FW Convention NN , , c LS tait NP tre NN une NN vague JJ de NP l'Ocean NN . SENT Et NP ceci NP tait NP vrai NP des NP plus CC grands NNS . SENT La NP force NN d'impulsion NN venait NN d'en NP haut NP . SENT Il NP y NP avait NN dans NNS la NP Convention NP une NN volont NN qui NP tait NP celle NP de NP tous JJ et CC a DT tait NP celle NP de NP personne NP . SENT Cette NP volont NP tait NP une NN id NN e NN , , id NN e NN indomptable JJ et NP d SYM mesur NN e NN qui NNS soufflait NN dans NNS l'ombre NN du NP haut NP du NP ciel NP . SENT Nous NN appelons NNS cela NP la NP R NP volution NN . SENT Quand NP cette NN id NN e SYM passait JJ elle NP abattait NN l'un NN et CC soulevait NN l'autre NN . SENT elle NP emportait NN celui NN ci NNS en IN cume NN et CC brisait NN celui NN l NN aux NP cueils NNS . SENT Cette NN id NN e SYM savait NN o NN elle NP allait NN , , et CC poussait NN le FW gouffre NN devant NN elle NP . SENT Imputer NN la DT r NN volution NN aux NP hommes NNS , , c'est JJS imputer NN la DT mar NN e SYM aux NP flots NNS . SENT 11 CD The DT explanation NN of IN our PP$ colonial JJ empire NN as IN the DT result NN of IN a DT career NN of IN conquest NN and CC expansion NN conducted VVN in IN a DT fit NN of IN absence NN of IN mind NN is VBZ an DT exact JJ statement NN of IN the DT truth NN . SENT For IN though IN a DT few JJ great JJ empire NN builders NNS , , such JJ as IN Warren NP Hastings NP , , Molesworth NP , , Elgin NP , , Grey NP and CC Rhodes NP , , may MD have VH played VVN their PP$ parts NNS with IN some DT measure NN of IN conscious JJ design NN , , the DT individual JJ channels NNS of IN this DT current JJ of IN adventurous JJ and CC constructive JJ energy NN embodied VVN in IN the DT general JJ process NN had VHD as RB little RB an DT idea NN of IN the DT imperial JJ edifice NN as IN any DT working VVG bee NN of IN the DT great JJ symmetrical JJ structure NN of IN the DT hive NN . SENT 18 CD . SENT This DT sense NN of IN manifest JJ destiny NN is VBZ surely RB no DT illusion NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT evolutionary JJ method NN by IN which WDT all DT organic JJ process NN is VBZ achieved VVN , , whether IN in IN the DT growth NN of IN an DT oak NN tree NN from IN its PP$ acorn NN , , of IN a DT motor NN car NN from IN the DT earliest JJS hand NN barrow NN , , a DT musical JJ symphony NN from IN a DT savage JJ tom NN tom NN , , or CC a DT modern JJ federal JJ state NN from IN the DT primitive JJ tribal JJ order NN . SENT In IN every DT case NN a DT number NN of IN what WP seem VVP separately RB motived VVN actions NNS are VBP seen VVN to TO carry VV and CC express VV the DT continuity NN of IN some DT common JJ tendency NN which WDT brings VVZ them PP under IN the DT control NN of IN a DT single JJ collective JJ design NN . SENT This DT wider JJR purpose NN is VBZ seen VVN operating VVG upon IN the DT larger JJR organic JJ stage NN of IN conduct NN in IN ways NNS closely RB analogous JJ to TO the DT operations NNS of IN the DT poet NN or CC the DT artist NN in IN any DT human JJ fine NN art NN . SENT It PP exhibits VVZ the DT urge NN of IN an DT inner JJ flow NN of IN psycho JJ physical JJ energy NN seeking VVG ever RB finer JJR modes NNS of IN expression NN by IN moulding VVG the DT materials NNS at IN its PP$ disposal NN . SENT As RB soon RB as IN we PP grasp VVP this DT idea NN of IN the DT collective JJ artistry NN of IN a DT species NN or CC any DT other JJ organic JJ group NN , , we PP recognise VV how WRB lacking VVG in IN logical JJ finality NN is VBZ the DT accepted JJ antithesis NN of IN instinct NN and CC reason NN . SENT The DT reason NN of IN the DT organism NN will MD appear VV as IN a DT blind JJ instinctive JJ drive NN to TO the DT cell NN whose WP$ conduct NN it PP directs VVZ . SENT So IN the DT specific JJ purpose NN will MD show VV itself PP as IN instinct NN in IN the DT individual JJ organism NN , , though IN it PP may MD be VB neither DT blind JJ nor CC unconscious JJ to TO the DT species NN taken VVN as IN the DT organic JJ unit NN . SENT Nay RB , , we PP may MD go VV further RBR and CC suggest VVP that IN advancing VVG reason NN in IN the DT individual JJ animal NN may MD consist VV in IN a DT growing VVG sympathy NN and CC syn IN noesis NN with IN the DT operations NNS of IN the DT wider JJR organism NN . SENT Must MD not RB this RB be VB what WP happens VVZ when WRB what WP we PP term NN reason NN endorses VVZ and CC reinforces VVZ the DT instinctive JJ actions NNS of IN specific JJ preservation NN and CC well RB being JJ , , substituting VVG reflection NN for IN impulse NN , , plans VVZ for IN customs NNS , , orderly JJ and CC changing VVG institutions NNS for IN blind JJ ordinances NNS whose WP$ authority NN is VBZ gregarious JJ imitation NN or CC Superstitious JJ prestige NN . SENT Are VBP we PP wrong RB when WRB we PP trace VV an DT instinct NN of IN obedience NN to TO a DT chief NN transformed VVN into IN a DT reasoned VVN submission NN to TO the DT law NN . SENT May MD not RB then RB the DT whole JJ process NN of IN the DT rationalisation NN of IN man NN be VB regarded VVN as IN a DT bringing VVG of IN the DT individual JJ man NN into IN vital JJ communion NN of IN thought NN and CC feeling NN with IN the DT thoughts NNS and CC feelings NNS of IN the DT race NN , , of IN humanity NN , , perhaps RB of IN the DT larger JJR organic JJ being NN of IN the DT kosmos NP . SENT For IN a DT man NN only RB becomes VVZ rational JJ so RB far RB as IN he PP takes VVZ a DT disinterested JJ view NN of IN himself PP , , his PP$ fellow JJ men NNS and CC of IN the DT world NN he PP lives VVZ in IN , , and CC the DT wider JJR , , closer JJR , , keener JJR that IN view NN the DT more RBR rational JJ he PP becomes VVZ . SENT Thus RB the DT evolution NN of IN the DT mind NN of IN man NN into IN a DT fuller JJR rationality NN means VVZ the DT strengthening VVG and CC clarifying VVG of IN those DT relations NNS of IN feeling NN and CC thought VVD which WDT bind NN him PP to TO his PP$ fellows NNS and CC to TO his PP$ world NN and CC which WDT are VBP rooted VVN in IN the DT blind JJ instincts NNS of IN gregarious JJ , , superstitious JJ , , curious JJ man NN . SENT 19 CD . SENT The DT upshot NN of IN these DT considerations NNS is VBZ to TO break VV down RP the DT abruptness NN of IN the DT contrast NN between IN reason NN and CC instinct NN and CC to TO recognise VV in IN reason NN itself PP the DT subtlest JJS play NN of IN the DT creative JJ instinct NN . SENT The DT disinterested JJ nature NN of IN the DT search NN for IN truth NN has VHZ been VBN a DT subject NN of IN derision NN among IN some DT thinkers NNS , , who WP see VVP no DT way NN by IN which WDT man NN the DT individual NN can MD disengage VV himself PP from IN the DT selfish JJ motives NNS which WDT seem VVP to TO rule VV him PP and CC to TO dispose VV alike RB of IN his PP$ emotional JJ and CC intellectual JJ energies NNS . SENT In IN man NN regarded VVN as IN individual NN it PP is VBZ very RB difficult JJ to TO recognise VV any DT possibility NN of IN a DT disinterested JJ motive NN , , because IN all DT such JJ motives NNS are VBP ruled VVN out IN ex JJ hypothesi NNS . SENT But CC regard VVP the DT individual JJ man NN as IN subject NN to TO the DT dominant JJ control NN of IN some DT wider JJR life NN than IN his PP$ , , that IN of IN race NN , , society NN , , humanity NN or CC kosmos NP , , and CC the DT difficulty NN disappears VVZ . SENT He PP becomes VVZ capable JJ of IN disinterested JJ curiosity NN , , disinterested JJ love NN , , self NN sacrifices NNS of IN various JJ kinds NNS , , because IN he PP is VBZ a DT centre NN of IN wider JJR interests NNS than IN those DT of IN his PP$ own JJ particular JJ self NN . SENT The DT action NN of IN a DT Japanese JJ who WP throws VVZ himself PP upon IN the DT Russian JJ bayonets NNS at IN the DT word NN of IN command NN , , of IN a DT doctor NN who WP inoculates VVZ himself PP with IN a DT deadly JJ poison NN for IN the DT sake NN of IN science NN , , the DT steady RB lifelong JJ toil VVP of IN millions NNS of IN peasants NNS growing VVG the DT food NN supply NN for IN unknown JJ millions NNS of IN town NN dwellers NNS , , are VBP no RB longer RBR disinterested JJ when WRB they PP are VBP looked VVN at IN from IN the DT standpoint NN of IN the DT interests NNS of IN humanity NN as IN a DT whole NN . SENT This DT collective JJ will NN and CC intelligence NN can MD never RB be VB considered VVN wholly RB blind JJ when WRB regarded VVN from IN the DT collective JJ standpoint NN . SENT Every DT directive NN instinct NN of IN an DT organism NN , , at IN any DT rate NN in IN the DT animal JJ world NN , , must MD be VB accredited VVN with IN some DT related JJ emotion NN , , 12 CD and CC this DT emotion NN , , regarded VVN as IN a DT fact NN in IN consciousness NN , , must MD be VB accredited VVN with IN some DT measure NN of IN intelligence NN . SENT The DT creature NN subject NN to TO the DT drive NN of IN an DT emotion NN must MD have VH some DT idea NN of IN what WP he PP is VBZ about RB , , though IN the DT full JJ psycho JJ biological JJ purpose NN of IN his PP$ action NN may MD be VB hidden VVN from IN him PP . SENT This DT organic JJ standpoint NN gives VVZ an DT intelligible JJ meaning NN to TO what WP we PP may MD call VV the DT natural JJ wisdom NN of IN the DT people NNS . SENT The DT herd NN , , the DT tribe NN , , the DT nation NN is VBZ endowed VVN with IN instincts NNS of IN self NN protection NN and CC of IN growth NN . SENT These DT instincts NNS are VBP accompanied VVN by IN corresponding JJ emotions NNS which WDT , , according VVG to TO the DT degree NN of IN intelligence NN they PP contain VVP , , impel VV it PP to TO a DT right NN or CC economical JJ use NN of IN the DT physical JJ and CC spiritual JJ environment NN for IN survival NN and CC progress NN . SENT The DT instinctive JJ and CC emotional JJ stream NN of IN this DT common JJ life NN becomes VVZ more RBR rational JJ as IN the DT factors NNS of IN intelligence NN accompanying VVG the DT emotions NNS become VVP clearer JJR , , better RBR coordinated VVN and CC endowed VVN with IN larger JJR capacity NN of IN central JJ direction NN . SENT In IN the DT evolution NN of IN animal JJ organisms NNS this DT growth NN of IN rationality NN implies VVZ , , and CC is VBZ compassed VVN by IN , , a DT decline NN of IN the DT special JJ instincts NNS with IN a DT consequent JJ weakening NN of IN the DT special JJ emotions NNS attached VVN to TO them PP , , and CC the DT substitution NN of IN a DT flexible JJ general JJ instinct NN operating NN through IN a DT centralised VVN nervous JJ system NN and CC coordinating VVG the DT special JJ organic JJ emotions NNS and CC activities NNS to TO serve VV a DT more RBR clearly RB conceived VVN organic JJ purpose NN of IN the DT individual NN or CC the DT race NN . SENT Reason NN , , regarded VVN as IN a DT motive NN power NN and CC not RB as IN a DT mere JJ intellectual JJ organ NN , , must MD be VB considered VVN as IN this DT general JJ instinct NN of IN survival NN and CC growth NN , , having VHG its PP$ roots NNS in IN the DT apparently RB separate JJ instincts NNS of IN hunger NN , , procreation NN , , shelter NN , , pugnacity NN , , flight NN , , gregariousness NN , , protection NN of IN young JJ , , curiosity NN , , constructiveness NN , , acquisitiveness NN and CC the DT like JJ , , and CC utilising VVG the DT emotions NNS proper JJ to TO these DT several JJ instincts NNS for IN the DT economy NN of IN some DT more RBR general JJ plan NN of IN life NN . SENT Reasoning NN , , as IN an DT intellectual JJ process NN , , will MD probably RB derive VV its PP$ emotional JJ food NN and CC impetus NN principally RB from IN the DT emotions NNS carried VVN by IN the DT instincts NNS of IN flight NN and CC pursuit NN , , which WDT involve VVP quick JJ judgment NN in IN the DT use NN of IN means NNS , , and CC by IN the DT curiosity NN and CC constructiveness NN which WDT impel VV the DT more RBR reflective JJ study NN and CC adaptation NN of IN material NN environment NN . SENT It PP is VBZ , , however RB , , no DT purpose NN of IN mine NN to TO enter VV into IN the DT particulars NNS of IN this DT theory NN of IN the DT natural JJ origins NNS of IN reason NN . SENT It PP is VBZ sufficient JJ to TO recognise VV . SENT first RB that IN prior RB to TO the DT dawn NN of IN reason NN in IN organic JJ evolution NN , , the DT instincts NNS carry VVP and CC apply VVP a DT wisdom NN of IN direction NN of IN their PP$ own JJ . SENT secondly RB that IN when WRB reason NN takes VVZ over RP much RB of IN this DT directing VVG power NN it PP operates VVZ by IN coordinating VVG , , not RB by IN creating VVG , , motive NN power NN . SENT So RB when WRB we PP substitute VV for IN the DT individual JJ organism NN the DT herd NN , , the DT tribe NN , , the DT nation NN , , ascending VVG to TO larger JJR collective JJ wholes NNS , , sustained VVN by IN a DT clearer JJR consciousness NN of IN unity NN and CC a DT fuller JJR use NN of IN central JJ conscious JJ purpose NN , , we PP follow VVP the DT same JJ economy NN of IN government NN . SENT If IN , , as IN is VBZ often RB urged VVN , , a DT nation NN , , regarded VVN as IN an DT organism NN , , must MD be VB classed VVN as IN a DT comparatively RB primitive JJ type NN , , on IN a DT level NN rather RB with IN the DT sponges VVZ or CC algae NN than IN with IN the DT higher JJR animals NNS , , we PP shall MD expect VV to TO find VV that IN a DT very RB large JJ measure NN of IN such JJ wisdom NN as IN it PP possesses VVZ will MD be VB instinctive JJ rather RB than IN rational JJ . SENT The DT evolution NN of IN a DT general JJ will NN , , whether IN operative NN by IN public JJ opinion NN or CC governmental JJ institutions NNS , , will MD on IN such PDT a DT hypothesis NN possess VVP no DT great JJ degree NN of IN centrality NN or CC clear JJ consciousness NN . SENT Good JJ government NN in IN such PDT a DT society NN could MD not RB be VB compassed VVN by IN an DT oligarchy NN or CC even RB a DT representative JJ assembly NN assuming VVG a DT measure NN of IN detailed JJ and CC far RB sighted JJ policy NN for IN which WDT the DT collective JJ life NN was VBD not RB yet RB ripe JJ . SENT A DT large JJ measure NN of IN what WP from IN the DT rational JJ standpoint NN would MD rank VV as IN opportunism NN would MD be VB the DT true JJ policy NN at IN such PDT a DT stage NN of IN social JJ evolution NN , , and CC the DT wise JJ statesman NN would MD keep VV his PP$ ear NN to TO the DT ground NN so RB as RB to TO learn VV the DT instinctive JJ movements NNS of IN the DT popular JJ mind NN which WDT would MD yield VV the DT best JJS freight NN of IN political JJ wisdom NN at IN his PP$ disposal NN . SENT Only RB as IN education NN and CC closer JJR and CC more JJR reliable JJ communications NNS elevated VVD the DT organic JJ structure NN of IN Society NP , , imparting VVG higher JJR spirituality NN , , more JJR centrality NN and CC clearer JJR consciousness NN to TO its PP$ life NN , , should MD we PP expect VV any DT considerable JJ rationalisation NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN . SENT Meanwhile RB arise VV the DT temptation NN and CC danger NN of IN the DT formal JJ instruments NNS of IN government NN falling VVG into IN the DT hands NNS of IN a DT little JJ highly RB self NN conscious JJ group NN or CC class NN , , who WP may MD seek VV to TO impose VV upon IN the DT conduct NN of IN the DT nation NN its PP$ clearer JJR plans NNS and CC far RB sighted VVN purposes NNS under IN the DT name NN and CC pretext NN of IN the DT commonwealth NN . SENT The DT absolute JJ or CC actual JJ wisdom NN of IN their PP$ will NN they PP will MD be VB apt JJ to TO represent VV as IN embodying VVG the DT reality NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN . SENT It PP is VBZ what WP they PP think VVP the DT people NNS ought MD to TO will VV and CC therefore RB what WP the DT people NNS will MD come VV to TO will VV as RB soon RB as IN they PP are VBP really RB capable JJ of IN willing JJ intelligently RB . SENT It PP is VBZ , , however RB , , exceedingly RB important JJ to TO try VV and CC recognise VV the DT instinctive JJ wisdom NN of IN the DT people NNS , , in IN order NN that IN a DT misrepresentative JJ government NN may MD be VB prevented VVN from IN ignoring VVG it PP and CC substituting VVG the DT rationalism NN of IN some DT little JJ conscious JJ class NN . SENT This DT does VVZ not RB mean VV that IN a DT government NN must MD always RB govern VV and CC adapt VV its PP$ laws NNS to TO the DT level NN of IN the DT current JJ feelings NNS , , desires NNS and CC aspirations NNS of IN the DT average JJ man NN , , giving VVG him PP no DT lead NN or CC stimulus NN to TO higher JJR rationality NN . SENT Such PDT a DT course NN would MD be VB to TO ignore VV that DT capacity NN for IN progress NN and CC that DT susceptibility NN to TO proximate JJ ideals NNS which WDT are VBP themselves PP implanted VVN in IN the DT instincts NNS of IN mankind NN . SENT But CC it PP does VVZ require VV that IN a DT government NN shall MD keep VV itself PP in IN the DT closest JJS sympathy NN with IN the DT concrete JJ feelings NNS and CC ideas NNS of IN the DT people NNS , , maintaining VVG such JJ contacts NNS as RB shall MD enable VV its PP$ acts NNS of IN policy NN to TO rank VV as IN substantially RB correct JJ interpretations NNS of IN the DT general JJ will NN , , not RB as IN the DT designs NNS of IN a DT supreme JJ governing VVG caste NN or CC group NN of IN interests NNS , , pumped VVD down RP through IN some DT artfully RB contrived JJ electoral JJ machinery NN so RB as RB to TO receive VV the DT false JJ formal JJ impress NN of IN the DT general JJ will NN . SENT These DT reflections NNS upon IN the DT nature NN of IN popular JJ government NN may MD appear VV to TO have VH carried VVN us PP far RB afield RB . SENT But CC they PP have VHP been VBN no DT irrelevant JJ excursion NN . SENT For IN upon IN our PP$ view NN of IN the DT nature NN and CC measure NN of IN rationality NN to TO be VB imputed VVN to TO the DT processes NNS of IN reform NN or CC progress NN in IN national JJ life NN must MD depend VV our PP$ view NN of IN the DT part NN which WDT can MD be VB played VVN by IN the DT social JJ sciences NNS which WDT are VBP invoked VVN as IN the DT chief JJ instruments NNS of IN conscious JJ collective JJ conduct NN . SENT Recognising VVG that DT social JJ progress NN in IN all PDT its PP$ departments NNS remains VVZ always RB a DT collective JJ art NN , , inspired VVN and CC sustained VVN by IN creative JJ impulses NNS which WDT owe VVP neither CC their PP$ origin NN or CC their PP$ validity NN to TO science NN , , we PP shall MD regard VV the DT social JJ sciences NNS as IN servants NNS rather RB than IN directors NNS of IN social JJ progress NN . SENT We PP shall MD be VB concerned VVN to TO ask VV , , What WP are VBP the DT proper JJ and CC particular JJ services NNS such JJ sciences NNS can MD render VV . SENT How WRB can MD they PP assist VV a DT people NNS in IN utilising VVG its PP$ human JJ and CC natural JJ resources NNS for IN the DT attainment NN of IN the DT best JJS conditions NNS of IN human JJ life NN , , individual JJ and CC social JJ . SENT This DT work NN is VBZ written VVN as IN a DT partial JJ and CC illustrative JJ answer NN to TO these DT questions NNS . SENT Taking VVG industry NN , , that DT department NN of IN social JJ conduct NN most RBS susceptible JJ of IN the DT quantitative JJ measurement NN which WDT is VBZ the DT instrument NN of IN science NN , , we PP have VHP endeavored VVN to TO construct VV and CC apply VV an DT organon NN of IN human JJ valuation NN to TO its PP$ activities NNS and CC achievements NNS . SENT Recognising VVG that DT industry NN , , regarded VVN from IN the DT individual NN or CC the DT social JJ standpoint NN , , was VBD an DT organic JJ activity NN , , involving VVG continual JJ reactions NNS upon IN the DT whole JJ life NN of IN the DT individual NN and CC the DT society NN , , we PP insisted VVD that IN the DT standard NN of IN valuation NN must MD be VB constructed VVN in IN terms NNS of IN organic JJ well NN being VBG . SENT In IN other JJ words NNS , , industry NN , , both CC from IN its PP$ productive JJ and CC its PP$ consumptive JJ side NN , , must MD be VB valued VVN in IN terms NNS of IN individual JJ and CC social JJ health NN , , that DT term NN being VBG selected VVN as IN the DT one CD which WDT best NN expresses VVZ the DT conditions NNS of IN conservation NN and CC of IN progress NN universally RB recognised VVD as IN the DT essentials NNS of IN a DT valuable JJ life NN . SENT In IN the DT actual JJ interpretation NN of IN this DT organic JJ welfare NN , , we PP took VVD for IN our PP$ valuer NN enlightened JJ common JJ sense NN . SENT The DT roots NNS of IN this DT common JJ sense NN we PP find VVP laid VVN in IN the DT silent JJ , , instinctive JJ organic JJ strivings NNS of IN mankind NN . SENT It PP is VBZ the DT business NN of IN science NN , , or CC organised VVD knowledge NN , , to TO direct VV these DT strivings NNS so RB as RB to TO enable VV them PP to TO attain VV their PP$ ends NNS more RBR economically RB . SENT It PP does VVZ this DT by IN interpreting VVG experience NN and CC supplying VVG the DT interpretation NN in IN the DT shape NN of IN laws NNS to TO enlighten VV common JJ sense NN and CC so RB enable VV it PP to TO choose VV its PP$ paths NNS . SENT For IN the DT economy NN of IN blind JJ instincts NNS is VBZ only RB accommodated VVN to TO simple JJ activities NNS in IN a DT stable JJ environment NN , , and CC is VBZ even RB then RB subject JJ to TO enormous JJ vital JJ wastes NNS . SENT For IN complicated JJ activities NNS in IN a DT rapidly RB changing JJ and CC complex JJ environment NN , , a DT general JJ instinct NN of IN adaptability NN of IN means NNS to TO ends NNS , , involving VVG conscious JJ reflection NN , , is VBZ required VVN . SENT Reason NN is VBZ this DT general JJ instinct NN and CC science NN is VBZ its PP$ instrument NN . SENT Society NP , , as IN its PP$ processes NNS of IN evolution NN become VVN more RBR conscious JJ , , will MD be VB able JJ to TO use VV more RBR profitably RB the DT services NNS of IN science NN . SENT Those DT services NNS consist VVP not RB in IN authoritative JJ legislation NN for IN social JJ conduct NN , , for IN laws NNS based VVN upon IN experience NN of IN the DT past NN can MD have VH no DT full JJ authority NN to TO bind NN the DT future NN . SENT Faith NN and CC risk NN taking NN , , involving VVG large JJ elements NNS of IN the DT incalculable JJ , , are VBP inherent JJ in IN organic JJ processes NNS , , and CC are VBP the DT very RB sap VV of IN spiritual JJ interest NN in IN life NN . SENT They PP can MD never RB be VB brought VVN under IN the DT dominion NN of IN a DT scientific JJ economy NN . SENT But CC the DT main JJ staple NN in IN every DT art NN of IN conduct NN is VBZ repetition NN and CC considered VVN adaptation NN , , resting VVG upon IN a DT continuity NN of IN conditions NNS . SENT For IN this DT part NN of IN social JJ conduct NN science NN , , when WRB sufficiently RB equipped VVN , , can MD and CC will MD offer VV authoritative JJ advice NN . SENT Throughout IN all DT nature NN the DT arts NNS of IN conservation NN and CC creation NN run NN together RB . SENT The DT art NN of IN conservation NN is VBZ the DT practical JJ function NN of IN science NN . SENT the DT art NN of IN creation NN ever RB remains VVZ a DT region NN of IN beckoning VVG liberty NN , , continually RB annexed VVN by IN science NN , , and CC yet RB undiminished JJ in IN its PP$ size NN and CC ts NN appeal NN . SENT For IN all DT experience NN is VBZ an DT arch NN where WRB through IN Gleams NNS that IN untravelled JJ land NN whose WP$ margin NN fades NNS For IN ever RB and CC for IN ever RB as IN we PP move VVP . SENT NOTES NNS . SENT 1 LS . SENT It PP was VBD precisely RB on IN this DT rock NN that IN J NP . SENT S NP . SENT Mill's NP utilitarianism NN split NN . SENT He PP tried VVD to TO incorporate VV in IN the DT quantitative JJ calculus NN of IN Benthamite JJ pleasure NN and CC pain NN distinctions NNS of IN the DT quality NN or CC worth NN of IN different JJ sorts NNS of IN pleasure NN and CC pain NN , , and CC failed VVD to TO furnish VV any DT method NN of IN reducing VVG them PP to TO common JJ terms NNS . SENT 2 LS . SENT Wicksteed NP , , Common JJ Sense NN of IN Political NP Economy NP , , p NN . SENT 405 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT p NN . SENT 409 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT p NN . SENT 153 CD . SENT 5 CD . SENT p NN . SENT 156 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT p NN . SENT 159 CD . SENT 7 CD . SENT This DT older JJR doctrine NN of IN marginalism NN , , concerned VVN with IN the DT comparison NN of IN marginal JJ utilities NNS , , or CC marginal JJ costs NNS , , in IN the DT application NN of IN expenditure NN of IN productive JJ energy NN , , must MD not RB be VB confused VVN with IN the DT novel NN doctrine NN which WDT we PP discussed VVD in IN Chapter NN XI NN in IN relation NN to TO wages NNS . SENT In IN the DT newer JJR doctrine NN any DT unit NN of IN a DT supply NN may MD be VB regarded VVN as IN the DT marginal JJ unit NN and CC every DT unit NN as IN equally RB productive JJ or CC useful JJ . SENT According VVG to TO the DT older JJR doctrine NN each DT unit NN has VHZ a DT different JJ cost NN or CC utility NN . SENT 8 CD . SENT Professor NP Pigou NP in IN his PP$ Wealth NN and CC Welfare NP discusses VVZ with IN skill NN and CC precision NN the DT measurable JJ influences NNS of IN an DT increase NN of IN the DT general JJ dividend NN upon IN general JJ welfare NN , , but CC omits VVZ to TO take VV into IN consideration NN the DT cost NN factors NNS which WDT enter VVP into IN welfare NN , , however RB that DT term NN be VB defined VVN . SENT 9 CD . SENT Protectionists NNS can MD seldom RB , , if IN ever RB , , plead VV successfully RB either RB of IN these DT cases NNS . SENT By IN reducing VVG the DT community NN of IN economic JJ interests NNS between IN nations NNS Protection NP normally RB increases VVZ the DT chances NNS of IN war NN , , while IN lessening VVG the DT national JJ resources NNS which WDT are VBP the DT sinews NNS of IN war NN . SENT So RB , , likewise RB , , its PP$ normal JJ tendency NN is VBZ to TO worsen VV the DT distribution NN of IN Wealth NN within IN the DT nation NN . SENT 10 CD . SENT Henri NP Fabre NP , , The DT Eng NP . SENT Review NP , , Dec NP . SENT , , 1912 CD , , The DT Modern NP Theory NN of IN Instincts NNS . SENT 11 CD . SENT Quatre NN vingt NN treize NNS , , Livre NN III NP , , Chapter NN XI NN . SENT 12 CD . SENT Cf NP . SENT McDougall NP , , Social NP Psychology NP . SENT