/Users/andrea/_magisterarbeit/korpus/clean/testkorpus/30/file19.html NN ----------------------------------------- : Musical JJ Epochs NNS Western JJ Music NP A DT Short JJ History NN by IN James NP L NP . SENT Zychowicz NP Music NP in IN the DT Western NP Culture NP is VBZ the DT result NN of IN various JJ influences NNS , , including VVG the DT formalization NN of IN improvised VVD traditions NNS . SENT the DT growth NN of IN notation NN . SENT the DT development NN of IN tuning VVG systems NNS . SENT the DT treatment NN of IN text NN . SENT innovative JJ approaches NNS to TO form VV . SENT the DT role NN of IN patronage NN . SENT the DT absorption NN of IN various JJ cultures NNS into IN the DT style NN . SENT the DT growth NN of IN technology NN . SENT investigations NNS of IN performance NN practice NN . SENT and CC various JJ other JJ factors NNS . SENT Western JJ music NN also RB benefits VVZ from IN various JJ dualities NNS . SENT sacred JJ and CC secular JJ traditions NNS . SENT monophonic JJ and CC polyphonic JJ textures NNS . SENT conservative JJ and CC progressive JJ tendencies NNS . SENT popularism NN and CC elitism NN . SENT canon NN and CC non JJ canonic JJ works NNS . SENT and CC other JJ polarities NNS . SENT The DT western JJ tradition NN is VBZ complicated VVN by IN these DT various JJ influences NNS and CC perspectives NNS , , and CC formal JJ musicological JJ study NN often RB becomes VVZ a DT point NN of IN departure NN for IN other JJ , , more RBR individualized VVN investigations NNS of IN music NN . SENT The DT western JJ tradition NN of IN music NN has VHZ its PP$ origins NNS in IN the DT chant NN tradition NN of IN the DT early JJ Christian JJ era NN . SENT The DT monophonic JJ music NN of IN chant NN dominated VVD the DT middle JJ ages NNS , , and CC included VVD the DT composition NN of IN sequences NNS and CC tropes NNS . SENT In IN the DT high JJ middle JJ ages NNS , , organum NN emerged VVD , , thus RB introducing VVG polyphonic JJ textures NNS into IN liturgical JJ music NN . SENT By IN the DT thirteenth JJ century NN , , the DT motet NN became VVD a DT seminal JJ polyphonic JJ composition NN and CC included VVD liturgical JJ and CC secular JJ texts NNS as RB well RB as IN a DT chant NN cantus NN firmus NN . SENT In IN the DT Ars NP Nova NP of IN the DT thirteenth JJ and CC fourteenth JJ centuries NNS , , secular JJ music NN was VBD composed VVN polyphonically RB , , and CC resulted VVD in IN elaborate JJ contrapuntal JJ devices NNS and CC notational JJ practices NNS . SENT In IN the DT fifteenth JJ century NN the DT early JJ Renaissance NP polyphony NN showed VVD evidence NN of IN a DT new JJ style NN influenced VVN on IN fauxbourdon NN and CC based VVN on IN previously RB improvised VVD traditions NNS . SENT At IN this DT time NN textures NNS grew VVD from IN a DT reliance NN on IN lower JJR voices NNS to TO treble VV dominated VVN textures NNS . SENT Renaissance NP motets NNS and CC madrigals NNS have VHP their PP$ origins NNS in IN the DT music NN of IN the DT Netherlands NP composers NNS Obrecht NP , , Ockeghem NP , , Busnois NP , , Binchois NP and CC the DT idiom NN culminates VVZ in IN the DT work NN of IN Josquin NP Desprez NP . SENT With IN the DT late JJ Renaissance NP , , more RBR national JJ and CC secular JJ music NN emerged VVD , , as RB found VVN with IN the DT English JJ madrigal NN and CC the DT French JJ chanson NN . SENT The DT late JJ sixteenth JJ century NN music NN included VVD attempts NNS to TO return VV to TO Greek JJ drama NN . SENT The DT latter NN resulted VVD in IN the DT formulation NN of IN monody NN for IN declaiming VVG music NN which WDT was VBD at IN the DT core NN of IN early JJ opera NN Caccini NP , , Peri NP and CC became VVD a DT vehicle NN for IN composers NNS like IN Monteverdi NP to TO take VV forward RB the DT nascent JJ genre NN of IN opera NN . SENT Italian JJ opera NN opera NN seria NN , , opera NN buffa NP soon RB dominated VVD the DT early JJ baroque NN style NN of IN the DT seventeenth JJ century NN , , which WDT extended VVD to TO the DT composition NN of IN oratorios NNS on IN sacred JJ subjects NNS . SENT In IN France NP opera NN soon RB took VVD root NN , , and CC a DT national JJ style NN evolved VVD starting VVG with IN Lully NP . SENT In IN the DT seventeenth JJ century NN instrumental JJ music NN developed VVN on IN its PP$ own JJ , , treble JJ dominated VVD texture NN of IN vocal JJ music NN was VBD supported VVN by IN the DT basso NN continuo NN tradition NN of IN accompaniment NN . SENT Works NNS for IN instruments NNS included VVD keyboard NN suites NNS Froberger NP , , Kerll NP and CC sonatas NNS , , organ NN music NN Frescobaldi NP , , including VVG various JJ partitas NNS and CC fugues NNS , , and CC trio NN sonatas NNS Corelli NP , , et NP al NP . SENT for IN various JJ combinations NNS of IN instruments NNS . SENT Music NN for IN orchestra NN included VVD sinfonias NNS and CC concertos NNS , , including VVG the DT concerto NN grosso NP . SENT The DT high JJ baroque NN music NN of IN the DT eighteenth JJ century NN was VBD dominated VVN by IN the DT genius NN of IN Bach NP and CC Handel NP . SENT Bach NP composed VVN music NN for IN almost RB every DT genre NN except IN opera NN . SENT he PP left VVD a DT corpus NN of IN liturgical JJ music NN , , including VVG cantatas NNS , , that WDT show VVP the DT influence NN of IN the DT Reformation NN on IN musical JJ style NN . SENT Handel NP , , as IN a DT German JJ born VVN composer NN who WP studied VVD in IN Italy NP and CC worked VVD many JJ years NNS in IN England NP , , shows VVZ the DT international JJ aspects NNS of IN the DT baroque NN style NN . SENT Like IN Bach NN , , he PP wrote VVD in IN almost RB every DT genre NN , , including VVG opera NN seria NN and CC oratorio NN . SENT While IN Bach NP and CC Handel NP yet RB composed VVN , , a DT style NN change NN was VBD taking VVG place NN in IN the DT early JJ eighteenth JJ century NN . SENT Rococo NN preferences NNS moved VVN toward IN simpler JJR harmonies NNS and CC more JJR transparent JJ textures NNS , , as RB well RB as IN a DT tendency NN toward IN instrumental JJ music NN C NP . SENT P NN . SENT E SYM . SENT Bach NP , , J NP . SENT C SYM . SENT Bach NP , , Joseph NP Haydn NP . SENT Later RBR in IN the DT century NN , , the DT Classic JJ style NN of IN Haydn NP and CC Mozart NP dominated VVD the DT music NN of IN Western NP Europe NP , , with IN the DT symphony NN , , sonata NN , , and CC string NN quartet NN predominating VVG , , and CC the DT sonata NN principle NN at IN the DT core NN of IN musical JJ structure NN . SENT The DT opera NN seria NN of IN Handel NP and CC his PP$ generation NN gave VVD way NN to TO opera NN buffa NP , , as RB found VVN with IN Mozart NP and CC others NNS . SENT The DT bel NN canto NN tradition NN in IN opera NN seria NN metamorphosed VVN with IN Mozart NP and CC emerged VVD later RBR in IN the DT operas NNS of IN Rossini NP , , Donizetti NP and CC Bellini NP . SENT The DT classical JJ style NN may MD be VB seen VVN to TO culminate VV in IN the DT music NN of IN Beethoven NP , , who WP is VBZ perceived VVN as IN the DT link NN between IN the DT classic JJ and CC romantic JJ style NN . SENT This DT distinction NN is VBZ important JJ for IN the DT so RB called VVN common JJ practice NN era NN from IN ca MD . SENT 1725 CD to TO 1900 CD , , that WDT is VBZ the DT period NN of IN the DT defining VVG tradition NN of IN western JJ music NN . SENT Beethoven NP contributed VVD to TO almost RB every DT genre NN of IN music NN at IN the DT time NN , , including VVG piano NN sonata NN , , string NN quartet NN , , and CC symphony NN . SENT He PP expanded VVD the DT symphony NN with IN regard NN to TO form VV , , orchestration NN , , texture NN , , and CC aesthetics NNS , , contributing VVG programmatic JJ elements NNS to TO an DT otherwise RB self NN contained VVD style NN . SENT As IN the DT link NN to TO the DT romantic JJ era NN that WDT dominated VVD the DT nineteenth JJ century NN , , Beethoven NP is VBZ a DT point NN of IN departure NN for IN many JJ of IN the DT trends NNS that WDT existed VVD in IN the DT era NN . SENT The DT so RB called VVN Romantic JJ style NN includes VVZ the DT growth NN of IN a DT number NN of IN varied JJ and CC often RB antithetical JJ influences NNS . SENT These DT include VVP the DT development NN of IN the DT symphony NN as IN a DT genre NN . SENT program NN music NN and CC the DT ideal NN of IN absolute JJ music NN . SENT grand JJ opera NN . SENT lieder NNS . SENT character NN pieces NNS for IN piano NN . SENT the DT piano NN sonata NN . SENT national JJ musical JJ style NN . SENT and CC the DT expansion NN of IN tonality NN and CC harmonic JJ practice NN . SENT The DT early JJ Romantic JJ composers NNS include VVP Schubert NP , , Weber NP , , Berlioz NP , , Mendelssohn NP , , Schumann NP , , and CC Chopin NN . SENT among IN the DT later JJR ones NNS are VBP Liszt JJ , , Wagner NP , , Brahms NP , , and CC Verdi NP . SENT With IN Wagner NP romantic JJ opera NN expanded VVN in IN terms NNS of IN the DT orchestra NN , , the DT scope NN of IN subject JJ matter NN , , the DT demands NNS on IN voices NNS , , and CC the DT overall JJ length NN . SENT As IN a DT controversial JJ figure NN , , Wagner NP influenced VVD the DT musical JJ establishment NN , , such PDT that DT affinities NNS were VBD aligned VVN with IN him PP and CC the DT music NN of IN the DT future NN , , or CC with IN more JJR conservative JJ trends NNS that WDT reached VVD back RB to TO Beethoven NP . SENT Wagner's NNS harmonic JJ and CC timbral JJ idiom NN was VBD critical JJ for IN the DT late JJ romantic JJ efflorescence NN at IN the DT end NN of IN the DT century NN that WDT led VVD to TO the DT so RB called VVN end NN of IN tonality NN as IN it PP was VBD generally RB understood VVN in IN the DT nineteenth JJ century NN . SENT With IN Wagner NP , , the DT dominance NN of IN the DT Austro NN German JJ tradition NN in IN nineteenth JJ century NN music NN became VVD apparent JJ . SENT The DT extended JJ harmonic JJ and CC formal JJ practices NNS of IN Mahler NP , , Richard NP Strauss NP , , Sch NP nberg NP , , and CC others NNS preceded VVN the DT freer JJR treatment NN of IN dissonance NN in IN the DT twelve NN tone NN music NN of IN the DT New NP Viennese JJ School NP of IN Sch NP nberg NP , , Berg NP , , and CC Webern NP . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT Impressionism NN of IN the DT French JJ composers NNS Debussy NP and CC Ravel NP were VBD based VVN on IN non JJ functional JJ harmonic JJ principles NNS . SENT Composers NNS like IN Bart NP k NN introduced VVD folk NN elements NNS into IN music NN . SENT Twentieth JJ century NN music NN includes VVZ many JJ different JJ styles NNS and CC tendencies NNS , , including VVG neoclassicism NN Stravinsky NP . SENT expressionism NN Berg NP , , Webern NP . SENT serialism NN Boulez NP . SENT electronic JJ music NN Stockhausen NP . SENT aleatoric JJ music NN and CC indeterminacy NN Cage NP . SENT and CC minimalism NN Reich NP , , Glass NP . SENT At IN the DT same JJ time NN , , the DT rediscovery NN of IN the DT past NN has VHZ resulted VVN in IN an DT explosion NN of IN interest NN in IN the DT authentic JJ music NN of IN past JJ cultures NNS . SENT Similarly RB , , the DT eclecticism NN of IN twentieth JJ century NN culture NN touches NNS upon IN the DT growth NN of IN ethnomusicology NN and CC the DT perspectives NNS it PP offers VVZ to TO studies NNS of IN more JJR traditional JJ western JJ music NN . SENT Further JJR Information NN In IN English NP Grout NP , , Donald NP Jay NP . SENT A DT History NN of IN Western NP Music NP . SENT New NP York NP . SENT W NP . SENT W NP . SENT Norton NP , , 1960 CD 80 CD . SENT 3 CD rd JJ ed NP . SENT Griffiths NP , , Paul NP . SENT Encyclopedia NN of IN 20 CD th NN Century NP Music NP . SENT N NP . SENT p NN . SENT . SENT Thames NP and CC Hudson NP , , 1986 CD . SENT In IN German JJ W NP rner NN , , Karl NP H NP . SENT Geschichte NP der NP Musik NP . SENT G NP ttingen NP . SENT Vandenhoeck NP Rupprecht NP , , 1954 CD . SENT 6 CD . SENT Auflage NP . SENT Vogt NP , , Hans NP . SENT Neue NP Musik NP Seit NP 1945 CD . SENT Stuttgart NP . SENT Reclam NP , , 1972 CD . SENT 3 LS . SENT Auflage NN . SENT Responsible JJ for IN this DT page NN James NP Zychowicz NP This DT project NN was VBD created VVN by IN Matt NP Boynick NP . SENT 1 CD February NP 1996 CD Classical JJ Music NP Pages NPS Homepage NP Last JJ Revision NN 10 CD October NP 2000 CD