/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/1/file4.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Home NP List NP of IN Issues NPS Table NN of IN Contents NNS Full JJ Text NN Full JJ Article NP View NP Print NP PDF NP article NN 99 CD K NP Download NP to TO reference NN managerOrder NP PermissionsAlert NP me PP when WRB this DT article NN is VBZ citedAnimal JJ GeneticsVolume NP 34 CD Issue NN 6 CD Page NP 438 CD December NP 2003 CD doi NP . SENT 10 CD . SENT 1046 CD j NN . SENT 0268 CD 9146 CD . SENT 2003 CD . SENT 01055 CD . SENT x SYM Characterization NN of IN gene NN expression NN in IN double JJ muscled VVD and CC normal RB muscled VVD bovine JJ embryosJ NN . SENT K NP . SENT Potts NP , , S NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Echternkamp NP , , T NN . SENT P NN . SENT L NP . SENT Smith NP and CC J NP . SENT M NP . SENT Reecy NP SummaryMyostatin NP , , a DT member NN of IN the DT transforming VVG growth NN factor NN superfamily NN , , is VBZ a DT negative JJ regulator NN of IN skeletal JJ muscle NN growth NN . SENT Cattle NNS with IN mutations NNS that WDT inactivate VV myostatin NN exhibit NN a DT remarkable JJ increase NN in IN mass NN of IN skeletal JJ muscle NN called VVD double RB muscling VVG that IN is VBZ accompanied VVN by IN an DT equally RB remarkable JJ decrease NN in IN carcass NN fat NN . SENT Although IN a DT mouse NN knockout NN model NN has VHZ been VBN created VVN which WDT results NNS in IN mice NNS with IN a DT 200 CD increase NN in IN skeletal JJ muscle NN mass NN , , molecular JJ mechanisms NNS whereby WRB myostatin NN regulates VVZ skeletal JJ muscle NN and CC fat JJ mass NN are VBP not RB fully RB understood VVN . SENT Using VVG suppressive JJ subtractive JJ hybridization NN , , genes NNS that WDT were VBD differentially RB expressed VVN in IN double JJ muscled VVD vs NP . SENT normal JJ muscled VVD cattle NNS embryos NNS were VBD identified VVN . SENT Genetic JJ variation NN at IN other JJ loci NNS was VBD minimized VVN by IN using VVG embryonic JJ samples NNS collected VVN from IN related JJ Piedmontese NP Angus NP dams NNS or CC Belgian JJ Blue NP Hereford NP dams NNS bred VVD to TO a DT single JJ sire NN of IN the DT same JJ breed NN composition NN . SENT Embryos NNS were VBD collected VVN at IN 31 CD 33 CD days NNS of IN gestation NN , , which WDT is VBZ 2 CD 4 CD days NNS after IN high JJ level NN expression NN of IN myostatin NN in IN the DT developing VVG bovine JJ embryo NN . SENT The DT suppressive JJ subtraction NN resulted VVN in IN 30 CD clones NNS that WDT were VBD potentially RB differentially RB expressed VVN , , 19 CD of IN which WDT were VBD confirmed VVN by IN macroarray NN analysis NN . SENT Several JJ of IN these DT genes NNS have VHP biological JJ functions NNS that WDT suggest VVP that IN they PP are VBP directly RB involved VVN in IN myostatin's NN regulation NN of IN skeletal JJ muscle NN development NN . SENT Furthermore RB , , several JJ of IN these DT genes NNS map VVP to TO quantitative JJ trait NN loci NNS known VVN to TO interact VV with IN variation NN in IN the DT myostatin NN gene NN . SENT IntroductionGo VVG to TO . SENT Culley NP 1807 NP first RB described VVD the DT double RB muscled VVD phenotype NN in IN cattle NNS . SENT Increased VVN skeletal JJ muscle NN mass NN in IN double JJ muscled VVD cattle NNS , , which WDT occurs VVZ prenatally RB , , is VBZ primarily RB because RB of IN hyperplasia NN an DT increase NN in IN muscle NN fibre NN number NN coupled VVN with IN a DT small JJ amount NN of IN hypertrophy NN increased VVD myofibre NN diameter NN Swatland NP Kieffer NP 1974 CD . SENT Belgian NP Blue NP and CC Piedmontese NP double RB muscled VVD cattle NNS have VHP an DT 15 CD 30 CD increase NN in IN skeletal JJ muscle NN mass NN , , in IN addition NN to TO increased JJ birth NN weight NN , , rib NN eye NN area NN , , feed NN efficiency NN , , and CC improved JJ retail JJ product NN yield NN Hanset NP 1986 CD . SENT However RB , , double RB muscled VVD cattle NNS have VHP problems NNS with IN dystocia NN , , decreased VVD female JJ fertility NN , , and CC lower JJR stress NN tolerance NN Hanset NP 1991 CD . SENT Because IN of IN these DT management NN problems NNS , , there EX has VHZ been VBN limited VVN use NN of IN double JJ muscled VVD cattle NNS in IN commercial JJ beef NN production NN in IN the DT United NP States NPS . SENT Furthermore RB , , the DT extremely RB low JJ level NN of IN intramuscular JJ fat JJ deposition NN typically RB results VVZ in IN down RB grading VVG of IN the DT meat NN in IN the DT current JJ marbling NN based VVD grading VVG systems NNS , , which WDT relegates VVZ meat NN from IN double JJ muscled VVD cattle NNS to TO niche NN markets NNS . SENT In IN 1997 CD , , myostatin NN was VBD identified VVN by IN virtue NN of IN homology NN to TO conserved VVN regions NNS within IN transforming VVG growth NN factor NN TGFB NP superfamily NN genes NNS McPherron NP et CC al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT To TO determine VV the DT biological JJ function NN of IN this DT new JJ TGFB NP superfamily NN member NN , , knock VV out RP mice NNS were VBD produced VVN . SENT Myostatin NP null JJ mice NNS have VHP a DT dramatic JJ 200 CD increase NN in IN skeletal JJ muscle NN mass NN , , which WDT is VBZ due JJ to TO myofibre NN hyperplasia NN McPherron NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Myostatin NP must MD be VB proteolytically RB processed VVN to TO be VB active JJ , , and CC nine CD cysteine NN residues NNS are VBP necessary JJ for IN proper JJ folding NN and CC homodimerization NN Berry NP et NP al NP . SENT 2002 CD , , but CC the DT molecular JJ mechanisms NNS whereby WRB myostatin NN regulates VVZ skeletal JJ muscle NN growth NN remains VVZ to TO be VB elucidated VVN . SENT Myostatin NP mRNA NP is VBZ first RB detected VVN at IN very RB low JJ levels NNS in IN 16 CD days NNS bovine JJ embryos NNS , , but CC at IN much RB higher JJR levels NNS at IN 29 CD days NNS of IN gestation NN Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Myostatin NN expression NN in IN early JJ embryos NNS is VBZ primarily RB restricted VVN to TO the DT myotomal JJ compartment NN of IN the DT somite NN , , which WDT will MD give VV rise VV to TO myoblasts NNS Gagniere NP et CC al NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Later RBR in IN embryonic JJ development NN , , myostatin NN is VBZ expressed VVN in IN all DT skeletal JJ muscles NNS and CC its PP$ expression NN is VBZ seen VVN throughout IN development NN Lee NP McPherron NP 1999 CD . SENT Myostatin NP has VHZ been VBN reported VVN to TO decrease VV myoblast NN proliferation NN Thomas NP et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Rios NP et NP al NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Taylor NP et NP al NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Myoblasts NNS treated VVN with IN myostatin NN appear VVP to TO exit VV the DT cell NN cycle NN and CC enter VV into IN a DT quiescent JJ state NN . SENT In IN addition NN , , myostatin NN inhibits VVZ terminal JJ differentiation NN of IN myoblasts NNS Artaza NP et CC al NP . SENT 2002 CD . SENT Rios NP et NP al NP . SENT 2002 CD . SENT Furthermore RB , , myostatin NN represses VVZ MYOD NP 1 CD mRNA NN expression NN , , which WDT is VBZ important JJ for IN myogenic JJ commitment NN Oldham NP et NP al NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT In IN total NN , , myostatin NN appears VVZ to TO have VH several JJ downstream JJ targets NNS , , whose WP$ role NN may MD be VB to TO regulate VV skeletal JJ myoblast NN cell NN cycle NN progression NN and CC terminal NN differentiation NN . SENT In IN this DT study NN , , suppressive JJ subtractive JJ hybridization NN SSH NP was VBD used VVN to TO identify VV genes NNS that WDT are VBP differentially RB expressed VVN in IN double JJ muscled VVD vs NP . SENT normal JJ muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT These DT genes NNS may MD be VB downstream JJ targets NNS of IN myostatin NN and CC or CC interact VV with IN myostatin NN genetic JJ variants NNS . SENT Materials NNS and CC methodsGo JJR to TO . SENT Embryo NN collectionTwo NN sets VVZ of IN dams NNS were VBD used VVN to TO produce VV embryos NNS . SENT The DT first JJ set NN included VVD 21 CD Piedmontese NP Angus NP cross NN cows NNS that WDT were VBD heterozygous JJ for IN the DT A NP to TO G NP transition NN mutation NN in IN myostatin NN that WDT causes VVZ double RB muscling VVG in IN the DT Piedmontese NP breed NN Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Calves NNS were VBD early RB weaned VVN from IN the DT dams NNS shortly RB before IN dams NNS were VBD synchronized VVN with IN two CD Prostaglandin NN F NP PGF NP injections NNS 12 CD days NNS apart RB . SENT They PP were VBD superovulated JJ using VVG FSH NP injections NNS for IN four CD consecutive JJ days NNS , , and CC artificially RB inseminated VVD using VVG semen NN from IN a DT single JJ Piedmontese NP Angus NP bull NN previously RB determined VVN to TO be VB heterozygous JJ for IN the DT myostatin NN mutation NN . SENT Pregnant JJ dams NNS n NN 16 CD were VBD slaughtered VVN 2 CD 4 CD days NNS after IN the DT initial JJ expression NN of IN myostatin NN in IN the DT developing VVG embryo NN Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD , , on IN day NN 30 CD , , 31 CD , , or CC 32 CD post NN insemination NN . SENT The DT reproductive JJ tract NN was VBD promptly RB removed VVN after IN death NN and CC embryos NNS n NN 52 CD dissected VVN from IN the DT tract NN and CC snap NN frozen VVN in IN liquid JJ nitrogen NN . SENT Myostatin NN genotypes NNS of IN the DT embryos NNS were VBD determined VVN by IN amplification NN and CC sequencing VVG of IN RT NP PCR NP products NNS as RB described VVD Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT The DT second JJ set NN of IN dams NNS included VVD 29 CD Belgian JJ Blue NP Hereford NP females NNS heterozygous JJ for IN the DT 11 CD bp NN deletion NN causing VVG myostatin NN inactivation NN in IN the DT Belgian JJ Blue JJ breed NN . SENT Dams NNS n NN 29 CD were VBD synchronized VVN and CC inseminated VVN similar JJ to TO the DT first JJ set NN with IN semen NN from IN a DT single JJ Belgian JJ Blue NP MARC NN III NP bull NN that WDT was VBD heterozygous JJ for IN the DT myostatin NN inactivating VVG mutation NN , , but CC these DT dams NNS were VBD not RB superovulated JJ . SENT Pregnant JJ dams NNS n NN 21 CD were VBD slaughtered VVN on IN day NN 31 CD n NN 7 CD , , 32 CD n NN 10 CD , , or CC 33 CD n NN 6 CD post NN insemination NN , , and CC embryos NNS n NN 23 CD collected VVN as IN above RB . SENT Embryos NNS were VBD genotyped VVN for IN the DT 11 CD bp NN deletion NN as RB described VVD Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT RNA NP processingRibonucleic JJ acid NN was VBD extracted VVN using VVG the DT RNeasy NP midi NN kit NN Qiagen NP , , Valencia NP , , CA MD , , USA NP according VVG to TO the DT manufacturer's JJ protocol NN . SENT Briefly RB , , tissue NN 150 CD mg NN from IN two CD normal JJ 32 CD days NNS old JJ and CC two CD double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS 31 CD and CC 32 CD days NNS old JJ was VBD homogenized VVN in IN the DT presence NN of IN RLT NP buffer NN Qiagen NP with IN a DT Polytron NP Brinkman NP Instruments NP , , Westbury NP , , NY NP , , USA NP for IN 45 CD s PP at IN 15 CD 000 CD rpm NN . SENT Protein NN was VBD degraded VVN by IN digestion NN with IN proteinase NN K NP 20 CD mg NN ml NN . SENT Sigma NN , , St NP Louis NP , , MO NN , , USA NP at IN 55 CD C NP for IN 20 CD min NN . SENT The DT RNA NP sample NN was VBD bound VVN to TO an DT RNeasy NP midi NN column NN Qiagen NP and CC genomic JJ DNA NN was VBD degraded VVN by IN in IN column NN DNase NP 1 CD 20 CD l NN digestion NN at IN room NN temperature NN for IN 15 CD min NN . SENT The DT RNA NP on IN the DT column NN was VBD subsequently RB eluted VVN in IN RNase NP free JJ water NN 50 CD l NN . SENT PolyA NP mRNA NP was VBD purified VVN from IN total JJ RNA NP with IN an DT Oligotex NP Mini JJ Spin NN Column NN Qiagen NP . SENT Suppressive JJ subtractive JJ hybridization NN Forward NP and CC reverse VV SSH NP PCR NP select JJ cDNA NN subtraction NN . SENT ClonTech NP , , Palo NP Alto NP , , CA MD , , USA NP was VBD completed VVN according VVG to TO the DT manufacturer's JJ protocol NN with IN 1 CD g NN mRNA NN as IN starting VVG material NN . SENT Double RB stranded VVN cDNA NN was VBD digested VVN with IN RsaI NP , , and CC adaptors NNS were VBD ligated VVN to TO the DT cDNA NN ends VVZ . SENT Hetero NN hybrids NNS of IN the DT tester NN and CC driver NN were VBD generated VVN by IN an DT initial JJ hybridization NN of IN tester NN and CC driver NN cDNA NN at IN 68 CD C NP . SENT In IN order NN to TO further RBR enrich VV for IN differentially RB expressed VVN sequences NNS , , a DT second JJ hybridization NN was VBD also RB completed VVN . SENT Differentially RB expressed VVN cDNA NN was VBD PCR NP amplified VVN with IN PCR NP reaction NN buffer NN 1 CD , , dNTPs NP 10 CD mm NP , , PCR NP primer NN 1 CD 10 CD mm NNS , , and CC Advantage NN cDNA NN polymerase NN mix NN 50 CD . SENT The DT PCR NP conditions NNS consisted VVD of IN 94 CD C NP for IN 5 CD min NN followed VVN by IN 28 CD cycles NNS of IN 94 CD C NP for IN 30 CD s PP , , 66 CD C NP for IN 30 CD s PP , , and CC 72 CD C NP for IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD min NN . SENT A DT secondary JJ PCR NP amplification NN was VBD completed VVN with IN PCR NP reaction NN buffer NN 1 CD , , nested VVN PCR NP primer NN 1 CD 10 CD m NN , , nested VVD PCR NP primer NN 2 CD R NN 10 CD m NN , , dNTPs NP 10 CD mm NNS , , and CC Advantage NN cDNA NN polymerase NN mix NN 50 CD . SENT Secondary JJ PCR NP conditions NNS included VVD 12 CD or CC 15 CD cycles NNS of IN 94 CD C NP for IN 30 CD s PP , , 68 CD C NP for IN 30 CD s PP , , and CC 72 CD C NP for IN 1 CD . SENT 5 CD min NN . SENT DNA NP isolationThe NP final JJ PCR NP products NNS were VBD subcloned VVN into IN pT NP Advantage NN ClonTech NP according VVG to TO the DT manufacturer's JJ protocol NN . SENT Clones NNS were VBD plated VVN on IN LB NP agar NN in IN the DT presence NN of IN ampicillin NP 50 CD mg NN ml NN . SENT Plasmid NP DNA NP was VBD isolated VVN by IN alkaline JJ lysis NN protocol NN partially RB adapted VVN from IN Marra NP et CC al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Inserts NNS size NN was VBD estimated VVN by IN excision NN with IN EcoRI NP restriction NN endonuclease NN digestion NN and CC size NN separated VVN on IN a DT 1 CD agarose NN gel NN . SENT Sequencing NP and CC analysisA NP total NN of IN 58 CD plasmids NN 31 CD from IN the DT forward JJ subtraction NN and CC 27 CD from IN the DT reverse JJ subtraction NN were VBD sequenced VVN with IN an DT ABI NP 3700 CD sequence NN analyzer NN Applied NP Biosystems NP Inc NP . SENT , , Foster NP City NP , , CA MD , , USA NP . SENT Clone NN identification NN was VBD predicted VVN by IN BLAST NN analysis NN against IN GenBank NP NR NP database NN . SENT Complementary JJ DNA NN clones NNS were VBD randomly RB assigned VVN numbers NNS and CC putative JJ gene NN names NNS were VBD given VVN to TO clones NNS with IN 80 CD homology NN to TO a DT known VVN gene NN . SENT cDNA NP macroarrayIn NP order NN to TO maximize VV the DT identification NN of IN genes NNS isolated VVN by IN SSH NP , , a DT macroarray NN was VBD generated VVN by IN spotting VVG PCR NP amplified VVN cDNA NN onto IN a DT nylon NN membrane NN . SENT The DT PCR NP programme NN included VVD 2 CD min NN at IN 95 CD C NP , , 30 CD cycles NNS of IN 95 CD C NP for IN 30 CD s PP , , 52 CD C NP for IN 30 CD s PP , , and CC 72 CD C NP for IN 2 CD min NN , , followed VVN with IN a DT final JJ extension NN at IN 72 CD C NP for IN 5 CD min NN . SENT Amplified VVN cDNA NN clones NNS were VBD manually RB spotted VVN in IN duplicate JJ onto IN membranes NNS BioRad NP , , Hercules NP , , CA MD , , USA NP using VVG hand NN held VVD multiprint JJ equipment NN V NN P NN Scientific NP , , San NP Diego NP , , CA MD , , USA NP . SENT The DT cDNA NN on IN the DT blot NN was VBD denatured VVN with IN 0 CD . SENT 5 CD n NN NaOH NP 3 CD m NN NaCl NN solution NN for IN 5 CD min NN , , neutralized VVN with IN 6 CD SSC NN solution NN for IN 5 CD min NN , , and CC cross NN linked VVD 120 CD 000 CD J NP to TO the DT blot NN with IN a DT UV NP Stratalinker NP 2400 NP Stratagene NP , , La NP Jolla NP , , CA MD , , USA NP . SENT Radiolabelled JJ target NN was VBD generated VVN using VVG a DT mixture NN of IN PCR NP amplified VVN cDNA NN from IN the DT 58 CD clones NNS that WDT had VHD been VBN sequenced VVN 50 CD ng NP l NN in IN order NN to TO insure VV that IN all DT unique JJ clones NNS had VHD been VBN identified VVN or CC from IN cDNA NN generated VVN from IN homozygous JJ wild JJ type NN and CC homozygous JJ double JJ muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT The DT target NN mixture NN included VVD 10 CD reaction NN buffer NN 1 CD , , random JJ primers NNS 50 CD m NN Ambion NN , , Austin NP , , TX NP , , USA NP , , 32 CD P NN dCTP NN 15 CD Ci NNS , , and CC exo NP Klenow NP enzyme NN 0 CD . SENT 5 CD unit NN . SENT Radiolabelled JJ probes NNS were VBD purified VVN with IN Bio NP spin NN columns NNS BioRad NP . SENT Standard JJ methods NNS for IN hybridization NN were VBD used VVN . SENT Macroarray NP blots NNS were VBD exposed VVN to TO a DT phosphoimaging VVG screen NN for IN 1 CD h NN and CC scanned VVD on IN a DT phosphoimager NN Molecular JJ Dynamics NPS , , Piscataway NP , , NJ NP , , USA NP . SENT ImageQuant NP Amersham NP , , Piscataway NP , , NJ NP , , USA NP was VBD used VVN to TO determine VV signal NN intensity NN . SENT COMPASS NN and CC BLAST NN analysis NN of IN differentially RB expressed VVN clonesPutative JJ chromosomal JJ location NN of IN the DT identified VVN clones NNS was VBD predicted VVN by IN COMPASS NN Ma NP et NP al NP . SENT 1998 CD , , which WDT has VHZ been VBN shown VVN to TO accurately RB predict VV chromosomal JJ location NN and CC gene NN identification NN via IN comparative JJ mapping NN of IN cattle NNS and CC humans NNS Rebeiz NP Lewin NP 2000 CD . SENT Radiation NN hybrid NN panelGene NN specific JJ PCR NP primers NNS Table NN 1 CD were VBD screened VVN across IN a DT bovine JJ radiation NN hybrid NN panel NN Womack NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD and CC a DT bovine JJ somatic JJ cell NN hybrid NN panel NN Womack NP Moll NP 1986 CD to TO determine VV chromosomal JJ location NN . SENT Statistical JJ analysis NN of IN chromosomal JJ location NN of IN the DT genes NNS was VBD completed VVN in IN collaboration NN with IN Dr NP James NP Womack NP and CC Dr NP Srivinas NP Kata NP , , Texas NP A NP M NP University NP . SENT Genes NNS that WDT could MD not RB be VB unambiguously RB assigned VVN to TO a DT single JJ chromosomal JJ location NN using VVG the DT radiation NN hybrid JJ panel NN were VBD mapped VVN on IN the DT somatic JJ cell NN hybrid NN panel NN . SENT ResultsGo VVG to TO . SENT Embryo NN collectionThis NNS experiment NN utilized VVN Piedmontese NP cross NN animals NNS , , which WDT carried VVD one CD copy NN of IN an DT A NP to TO G NP transition NN mutation NN that WDT inactivates VVZ myostatin NN Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD . SENT Fifty CD two CD embryos NNS average JJ 3 CD . SENT 2 CD per IN pregnant JJ cow NN ranging VVG from IN 30 CD to TO 32 CD days NNS post NN insemination NN were VBD collected VVN . SENT This DT strategy NN was VBD predicted VVN to TO minimize VV background NN genetic JJ variation NN and CC its PP$ impact NN on IN gene NN expression NN measurements NNS , , as IN embryos NNS from IN all DT genotypic JJ classes NNS 0 CD , , 1 CD or CC 2 CD double RB muscled VVD alleles NNS would MD be VB generated VVN from IN a DT limited JJ genetic JJ background NN . SENT However RB , , genotyping VVG of IN the DT 52 CD embryos NNS revealed VVD the DT presence NN of IN 18 CD homozygous JJ normal JJ , , 34 CD heterozygous JJ , , and CC 0 CD homozygous JJ double JJ muscle NN embryos NNS deviation NN from IN a DT 1 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT 1 CD ratio NN , , 2 CD 17 CD . SENT 4 LS . SENT It PP should MD be VB noted VVN that IN no DT abnormal JJ or CC reabsorbing JJ embryos NNS were VBD encountered VVN during IN dissection NN of IN the DT reproductive JJ tracts NNS . SENT It PP is VBZ assumed VVN that IN the DT failure NN to TO obtain VV the DT predicted VVD 1 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT 1 CD ratio NN of IN genotypes NNS was VBD related VVN in IN some DT way NN to TO the DT superovulation NN procedure NN . SENT To TO avoid VV this DT complication NN , , the DT experiment NN was VBD repeated VVN by IN artificial JJ insemination NN of IN synchronized VVN cows NNS that WDT were VBD not RB superovulated JJ . SENT Additional JJ Piedmontese NP animals NNS were VBD not RB available JJ , , so RB Belgian JJ Blue JJ cross NN animals NNS , , which WDT carried VVD one CD copy NN of IN an DT 11 CD bp NN deletion NN that WDT inactivates VVZ myostatin NN Kambadur NP et NP al NP . SENT 1997 CD were VBD used VVN . SENT Twenty CD three CD embryos NNS were VBD produced VVN , , with IN five CD homozygous JJ normal JJ , , 14 CD heterozygous JJ , , and CC four CD homozygous JJ double JJ muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT These DT embryos NNS did VVD not RB deviate VV from IN the DT expected VVN 1 CD . SENT 2 LS . SENT 1 CD ratio NN 2 CD 1 CD . SENT 036 CD . SENT Differential JJ expressionBLAST NN analysis NN of IN sequence NN data NNS obtained VVN from IN 58 CD unique JJ cDNA NN clones NNS isolated VVD using VVG suppressive JJ subtractive JJ hybridization NN indicated VVD that IN there EX were VBD 30 CD differentially RB expressed VVN genes NNS . SENT Eleven NN genes NNS were VBD isolated VVN from IN wild JJ type NN cDNA NN that WDT had VHD been VBN subtracted VVN with IN double JJ muscle NN cDNA NN , , suggesting VVG that DT expression NN for IN these DT genes NNS was VBD at IN a DT greater JJR level NN in IN the DT wild JJ type NN embryos NNS than IN in IN the DT double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT Nineteen CD genes NNS were VBD identified VVN from IN double JJ muscled VVD cDNA NN that WDT had VHD been VBN subtracted VVN with IN wild JJ type NN cDNA NN , , suggesting VVG that IN they PP were VBD expressed VVN at IN a DT higher JJR level NN in IN the DT double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT To TO verify VV the DT results NNS of IN the DT subtractive JJ hybridization NN , , macroarray NN analysis NN of IN gene NN expression NN was VBD performed VVN with IN the DT 30 CD cDNA NN identified VVN by IN SSH NP . SENT These DT arrays NNS were VBD probed VVN with IN radiolabelled JJ cDNA NN from IN either DT wild JJ type NN or CC double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT Nineteen CD genes NNS were VBD found VVN to TO have VH at IN least JJS a DT twofold JJ difference NN in IN expression NN levels NNS of IN wild JJ type NN and CC double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS Table NN 2 CD . SENT The DT remaining JJ 11 CD clones NNS were VBD not RB differentially RB expressed VVD less JJR than IN twofold JJ change NN . SENT The DT mRNA NN expression NN level NN for IN 12 CD clones NNS was VBD greater JJR in IN double RB muscled VVD vs NP . SENT wild JJ type NN embryos NNS , , whereas IN the DT mRNA NN expression NN level NN of IN seven CD clones NNS was VBD greater JJR in IN wild JJ type NN vs NP . SENT double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT Chromosomal JJ locationGene NN identification NN and CC chromosomal JJ location NN Table NN 2 CD were VBD predicted VVN for IN 27 CD clones NNS using VVG COMPASS NN Ma NP et NP al NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT Comparative JJ mapping NN suggested VVN that IN HMGA NP 2 CD , , MLL NP 2 CD , , and CC ATP NP 5 CD H NN mapped VVN on IN bovine JJ chromosome NN 5 CD BTA NP 5 CD , , which WDT also RB contains VVZ a DT myostatin NN interacting VVG QTL NP for IN day NN 14 CD Warner NP Bratzler NP shear NN force NN Casas NP et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Therefore RB , , to TO more RBR precisely RB map VV these DT loci NNS , , a DT radiation NN hybrid JJ panel NN was VBD screened VVN with IN primers NNS developed VVN for IN these DT three CD genes NNS Table NN 1 CD . SENT HMGA NP 2 CD was VBD located VVN centromeric JJ to TO glucosamine JJ N NP acetyl NN 6 CD sulphatase NN GNS NP and CC MLL NP 2 CD was VBD positioned VVN telomeric JJ to TO alpha NN lactalbumin NN B NP LALBA NP . SENT Fig NN . SENT 1 LS . SENT Although IN ATP NP 5 CD H NN could MD not RB be VB assigned VVN to TO a DT single JJ chromosomal JJ location NN using VVG the DT radiation NN hybrid JJ panel NN , , it PP was VBD positioned VVN on IN BTA NP 5 CD using VVG a DT bovine JJ somatic JJ cell NN hybrid NN panel NN Womack NP Moll NP 1986 CD with IN 94 CD confidence NN . SENT DiscussionGo VVG to TO . SENT Failure NN to TO obtain VV double RB muscled VVD bovine JJ embryos NNS from IN super JJ ovulated VVN cows NNS has VHZ two CD possible JJ explanations NNS . SENT First RB , , follicles NNS carrying VVG the DT double RB muscled VVD mutation NN may MD not RB have VH ovulated VVN using VVG a DT super JJ ovulation NN regime NN . SENT This DT possibility NN is VBZ eliminated VVN in IN that DT heterozygous JJ embryos NNS were VBD obtained VVN in IN the DT experiment NN . SENT Alternatively RB , , it PP is VBZ possible JJ that IN homozygous JJ double JJ muscled VVD embryos NNS , , which WDT lacked VVD functional JJ myostatin NN alleles NNS and CC were VBD obtained VVN from IN super JJ ovulated VVN cows NNS , , died VVD shortly RB after IN transfer NN . SENT The DT reason NN for IN this DT death NN is VBZ not RB obvious JJ . SENT The DT present JJ study NN was VBD designed VVN to TO use VV the DT SSH NP method NN for IN identification NN and CC mapping NN of IN functional JJ candidate NN genes NNS for IN myostatin NN interacting VVG alleles NNS . SENT In IN particular JJ , , we PP were VBD interested VVN in IN genes NNS differentially RB expressed VVD shortly RB after IN the DT first JJ expression NN of IN myostatin NN in IN the DT developing VVG bovine JJ embryo NN . SENT Comparisons NNS of IN double JJ muscled VVD and CC normal RB muscled VVD animals NNS have VHP revealed VVN differences NNS in IN gene NN expression NN , , protein NN synthesis NN , , energy NN homeostasis NN , , and CC myofibre NN and CC adipose JJ number NN Hanset NP 1986 CD . SENT Oldham NP et NP al NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT Genes NNS identified VVN in IN this DT study NN appear VVP to TO fall VV into IN general JJ gene NN classes NNS including VVG transcription NN factors NNS n NN 5 CD , , genes NNS involved VVN in IN protein NN synthesis NN and CC degradation NN n NN 8 CD , , cell NN proliferation NN n NN 3 CD , , or CC altered JJ metabolism NN n NN 4 CD . SENT The DT mRNA NN expression NN level NN of IN Sall NP 1 CD and CC high JJ mobility NN group NN AT IN hook NN 2 CD HMGA NP 2 CD , , which WDT are VBP both DT transcription NN factors NNS , , was VBD decreased VVN in IN embryos NNS that WDT were VBD homozygous JJ for IN the DT double RB muscled VVD mutation NN . SENT Sall NP 1 CD is VBZ a DT spalt NN like IN gene NN , , which WDT in IN Drosophila NN is VBZ a DT downstream JJ target NN of IN decapentapalegic JJ , , a DT TGFB NP superfamily NN member NN de NP Celis NP et CC al NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT Nellen NP et NP al NP . SENT 1996 CD . SENT HMGA NP 2 CD is VBZ involved VVN in IN fat JJ cell NN proliferation NN , , as IN HMGA NP 2 CD knockout NN mice NNS have VHP a DT decrease NN number NN of IN adipose JJ cells NNS Anand NP Chada NP 2000 CD . SENT In IN addition NN , , inactivation NN of IN HMGA NP 2 CD in IN mice NNS results NNS in IN a DT pygmy NN phenotype NN , , which WDT indicates VVZ that IN HMGA NP 2 CD is VBZ required VVN for IN normal JJ cell NN proliferation NN Zhou NP et NP al NP . SENT 1995 CD . SENT Thus RB , , decreased VVD HMGA NP 2 CD expression NN could MD be VB a DT possible JJ mechanism NN whereby WRB myoblast NN and CC adipose JJ proliferation NN is VBZ decreased VVN in IN embryos NNS with IN non JJ functional JJ myostatin NN alleles NNS . SENT RPL NP 18 CD , , RPL NP 3 CD , , RPL NP 11 CD , , and CC RPS NP 3 CD are VBP all RB involved VVN in IN protein NN synthesis NN and CC degradation NN . SENT Ribosomal JJ protein NN L NP 18 CD has VHZ been VBN shown VVN to TO inhibit VV double RB stranded VVN RNA NP protein NN kinase NN PKR NP , , which WDT plays VVZ an DT important JJ role NN in IN the DT regulation NN and CC inhibition NN of IN protein NN synthesis NN Koromilas NP et NP al NP . SENT 1992 CD . SENT Kumar NP et NP al NP . SENT 1999 CD . SENT Also RB , , ribosomal JJ protein NN L NP 3 CD expression NN is VBZ increased VVN in IN mouse NN lines NNS with IN higher JJR fat JJ deposition NN Allan NP et NP al NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT The DT differential JJ expression NN of IN these DT genes NNS indicates VVZ that IN there EX may MD be VB differences NNS in IN protein NN synthesis NN and CC degradation NN between IN wild JJ type NN and CC double RB muscled VVD embryos NNS . SENT RAF NN 1 CD , , thymosin NN beta NN 10 CD TMSB NP 10 CD , , and CC myeloid JJ lineage NN leukaemia NN MLL NP 2 CD are VBP involved VVN in IN regulation NN of IN cell NN proliferation NN . SENT In IN C NP 2 CD C NP 12 CD cells NNS , , RAF NN 1 CD has VHZ been VBN shown VVN to TO enhance VV the DT transcriptional JJ activity NN of IN MYOD NP 1 CD Gredinger NP et NP al NP . SENT 1998 CD . SENT The DT decreased VVN level NN of IN RAF NN 1 CD expression NN observed VVN in IN wild JJ type NN animals NNS may MD decrease VV MYOD NP 1 CD functional JJ activity NN , , thus RB indicating VVG a DT mechanism NN in IN addition NN to TO decreased VVN MYOD NP 1 CD expression NN Langley NP et NP al NP . SENT 2002 CD whereby WRB myostatin NN represses VVZ terminal NN differentiation NN . SENT As IN myostatin NN is VBZ known VVN to TO inhibit VV cell NN proliferation NN Thomas NP et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD , , these DT genes NNS may MD have VH an DT important JJ role NN in IN the DT increased JJ myoblast NN proliferation NN associated VVN with IN this DT phenotype NN . SENT It PP has VHZ been VBN reported VVN that IN several JJ chromosomes NNS harbour VV suggestive JJ QTL NP that WDT contain VVP alleles NNS that WDT interact VV with IN myostatin NN . SENT A DT suggestive JJ interaction NN between IN alternative JJ myostatin NN alleles NNS and CC the DT genetic JJ background NN on IN chromosome NN 5 CD was VBD identified VVN for IN Warner NP Bratzler NP shear NN force NN WBS NP at IN day NN 14 CD post NN mortem NN WBS NP 14 CD . SENT Casas NP et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD . SENT Similar JJ interactions NNS with IN myostatin NN appear VVP to TO exist VV on IN chromosome NN 8 CD and CC 14 CD for IN fat JJ depth NN Casas NP et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD and CC chromosome NN 4 CD for IN WBS NP at IN 3 CD days NNS post NN mortem NN Casas NP et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD , , 2001 CD . SENT MLL NP 2 CD , , HMGA NP 2 CD and CC ATP NP 5 CD JD NP , , identified VVN in IN this DT study NN , , were VBD physically RB mapped VVN to TO bovine JJ chromosome NN 5 CD very RB close JJ to TO the DT WBS NP 14 CD interacting VVG QTL NP peak NN . SENT Despite IN the DT fact NN that IN SSH NP was VBD successfully RB used VVN to TO identify VV differentially RB expressed VVN genes NNS , , one PP must MD be VB aware JJ of IN potential JJ limitation NN of IN suppressive JJ subtractive JJ hybridization NN analysis NN . SENT First RB , , 11 CD genes NNS appeared VVD to TO have VH escaped VVN subtraction NN as IN they PP had VHD lower JJR than IN twofold JJ change NN in IN gene NN expression NN . SENT Thus RB , , differential JJ expression NN of IN all DT identified VVN genes NNS must MD be VB verified VVN with IN an DT alternative JJ method NN . SENT Furthermore RB , , embryos NNS used VVN in IN this DT study NN were VBD obtained VVN from IN crossbred JJ cattle NNS . SENT The DT possibility NN exists VVZ that IN differences NNS in IN genetic JJ background NN were VBD responsible JJ for IN the DT observed JJ changes NNS in IN gene NN expression NN . SENT For IN example NN , , there EX are VBP changes NNS in IN fatty JJ acid JJ binding JJ protein NN gene NN expression NN in IN pigs NNS , , which WDT correlate JJ with IN different JJ genotypes NNS Gerbens NP et CC al NP . SENT 2001 CD . SENT ReferencesGo VVG to TO . SENT Allan NP M NP . SENT F SYM . SENT , , Potts NP J NP . SENT K NP . SENT Pomp NN D NP . SENT 2001 CD Comparative JJ mapping NN of IN RPL NP 3 CD , , a DT gene NN overexpressed VVN in IN multiple JJ obesity NN models NNS . SENT Animal JJ Biotechnology NP 12 CD , , 167 CD 71 CD . SENT Anand NP A NP . SENT Chada NP K NP . SENT 2000 CD In IN vivo JJ modulation NN of IN Hmgic NP reduces VVZ obesity NN . SENT Nature NP Genetics NP 24 CD , , 377 CD 80 CD . SENT Artaza NP J NP . SENT N NN . SENT , , Bhasin NP S NP . SENT , , Mallidis NP C NP . SENT , , Taylor NP W NP . SENT , , Ma NP K NP . SENT Gonzalez NP Cadavid NP N NP . SENT F SYM . SENT 2002 CD Endogenous JJ expression NN and CC localization NN of IN myostatin NN and CC its PP$ relation NN to TO myosin NN heavy JJ chain NN distribution NN in IN C NP 2 CD C NP 12 CD skeletal JJ muscle NN cells NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Cellular NP Physiology NN 190 CD , , 170 CD 9 CD . SENT Band NP M NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Larson NP J NP . SENT H NN . SENT , , Rebeiz NP M NP . SENT et NP al NP . SENT 2000 CD An NP ordered VVD comparative JJ map NN of IN the DT cattle NNS and CC human JJ genomes NNS . SENT Genome NN Research NP 10 CD , , 1359 CD 68 CD . SENT Berry NP C NP . SENT , , Thomas NP M NP . SENT , , Langley NP B NP . SENT , , Sharma NP M NP . SENT Kambadur NP R NP . SENT 2002 CD Single NP cysteine NN to TO tyrosine NN transition NN inactivates VVZ the DT growth NN inhibitory JJ function NN of IN Piedmontese NP myostatin NN . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Physiology NN Cell NN Physiology NN 283 CD , , C $ 135 CD 41 CD . SENT Casas NP E NN . SENT , , Shackelford NP S NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Keele NP J NP . SENT W NN . SENT , , Stone NP R NP . SENT T NN . SENT , , Kappes NP S NP . SENT M NP . SENT Koohmaraie NP M NP . SENT 2000 CD Quantitative JJ trait NN loci NNS affecting VVG growth NN and CC carcass NN composition NN of IN cattle NNS segregating VVG alternate JJ forms NNS of IN myostatin NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Animal JJ Science NP 78 CD , , 560 CD 9 CD . SENT Casas NP E NN . SENT , , Shackelford NP S NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Keele NP J NP . SENT W NN . SENT , , Stone NP R NP . SENT T NN . SENT , , Kappes NP S NP . SENT M NP . SENT Koohmaraie NP M NP . SENT 2001 CD A NP comprehensive JJ search NN for IN quantitative JJ trait NN loci NNS affecting VVG growth NN and CC carcass NN composition NN of IN cattle NNS segregating VVG alternative JJ forms NNS of IN the DT myostatin NN gene NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Animal JJ Science NP 79 CD , , 854 CD 60 CD . SENT de NP Celis NP J NP . SENT F SYM . SENT , , Barrio NP R NP . SENT Kafatos NP F NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1996 CD A NP gene NN complex NN acting VVG downstream JJ of IN dpp NP in IN Drosophila NN wing NN morphogenesis NN . SENT Nature NN 381 CD , , 421 CD 4 CD . SENT Culley NP G NP . SENT 1807 CD Observation NN on IN Livestock NP , , 4 CD th NN edn NN . SENT G NP . SENT Woodfall NP , , London NP , , UK NP . SENT Gagniere NP H NP . SENT , , Picard NP B NP . SENT Geay NP Y NP . SENT 1999 CD Contractile JJ differentiation NN of IN foetal JJ cattle NNS muscles NNS . SENT intermuscular JJ variability NN . SENT Reproduction NN , , Nutrition NN , , Development NP 39 CD , , 637 CD 55 CD . SENT Gerbens NP F NN . SENT , , Verburg NP F NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Van NP Moerkerk NP H NP . SENT T NN . SENT B LS . SENT , , Engel NP B NP . SENT , , Buist NP W NP . SENT , , Veerkamp NP J NP . SENT H NP . SENT Pas NP M NP . SENT F SYM . SENT W NP . SENT 2001 CD Associations NNS of IN heart NN and CC adipocyte NN fatty NN acid NN binding JJ protein NN gene NN expression NN with IN intramuscular JJ fat JJ content NN in IN pigs NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Animal JJ Science NP 79 CD , , 347 CD 54 CD . SENT Gredinger JJR E NN . SENT , , Gerber NP A NP . SENT N NN . SENT , , Tamir NP Y NN . SENT , , Tapscott NP S NP . SENT J NP . SENT Bengal NP E NP . SENT 1998 CD Mitogen NP activated VVN protein NN kinase NN pathway NN is VBZ involved VVN in IN the DT differentiation NN of IN muscle NN cells NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Biochemistry NN and CC Chemistry NN 273 CD , , 10436 CD 44 CD . SENT Hanset NP R NP . SENT 1986 CD Double NP muscling VVG in IN cattle NNS . SENT In IN . SENT Exploiting VVG New NP Technologies NPS in IN Animal JJ Breeding NP Eds NPS C NP . SENT Smith NP , , J NP . SENT W NP . SENT B SYM . SENT King NP and CC J NP . SENT C SYM . SENT McKay NP , , pp NP 71 CD 80 CD . SENT Oxford NP Science NP Publications NPS , , Cary NP , , NC NP . SENT Hanset NP R NP . SENT 1991 RB The DT major JJ gene NN of IN muscular JJ hypertrophy NN in IN the DT Belgian JJ Blue NP Cattle NNS breed VVP . SENT In IN . SENT Breeding VVG For IN Disease NP Resistance NP in IN Farm NP Animals NPS Eds NPS J NP . SENT B SYM . SENT Owen NP and CC R NP . SENT F SYM . SENT E SYM . SENT Axford NP , , pp NP . SENT 476 CD 8 CD . SENT CAB NN International NP , , Cambridge NP , , MA NN . SENT Heuertz NP S NP . SENT Hors NP Cayla NP M NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1981 CD Cattle NNS gene NN mapping NN by IN somatic JJ cell NN hybridization NN study NN of IN 17 CD enzyme NN markers NNS . SENT Cytogenetics NNS and CC Cell NN Genetics NP 30 CD , , 137 CD 45 CD . SENT Kambadur NN R NN . SENT , , Sharma NP M NP . SENT , , Smith NP T NN . SENT P NN . SENT Bass NP J NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1997 CD Mutations NNS in IN myostatin NN GDF NP 8 CD in IN double JJ muscled VVD Belgian NP Blue NP and CC Piedmontese NP cattle NNS . SENT Genome NN Research NP 7 CD , , 910 CD 6 CD . SENT Koromilas NP A NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Lazaris NP Karatzas NP A NP . SENT Sonenberg NP N NP . SENT 1992 CD mRNAs NNS containing VVG extensive JJ secondary JJ structure NN in IN their PP$ 5 CD non JJ coding VVG region NN translate VV efficiently RB in IN cells NNS overexpressing VVG initiation NN factor NN eIF NN 4 CD E NN . SENT The DT EMBO NP Journal NP 11 CD , , 4153 CD 8 CD . SENT Kumar NP K NP . SENT U NP . SENT , , Srivastava NP S NP . SENT P NN . SENT Kaufman NP R NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1999 CD Double NP stranded VVN RNA NP activated VVN protein NN kinase NN PKR NP is VBZ negatively RB regulated VVN by IN 60 CD S NP ribosomal JJ subunit NN protein NN L NP 18 CD . SENT Molecular JJ and CC Cellular NP Biology NN 19 CD , , 1116 CD 25 CD . SENT Langley NP B NP . SENT , , Thomas NP M NP . SENT , , Bishop NP A NP . SENT , , Sharma NP M NP . SENT , , Gilmour NP S NP . SENT Kambadur NP R NP . SENT 2002 CD Myostatin NP inhibits VVZ myoblast NN differentiation NN by IN down RB regulating VVG MyoD JJ expression NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Biochemistry NN and CC Chemistry NN 277 CD , , 49831 CD 40 CD . SENT Lee NP S NP . SENT J NP . SENT McPherron NP A NP . SENT C SYM . SENT 1999 CD Myostatin NP and CC the DT control NN of IN skeletal JJ muscle NN mass NN . SENT Current JJ Opinion NN in IN Genetics NP and CC Development NP 9 CD , , 604 CD 7 CD . SENT Ma NP R NP . SENT Z SYM . SENT , , van NP Eijk NP M NP . SENT J NN . SENT , , Beever NP J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Guerin NP G NP . SENT , , Mummery NN C NP . SENT L NP . SENT Lewin NP H NP . SENT A DT . SENT 1998 CD Comparative JJ analysis NN of IN 82 CD expressed VVD sequence NN tags NNS from IN a DT cattle NNS ovary NN cDNA NN library NN . SENT Mammalian JJ Genome NN 9 CD , , 545 CD 9 CD . SENT McPherron NP A NP . SENT C SYM . SENT , , Lawler NP A NP . SENT M NP . SENT Lee NP S NP . SENT J NP . SENT 1997 CD Regulation NN of IN skeletal JJ muscle NN mass NN in IN mice NNS by IN a DT new JJ TGF NP beta NN superfamily NN member NN . SENT Nature NN 387 CD , , 83 CD 90 CD . SENT Marra NP M NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Kucaba NP T NN . SENT A DT . SENT , , Dietrich NP N NP . SENT L NN . SENT , , Green NP E NP . SENT D SYM . SENT , , Brownstein NP B NP . SENT , , Wilson NP R NP . SENT K NN . SENT , , McDonald NP K NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Hillier NP L NP . SENT W NN . SENT , , McPherson NP J NP . SENT D SYM . SENT Waterston NP R NP . SENT H NP . SENT 1997 CD High NP throughput NN fingerprint NN analysis NN of IN large JJ insert NN clones NNS . SENT Genome NN Research NP 7 CD , , 1072 CD 84 CD . SENT Nellen NP D NP . SENT , , Burke NP R NN . SENT , , Struhl NP G NP . SENT Basler NP K NP . SENT 1996 CD Direct JJ and CC long JJ range NN action NN of IN a DT DPP NP morphogen NN gradient NN . SENT Cell NN 85 CD , , 357 CD 68 CD . SENT Oldham NP J NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Martyn NP J NP . SENT A DT . SENT , , Sharma NP M NP . SENT , , Jeanplong NP F NN . SENT , , Kambadur NP R NP . SENT Bass NP J NP . SENT J NP . SENT 2001 CD Molecular JJ expression NN of IN myostatin NN and CC MyoD NN is VBZ greater JJR in IN double RB muscled VVD than IN normal JJ muscled VVD cattle NNS fetuses NNS . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Physiolology NP Regulatory NP Integrative JJ Comparative JJ Physiology NN 280 CD , , R NP 1488 CD 93 CD . SENT Rebeiz NP M NP . SENT Lewin NP H NP . SENT A DT . SENT 2000 CD Compass NN of IN 47 CD , , 787 CD cattle NNS ESTs JJ . SENT Animal JJ Biotechnology NP 11 CD , , 75 CD 241 CD . SENT Rios NP R NN . SENT , , Carneiro NP I PP . SENT , , Arce NP V NN . SENT M NP . SENT Devesa NP J NP . SENT 2001 CD Myostatin NP regulates VVZ cell NN survival NN during IN C NP 2 CD C NP 12 CD myogenesis NN . SENT Biochemical JJ and CC Biophysical JJ Research NP Communications NP 280 CD , , 561 CD 6 CD . SENT Rios NP R NN . SENT , , Carneiro NP I PP . SENT , , Arce NP V NN . SENT M NP . SENT Devesa NP J NP . SENT 2002 CD Myostatin NP is VBZ an DT inhibitor NN of IN myogenic JJ differentiation NN . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Physiology NN Cell NN Physiology NN 282 CD , , C $ 993 CD 9 CD . SENT Swatland NP H NP . SENT J NP . SENT Kieffer NP N NP . SENT M NP . SENT 1974 CD Fetal JJ development NN of IN the DT double RB muscled VVD condition NN in IN cattle NNS . SENT Journal NP of IN Animal JJ Science NP 38 CD , , 752 CD 7 CD . SENT Taylor NP W NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Bhasin NP S NP . SENT , , Artaza NP J NP . SENT , , Byhower NP F NN . SENT , , Azam NP M NP . SENT , , Willard NP D NP . SENT H NP . SENT Jr NP , , Kull NP F NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Jr NP Gonzalez NP Cadavid NP N NP . SENT 2001 CD Myostatin NP inhibits VVZ cell NN proliferation NN and CC protein NN synthesis NN in IN C NP 2 CD C NP 12 CD muscle NN cells NNS . SENT American NP Journal NP of IN Physiology NN Endocrinology NN and CC Metabolism NN 280 CD , , 221 CD 8 CD . SENT Thomas NP M NP . SENT , , Langley NP B NP . SENT , , Berry NP C NP . SENT , , Sharma NP M NP . SENT , , Kirk NP S NP . SENT , , Bass NP J NP . SENT Kambadur NP R NP . SENT 2000 CD Myostatin NP , , a DT negative JJ regulator NN of IN muscle NN growth NN , , functions NNS by IN inhibiting VVG myoblast NN proliferation NN . SENT Journal NP of IN Biological NP Chemistry NN 275 CD , , 40235 CD 43 CD . SENT Threadgill NP D NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Kraus NP J NP . SENT P NN . SENT , , Krawetz NP S NP . SENT A DT . SENT Womack NP J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT 1991 CD Evidence NN for IN the DT evolutionary JJ origin NN of IN human JJ chromosome NN 21 CD from IN comparative JJ gene NN mapping NN in IN the DT bovine JJ and CC the DT mouse NN . SENT Proceedings NNS of IN the DT National NP Academy NP of IN Sciences NPS of IN the DT United NP States NPS of IN America NP 88 CD , , 154 CD 8 CD . SENT Wang NP Y NP . SENT H NN . SENT , , McWilliam NP S NP . SENT M NN . SENT , , Barendse NP W NP . SENT , , Kata NP S NP . SENT R SYM . SENT , , Womack NP J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Moore NP S NP . SENT S NP . SENT Lehnert NP S NP . SENT A DT . SENT 2001 CD Mapping NN of IN 12 CD bovine JJ ribosomal JJ protein NN genes NNS using VVG a DT bovine JJ radiation NN hybrid NN panel NN . SENT Animal JJ Genetics NP 32 CD , , 269 CD 73 CD . SENT Womack NP J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT Moll NP Y NP . SENT D SYM . SENT 1986 CD Gene NP map NN of IN the DT cow NN . SENT conservation NN of IN linkage NN with IN mouse NN and CC man NN . SENT The DT Journal NP of IN Heredity NN 77 CD , , 2 CD 7 CD . SENT Womack NP J NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Johnson NP J NP . SENT S PP . SENT , , Owens NP E NP . SENT K NN . SENT , , Rexroad NP C NP . SENT E SYM . SENT 3 CD rd NNS , , Schlapfer NP J NP . SENT Yang NP Y NP . SENT P NN . SENT 1997 CD A NP whole JJ genome NN radiation NN hybrid JJ panel NN for IN bovine JJ gene NN mapping NN . SENT Mammalian JJ Genome NN 8 CD , , 854 CD 6 CD . SENT Zhou NP X NP . SENT , , Benson NP K NP . SENT F SYM . SENT , , Ashar NP H NP . SENT R SYM . SENT Chada NP K NP . SENT 1995 CD Mutation NN responsible JJ for IN the DT mouse NN pygmy NN phenotype NN in IN the DT developmentally RB regulated VVN factor NN HMGI NP C NP . SENT Nature NP 376 CD , , 771 CD 4 CD . SENT Animal JJ GeneticsVolume NP 34 CD Issue NN 6 CD Page NP 438 CD December NP 2003 CD QuickSearch NN in IN . SENT SynergyPubMed NP MEDLINE NP CrossRef NP forAuthors NNS . SENT J NP . SENT K NP . SENT PottsS NP . SENT E SYM . SENT EchternkampT NN . SENT P NN . SENT L NP . SENT SmithJ NP . SENT M NP . SENT ReecyKeywords NP bovinegene NP expressionmacroarraymyostatinAccepted VVD for IN publication NN 20 CD August NP 2003 CD Affiliations NNS Department NP of IN Animal JJ Science NP , , Iowa NP State NP University NP , , Ames NP , , IA NP 50011 CD , , USA NP . SENT USDA NP , , ARS NP , , US NP Meat NP Animal NN Research NP Center NP , , Clay NP Center NP , , NE RB 68933 CD , , USACorrespondenceJames NP M NP . SENT Reecy NP PhD NP , , Iowa NP State NP University NP , , 2255 CD Kildee NP Hall NP , , Ames NP , , IA NP 50011 CD , , USA NP . SENT E SYM mail NN . SENT jreecy NN iastate NN . SENT eduImage NN Previews NNS Full JJ Size NN Figure NP 1 CD Physical JJ and CC linkage NN map NN of IN ATP NP 5 CD H NP , , MLL NP 2 CD , , HMGA NP 2 CD , , and CC associated VVN markers NNS . SENT BTA NN 5 CD represents VVZ the DT c NN . SENT . SENT . SENT Full JJ Size NN Table NN 1 CD Primer NP information NN for IN genes NNS mapped VVN with IN radiation NN hybrid NN and CC somatic JJ cell NN hybrid NN panel NN . SENT Full JJ Size NN Table NN 2 CD Genes NPS identified VVN by IN suppression NN subtraction NN hybridization NN . SENT To TO cite VV this DT articlePotts NNS , , J NP . SENT K NN . SENT , , Echternkamp NP , , S NP . SENT E SYM . SENT , , Smith NP , , T NN . SENT P NN . SENT L NP . SENT Reecy NP , , J NP . SENT M NP . SENT 2003 CD Characterization NN of IN gene NN expression NN in IN double JJ muscled VVD and CC normal RB muscled VVD bovine JJ embryos NNS . SENT Animal JJ Genetics NP 34 CD 6 CD , , 438 CD 444 CD . SENT doi NP . SENT 10 CD . SENT 1046 CD j NN . SENT 0268 CD 9146 CD . SENT 2003 CD . SENT 01055 CD . SENT x SYM Blackwell NP Synergy NN is VBZ a DT Blackwell NP Publishing NP , , Inc NP . SENT registered VVN trademark NN More JJR information NN about IN Blackwell NP Synergy NN online JJ journals NNS from IN www NP . SENT blackwellpublishing NN . SENT com NN . SENT We PP welcome VVP your PP$ Feedback NN . SENT See VV our PP$ Privacy NN Statement NN and CC Terms NNS and CC Conditions NNS . SENT Technology NN Partner NN Atypon NP Systems NP , , Inc NP . SENT